Precipitation and their types. Precipitation. Scheme and types of atmospheric precipitation

These are the condensation products of water vapor dropping out of the clouds in the form of rain, snow, cereals, hail or sedental from the air to the earth's surface as dew, frost, hoarflash. They are all called hydrometeors. The transition of water vapor into a liquid or solid state occurs when air is saturated with pairs. This highlights the excess amount of water vapor in the form, water droplets or ice crystals. The necessary condition is the presence of condensation cores, the smallest dust, each of which is covered with water film. So the droplet occurs. In the absence of dust in the air, the air molecules are becoming airborne by pairs, the condensation kernels.

The smallest droplets of water (with a diameter of 0.05 to 0.1 mm) as it were floating in the air. Each droplet of water or every ice crystal is maintained on the weight by rising air currents; Because of this, the clouds are held at a certain height. Faced, the droplets in the cloud are connected, the mass increases, and they fall on the ground - small drops in the form of a morossa (with a diameter of up to 0.5 mm), and the major shed rain. The stronger the ascending jets of the air, the larger there should be dropping drops. Therefore, in the summer, when the iriseshemny air is heated and rapidly rises, large rains fall out (drop diameter - up to 6-7 mm), and in the spring and especially autumn - drizzling.

The clouds are formed not only when air convection, when their heap jets arise, but also in cases where one over the other moves air flows with an unequal temperature, for example, warm air over cold or well. With stirring of air masses, in which the pairs are close to saturation, layered clouds occur. In terms of its composition, the clouds are divided into water, ice and mixed. The droplets of water formed around the condensation cores in the cloud are often preserved at temperatures below zero in a supercillary, but liquid state (even at a temperature of -20 ° C). Part of the droplets turns into crystalline ice-snowflakes. From the water cloud becomes mixed. Connecting with each other, snowflakes fall with snow flakes. The supercooled water drops often pass into small ice-shaped formations (spherkrystals), dropping out of the atmosphere in the form of cereals with a diameter of 1 to 15 mm.

A more complex way of education is a hail. Breaking the gradin, it can be easily ensured that it has a layered structure - in the center of the ice spherkrystal in the thin sheath of loose ice, then the ice shell, further loose, etc. This indicates that after the formation of the central spherkrystall, he has repeatedly descended in The cloud and rising by the ascending vertical currents of the air, taking a layered structure and increasing in size. The gradins are with a pigeon egg, and sometimes more (grades are known in 1 and even 2 kg).

The form of the clouds is diverse and changeable. But they can still be grouped into sickening types. By the nature of the clouds, they judge what precipitation (rain, hail) can fall out, and even their quantity. A international classification of clouds has been developed for their appearance and in the height of their location.

There are three height tiers for which certain types of clouds are most characteristic. Nizhny Yar-from Earth's surface up to 2 km. For him, laminated clouds, layered-cumulous, layered rainy are common. The average tier-from 2 to 4 km in high latitudes of the globe, it expands to the equator from 2 to 8 km. It is dominated by high-alone clouds, high-tech. Upper tier - in high latitudes from 3 to 8 km, on average - up to 13, and low - from b to 18 km. It is characterized by filament, peristo-cumulus, peristo-layered clouds.

Separate types of clouds from one tier penetrate other, such as high-aluminous - from the middle tier in the upper, layered-raining - from the bottom to the middle, and cumulative and coupe, often giving shower with thunderstorms, may have a base in the lower, and the vertex in The upper tier (the height of them reaches 9 km).

The main things are considered three types of clouds: cochetic, cumulus, layered. The remaining forms are their combinations.

The degree of coverage of the sky clouds is called cloudiness, estimate its 10-point scale or percentage. The height and speed of the clouds are measured by a special device - a nonoskop. Clouds can tell us about the upcoming weather. For example, if it's high in the sky appeared pasty clouds, and then the clouds began to clue the sky, it is very likely that it will rain after a while. When high clouds are moving first, and they come to change increasingly low, it means that the front of the warm air mass is approaching, on the border with which the rains are common. There are other signs of approaching bad weather: groups of clouds increase, dense, lowered; The clouds are moving quickly, heavyweight and declining; Plugs are merged and sinks; The bases of the clouds are darker, become flat; At around noon, bulky powerful clouds appear at large altitudes.

Signs of good weather: Morning fog dissipates until noon; The number of clouds gradually decreases, their bases rise more and higher; The thickness of the layered clouds breaks through, opening a clear cloudless sky.

However, it is unlikely that there are quite reliable precursors of the weather: they differ in different areas and are associated not only with the local situation, but also with exposure to from outside, from more or less remote areas.

The nature of the precipitation of atmospheric precipitates is very diverse and is determined by many conditions - the time of the year and day, temperature in the lower layers of the troposphere, air movement (calm, light, strong wind, etc.).

It rains are short-term and protracted, drizzling and storm, and the precipitation in solid form - snowfall, cereals, hail.

