Tofa is a unique nationality, these people live only in the Nizhneudinsky district of the Irkutsk region. There are only 678 people left them. It would seem that the authorities should take care of the preservation of the small people, whose representatives even in the world there are no more anywhere. But judging throughout the power, not before them. But there are much more problems with these people than other residents of Priangarya.
The facts of the human rights in the Irkutsk region, Valery Lukin, told themselves about how in fact. He prepares a special report "On the protection of the rights and freedoms of the small peoples of the North, living in the territory of the Irkutsk region." Write such work without having been at the place of residence of Tofov, it is impossible. Therefore, the Ombudsman and went to Toflavia. However, the first attempt was not successful, he did not have enough space in the helicopter, I had to return to Irkutsk. A few weeks later, the Ombudsman was still able to fly to the facies. For an urban resident, the topic is not quite usual, but meters are already accustomed to the fact that for 10-15 days they cannot fly on a large land or return back. The only way in the warm months to get to the Big Earth is a helicopter, in a different way to overcome 200 kilometers of impassable taiga impossible.
"In all settlements we held meetings with the population, which listened to a lot of claims and complaints about state authorities. The fact is that they previously led a nomadic lifestyle, they are not adapted for agriculture, their main occupation is reindeer herding, hunting, fishing. But Stalin decided to teach them to a settled lifestyle so that they do not help. Three villages were built: Nerja, Upper Gutar, Alyugger. In total, approximately 1,200 people live in Tofalairia, of which 60% are stories. The most acute problem is transport accessibility. Old-timers that are there, they say that after the war in these settlements, An-2 aircraft flew twice a day to ensure their livelihoods. Today the Mi-8 helicopter flies in ten days, "said Valery Lukin.
Because of the transport problem, everyone else is accumulated.
For example, many medical care problems. All therapeutic institutions are located in the district center - Nizhneudinsk. For examination, the treatment of Tofa should go there. Arriving for a consultation, a person should stay ten days at ten, as it cannot fly away. So you need to look for the night, and these are additional spending.
"Teachers need to pass a medical examination, but after all you will not pass in one day, they also need to live somewhere. Based on these difficulties, the chapters of these three settlements received a letter from the financial department of Nizhneudinsk, which pays attention to the fact that the Feldsher, which they work there, so that they send to the examination to be discharged in the extreme case. Well, what is the "extreme case"? And who will define it? "," Says Valery Lukin.
A resident of Tofalairia Dmitry Kangarayev had to wait for his turn on the helicopter for two weeks. The man was lying in the hospital in Nizhneudinsk after the operation on the heart.
"I didn't come to Nizhneudinsk for some kind of walk. I lay in the hospital. And I can not fly back. Stayed again. Thirteen people took, and I didn't have enough space, "said Dmitry Kangarayev.
Another problem is insufficient provision of perishable products. According to the calculations of officials of the Nizhneudinsky municipality, in Toflary, it is necessary to deliver about 900 tons of perishable products per year. But those helicopters that are financed from the regional budget can provide only 40 tons.
"When we visited the stores that are difficult to call the stores, we made sure that the perishable thing is not to find anything there, there are mainly canned food. One of the local entrepreneurs told that the delivery of perishable products costs 75 rubles per kilogram. But he will not work at a loss, some kind of compensation is necessary. Of course, in the winter period of time, and it is short enough, when the rivers freeze, you can deliver foods and fuel for diesel electrostations. Flour, sugar, canned goods are delivered there. Although, of course, they also have a deadline for implementation, "says the Ombudsman.
There are cases when it is necessary to take to the examination of a deceased person. And it is brought together with passengers in one helicopter, despite the fact that it is unacceptable for none of sanitary standards or everything else. And this summer has occurred at all shocking history. Commissioner for Human Rights filed a complaint by a resident of the village of Alyugger. A man said that in July he was forced to independently solve questions about the export of his father's body, which died in a taiga 80 km from the settlement, to the district center for examination in the prescribed manner. Change the body to "Greater Earth" could be only on a helicopter. His appeals in the administration of the village of Alyugger and the Nizhneudinsky district, to the internal affairs bodies of the city and the district, the State Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Irkutsk region, in the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the district and regional prosecutor's office, the apparatus of the Governor of the Irkutsk region did not give results. 11 days Relatives of the deceased in the deaf forest guarded the body from wild beasts. As a result, the Son was forced to conclude an agreement with the Angara Airlines on the removal of the body helicopter, he paid 140 thousand rubles for this.
"I think that in this situation we are actually about the abuse of the body of the deceased by the authorities, who in 11 days did not do anything to take it out of the taiga. Officials showed extreme cynicism and dear to the memory of the deceased and his relatives, "said Ombudsman.
Commissioner for Human Rights in the Irkutsk Region Valery Lukin addressed the first deputy government of the Irkutsk Region Nikolay Slobodchikov with a request to take measures in connection with the inaction of the authorities, as well as law enforcement agencies. A resident of the village of Alyugger is currently preparing documents for filing a claim to court.
Another problem is the unemployment of the local population. According to Valery Lukina, earlier it was a division - the consumeration, which took the forest and so on in Tofov, and was calculated with them. Now this organization is not, and the mined in Tofov buy travel businessmen at low prices.
The formation of things is best. In all settlements there are educational institutions. In Alyugger, the eleven-year-old school and boarding school, in two other villages - small primary schools in primary education, they study at 30-40 students.
"The buildings are clean, but built by the" with the king of the pea ", toilets, of course, on the street. School principals noted that they are fully secured by the educational literature, but notebooks, there are no pens in stores. Well, earlier, when Notebooks were not, it was possible to write on newspapers, but there are no newspapers, "Valery Lukin said.
And still on the issue of education. In 2010, a school on 72 seats was commissioned in the village of Nerch. But children in it still do not learn. The fact is that the work was produced poorly, but there is a scope of work for which they paid, but in fact they were not fulfilled.
"Externally a good school is a kindergarten school. By the way, in the wrong hundred years of kindergarten was not. There are already equipment, both the parties and the beds. But the boiler room there, which on the project should have 4 boilers, there are only two boilers of an unknown brand. The floors, apparently, were made of raw material, there are slots between boards thick with a finger. It has 48 million regional funds. And the customer is UKS our regional. Failured work is estimated for 5 million rubles. People are asking for at least the beginning of the next school year to finish. But the decisions should be taken now so that the necessary materials can be delivered along the winter. If in the winter they will not deliver them, then nothing will be done, "said Valery Lukin.
