The sister is studying at the Environmental Faculty and recently prepared some kind of work about the wetlands of the territories of our country. Just all your ears pleased with information on this topic. Now at least go and speak with the report before the teacher.
What is swamp and why it is formed
Swamp is a territory with a very high level of moisture, where groundwater Out on the surface of the sushi. As a rule, many precipitation falls in such places, and such water does not have time to evaporate.
The swamps can be formed or due to the rooting of the area, or due to the overgrowth of the reservoir. There are several factors that can contribute to the formation of swamps:
- climatic conditions;
- soil quality;
- relief features;
- flood of rivers.
Most often, the swamps can be found on the plain sites near the rivers. Water in such places goes slowly, the soil is overshadowed by moisture, MAs appear. And, of course, many swamps in the past were lakes who gradually raised. Plants in them die and form a dense layer. Gradually begins to form peat, whose deposits in large quantities exist in territories with temperate climates.
Swamps in Russia
Residents of cities, probably, do not even represent what volume of territories of Russia is busy with swamps. Everyone knows that our country has huge sizesSo much 10% of its territories are occupied by swamps. Most of all, they are located in the area of \u200b\u200bWestern Siberia, in the north of the European part of the country, in Polesie and the Central region.
On the territory of a swampy terrain in Western Siberia is in the first place all over the world. About 42% of the lands are occupied by swamps. In addition, they grow annually. In the east, Siberia swamp is much smaller.
In the European part of the country, the most wetlands in Karelia and the Kola Peninsula. A third of the whole territory is occupied by the swamps. They are here special, they are surrounded by hills formed in the distant past glaciers. Even in the arid regions of the country can be swamps, the source of moisture is ground and river water for them.
Help with the test please 1. How does the mainland intersect all the meridians? Eurasia; 2. Africa; 3. North America; 4. Antarcticap\u003e 2. Refilm areas between lithospheric plates, in which the eruption of volcanoes and earthquakes occur - this is:
1. Platforms; 2. Seismic belts;
3. Mountains; 4. Oceanic plains.
3. What kind of relief forms are formed mainly under the action of external forces?
1. Leads of continents; 2. Extensive plains;
3. deep-water gutter; 4. River valleys.
4. Determine the climate type for this feature:
"Temperature in the summer and winter + 25º ... + 28 ° С, annual number precipitation over 2000 - 3000 mm. "
5. In which latitudes are dominated by ascending air flows and belts are formed low pressure?
1. in Equatorial and polar; 3. in moderate and equatorial;
2. in polar and tropical; 4. In tropical and equatorial.
6. Cold currents include:
1. Peruvian and Golf Stream; 2.Prayan and California;
3. California and Brazilian.
7. Natural zones are given by nature:
1. Animal Peace; 2. vegetation;
3. economic activity man.
8. What natural complex Formed as a result of human activity?
1. River valley; 2. mining system;
3. Irrigation canal; four. high-rise belt.
9. Determine what natural zone says:
"... Low temperatures all year, precipitation is rare, mainly in the form of snow, the vegetation of dwarf, there are lemming, sands ...".
10. 90% of all living organisms produced by man in the ocean is:
1. Shrimps, crabs; 2. Mollusks;
3. Algae; 4. Fish.
11. Along the world's world map and the soil map, determine which soils prevail in Africa in the wet zone equatorial forests:
1. Red ferrative seasonal wet forests and high-mountain savannah;
2. Red-yellow ferraldarous evergreen forests;
3. Red-brown savannah;
4. Reddish-brown deserted savannah.
12. What coordinates has the most western point of Africa?
1. 14 ° C.Sh.; 15 ° C.; 2. 14 ° Yu.Sh.; 17 ° zd.;
3. 17 ° C.Sh.; 26 ° zd; 4. 11 ° C.Sh.; 3 ° V.D.
13. B. North Africa More than southern:
1. diamonds; 2. gold;
3. Oil; 4. Copper.
14. What kind of Africa lake is the biggest area?
1.Vicatorium; 2.Naya;
3. Tanya; 4.Chad.
15. The lowest people on Earth living in Africa:
1. Bushmen; 2. Pygmy;
3. Ethies; 4. Berbers.
16. What is in Australia called shouts?
1. Underground artesian waters; 3. Temporary drying rivers;
2. Light eucalyptus forests; 4. Fenced pasture for livestock.
17. The Sunior Devil is found:
1. In Northern Australia; 2. in Eastern Australia;
3. On the island New Guinea; 4. On the island of Tasmania.
18. Which islands are located in the Caribbean Sea north from South America:
1. Fire Earth; 2. Falkland;
3. Small antilles; 4. Galapagos.
19. The descendants from marriages of blacks and whites are called:
1. Metis; 2. Sambo;
3. Mulats; 4. Indians.
20. Who opened Antarctica?
1. J.KUK; 2. M.P.Lazarev and F.F. Bellinggausen;
3. R.Amundsen; 4. R.COTT.
21. On which river is national Park "Big Canyon"?
1. R. Colombia; 2. r. Colorado;
3. p. Niagara; 4. R. St. Slavty.