The number of drop-down precipitation is measured by a sedimentary and equal to the water layer in millimeters during a certain time; Solid precipitations melt and are also measured as a layer of water. From observations for many years, the average precipitation amount per year is calculated.

Ground precipitates, in contrast to sediments from a free atmosphere, arise in the form of dew, innese, hoarfrost, wilderness in cases where warmer wet air comes into contact with the surface of cooled objects and water condenses them. Rosa is usually formed under clear weather after sunset with a quick coolest of blades, leaves, thin branches, tillage grains. The surface air, in contact with them, is cooled and reaches the dew point. The amount of dew depends on the degree of humidity of air and cooling items. At the air temperature below zero on the surface of the items, no water droplets are formed, but crystalline ice-frost. Over time, it can increase, forming a layer of ice. On cold days, with stable fogs on the subjects, loose ice is deposited; By increasing due to small ice crystals, wearing in the air, it forms a beautiful fluffy ray-frost. Sometimes the mass of it is so great that the branches of trees break under the severity, the telegraph and electric pipes are broken.

When warming, a wet wind, blowing cold items, causes the formation of a water or ice-coal laid. It often happens in the mountains where the crust of ice reaches tens of centimeters. After severe frosts on the surface of the soil, roads, on the walls of houses, a layer of transparent ice-ice is formed on the trees, or a firing. It arises from the rain, the drops of which freeze in the layer of cold surface air. Ground sediments make up a small share of all precipitation.

The distribution of precipitation on the surface of the Earth is uneven and is determined by many conditions. The main share of water vapor enters the atmosphere from the World Ocean. He also receives the bulk of precipitation. The greatest amount of precipitation in the equatorial zone is from 1500 to 2000 mm per year, the smallest - in high latitudes of the Arctic and Antarctic - 200-300 mm. Little precipitation falls into a belt of increased atmospheric pressure (20-40 °). In the belts of moderate latitude of rainfall more than about the tropics and in the supremor regions, it is 600-1000 mm. A large influence on the amount of precipitation on land is provided by its proximity to the seas and sea currents: warm increases them, cold reduce. Important factor - air flow. For example, the West of Eurasia (to the Urals), where air transfer from the Atlantic dominates, is more moistened than Siberia and Central Asia. The relief plays a big role. On the slopes of the mountain chains addressed to the wet winds from the ocean, moisture falls noticeably more than on the opposite, - this is clearly traced in the Cordillers of America, on the southern spurs of the Himalayas (here is the area of \u200b\u200bCherrypundy the most rainy-up to 12 thousand mm per year) Eastern slopes of the Mountains of the Far East, etc. On the cards, points with the same amount of precipitation are connected by lines - and the crates.

In some places of precipitation drops a lot, and the moisture evaporates little - the moisturization is excessive; In other places, there are few precipitation, and evaporation is large (for example, in deserts). The humidification coefficient shows the ratio of the amount of precipitation to that quantity that can evaporate from this area for a certain period (for example, per year): K \u003d (R / E) x100%, where R - precipitation, E is the value of evaporation. Thus, it shows how precipitation in this place will reimburse possible evaporation with an open water surface. The magnitude of this coefficient in the forest zone is 1.0-1.5, in the forest-steppe - 0.6-1.0, in steppe-0.8-0.6, in semi-desert-0.1 - 0.3, in the desert - less than 0.1. In other words, in the forest area of \u200b\u200bprecipitation drops more than it can evaporate - moisturizing excessive, in the steppes to less than a single-humidification unit; In the deserts of precipitation constitute a small share of evapability-moisturizing insignificant.

Surely, each of us ever watched the rain through the window. But did we think about the fact that the processes occur in the rain clouds? What types of precipitation can take? That is what I am interested. I opened my favorite home encyclopedia and stayed on the section with heading "Types of precipitation". About what was written there, I'm going to tell.

What are the precipitation

Any precipitation falls due to the consolidation of elements in the clouds (for example, water droplets, or ice crystals). An increase to the sizes in which they can no longer be in suspension, drops fall down. Such a process is called "Coalescence" (which means "Merge"). And the further growth of the drops occurs already due to their merger in the process of falling.

Atmospheric precipitates often take quite different types. But in science there are only three main groups:

• covered precipitation. These are precipitation that usually falls out during extremely long period with medium intensity. Such rain covers the largest territory itself and falls out of special layered rain clouds that close the sky, not missing light;
• storm sediments. They are the very intense, but at the same time minor. Come from cumulating rain clouds;
• frosting precipitation. They, in turn, consist of very small droplets - hemor. Such rain can last a very long time. Sanding precipitations fall out of layered (including layered-cumulus) clouds.

In addition, precipitation is divided by their consistency. This will be discussed now.

More species

Additionally, the following types of precipitation are distinguished:

• liquid precipitation. Basic. It was about them that was mentioned above (chained, storm and drizzling rains);
• solid precipitation. But they fall out, as you know, under negative temperature. Such sediments take various outlines (the snow of various forms, hail, and so on ...);
• mixed precipitation. Here the name speaks for itself. An excellent example will serve cold ice rain.