Problems of development and consolidation of their native language, culture, national fishery, the presence of enterprises in toflaria, which markets there and do not compensate for the damage caused - they will all be reflected in the Ombudsman's report.
After the trip to Tofam Valery, I wrote an appeal to the Governor of the Irkutsk Region Sergey Eroshechenko with a request to solve while at least three main problems of Tofov: to increase flight financing; organize a medical examination for the local population; Finish school in the village of Nerja.
"According to the calculations of the Nizhnyudinsky district administration, to solve the problems of medical care residents of toflaria, delivering a perishable product, resolving other issues that require mandatory departure to the district center or beyond its limits, it is necessary to finance at least 400 flights by the Mi-8 helicopter. In 2013, 134 flights were financed from the regional budget, and in 2014 it is planned to fulfill only 91 flights, which, of course, is not enough, "Ombudsman Lukin wrote in his address to Governor. The Commissioner drew attention to the head of the region to consider the transport problem and its negative consequences in June Toflary, the Minister of Transport of the Irkutsk Region Arthur Suleimenov and his deputy Maxim Turyin was visited. They were in place were convinced of the need to increase funding. But nevertheless, managerial solutions for solving problems have not yet been accepted. The Ombudsman offers to withdraw social tensions, to enable the leadership of the Nizhneudinsky district to use the financial resources of the regional budget, provided for on the organization of air transportation in the 4th quarter of 2014, with a guarantee of their restoration subsequently.
By the way, it coincided that, together with the Ombudsman in Toflavaria, employees of the prosecutor's office of the Irkutsk region worked. They accepted almost 50 complaints of local residents. "Local residents reported numerous violations of environmental legislation in the extraction of mineral resources, the growth of poaching in the forests and rivers. As a result, the populations of wild animals and fish are reduced in places of traditional environmental management. In the course of checking complaints of residents of the village of Upper Gutar to the inaction of law enforcement agencies, the fact of illegal cutting of a cedar grove was revealed. After the calculation of the damage to the West Baikal environmental prosecutor's office, the materials will be sent to the investigating authorities, "the material placed on the official website of the Prosecutor's Office of the Irkutsk region.
In order to protect the most vulnerable category of the population, the prosecutor of the Irkutsk region instructed "conduct inspections for each fact of violation of the legitimate rights of the inhabitants of tofalalaria, take measures to establish the causes and conditions of them contributing."
In addition, the Commissioner for Human Rights in Priangarya sent an East-Siberian transport prosecutor Anatoly Merzlyakov Letter with a request to strengthen the control over the compliance with the current legislation by the staff of the linear police department in transport at the airport of Nizhneudinsk. The reason was the numerous appeals of the residents of toflary, which complained about the illegal and gross actions of the staff of this department, about the systematic post-flight inspections of passengers flying from the settlements of Nerja, Alyugger, the Upper Gutar, as well as the illegal seizure of the policing of hunting products.
According to this issue, Valery Lukin has previously applied to the head of the East Siberian Linear Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Viktor Kobazuy. But he answered that the staff of the Group on the inspection of the Lower Distine Linear Police Department are among the best in the named management and, according to the results of the inspections carried out, there are strictly in accordance with the current legislation. At the same time, the constitutional rights of citizens are not violated that, according to Victor, the bobcas is confirmed by the lack of complaints from passengers to the East Siberian Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in transport during 2014.
In September, the Commissioner prepared and distributed a reminder for air passengers in Tofalaria. The document is based on the provisions of the Air Code of the Russian Federation and other documents and informs passengers about their rights and responsibilities.
Photo provided by the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Irkutsk Region Valery Lukin
2014, the newspaper "Baikal Siberia"
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1 Lesson 16. Irkutsk region on the verge of centuries. Know: Characteristics of the Irkutsk Region during its historical development. To be able to: analyze historical information presented in tests; Represent the results of the study in the form of written answers. Questions and tasks: Option I 1 Task 1: Select a sure answer to the questions set. Answer write in the form of a combination of two digits (number number and response number). (Maximum number of points 26). 1. The smallest people of Priangarya called: 1) Buryats; 2) toflars; 3) Russian 4) Evenks. 2. What kind of people belongs to the dwelling in the photo? 1) Tofalars; 2) Kurykanam; 3) Eveners; 4) Buryats. 3. The disappeared tribal community that inhabited in the lower reaches of Selenga, the valley of Barguzin, the Tunkinskaya valley, Priangarya and the upwards of the Lena River was called: 1) Kurykans; 2) toflars; 3) Evenks; 4) Buryats. 4. Construction of which stort has been crucial for future promotion of Russians deep into Eastern Siberia? 1) Irkutsk; 2) Ilimsky; 3) Yenisei; 4) Verkhnelensky. 5. The fraternal ostrog was set: 1) Yakovpukhabov; 2) rolling potapov; 3) Maxim Perflight; 4) Protopopov Avvakum. 6. The first "fucking person to Pashnya" in Bratsky Ostrog was: 1) Maxim Pontifers; 2) Rastera Potapov;
2 3) Avvakum Protopop; 4) Yakov Pokhabov; 7. Irkutsk Ostrog was laid in: 1) 1620 g; 2) 1661; 3) 1672; 4) 1682 8. What is the way the Pushnina - one of the most significant types of Dani? 1) jewel; 2) Sable Fur; 3) soft gold; 4) Yasak. 9. Explain these etymology of the name "Tulun": 1) Wines, offense; 2) cold; 3) dirt; 4) Bag. 10. In 1710, in Baikalia lived: 1) 10 thousand people; 2) 40 thousand people; 3) 102 thousand people; 4) 247 thousand people. 11. For the opening of the field of which mineral resources, geologists received a state award? 1) Magnezit; 2) lazuli; 3) jade; 4) Fluoritis. 12. Governor of the Irkutsk province was: 1) Zimin N.N.; 2) Dagurov GV; 3) Tolstoy A.I.; 4) Agel L.T. 13. Which Irkutsk governors led an expedition to Amuru, signed the Aigan Treaty on the borders with China? 1) Muravyov-Amur N.N.; 2) Selifontov I.O.; 3) Sadelle IB; 4) Korsakov M.S. 14. Which German scientist in 1716, Petr I invited Siberia to Russia to study the "all three kingdoms of nature". 1) Messerschmidt d ..; 2) Miller g.; 3) Gmlin and.; 4) Rosen G. 2
3 15. Which of the Irkutsk traveler merchants called "Russian Columbus"? 1) Shelekhova G.I.; 2) nikitin a.; 3) Siberians MV; 4) Shastin A.I. 16. Who belonged to the manor? 3 1) Volkonsky SG; 2) Sukachev VP; 3) Trubetsky SP; 4) Shastin A.I. 17. Whose house was listed in the list of world protected heritage? 1) urban head V.P. Sukacheva; 2) merchanta. Shastin; 3) Prince S. G. Volkonsky; 4) Prince S. P. Trubetsky. 18. What river is the influx? 1) Lena; 2) hangars; 3) spells; 4) B. Chui. 19. Execution of the Supreme Ruler of Russia Admiral A.V. Kolchak was produced: 1) 1917; 2) 1918; 3) 1919; 4) 1920 20. The center, which received the status of the city after the Great Patriotic War: 1) Slyudyanka; 2) Shelekhov; 3) Bodaibo; 4) Tulun.