22.Same low territory Eurasia is:
1. Caspian lowland; 3. Dead Sea;
2. Mesopotam region lowland; 4. Lake Geneva.
23. "This country is home to Ch. Dichens, W. Walter, Walter Scott. In her capital you can visit the Tower, to see the change of the Royal Karaul Buckingham Palace" What country about this is speech?
1. France; 2. Complete;
3.ITalia; 4.Selcom.
24. Relations of the River World:
river mainland
1. Month; A. Eurasia;
2. Mississippi; B. Journal America;
3.Mekong; V. Australia;
4.Darling North America;
Lecture number 8.
The concept of emerging global problems
Essence and main types of global economic problems
Global economic problems:
1. Political
- Problems of peace and disarmament
- Problems local wars and conflict
- Problem international terrorism
- Problem of the countries of Roguev (North Korea, Cuba, Iran, Libya, Belarus)
2. Economic
- The problem of transnational capital
- Problem economic Wars and conflict
- The problem of the backlog developing countries from developed
- Problem North - South
- The problem of international debt
3. Social
- The problem of income inevenities in income
- The problem of unemployment and poverty
- The problem of combating diseases and drug addiction
- The problem of megacols
4. Environmental
- The problem of limited resources
- Problem of food
- demographic problem
- The problem of waste and pollution
- Problem global warming Climate
General features of globally economic problems:
1. They affect the interests of humanity or a common part of it.
2. Solve them can be solved only by the common efforts of humanity
3. Already problems are closely related to each other.
4. Problems need urgent and urgent decision
These are problems that can threaten humanity in the future.
For example, the appearance of deadly viruses and diseases, problems associated with the development of outer space,
Subject: Basics of hydrology swamps.
The swamps - excessively moistened areas of sushi with moisthed vegetation and peat layer more than 0.3 m, due to which the bulk of the roots of the plant does not reach the underlying of its mineral soil. Wetlands, also excessively moistened areas of the surface, but with a low-power (less than 0.3 m) layer of peat or even without it, in connection with this, water-salt exchange is carried out here between plants and soil. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe marshes takes about 2% of the land area. On the territory of Russia, the swamps of successful origin prevail, which arose mainly in previous climatic periods.
The swamps are formed in two ways: when the lakes are tightened or due to the fear of the flat interfluve. The main route of the formation of the marshes is the fever of sushi, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ begins with the appearance of a periodic, and then constant convergence of soils.
Harbor promotes:
- climate - excess moisture as a result of the abundance of precipitation or weak evaporation;
— high level groundwater;
- the nature of the soil is badly permeable rocks, the eternal permafrost of the rocks on the firewood deteriorating water infiltration;
- relief - flat sections with shallow drainage or lowering with slow motion;
- long floods on rivers and others.
On the converted lands, moisthed vegetation adapted to the lack of oxygen and the mineral nutrition, and sphagnum mosses come to a change of hypinous mham. The moss turf, well absorbing and delaying moisture, contributes to even greater happier of sushi. In this connection, in the future, it is vegetation that owns a leading role in a fear.
Swampy soils are formed under the influence of two processes: peat formation and fluffing. Peat formation is a biochemical process of accumulation on the surface of the semi-disconnected plant residues due to their slow humification and mineralization in anaerobic conditions. Excessive moisturizing changes the decomposition organic and the involvement of ash elements and nitrogen into new cycles of the biological cycle of substances. Flowing is a complex biochemical recovery process flowing in conditions of difficult access of oxygen with the mandatory presence of an organic matter, the participation of anaerobic microorganisms or their products. The most favorable conditions for accumulation of peat exist in forests moderate belt, especially in Western Siberia, where in the limits of the woodsobol zone, the wetlands reaches 50-70%, and the power of the peat is 8-10 m. north and south of the forest zone The peat deposit power is reduced: north due to a decrease in the growth of the plant mass in a cold climate ͵ south due to the more intensive decomposition of plant residues in the warmth climate. In hot conditions wet climate A huge biomass increase is compensated by an intense process of decay of dead plants and the formation of peat swamps is practically not occurring, although evergreen equatorial forests We were moistened, and in lowering and valleys lie very wetlands.