There are such different races. And now it is worth bringing some interesting comments about their loss.

The shape and size of snowflakes are caused by temperature in the atmosphere and wind power. The most clean and dry snow on the surface is able to reflect about 90% of lightfrom sunlight.

More intense and large (in the form of drops) rains occur on small territories. There is a relationship between the size of the territories and the amount of precipitation.

Snow covers can radiate independently thermal energy, Nevertheless, quickly goes into the atmosphere.

Clouds with clouds possess huge weight. Every year more 100 thousand km³ of water.

Ministry of Education and Science

Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

Higher professional education

"Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanova"

Historical and Geographical Faculty

Department of Physical Geography and Geomorphology. E.A. Archikova

Course work

"Atmospheric precipitation and their chemical composition"

Performed

student c. IMF 22-12.

Grigorieva O.V.

Scientific adviser:

art. Ave. Schlemp O.A.

Cheboksary 2012.

Introduction

1.1 Types of precipitation

2.1 precipitation falling onto the earth's surface

Conclusion

Bibliography

application

Introduction

The relevance of the study of atmospheric precipitation is that the main water-book component of all types of natural waters and the main source of natural resources of groundwater are atmospheric precipitation. Atmospheric fallouts are constantly affected by all environmental components, represent a non-resistant factor and therefore in the theory of risk belong to the highest category.

Atmospheric precipitates as the condensation products and sublimation of water vapor in the atmosphere are an important climatic parameter that determines the moisture mode of the territory. For atmospheric precipitation, it is necessary to have a wet air mass, ascending movements and condensation cores.

Therefore, in terms of the number and intensity of precipitation, it is possible to indirectly judge the nature of vertical movements in the atmosphere, which are most difficult to assess the atmosphere in the energy cycle.

The purpose of the work is to study atmospheric precipitation and their chemical composition.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

.Consider the concept of atmospheric precipitation;

2.Explain the distribution of daily and annual amounts of precipitation;

.Consider the classification of atmospheric precipitation;

.Find out which chemical components are part of atmospheric precipitation

Structure of work. Course work consists of introduction, six chapters, conclusions, a list of used literature and applications.

atmospheric precipitate Chemical composition

1. Atmospheric precipitation and their types

Atmospheric precipitates are moisture, dropping onto the surface of the atmosphere in the form of rain, sea, cereals, snow, hail. The preciputes fall out of the clouds, but not every cloud gives precipitation. The formation of precipitation from the cloud is due to the consolidation of drops to the size capable of overcome the uplings and air resistance. The consolidation of the droplets is due to the merger of the droplets, evaporation of moisture from the surface of the droplets (crystals) and the condensation of the water vapor on others. The precipitation is one of the moisture revolution on Earth.

The main condition for the formation of atmospheric precipitation is the cooling of warm air, leading to the condensation of the pair contained in it.

.1 types of precipitation

Cover precipitates - uniform, long-term duration, fall out of layered rain clouds;

Storm sediments are characterized by a rapid change in intensity and short-term. They fall out of the heap-rain clouds in the form of rain, often with a hail.

Sorry precipitation - in the form of MOSI drops out of layered and layered-cumulus clouds.

By origin, distinguishes:

Convective precipitates are characteristic of a hot belt, where intense heating and evaporation, but in the summer there are often in a temperate belt.

Frontal precipitates are formed at a meeting of two air masses with different temperatures and other physical properties, fall out of the warmer air forming cyclonic vortices, typical for moderate and cold belts.

The orographic sediments fall on the mountains of the mountains, especially high. They are abundant if the air comes from the warm sea and has a large absolute and relative humidity. (see Appendix 4)

2. Classification of atmospheric precipitation

.1 precipitation falling onto the earth's surface

Characterized by the monotony of falling without significant fluctuations in intensity. Start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous loss is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days), but in some cases, weak precipitations can last half an hour - an hour. Fall out usually from layered rain or highly alone clouds; At the same time, in most cases, clouds are solid (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, - usually at the beginning or late period of precipitation). Sometimes weak short-term (half an hour) are placed precipitated precipitates from layered, layered-cumulative, high-tech clouds, while the number of clouds is 7-10 points. In frost weather (air temperature below? 10 ... -15 °) Weak snow can fall out of the cloudless sky.

Rain - Liquid precipitation in the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm. Separate rain drops are left on the surface of the water a trail in the form of a diverging circle, and on the surface of dry items - in the form of a wet spot.

Imcoolent rain - liquid precipitation in the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm, dropping down at a negative air temperature (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to? 15 °) - falling on items, droplets are fatal, and ice is formed.

Ice rain - solid precipitates falling down at a negative air temperature (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to? 15 °) in the form of solid transparent ice balls with a diameter of 1-3 mm. Inside the balls there is unlocked water - falling on the items, the balls are broken down on the shells, the water flows and the ice is formed.