4 21. The first industrial enterprise in the region was: 1) Talzin Glass Plant; 2) Nikolaev railway plant; 3) Ust-Kutsky salted factory; 4) Telminskoy Sukonna Factory. 22. The gold deposit of a dry log is located in the area: 1) Nizhneudinsky; 2) Cossachinsky-Lensky; 3) Bodaybinsky; 4) Mamko-Chui. 23. How many years was the Transsiber built? 1) for 10 years; 2) for 15 years; 3) for 20 years; 4) for 25 years. 24. Roman Irkutsk writer-made by the State Prize in 1950 1) Markov G. "Strengi"; 2) Vampilov A. "Senior Son"; 3) Rasputin V. "Money for Mary"; 4) Sergeev D. "Behind the Front". 25. Vampilov A. Born in the hospital of the city: 1) Irkutsk; 2) Angarsk; 3) Usolye-Siberian; 4) Cheremkhovo. 26 Who is dedicated to the monument? 4 1) Poyhabov Ya. 2) Bugora B.; 3) Pyandip; 4) Kolesnikov in ..
5 Option II Task 1: Select a sure answer to the questions set. Answer write in the form of a combination of two digits (number number and response number). (Maximum number of points 26). 1. To increase the productivity of pastures, artificial irrigation was used in Eastern Siberia: 1) Evenka; 2) Kurykan; 3) toflars; 4) Buryats. 2. What kind of people belongs to the dwelling in the photo? 5 1) Tofalars; 2) Kurykanam; 3) Eveners; 4) Buryats. 3. The place of resettlement of Tofalars: 1) about. Olkhon; 2) Coast r. Hangar; 3) Nizhneudinsky district; 4) Verkhnelensky district; 4. In VIII-IXVV. The Baikal region was part of: 1) Arab Caliphate; 2) Zhou states; 3) Shang state; 4) Uygur Khanna. 5. The fraternal rider was set in: 1) 1620; 2) 1631; 3) 1685; 4) Irkutsk Ostrog founded: 1) Maxim Pontifers; 2) Rastera Potapov; 3) Avvakum Protopop; 4) Yakov Pokhabs. 7. When the Irkutsk Ostrog is assigned the status of the city? 1) in 1631;
6 2) at 1620; 3) in 1685; 4) In 1686 8. What product were taken from China through Baikal? 1) tea; 2) coffee; 3) corn; 4) Tobacco. 9. Explain the etymology of the name "Kirensk": 1) bag; 2) cold; 3) wines, misconduct; 4) Dirt. 10. According to the census of 1897, in the Irkutsk province) Laloros; 2) Velikorsov; 3) Buryats; 4) Evenks. 11. Major salt reserves are located in the area: 1) fraternal; 2) Katangovsky; 3) Bodaybinsky; 4) Usolsky. 12. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating navigation schools in the east of Russia belonged: 1) lag l.; 2) Bering in.; 3) Tatarinov M.; 4) Pestel I. 13. When was the Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society created in Irkutsk? 1) in 1851; 2) in 1861; 3) in 1871; 4) in 1881 14. The first governor of the Irkutsk province in 1764 became: 1) Karl Lvovich von Frauendorf; 2) Adam Ivanovich Brill; 3) Ivan Varfolomeevich Jacobi; 4) Ivan Bogdanovich Zeidler. 15. Siberian enlightener and publisher at the beginning of the 20th century: 1) Makushin p.; 2) blacksmith d.; 3) nikitin and.; 4) Kolchak A. 16. Who belonged to the manor? 6.
7 7 1) Sukachev VP; 2) Volkonsky SG; 3) Trubetsky SP; 4) Shastin A.I. 17. What merchant was this shelter? 1) Shastin A.I.; 2) Sibiryakav M.V.; 3) Bazanov and.; 4) Medvednikova E. 18. In the West with the Irkutsk region, it is born: 1) Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Buryatia; 2) Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Tuva; 3) Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Yakutia; 4) Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Khakassia. 19. The Irkutsk region in modern boundaries is formed: 1) August 15, 1920; 2) November 15, 1928; 3) September 26, 1937; 4) October 26, 1948 20. The largest area in the area and the smallest population:: 1) Mamsko-Chuy; 2) Bodaybinsky; 3) Nizhneudinsky; 4) Katangsky. 21. What industry unites cities: Winter, Usolye-Siberian, Angarsk? 1) woodworking; 2) chemical; 3) shipbuilding;
8 4) Microbiological. 22. Indicate the highest reservoir area: 1) Mamakansky; 2) fraternal; 3) Irkutsk; 4) Ust-Ilimskoye. 23. When was the transmibe built? 1) in 1900; 2) in 1905; 3) in 1915; 4) in 1920 24. In 1968, the regional prize named after Iosif Utkin was awarded: 1) Rasputin in.; 2) Shastin a.; 3) Sokolov B.; 4) Kobenkov A. 25. The name of which famous writer is the Irkutsk Theater of the Young Spectator? 1) gray to.; 2) Markov g.; 3) Rasputin in.; 4) Vampilova A. 26. Who is dedicated to the monument? 8 1) Volkonskaya m.; 2) Annenk P.; 3) furrows m.; 4) Muravyeva A.