The structure of peat deposits of swamps arising on the site of lakes or Sukhodolov, differently. Peatops formed as a result of the lakes in the lake layer under the layer of the peat lake il - sapropel, and when the sushi is fearing the peat, it lies directly on the mineral soil. Peat - sedimentary rock vegetable origin, waterfront fibrous or plastic dark brown mass, consisting of decomposition products of plant materials with preserved plants residues. Peat contains 85-95% moisture and has a complex chemical composition. Elementary composition of peat: carbon 50-60%, hydrogen 5-6%, oxygen 30-40%, nitrogen 1-3%, sulfur up to 1.5%.
High swamps prevail. There are small rollers.
Often at the base of the riding deposits are formed low peat. Minor swamp slightly. From the periphery, the rollers are bored with transitional. In the north-west of the European part of Russia, horse marshes predominate, in the rest of the regions - lowered. The swamps are concentrated in the Tomsk region and in the north of the Novosibirsk region.
The swamps are strongly flooded.
The fraction of the swamp accounts for about 1.4 million km2 or 10% of the territory of Russia. On the territory of Russia, swamps are found in all natural zones, mainly in the drawless decrees in excess moisture. High swamps eating mainly atmospheric precipitation, there are advantage in the tundra and taiga zones Eurasia.
In the northern and northwestern regions, the wetlasture reaches 50%, the development of large rigging water-incorpoilant swamps is characterized, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich reaches several tens of thousands of hectares.
Polygonal and flat-blade swamps have the greatest distribution. In the Kola-Karelian peat-swamp region, the formation of the marshes is due to the development of the youngest forms of glacial relief - accumulative and erosion. In the mountainous part Kola Peninsula Mountain swamps are found, mainly shallow.
The southern part of Karelia is poor swamps. Among the lowland swamps are dominated by flavored, covering the fuch rivers, shogds, antedodiers.
In the Republic of Komi, swamps are confined to low-low decreases. Hinda swamps lie on the unfordisable inappropriate terraces and belong to the Grocery-Mountain arrays with a convex surface.
The Amur Bolt area covers the upper and average r. Amur within the Amur region
The northwestern peat-bolott area, which occupies the Valdai hill and the Vilmentarian lowland, includes Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod region. Large minor swamps There are rarely, small low-rise swamps occupy lake depressions, ancient-turn terraces, origins and floodplains of the rivers of the meadows, pluss, Sheloni.
IN middle lane Wetlafy is reduced to 15-10% and different-type probes appear peat swamps Medium sizes.
In the southern and southeastern regions, the wetlands decreases to 0.5%, low-dimensional low-dimensional swamps prevail, often with a powerful upper mineral nanos.
In the southern part of the Middle Urals, where the Ural ridge is strongly narrowed and borders with a forest-stepmage, small lowland swamps prevail.
Conditions for the development of swamps are unfavorable.
Which territories of Russia are the most wetting? Why?
They feed, mainly the groundwater and the waters of river spills. Cutting marshes in areas with homogeneous geomorphological and orographic conditions form about a thousand maled arrays. Wetland Northern Urals The weakly studied. On the Polar Urals The swamps fill depressed among glacial and fluviogela-social sediments.
On the eastern slope of the Middle Urals, the wetlands is higher. The swamps occupy interferes, lowering on mountain hollows, according to the valleys of rivers and in prime depressions.
Mostly developed launch of low-type swamps, in some cases transitional and very rarely rigid
In the area of \u200b\u200bNizhny Tagil - Ekaterinburg, large swamps, located in the wide valleys of Tagil, Neiva and Isti, feed on the waters of keys from the foot of the shores. Peat deposit of these swamps is saturated with sapropel. On the Southern Urals Large lowland swamps are dedicated to slides between the gentle mountain slopes that feed the swamps with soil and surface-wastewater.
In Western Siberia, the bog area reaches 32538 thousand hectares (Table 2.17), and half of the swamps - the rigging.
They occupy the predominant part of interfluid spaces and are located both in low sections and on watersheds. The swamps with deep deposits belong to the relics of the times of Golocene.
Polygonal and plain moham-dies are common.
Largebrone swamps occupy the northern part of the forest zone and the southern forest tundra.