Snow - solid precipitates falling out (most often with a negative air temperature) in the form of snow crystals (snowflakes) or flakes. With weak snow, horizontal visibility (if there are no other phenomena - haze, fog, etc.) is 4-10 km, with a moderate 1-3 km, with high snow - less than 1000 m (at the same time, the amplification of the snowfall occurs gradually, so Visibility of 1-2 km and less observed no earlier than an hour after the start of the snowfall). In frost weather (air temperature below? 10 ... -15 °) Weak snow can fall out of the cloudless sky. Separately there is a phenomenon of wet snow - mixed precipitates falling down at a positive air temperature in the form of melting snow flakes.

Rain with snow - Mixed precipitates dropping (most often with positive air temperature) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If the rain with snow falls down under a negative air temperature, the precipitation particles merge on the items and the ice is formed.

Frosting precipitation

Characterized by a small intensity, the monotony of falling out without changes in the intensity; Start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous fallout is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days). Fall out of layered clouds or fog; At the same time, in most cases, clouds are solid (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, - usually at the beginning or late period of precipitation). Often accompanied by impairment of visibility (haze, fog).

Moro - Liquid precipitation in the form of very small drops (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm), as if soaring in the air. Dry surface wet slowly and evenly. Precipitating on the surface of water, does not forms diverging circles on it.

Precueled moro - Liquid precipitations in the form of very small drops (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm), as if soaring in the air, falling down at a negative air temperature (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to? 15 °) - settled on objects, droplets are fatal And ice is formed.

Snowy gravel - solid precipitations in the form of small opaque white particles (sticks, grains, grain) with a diameter of less than 2 mm, falling down at a negative air temperature.

Storm sediments

Characterized by suddenness of the beginning and end of the fallout, a sharp change in intensity. The duration of continuous fallout is usually from a few minutes to 1-2 hours (sometimes a few hours, in the tropics - up to 1-2 days). Often accompanied by thunderstorms and short-term wind gain (squall). They fall out of heap-rain clouds, with the number of clouds can be both significant (7-10 points) and small (4-6 points, and in some cases even 2-3 points). The main feature of rainfall precipitation is not their high intensity (storm sediments can be weak), namely the very fact of falling out of convective (most often heap-rain) clouds, which determines the fluctuations in the intensity of precipitation. In hot weather, weak storm rain can fall out of powerful-cumulus clouds, and sometimes (very weak storm rain) - even from middle cumulus clouds.

Storm rain - rain of a storm character.

Storm snow - Storm snow snow. It is characterized by sharp fluctuations in horizontal visibility from 6-10 km to 2-4 km (and sometimes up to 500-1000 m, in some cases even 100-200 m) during a period of time from a few minutes before half an hour (snow "charges").

Storm rain with snow - Mixed rainfall precipitations dropping (most often with positive air temperature) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If the storm rain with snow drops down at a negative temperature of the air, the precipitation particles merge on the items and the ice is formed.

Snowy croup - solid rainfall precipitations dropping at about 0 ° at air temperature and having a form of opaque white grains with a diameter of 2-5 mm; Crupins are fragile, easily crushed with fingers. It is often falling in front of a storm snow or simultaneously with it.

Ice cereals - solid rainfall precipitations falling out at air temperature from? 5 to + 10 ° in the form of transparent (or translucent) ice grains with a diameter of 1-3 mm; In the center of Crupina - an opaque kernel. Crupins are solid (crushed with some effort), when falling on a solid surface, bounce. In some cases, the grains can be covered with waterflux (or fall out with water droplets), and if the air temperature is below 0 °, then falling on the items, the grains are fatal, and ice is formed.

Grad. - hard sediments falling in the warm season (at air temperature above + 10 °) in the form of ice pieces of various shapes and sizes: usually the diameter of the gradin is 2-5 mm, but in some cases, individual grades reach the size of a pigeon and even chicken eggs ( Then hail causes significant damage to the vegetation, car surfaces, breaks window windows, etc.). The duration of hail is usually small - from 1 to 20 minutes. In most cases, hail is accompanied by storm rain and thunderstorms.

Unclassified precipitation

Ice needles - solid precipitation in the form of the smallest ice crystals, soaring in the air, formed in frosty weather (air temperature below? 10 ... -15 °). In the afternoon, in the light of the rays of the sun, at night - in the rays of the moon or with light lights. Often ice needles form at night beautiful glowing "pillars", reaching from the lanterns up into the sky. Observed most often with a clear or cloudless sky, sometimes fall out of the peristo-layered or cigarette clouds.

Zeolya. - precipitation in the form of rare and large (up to 3 cm) of water bubbles. Rare phenomenon arising during weak thunderstorms.

Precipitation formed on the surface of the earth and on objects

Dew -water droplets formed on the surface of the earth, plants, objects, roofs of buildings and cars as a result of condensation of water vapor contained in the air with positive air and soil temperatures, the stormy sky and weak wind. Most often, it is observed in the night and early morning watches, may be accompanied by a haze or fog. Abundant dew can cause a measurable amount of precipitation (up to 0.5 mm per night), flowing to the earth water from the roofs.