9 Option III Task 1: Select a sure answer to the questions set. Answer write in the form of a combination of two digits (number number and response number). (Maximum number of points 26). 1. To increase the productivity of pastures, artificial irrigation was used in Eastern Siberia: 1) Evenka; 2) Kurykan; 3) toflars; 4) Buryats. 2. What kind of people belongs to the dwelling in the photo? 9 1) Tofalars; 2) Kurykanam; 3) Eveners; 4) Buryats. 3. The place of resettlement of Tofalars: 1) about. Olkhon; 2) Coast r. Hangar; 3) Nizhneudinsky district; 4) Verkhnelensky district; 4. Construction of which stort has been crucial for future promotion of Russians deep into Eastern Siberia? 1) Irkutsk; 2) Ilimsky; 3) Yenisei; 4) Verkhnelensky. 5. Brotherly Ostrogo was set: 1) 1620; 2) 1631; 3) 1685; 4) The first "fucking person to Pashnya" in the fraternal acute was: 1) Maxim Pontifers; 2) Rastera Potapov; 3) Avvakum Protopop; 4) Yakov Pokhabov; 7. When the Irkutsk Ostrog is assigned the status of the city?
10 1) in 1631; 2) in 1620; 3) in 1685; 4) In 1686 8. What is the name of the Faper - one of the most significant types of Dani? 1) jewel; 2) Sable Fur; 3) soft gold; 4) Yasak. 9. Explain the etymology of the name "Kirensk": 1) bag; 2) cold; 3) wines, misconduct; 4) Dirt. 10. In 1710, in Baikalia lived: 1) 10 thousand people; 2) 40 thousand people; 3) 102 thousand people; 4) 247 thousand people. 11. Major salt reserves are located in the area: 1) fraternal; 2) Katangovsky; 3) Bodaybinsky; 4) Usolsky. 12. Governor of the Irkutsk province was: 1) Zimin N.N.; 2) Dagurov GV; 3) Tolstoy A.I.; 4) Agel L.T. 13. When the Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society was created in Irkutsk? 1) in 1851; 2) in 1861; 3) in 1871; 4) in 1881 14. The first governor of the Irkutsk province in 1764 became: 1) Karl Lvovich von Frauendorf; 2) Adam Ivanovich Brill; 3) Ivan Varfolomeevich Jacobi; 4) Ivan Bogdanovich Zeidler. 15. Which of the Irkutsk travelers called "Russian Columbus"? 1) Shelekhova G.I.; 2) nikitin a.; 3) Siberians MV; 4) Shastin A.I. 10
11 16. Who belonged to the manor? 11 1) Sukachev VP; 2) Volkonsky SG; 3) Trubetsky SP; 4) Shastin A.I. 17. What merchant was this shelter? 1) Shastin A.I.; 2) Sibiryakav M.V.; 3) Bazanov and.; 4) Medvednikova E. 18. What river is a tributary? 1) Lena; 2) hangars; 3) spells; 4) B. Chui. 19. The Irkutsk region in modern boundaries is formed: 1) August 15, 1920; 2) November 15, 1928; 3) September 26, 1937; 4) October 26, 1948 20. The center, which received the status of the city after the Great Patriotic War: 1) Slyudyanka; 2) Shelekhov; 3) Bodaibo; 4) Tulun. 21. What industry unites cities: Winter, Usolye-Siberian, Angarsk? 1) woodworking; 2) chemical; 3) shipbuilding;
12 4) Microbiological. 22. The gold deposit of a dry log is located in the area: 1) Nizhneudinsky; 2) Cossachinsky-Lensky; 3) Bodaybinsky; 4) Mamko-Chui. 23. When was the transmibe built? 1) in 1900; 2) in 1905; 3) in 1915; 4) in 1920 24. Roman Irkutsk writer-writtenized by the State Prize in 1950 1) Markov G. "Street"; 2) Vampilov A. "Senior Son"; 3) Rasputin V. "Money for Mary"; 4) Sergeev D. "Behind the Front". 25. The name of which famous writer is the Irkutsk Theater of the Young Spectator? 1) gray to.; 2) Markov g.; 3) Rasputin in.; 4) Vampilova A. 26 Who is dedicated to the monument? 12 2) Poyhabov Ya. 5) Bugora B.; 6) Pyandip; 7) Kolesnikov in ..
13 13 Criteria for assessing test tasks The level of preparation is estimated in points. Each correctly performed task when calculating the results is estimated by 1 point. Maximum number of points - 20. The rating "5" is set for points (90-100%); "4" for points (89-79%); "3" - for points (78-68%). The student cannot receive a positive assessment if the level of its knowledge and training will be below 68% of the standards mentioned above.
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Part 1
Do you know what toflaria is? This is the place of unmatched beauty, where the smallest people live in Russia - Tofa or Toflara! As they live, what they dream and think - all these questions have tried to get the answer ....
Alykger is one of the three Toflar settlements. There is a boarding school here, in which children from Alykger and the neighboring village (to which 180 km are only in air). The school was built in 1970 and after that, as local residents say, only the thickness of the paint layer changes. Around - slowness and dimension. No one hurries anywhere. Yes, and hurry just nowhere.
The pride of the village is the ethnographic center - a museum where you can listen to the history of the people, and in two rooms look at the old household items and see a shocking collection of photos and unique painting applications - works of local masters.
Locals are dreaming of the center of ecological tourism from Tofalaria. I think this has all the possibilities. Over the past few years, I saw many beautiful places, but here, in Toflavaria, you truly feel all the power of nature. Here we were shown on the mountains, where, by giving, from the moment of the universe, the man's leg has not yet arrived (they probably looked like a couple of people accounted for). Here are the unique caves and waterfalls, here the bears roam along the neighboring slope, and beef and pork are the same delicacy as the meat of debris or moose in Moscow. To describe the energy of these places, alas, I do not have enough vocabulary: you stand on the shore of the river, you look around and feel eternity ...
It really has all the opportunities to develop a unique, exclusive, dear ecological and hunting tourism.
There are even enthusiast guys who have been equipped as a small guest house, made a website and developed several tours. The case has shifted from the dead point: last year there were 7 tourists! In this, I am sure there will be more 🙂
Part 2
You can get to Tofalaria by air. An hour at the Mi-8 helicopter or on the retro apparatus of An 2 from Nizhneudinsk, located exactly in the middle between Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk. Of course, it is possible on the River Ude, but it is only in the winter. And takes such a journey at least 10 hours.