Bugister peatlands are stacked up to 0.6 meters peat, under which an intricated mineral core lies. Northern part West Siberian Plain is covered with rollers, southern - lowered.
Swamp, occupying up to 80% of the territory, form complex systems, cover flat interferes and high river terraces. Avoiding, shallow, convex, strongly flooded sphagnum swamps with groic-lake complexes dominate.
For pool r. The condes are characterized by the ridge-and-dry-lake, garden-lake-mortar and garden-mortar swamps. Transitional swamps are located mainly on the second terrace. Conida and her tributaries.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe tundra swamp takes northern zone European part of Russia. The north of the marshes are widely and arranged on low-rise terraces.
Transitionals are found in the form of obsessed and flavored marshes on the periphery of swamp arrays.
Almost 10% of Russia is covered by swamps. The main area of \u200b\u200btheir concentration is the area of \u200b\u200bmaximum humidity. In the area of \u200b\u200bthis region (Tundra, forest Square) The upper swamps prevail, the formation of which is associated with excessive moisture. In the south in low forests and steppes, low-rise swamps are dominated, which are formed with insufficient humidity. Self large squares Swamps are located in Western Siberia and in the north-west of Russian plains.
Karelia and Cola Peninsula are the most numerous regions. european territory Russia.
The swamps occupy about 30% common Square Region. Gorge is located between hilly hills that connect narrow peat channels and form a complex pattern similar to lace.
Western Siberia is the most swampy region not only in Russia, but also in the world.
Boldji stretch with small breaks of more than 1.5 thousand km from north to south and from west to east. About 80% of the territory of this spacious layer flooded.
IN west Siberian swamps The huge stocks of water are concentrated - about 1 thousand cubic meters. km. It is one and a half times more than the annual outflow of the most extensive russian rivers Yenisei and 2.5 times more than the river Ob. This concentration of moisture contributes to the further spread of the swamp.
The thickness of the peat in some places reaches 10 meters here.
East of Yenise in Eastern Siberia, the furrow is much smaller. They use only 10% of the surface.
why the most overloaded areas in the Northern Region
Gorge are located mainly in lowlands along river valleys. The most common in this respect is the central Yakutskaya, North-Siberian and Jan-Indigir Plains. Exhaustion here contributes to availability eternal Merzlotawhich prevents moisture penetration.
because of low temperaturesprevailing most years, and the presence of permafrost, peat is very slowly formed. The average thickness of the peat horizon is 1 meter.
In places there are powerful (up to 5 meters) relic peat sediments, which are abandoned from ancient warmer periods of time.
As in Central Siberia., on the Far East Banks are mostly on floodplains large rivers. In the region of Amur urine, it reaches 36%. The fifth of all bars is impractical. The coasts are characterized by four-legged hills - by special swamps that contain a layer of water below peat ground. Sakhalin and Kamchatka, especially its ocean coast, are very flooded.
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Swamps of Russia. The biggest swamp of Russia
Swamp. Hearing this word, many feel inexplicable fear. It is terribly presenting how many lives are absorbed by dark rusts covered with fogs.
From time to time they sparkle in the lights of the self-turning gas. How not to believe that kyimoras live there, water and other evil spirits?
The swamps of Russia is a special topic. They are found throughout our vast country. And the legends of the people are walking many. We will look at places with standing water (they are low, transitional, rigging) from different angles.
Secret Cranberry Collection
Swamps of Russia, Rus-Mother: Raw, Fine Air, An abundance of mosquito bloodsuckers, whipped.
In the old days it was believed: this is a place to communicate with unclean power. From the legends it is known that people who from the kind of genus received secret knowledge from the ancestors (leading, signs), prevented in bear angles for magical rituals.
It was possible. There is still an opinion that the sorcerers were engaged here medicinal plants. As you know, in the swamps there are many of them: a richness, cranberries, cloudberry, hops, a series and others.
Many are difficult to imagine: how can you build a house in a disjitive place?
But the bravers were. Chose the shreds of dry ground, they were erected by the dwelling and Corotal years, feeding with a child and berry. The reasons for the waste from the world were often explained very prosaic: some herds hid from enemies, others - from the persecution of the guardianship of the order.
The trails to the owners knew only the favorites.
Mentally walking throughout Russia (for example, from borders with Baltic states, Ukraine, Belorussia to the Kamchatka Peninsula), we will find: Marsh are found everywhere. Favorable environment for their occurrence is considered increased content moisture in the air and finely occurring underground rivers (groundwater). Such characteristics are high and moderate latitudes Northern hemisphere.