Frost - white crystalline precipitate formed on the surface of the earth, grass, objects, roofs of buildings and cars, snow cover as a result of desublimations of water vapor contained in the air under the negative temperature of the soil, the cloudless sky and weak wind. Observed in the evening, night and morning hours, may be accompanied by a haze or fog. In essence, this is an analogue of the dew formed under negative temperature. At the branches of the trees, the Wires of the Inay is deposited poorly (in contrast to the frost) - on the wire of the ice machine (diameter 5 mm), the thickness of the deposit of it does not exceed 3 mm.

Crystalline frost - White crystalline precipitate, consisting of small thin-structured shiny ice particles, formed as a result of desublimations of water vapor contained in the branches of trees and wires in the form of fluffy garlands (easily creaked when shaking). It is observed in the cloudless (clear, or clouds of the upper and medium tier, or broken-layered) frosty weather (air temperature below? 10 ... -15 °), with a haze or fog (and sometimes without them) with a weak wind or calm. The deposition of the hoarfrost occurs, as a rule, within a few hours at night, it is gradually creptable under the influence of sunlight, but it can be saved in cloud weather and in the shade throughout the day. On the surface of objects, roofs of buildings and cars, hoarfrost is very weak (in contrast to the Inea). However, somewhat frost is accompanied by Inem.

Grainy frost - White loose snow-shaped precipitate formed as a result of the sedimentation of small droplets of a supercooled fog on the branches of trees and wires into cloud foggy weather (at any time of the day) at air temperature from 0 to? 10 ° and temperate or strong wind. In enlargement, the fog droplets can go into ice, and with a decrease in air temperature in combination with wind attenuation and a decrease in the amount of cloudiness at night - to crystalline hoarfrost. The rise of the grainy is frosy continues as much as the fog and wind lashes (usually several hours, and sometimes a few days). Saving a laid grainy frost can continue a few days.

HOLOLOD - a layer of dense vitreous ice (smooth or slightly bug), formed on plants, wires, objects, surfaces of the Earth, as a result of the altage of precipitation particles (supercooled sea, supercooled rain, ice rain, ice cereals, sometimes rain with snow) when contact with the surface having a negative temperature. It is observed at air temperature most often from 0 to? 10 ° (sometimes up to? 15 °), and with a sharp warming (when the earth and items still retain a negative temperature) - at air temperature 0 ... + 3 °. Highly hampers the movement of people, animals, transport, can lead to cliffs of wires and rolling the branches of trees (and sometimes to a massive fall of trees and mast power lines). The rise of ice goes on as much as the precurate precipitates (usually several hours are usually, and sometimes for sea and fog - a few days). The preservation of the laid ice may continue for a few days.

Hollyedy - a layer of burrid ice or icing snow, formed on the surface of the Earth due to freezing of melt water, when after thawing, air temperature and soil decreases (transition to negative temperature values). Unlike ice, the ice is observed only on the earth's surface, most often on the roads, sidewalks and paths. The preservation of the resulting ice can continue for many days in a row until it is covered on top of the fresh snow cover or not melting completely as a result of intensive increase in air temperature and soil.

3. Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation

In atmospheric precipitation predominate: NSO3-, SO42-, CL-, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Na +. They are precipitated by dissolving air gases, bringing the wind of salts from the sea, dissolving salts and dust of continental origin, volcanic exhalations and other sources. The total amount of solutes, as a rule, does not exceed 100 mg / l, often it is less than 50 mg / l. These are ultrasound waters, but places mineralization of precipitation increases to 500 mg / l and more. PH of rainwater usually 5-7. Rain water also contains some amount of hydrogen peroxide.

As a result of physical evaporation of salts, as well as spraying of seawater with excitement in the zone of the surf and subsequent evaporation of water droplets, the sea air is enriched with marine water elements, and the winds that have been brought from the sea to the land. Most Cl, Li, Na, RV, CS, B, I in river waters is probably marine origin. These are the so-called "cyclic salts", which fall into the land with atmospheric precipitates and then with the drain come into the ocean. In V.D. Korzh and VS Satent, on average, up to 15% of river flow salts are brought to the river from the ocean through the atmosphere.

In atmospheric precipitation of sea coasts, the CL content can exceed 100 mg / l (in intra-projectal districts 2-3 mg / l). However, already at a distance of several tens of kilometers from the coast, the content of marine salts in atmospheric precipitates is sharply reduced to 1-3 mg / l.

In the atmospheric precipitation of intra-engineity areas, not CL - and Na +, A - SO42-, Ca2 + are dominated. In the humid intocontinental areas, the mineralization of precipitation is low, about 20-30 mg / l, ions of NSO3 - and Ca2 + continental origin predominate.