An 2, the famous "coroborian" was produced in the country from 1947 to 1971, and therefore the youngest "young" from domestic "corn" already has 46 years old. What caught we - I do not know, but the mayor of the district Sergey Mikhailovich Khondonogov, who spent us from a big Sarailee with the inscription "Airport" reassured that An 2 is the only plane that can plan even in case of engine failure, and we were lucky because There will be a pilot, who recently used this property of the aircraft, and safely planted it straight on the fishing line ...
Meanwhile, the "Airport" flared up the battle. At the last moment there were two unplanned passengers, and therefore the aircraft began to remove the goods - products (sausage, eggs, yogurt, chickens), intended for the shop in Alycger - one of the three Toflar settlements located 180 km from each other. The lady with diskupine hair and scolded eyes, as it turned out, the local entrepreneur, which bought this perishable goods, threw out about his difficult share. Seeing the mayor, the lady began to vote even more, in the hope of sympathy, and, as it turned out - not in vain.
Tofalars live only by the hunting and collection of "Dijoros" (berries, nuts and mushrooms), and therefore all other products have to be delivered from the "Big Earth". If the products did not bring on an airplane, accommodating a maximum of 10 people and 500 kg of cargo, wait for them to local residents more simply nowhere.
Power restored justice. The cargo was returned to the board, and the two unforeseen passengers are now forced to wait for the next flight, which will go exactly on the schedule - exactly a week.
Part 3.
Tofa means "man." There is nature, there are animals, there are toflars - that is, people.
Tofalars are extremely friendly and friendly people. And even telling about their numerous problems, they do not feel anger or embositance.
And to call, it would seem, there is from what.
Many decisions of regional power, except mockery, are difficult to call. If last year, the district gave money to subsidize 220 flights from Nizhneudinsk to Tofalaria, then in this - only 160. For local residents, the cost of the watch flight to the "Kukruzher" or Mi 8 is 750 rubles. For all others - 7000 !!! (direct specials for the development of tourism).
In toflavaria, as it is not difficult to guess, there are no physicians for three villages and 1000 inhabitants, and therefore an elementary campaign to a dentist with a child for a family is like going on vacation abroad. 1500 there and 1500 back (one child + one parent), accommodation and meals in Nizhneudinsk at least within a week (flight once a week, but if there are not enough tickets - because they are only 10 - wait a week, not to mention that that Nizhneudinsk is also not Mecca regional health).
It is not difficult to imagine, with what difficulties you have to face pregnant women, families with several children, pensioners. And this is despite the fact that the average income of Tofalalar is about 10 thousand.
At the meeting, many complained about another problem, which, as a manifestation of frank cynicism, you won't call. The government of the Irkutsk region in May 2016 issued a provision on what subsidies are provided to "... to compensate for the cost of transporting passengers, which are necessary for the life support of the population by aviation transort." There are many products there are products, clothes and shoes, office and dishes, but no ... dead. And if a person died under the age of 80, then the law requires the relevant examination - without it, they do not discharge the evidence of death and burynat.
And this is tuned that the coffin must be transported to Nizhneudinsk, there to place in the morgue and wait for the examination, then take back for the burial.
The foreshadisperspert himself does not leave - "There is no money", the arrangement in Tofalaria Morga - "not profitable". To take out the coffin by passenger air transport - it is forbidden, and order a charter event for this event - at least 160 thousand rubles - for local it is like flying to the moon.
People are in despair. Many do not stand and bury without examination and documents. As a result, the number of "dead souls" is growing.
Local says that they have repeatedly appealed to the regional government, but the voices of Tofalars, nor everyone individually, nor a common cry - there to hear refuse. Here are also the number of planned flights cut ...
We talked about many ways with talars, with these invalid people, desperately loving their land. But when we said goodbye, one of them said: "In fact, if we were returned at least last year's flights and decided problems with the dead - with the rest we would have coped ..." - All others agreed ...
Publications Following the trip:
According to the results of the trip, I was requested by the governor of the Irkutsk Region, about the situation in the situation in favor.
In my opinion, the Government of the Irkutsk Region is necessary in the shortest possible time to increase the amount of subsidies allocated by the Municipal Education "Nizhneudinsky district" to compensate for the transportation of passengers, which are necessary for the life support of the population, aviation transport to an increase in the number of flights carried out in at-flare at least 2016.
It is necessary to immediately take all the necessary measures to find, and in the absence of redirecting the cash and increase the number of flights to Tofarary to the level, no less than the 2016 level.
In his request, I drew the attention of the governor, which, according to the information of the site, the open budget of the Irkutsk region, for example, in 2017, 110 million rubles were planned for the media. I believe that within 7 million rubles, which is not enough to increase the number of flights, coverage of the activities of the authorities of the Irkutsk region in the media is not so important how important it is to ensure the proper level of accessibility to the air transportation of the indigenous small people.
After publications in the press and appeals of deputies, the Government of the Irkutsk Region took up issues of air transportation in Tofarary.
A request was sent to the author of the President of the Russian Federation in the Siberian Federal District Sergey Mausilo on the situation with air transportation in Tofarria. The request is associated with the appeals to the mayor of MO "Nizhneudinsky district" of the Irkutsk region of Sergey Khononogov and residents of the district - representatives of the indigenous small people of Tofalars.
"People are in an extremely difficult situation: due to decisions of officials to save budget funds, they turned out to be practically cut off from the world, their constitutional rights are violated. I personally visited Toflary, communicated with the people and the heads of settlements, and I can confirm that their requirements are reasonable and fair, "Nikolay Nikolayev noted.
Solutions require a number of issues. First, by the number of flights to Alyugger, Nerja and Upper Gutara: In 2016, 220 flights from Tofalairia to Nizhneudinsk were unused from the budget of the Irkutsk region, in 2017, subsidies were reduced to 160 flights. The Mi-8 helicopter on which transportation is carried out, has a capacity of 21 people without cargo or 16 people and 500 kg of cargo. At the same time, 530 people live in the village of Alaugger, each of them periodically needs medical care, social protection services, other public services that they can only get in Nizhneudinsk. There are often no places for flights, and people are forced to expect the next flight, at least a week (with favorable meteo conditions).