One of the wonders of Russia
The rivers of Eastern Siberia and the Far East in the mouths are very swampy.
The disastrous spaces are rich in Tundra, where the permanent layers interfere with moisture to soak the soil. The swamp in the north of Russia is impressive.
Western Siberia is called the most wetland of the world. Just imagine the scale: over 570 kilometers they stretch from the northern direction to the south and more than 300 kilometers from the West direction to the East.
On Vasyugan Plain, between rivers Ob and Irtysh have Vasyugan Swamot. They are listed in the list "One hundred Wonders of Russia". The area is 53 thousand square meters. km (more than the territory of some European states).
But no matter how unsuitable for the life of a person nor the swamps seemed, they have tremendous environmental importance for regions, since biosphere functions (accumulative, biological, intergovernmental) are performed.
Video on the topic
Helped the glacial period
The square of the spread of West Siberian swamps is huge: 1.7 thousand kilometers from the north to south and as much from the west to the East (with rare breaks).
Over a quarter of the world's peat deposits are concentrated here. The European part of the European part belongs to Karelia (30% of the territory, in places up to 70%) and the Kola Peninsula.
Before the swamps were formed (Russia, as we already understood, they do not occupy them), glaciers worked well above the terrain, creating a landscape of hills alternating with lowlands (all of this bottom of the ancient Sea).
Walking began approximately ten and twelve thousand years ago. If you look at a bird's-eye view, it seems that unsubstantial spaces are woven into an unusual lace, connecting with each other peat ducts.
The compound occurred as follows: the scattered downstreams were gradually filled with dense remnants of the plants, and crawled from there as the dough from the pan, merging with each other. This type of swamp was called Karelian.
Locks and Zaimki
Large massifles of the swamp forest edge There are already two and a half thousand years.
And today they are expanding, occupying the territory of the riverfire, river terraces and understand. The items of these places in the old days came up with a lot.
Take, for example, rigid or slightly oval, overgrown with shrubs and forest. Many of them in Taiga in the south of Western Siberia.
They diverge fanlike, strips of different widths (from 100 meters to many kilometers). Thanks to the points of compounds, the branches form extensive systems.
Many are heard and such a name as a leaning. Often it is so called the fusions that have cridden. Forests and swamps of Russia are closely interrelated. There are rusts in the deaf more often. In the people - Tesan.
Swamp on the plain - yudal. The extreme stage of fever - Golia.
The lake will become a swamp
West Siberian molds contain huge water reserves, calculated almost a thousand cubic kilometers. Mighty Ob per year makes 2.5 times less in Kara Sea!
It is not surprising that peatlands grow from year to year. Vasyugan swamps are huge, but there are others large swamps Russia: Tyuguryuk (Altai), Great (Vologda) and others.
In our country there are many lakes.
Closed reservoirs are almost three million. Most deep lake Baikal (1620 meters). In the USSR, each schoolboy knew: it contains half of our stocks. fresh water. Placed lakes unevenly.
It depends on a number of factors. First, from geological structure. But the relief is also important, the climate, at what distance from the surface of the Earth are groundwater and so on.
d. Where the climate is arid, the number of lakes is less. Foolless lakes are filled with soil particles, melting. If they do not care for them, they can become the same places where kyimors live. Although it would seem how the lakes and the swamps of Russia (and not only it) are connected?
Many researchers say that the fate of the fate of the Volga river, the speed of which after the construction of the cascade of hydroelectric power plants (and other man-made causes) slowed down sharply, self-purification was broken.
If the trouble touched one of the greatest blue arteries of the Earth, then you can submit the fate of smaller robusts and lakes. As we already know, the existing bogs (swamps) of Russia also formulated gradually.
Lidges Amur Oblast
East of the Yenisei-Batyushki swamp is not so much. Eastern Siberia They are covered with them only ten percent.
The very plots are lowland valleys (including Central Yakutskaya, extensive wetlands Indigir and North-Siberian, at the base of which is the Khatanga Vadina).
Affects perennial Merzlota. Due to the low temperatures, the humus (peat) is formed and accumulated extremely slowly. The thickness of the existing layer is only one meter, although there are places where it reaches up to 5 meters. This is a legacy of those periods when the climate was warm.
In the Far East, the swamps are also to the floodplains of large rivers.
Amur region is the leader (there are up to 36 percent there). The fifth part of the wind is impassable at all. There are Zybun: at the top of the peat layer, and under them deposit water. Camchatka is considered wetlands (especially the Okhotsk coast) and Sakhalin.
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