4. The patterns of the distribution of atmospheric precipitation

The following patterns of precipitation distribution are noted. The most often precipitation falls over the ocean. Above the continents, the degree of mineralization of precipitation is determined by the climatic factor. Maximum precipitation mineralization is characteristic of desert landscapes. Technogenic processes enhance the mineralization of precipitation over large industrial centers and change the properties of atmospheric water. However, it is not always possible to determine the content of salts incoming to them. In wet tropical forests, where there is little dust in the air, atmospheric precipitates have less mineralization, the precipitation of the taiga zone is higher. However, the total number of salts coming with atmospheric precipitates will be higher than in the taiga, since the amount of precipitation is 2-3 times more.

Inside the continent of natural zones, salting depends on the amount of precipitation, air humidity, the dustiness of the atmosphere.

In each landscape zone, the mineralization of atmospheric precipitation depends on the time of the year: in winter, in the spring and in the wet summer period, the mineralization of precipitation is lower than in dry. The movement of the air mass, formed above the ocean, deep into the continent leads to a gradual depletion of its chemical elements as precipitation falls. With precipitation on sea coasts, 47 mg / l of salts falls within the continent at a distance of 200 km from the coast, the amount of drop-down salts is reduced to 28 mg / l.

MA Glazovskaya offered two coefficients for the characteristics of atmospheric migration: the coefficient of atmogeochemical activity (ka) and the coefficient of hydrogeochemical activity (KI). Ka - the ratio of the amount of element coming from precipitation for the year to their number of plants consumed for the year. Ki is the ratio of the number of elements endured by ion flow for the year, to their quantity coming with atmospheric precipitation.

5. Distribution of daily and annual amounts of precipitation

The daily course of precipitation coincides with the daily cloud rate. Two types of daily precipitation - continental and sea (coastal) are distinguished. The continental type has two maxima (in the morning and afternoon) and two minima (at night and before afternoon). Sea type is one maximum (at night) and one minimum (day).

The annual movement of precipitation is bottled on different latitudes and even within the same zone. It depends on the amount of heat, the thermal regime, air circulation, the remoteness from the coast, the nature of the relief. (see Appendix.1)

The most abundant precipitation in equatorial latitudes, where their annual number (GKO) exceeds 1000-2000 mm. On the Equatorial Islands of the Pacific Ocean drops 4000-5000 mm, and on the leeward slopes of tropical islands to 10,000 mm. The cause of abundant precipitation is the powerful ascending currents of very wet air. North and south of equatorial latitudes The amount of precipitation decreases, reaching a minimum on 25-35º, where the average annual value does not exceed 500 mm and decreases in intra-engineity districts to 100 mm and less. In moderate latitudes, the amount of precipitation increases slightly (800 mm). In the high latitudes of GKOs slightly.

The maximum annual precipitation is registered in Cherrypundy (India) - 26461 mm. The minimum marked annual amount of precipitation is in Aswan (Egypt), Ikik (Chile), where in some years the precipitation does not fall at all. (see Appendix 2)

The annual course of precipitation, i.e. The change in their number of months, in different places of the Earth is not the same. You can outline several basic types of the annual precipitation and express them in the form of column charts.

· Equatorial type - sediments fall pretty evenly all year, there are no dry months, only after the days of the equinox, two small maxima are celebrated - in April and October - and after the Solstice days two small minima - in July and January.

· Musson-type - maximum precipitation in summer, at least in winter. It is characteristic of sub-screen latitudes, as well as the eastern coasts of the mainland in subtropical and moderate latitudes. The total amount of precipitation is gradually decreasing from the subequatorial to a moderate belt.

· Mediterranean type - maximum precipitation in winter, at least in summer. It is observed in subtropical latitudes on the west coasts and inside the mainland. Annual precipitation gradually decreases towards the center of the continents.

· Continental type of precipitation of moderate latitudes - in a warm period of precipitation in two or three times more than in cold. As the continentality of the climate in the central regions of the continents, the total precipitation is reduced, and the difference in summer and winter precipitation increases.

· Sea type of moderate latitude - precipitates are distributed evenly throughout the year with a small maximum in the autumn-winter time. Their quantity is more than observed for this type. (see Appendix.3)

Conclusion

Atmospheric precipitates are one of the main factors for the formation of surface and groundwater. The atmospheric waters are least studied in a chemical terms, which is associated with the difficulty of the selection of samples sufficient for chemical analysis and insufficient attention to atmospheric precipitation, as the factor in the formation of the chemical composition of surface and underground.

The chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation and dry falls is an integral characteristic of the content of pollutants in the cloud and sub-type atmosphere. The processes of wet loss of substances can lead to a change in the chemical composition of soils, water of rivers and water bodies, and this, in turn, affects the vital activity of their inhabitants. Chemicals in atmospheric precipitation, depending on the composition, have a stimulating or depressing effect on the development of plants. Therefore, the knowledge of the quantitative chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation is necessary to assess the state and forecast of the effects of pollution of the ambient environment.