Secondly, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the delivery of essential products in Toflary. Decree of the Government of the Irkutsk Region dated March 16, 2017 No. 162-PP established a norm on compensation for freight transportation costs at the rate of not more than 0.5 tons for each passenger flight. For the population of tofalairia, this is in dire, the State Duma deputy believes. If the flight is completely filled with passengers, the cargo is not transported, and residents of settlements remain without fresh food, at least for a week. And in the absence of passengers, the air carrier, according to the decree of the government of the Irkutsk region, indicated above, cannot take on board more stated 0.5 tons of cargo.
The third acute problem is the transportation of the bodies of the dead, since there is neither a morgue nor pathologist. As you know, the survey is subject to everything that died under the age of 80. Residents are forced to carry the bodies of their deceased relatives in Nizhneudinsk and back for the disposal. But in the Decree of the Government of the Irkutsk Region №261-PP dated May 4, 2016 there is a list of expenses that are subsidized during air transportation, and there are no costs for transporting the bodies of the dead.
Previously, a request was sent to the governor of the Irkutsk region. In response from 06/16/2017 No. 04-30-1756 / 17, the Government of the Irkutsk Region reported that the reason for the reduction in the number of flights was an agreement signed between MO "Nizhneudinsky District" and Avagara Aviation Aviation JSC for flights in 2-4 The quarter of 2017 with an increase in the cost of a summer hour by 10,560 rubles, from 132,000 to 142,560 rubles. However, he noted that the increase in the cost of a summer hour led to a reduction in nine flights, while a decrease in the financing of air transportation at the expense of the Irkutsk region's budget gave a reduction in 21 flights, as about 6.3 million rubles from the amount imposed on air transportation, the Government of the Irkutsk region redirected to Implementation of the cargo factory in the winter.
Find a company that would raise passengers in Toflary at the prices below the Angara proposed by "Angara" failed: March 13, 2017 The administration of the MO "Nizhneudinsky district" announced auction for the right to conclude a municipal contract for the provision of services for the carriage of goods and passengers by the aircraft within the limits The territory of the Nizhneudinsky district for 2-4 quarters of 2017, the contract price was 132,000 rubles for the flight, but not a single application was filed. In order to prevent complete cessation of flights with the hard-to-reach territories of Tofalaria, the administration of the MO "Nizhneudinsky district" conducted the selection of the air carrier by the cost criterion of the summer hour, in Ak "Akara" it turned out to be the lowest.
As for the delivery of essential goods, the administration of the MO "Nizhneudinsky district" notes that on rational norms of food consumption that meet modern requirements for healthy nutrition, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 19.08.2016 No. 641, the required volume of perishable food products for residents Tofalairia per year should be 790 tons. According to the Law of the Irkutsk region of January 18, 2013 No. 156-OZ "On the consumer basket in the Irkutsk region", the necessary amount of perishable food products should be 515 tons. Thus, with the well-established practices for compensation for the cost of transportation of goods by aviation transport at the expense of subsidies at the rate of not more than 0.5 tons on the flight, there is a shortage of both food products and essential goods.
On the problem of the transport of the bodies of the dead, the government of the Irkutsk region noted that transportation after conducting pathologists, forensic examinations is carried out at the expense of relatives or legal representatives. The government of the Irkutsk region clarified that the cost of transporting the bodies of the dead will be 15 thousand rubles. "With an average level of salary in tofalairia at 10 thousand rubles, this is a very big amount," Nikolay Nikolayev noted in his appeal.
"Based on the foregoing, none of the questions set in my deputy request was not resolved at the level of the Government of the Irkutsk Region, the deputy referred to the name of the plenipotentiary. - In this regard, I ask you to assist in solving socially significant issues for the very small people of Russia referred to in appeals, namely:
1. An increase in subsidies to the Municipal Education "Nizhneudinsky district" to compensate for the cost of transporting passengers, which are necessary for the life support of the population, aviation transport;
2. Food Provision;
3. Transportation of the bodies of dead citizens after conducting pathoanatomic autopsies, forensic medical examinations. "
Svetlana Kulikova
Peoples living in the Irkutsk Region
The history of the formation of the population Irkutsk region Starts with the ancient and novocamena centuries. The proof is archaeological finds of labor instruments, household goods, decorations, as well as the presence of a settlement, rock paintings with hunting scenes. These finds were discovered in the city. Irkutsk Former military hospital, in Malta, Bureti, Red Yar. They allowed to establish the features of the life and life of the people of the ancient century, their occupation by hunting on Mammoth, Rhino, Northern Deer, wandering through the forests and steppes of Priangarya, Runs.
In a new century (IV-III Millennium BC. E.) on the shores of the hangars, Lena live more tribesLeaving numerous monuments in the form of burial grounds, rock paintings. The main occupation of them was not the hunt for mammoths, but on the moose, deer, bears, boars and fisheries. These tribes have noticeably improved the manufacturers of production, the onions, arrow tips, an ax of jade was invented.
In copper-bronze age (IV-I millennium BC. Er) The number of tribes is growing, products from copper and bronze, knives, fishing hooks, needles, shill appear.
In the VI centuries. n. e. On the shores of Baikal, in the Valley of the Angara, in the upper reaches of Lena. Tunkinsky Valley lived Kurykans are the most numerous and strong people From the ancient Turkic tribe. They left numerous rock paintings on the shores of Lena at the village of Shishkin, on the Mount of Manhai on the river Kuda, in the Bay of Ityrhei on Baikal, on the Ung River. The main classes of Kuryan was cattle breeding, especially horse breeding, and hunting. They conducted a nomadic lifestyle. The increasing and strong horses were presented as a gift by the Chinese yard, as the Chinese chronicle claims.
The lads were engaged in agriculture (as evidenced by the found cast-iron couch, traces of arable land, found in aerial photography, irrigation of hay roads. Footprints of Irrises of the Karrykan can now meet in the Kuda River basin in the village of Akhin, Base, Harazargai, Ust-Orda, Kapsal.
According to A. P. Skladnikova, from the XI century. Mongolian nomadic tribes moved to the Baikalia, to the expanses of Priangarya and Run. These Mongolian-speaking tribes assimilated the Kuryans and became the ancestors of the current Buryat, as evidenced by the presence of many Turkic words and geographical names in the Buryat language.