Bibliography

1.Atmospheric precipitates [Electronic resource] - Access mode: # "Center"\u003e application

Attachment 1

Fig. 1. Distribution of annual precipitation (mm)

Appendix 2.

Table 1. Distribution of precipitation for continents in percent (%) to the total amount

EuropeAsiasAvikaavraistral America AmericanEsernery 500 mm476754665216500-1000 mm49181822308. Higher 1000 mm41528121876

Appendix 3.

Fig. 2 Types of the annual precipitation:

Equatorial, 2 - monsoon, 3 - Mediterranean, 4 - Continental moderate latitudes, 5 - marine temperate latitudes

Appendix 4.

Types of precipitation by origin: - convective, II - front, III - orographic; TV - warm air, the Cold air.

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In the understanding of an ordinary person, atmospheric precipitation is rain or snow. In fact, species are much more and all of them, one way or another, are found throughout the year. Among them are very unusual phenomena that lead to beautiful effects. What are the sediments?

Rain

Rain is a drop of water droplets from the sky to the ground as a result of its condensation from the air. In the process of evaporation, water is going to the clouds, which later turn into clouds. At a certain point, the smallest drops of steam increase, turning into the size of the raindrops. Under its own weight, they fall on the surface of the Earth.

Rains are covered, storm and drizzle. Cover rain is observed for a long time, it is characterized by smooth start and ending. The intensity of the drop of drops during the rain is practically not changed.

Storm rainfall is characterized by short-term and large size drops. They can reach five millimeters in diameter. The drizzling rain has a drop, a diameter of less than 1 mm. This is almost fog that hangs over the surface of the Earth.

Snow

Snow is the fallout of frozen water, in the form of flakes or matched crystals. In a different way, the snow is referred to as dry residues, since falling on the cold surface of the snowflakes do not leave wet traces.

In most cases, heavy snowfall develops gradually. They are inherent smoothness and the absence of a sharp change in the intensity of the fallout. In a heavy frost, the situation of snow appeared from, it would seem clean sky. In this case, the snowflakes are formed in the finest cloud layer, which is practically not visible to the eye. Such snowfall is always very light, since the corresponding clouds are required for a large snow charge.

Rain with snow

This is a classic view of precipitation in autumn and spring time. It is characterized by simultaneous falling, both droplets of rain and snowflakes. This is due to the small oscillations of the air temperature in the area of \u200b\u200b0 degrees. In different layers of clouds, various temperatures are obtained, it differs on the way to the ground. As a result, part of the drops mumbles into snow flakes, and part of the fluid state.

Grad.

Grad is called the pieces of ice, into which, under certain conditions, water turns, before falling to the ground. The gradin size ranges from 2 to 50 millimeters. This phenomenon occurs in summer, at the air temperature above +10 degrees and is accompanied by a strong rain with a thunderstorm. Loss of large grades can cause damage to transport, vegetation, buildings and man.

Snowy croup

Snow cereal is called dry precipitation in the form of dense fatty snow grains. From ordinary snow, they differ from high density, small size (up to 4 millimeters) and almost round form. Such a cereal appears at temperatures about 0 degrees, and it may be accompanied by rain or real snow.

Dew

Dew drops are also considered precipitation, but they do not fall from the sky, but appear on different surfaces as a result of condensation from the air. For the emergence of dew, positive temperatures are required, increased humidity, lack of strong wind. Abundant dew can lead to water flots on the surfaces of buildings, structures, transport bodies.

Frost

This is "Winter Dew". Inay is water condensed from the air, but at the same time the last stage of the liquid state. It looks like a set of white crystals covering, as a rule, horizontal surfaces.

Frost

It is a type of inlet, but it appears not on horizontal surfaces, but thin and long items. As a rule, the umbrella plants, power lines, trees lines, tree branches are covered in wet and frosty weather.

Goleed

The ice is called a layer of ice on any horizontal surfaces, which appears as a result of the cooling of the fog, the frozen, rain loss or wet snow when lowering the temperature in the range below 0 degrees. As a result of the rise of ice, weak structures may be collected, the wires of power lines are rushed.

The Hollyedian is a special case of ice, which is formed only on the surface of the Earth. Most often, formed after thaw and subsequent decrease in temperature.

Ice needles

This is another type of precipitation, which is the smallest crystals soaring in the air. Ice needles are perhaps one of the most beautiful winter atmospheric phenomena, as often lead to different light effects. They are formed at air temperature below -15 degrees and refract out in its structure passing light. The result of this is a halo around the sun or beautiful light "pillars", stretching from street lamps into a clear frosty sky.

Atmospheric precipitates are moisture, dropping onto the surface of the atmosphere in the form of rain, sea, cereals, snow, hail. The preciputes fall out of the clouds, but not every cloud gives precipitation. The formation of precipitation from the cloud is due to the consolidation of drops to the size capable of overcome the uplings and air resistance. The consolidation of the droplets is due to the merger of the droplets, evaporation of moisture from the surface of the droplets (crystals) and the condensation of the water vapor on others.