Part of the Kuryan, tested by Mongols, moved to the north region, and from these groups later developed the Yakut and Evenkaya nationality.
To the coming of Russian on site Buryats lived in the Irkutsk region, Evenks and Tofalars.
Buryats made up most of the population. They were divided into generic and tribal groups, not always fallen among themselves. Numerous from Buryat were the buclands who served the left bank of the hangary from Baikal to Balagansk, and Echirites - in the Kuda River Basin, the Upper Lena, Horins occupied the area of \u200b\u200bBig and Small Buguldieki and Olkhon Island. Most of Khorinsky Buryat lived in Transbaikalia.
Buryats led half-blooded lifestyle, they were engaged in breeding cattle, sheep and goats, horses. Herd of horses all year round grazed in prieggsky, Kudinsky, Olkhona steppes and armor.
The auxiliary occupation of Buryat was the hunt for goats, bears and fur animals. From Kurykan Buryats adopted the high skill of blacksmithing and the irrigation system of hay roads.
Evenks occupied the northern regions areas and Eastern SiberiaThe number of the Evenki population was small. They occupied the valleys of rivers, bred deer, hunted on large animals and fur animals (Sable, protein, etc.). They led a nomadic lifestyle, lived like.
In the mountainous regions of East Sayan, a small one lived, but ancient nature - Toflary.(Tofa, the main occupation of which still is reindeer herding, hunting, fisheries.
XVII century became a new stage not only in the development and settlement of territories regionIt is characterized by a noticeable increase in population. Exchanges, merchants, entrepreneurs, peasants for the development of huge lands walked to East Siberia. Local governors and clerks sent recruiters to the Yenisei Ostrog to call people to master the Ilimsk, Angarsk and Lena lands.
The government was issued by a decree, according to which the governor obliges each migrant to provide "three Merin of good, and three cows, and two goats, and three pigs, and five sheep, and two goes, and on five chickens Two ducklings, yes for a year of bread, yes, soha for everyone for arable land, yes the cart, yes Sani and every life of the ruffles, and moreover, on each family ordered to produce 25 rubles. money. "
Not all immigrants on the orders could use this blessing. However, the flow of immigrants did not decrease. They went to Siberia from the central and northern regions of European Russia at their own fear and risk.
The main influx of the population in Eastern Siberia, including Irkutsk provincewas associated with the end of the construction of the Moscow land tract (1760) and the Trans-Siberian Railway (1898, tied Irkutsk Province with the European part of Russia. The settings and villages that have arisen during the construction of the station, settlements and villages later became large settlements and cities.
Population size Irkutsk The province has grown significantly due to exile and political prisoners.
Moscow land tract and Trans-Siberian Railway, which have come down to Irkutsk province, strengthened its economic ties with the central regions of Russia. In this regard, the influx of the population increased noticeably, villages grew, villages.
In the second half of the XIX century. The population of the province has doubled. Two thirds of the population were Russian and one third - Buryats, Evenks and Tofalars. Concept "Russian" Generalized, in reality, these were representatives of different nationalities. The main part of the immigrants was from the European part of Russia. However, not all immigrants and volunteers were traveled in the harsh conditions of Eastern Siberia. About a quarter of the arrivals in Siberia were returned back into their edges.
As a result of the adaptation of the Russian population to local Siberian conditions, the process of assimilation took place "Assembling" Arrived population.
Territorial community of people who have seen in the Siberian Territories, the historical past and some psychological factors determined the formation of a Siberian nature of people: endurance, goodwill, national unbelief and devotion to the Motherland.
In the Soviet period, a significant influx of the population continued in Irkutsk region on great construction, mostly youth, from all over the former Soviet Union. A significant part of young people remained in region For permanent residence (Angarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Sayansk, etc.).
Formation of the population Irkutsk region lasted for centuries. The population has increased due to natural growth and migration from other areas, especially from the areas of European Russia. So formed B. the people of the people are multinationalThe team, but, as wrote Tvardovsky, selected, showing himself in labor and in battle with fascist Germany during the Great Patriotic War.
Population size Irkutsk regionAccording to the All-Russian Population Census of 2002, amounted to 2581.7 thousand people, including the Ust-Orrdy Autonomous District (135.3 thousand people). This was 1.9% of the population of the Russian Federation and about 30% of the population of the East Siberian Economic Area. In terms of population region superior to the Republic of Buryatia and Chita region, inferior to the Krasnoyarsk Territory (3.1 million people). In the Siberian Federal District Irkutsk region In terms of population, it takes 5th place in the Russian Federation - the 14th.
For current accounting Irkutsk Regional statistical management, population areas in 2004. was 2560, 9 thousand people, as of 01.01.2005 - 2545.3 thousand people, as of January 1, 2006 - 2526.7 thousand people, as of 01.01.2007 - 2513, 8 thousand people
Population size region, like other administrative units, depends on a number of factors. First of all, the fertility and mortality rates, i.e., from natural growth - exceeding fertility over mortality. It depends on the socio-economic conditions: material security, housing conditions, culture, education, employment of women in production, industrialization, urbanization. Secondly, from the mechanical movement of the population - entry and departure.
Increased population region amounted to: In 1959-1970. by 17%, in 1970-1979 G. - 10%, in 1979-1989. - 10.4%.
Growth of population the region was connectedFirst, with an increased natural increase, i.e., excess of fertility over mortality. Secondly, with the influx of the population in connection with the industrialization, when it took a large number of labor force on the great construction sites and the work of factories, enterprises.
An important replenishment of the population was the Komsomol construction sites, when young people came from all the ends of the former Soviet Union. Irkutsk, Fraternal, Ust-Ilimskaya HPP, Angarsk Petrochemical Combine, Sayanskhimprom, Usolsky Chemical Combine and other buildings. The youth, who came to the construction, acquired families, remained permanently residence, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Zheleznogorsk, Angarsk, Sayansk were the most young in the age of residents with cities.
The data of the All-Russian Census of the 2010 population show a sharp decrease in population population Irkutsk region over the past 15 years. Comparing the results we see the population reduction areas on 243., 2 thousand people, or 8.6%.
Reducing the population the area is explainedFirst, a decrease in natural growth, that is, an increase in mortality and fertility reduction. Secondly, the migration of the population beyond areas in search"Best Life".