Shapes of precipitation:

1. rain - has drops of 0.5 to 7 mm in size (on average 1.5 mm);
2. moros - consists of small drops of up to 0.5 mm;
3. snow - consists of hexagon crystals of ice formed in the process of sublimation;
4. snowy croup - rounded nuclei with a diameter of 1 mm and more, is observed at temperatures close to zero. Grains are easily compressed with fingers;
5. ice cereals - nucleoli cereals have an outstanding surface, they are difficult to crush their fingers, when falling to the ground, they jump;
6. grad - large pieces of ice of the rounded shape with dimensions from the pea to 5- 8 cm in diameter. Gradin weight in some cases exceeds 300 g, sometimes can reach a few kilograms. Grad falls out of cumulus-rain clouds.

Types of precipitation:

1. Cover precipitates - uniform, long-term duration, fall out of layered rain clouds;
2. Storm sediments are characterized by a rapid change in intensity and short-term. They fall out of the heap-rain clouds in the form of rain, often with a hail.
3. Frosting precipitation - in the form of MOSI drops out of layered and layered-cumulus clouds.

Distribution of annual amounts of precipitation (mm) (S.G. Lubushkini, etc.)

(lines on the map connecting points with the same amount of precipitation for a certain period of time (for example, per year) are called inhabitants)

The daily course of precipitation coincides with the daily cloud rate. Two types of daily precipitation - continental and sea (coastal) are distinguished. The continental type has two maxima (in the morning and afternoon) and two minima (at night and before afternoon). Sea type is one maximum (at night) and one minimum (day).

The annual movement of precipitation is bottled on different latitudes and even within the same zone. It depends on the amount of heat, the thermal regime, air circulation, the remoteness from the coast, the nature of the relief.

The most abundant precipitation in equatorial latitudes, where their annual number (GKO) exceeds 1000-20 mm. On the Equatorial Islands of the Pacific Ocean drops 4000-5000 mm, and on the leeward slopes of tropical islands to 10,000 mm. The cause of abundant precipitation is the powerful ascending currents of very wet air. To the north and subsection of equatorial latitudes, the amount of precipitation decreases, reaching a minimum of 25-35º, where average annual value does not exceed 500 mm and decreases in intra-engineity districts to 100 mm and less. In moderate latitudes, the amount of precipitation increases slightly (800 mm). In the high latitudes of GKOs slightly.

The maximum annual precipitation is registered in Cherrypundy (India) - 26461 mm. The minimum marked annual rainfall is in Aswan (Egypt), ICIK - (Chile), where in some years the precipitation does not fall at all.

Distribution of precipitation by continent in% to the total amount

				Australia		North
Below 500 mm
500-1000 mm
Over 1000 mm

By origin There are convective, frontal and orographic precipitation.

1. Convective precipitation Characteristic for a hot belt, where intense heating and evaporation, but in the summer there are often in a temperate belt.
2. Frontal precipitation At the meeting of two air masses with different temperatures and other physical properties, fall out of warmer air, forming cyclonic vortices, typical for moderate and cold belts.
3. Orographic precipitation falls out on the windy slopes of the mountains, especially high. They are abundant if the air comes from the warm sea and has a large absolute and relative humidity.

Types of precipitation by origin:

I - convective, II - front, III - orographic; TV - warm air, the Cold air.

The annual move of Ospalkov. The change in their number of months, in different places of the Earth is not the same. You can outline several basic types of the annual precipitation and express them in the form of column charts.

1. Equatorial type - The sediments fall quite evenly all year, there are no dry months, only after the days of the equinox, two small maxima are celebrated - in April and October - and after the days of solstice, two small minimum - in July and January.
2. Musson Type - Maximum precipitation in summer, at least in the winter. It is characteristic of sub-screen latitudes, as well as the eastern coasts of the mainland in subtropical and moderate latitudes. The total amount of precipitation is gradually decreasing from the subequatorial to a moderate belt.
3. Mediterranean type - Maximum precipitation in winter, at least in summer. It is observed in subtropical latitudes on the west coasts and inside the mainland. Annual precipitation gradually decreases towards the center of the continents.
4. Continental type of precipitation of moderate latitudes - In the warm period of precipitation in two or three times more than in the cold. As the continentality of the climate in the central regions of the continents, the total precipitation is reduced, and the difference in summer and winter precipitation increases.
5. Marine type of moderate latitude - The sediments are distributed evenly throughout the year with a small maximum in the autumn-winter time. Their quantity is more than observed for this type.

Types of the annual precipitation:

1 - Equatorial, 2 - monsoon, 3 - Mediterranean, 4 - continental moderate latitudes, 5 - marine temperate latitudes.

Literature

1. Zubashchenko E.M. Regional physical geography. Earth climates: educational and methodical manual. Part 1. / E.M. Zubashchenko, V.I. Shmykov, A.Ya. Nemykin, N.V. Polyakova. - Voronezh: VGPU, 2007. - 183 p.