Placing the population. Placing the population in the territory Irkutsk region is not uniform. It depends on the natural conditions, their diversity, the specifics, the history of the development and development of productive forces.
Average population density the region is conducive to 3., 5 people per square kilometer. This is two more times lower than the Russian Federation (8 people / km2, for example, in Novosibirsk areas - 13 people / km2, in Kemerovo - 29 people / km2.
The most populated and mastered territory is South, southwestern part regionadjacent to the East Siberian Railway. Moscow tract. Changing the arrival of the territory Irkutsk-Kachug.Tracking steppe spaces of Kudinsky, Ust-Ordane, Olzonovskiy, Bayandaevskiy, Hogotovsky steppes and forest-steppes. The priagaric steppes are populated, the valleys of the rivers flowing into the hangar. The population of Tayshet-Lena railway branches is increasing, the Western portion of the Baikal Amur highway is consistent.
Northern regions are weakly populated regionwhere 1 km2 does not have one person. This is Katangi, Cossachinsky-Lensky districts, part of Kirensky, Ust-Kutsky districts. In the future, these areas will be preparing for the development of mineral deposits that they are rich.
National composition. All-Russian population census gave refined data not only about the number and location of the population, but also on the national composition of the population region. According to her results, in areas lived Representatives 140 different nationalities.
Of the total population of Russians amounted to 1581 thousand people. (89.9%, the second place in numbers occupied the indigenous population - Buryats - 80.6 thousand people. (3.1%, the third place is Ukrainians, their number was 53.6 thousand people. (2,1%) . Fourth - Belarusians - 14.2 thousand people. (0.5%) . IN areas live Armenians(6.8 thousand people, Germans (6.2 thousand people, Poles (1.8 thousand people, Chinese (1.3 thousand people, Gypsies (1.6 thousand people) and etc.
In the north region Live small villages peoples: Evenks (1431 people, Yakuta (922 people). Tofalary (Tofa) (723 people) live In the Nizhneudinsky district of East Sayan.
Urban and rural population. Irkutsk province 1913 g. It was the agricultural administrative unit of Eastern Siberia. In cities then 70 thousand lived. Man, or 10, 2% of the total population, and in rural areas 617 thousand people, or 89.8%.
According to the All-Russian Census of the 2010 population in Irkutsk region in cities lived 2047 thousand. Man, or 79.3%, in rural areas, including the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District, 534.1 thousand people, or 20.7%. On the high proportion of the urban population Irkutsk region ranked first in Eastern Siberia, second place in Siberia after Kemerovo region And the twelfth in Russia. The high percentage of urban population is peculiar to highly developed industrial administrative units of Russia, which has become Irkutsk region in the east of the country.
This is explained by the rapid development of industry in region and migration of the population from the countryside in the city. The influx of the population in the industrial centers was accompanied by the growth of cities and workers' settlements. If until 1913 in the territory Irkutsk The province was 7 cities, now their number has increased to 22, urban-type settlements 55, rural settlements 1503.
Total number of settlements in areas 1503.united in 33 administrative district. 55 settlement councils and 365 rural administrations, including in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District of 6 districts, 77 rural administrations and 322 settlements.
Poland. In the middle of the population region There is a disproportion. The number of female exceeds the number of male. What is it in oblast in generaland urban and rural population.
According to the 1989 census, 1065 women accounted for each 1000 men. In the 2010 census, this figure grew up and amounted to 1135 women per 1000 men. IN
g. Irkutsk - amounted to 1205 women per 1000 men, but statistics show that the superiority of male sex over feminine is preserved until the age of 41, but in the future it loses its advantage at the expense of higher mortality, accidents, death in hostilities. At the age of older than working bodies, it becomes much more than men,
The average life expectancy of the population areas since 1990. According to statistics, decreased by 5.8 years and amounted to 61.5 years, which is lower than the Russian for 3.3 years. Men B. areas live 55 years, women - 69.3 years. In Russia, respectively - 58 years and 72 years.
Labor resources. Labor resources region Make up people able-bodied age from 16 years to 55 (women) and up to 60 (men, as well as teenagers, retirees occupied in production. People aged 25 to 50 are the most efficient. Labor resources are directly dependent on the population and its structure. Important in the population structure have: Age, Gender, Professionalism, Education. These indicators determine the composition and demand for the use of labor resources in the economy region.
Population region And his natural increase does not satisfy the needs of production in labor. therefore Irkutsk region, like all Eastern Siberia, always felt a lack of labor. Migration of the population B. region At all times was high. Able-bodied population arriving in region, found work in the developing industry.
Number of population B. Irkutsk region Since the beginning of its entry into market relations, it was reduced from 1992 to 2006 by 280.9 thousand.
Cause of such rapid population reduction the area isthat the natural increase has fallen and the exit of people outside region.
Labor resources from 1992 to 1998 were practically not replenished. Since 2000, they began to grow noticeably in connection with the development of production.
Employment of labor resources by industry regionas in general region By years I changed slightly. The greatest number of labor resources is occupied in industry. In second place - trade, public catering, supply, billets, on the third - transport.
In the production sector, labor resources in industry occupy 24.6%, in trade and public catering - 16.7%, transport and communications - 9.3%, in agriculture - 8.1%, construction - 6.1%. The least in forestry is 0.7%.
From these indicators follow: by region The number of unemployed has increased three times, according to UABAO - almost 10 times. This is due to the reduction of jobs at enterprises and the closure of some of them. In rural areas - with the dissolution of state farms, the dismemberment of the collective farms and the elimination of the part of them.
At small peoples of the region, Evenks, secondary income low-65-70% of needs, bad housing conditions, high degree of morbidity. All this requires big attention and care. Not in the best conditions are tofs, residential In the taiga of East Sayan.
Labor population Irkutsk region It needs to improve material condition, care and attention, without which it is impossible to wait for a noticeable increase in natural growth.
Eastern Siberia - the land of many nations and none of its regions are represented only by one nationality. Today, Siberia lives in the East in the XVII century Russians, as well as Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Lithuanians, Chuvashi, Tatars, Germans and representatives of other nationalities. Before the development of the same Eastern Siberia, Russian Cossacks belonged to the extremely small peoples of the North - Buryats, Eventers, Yakutam and Tofalarm, and is no exception.
The Irkutsk region became a house for many travelers who went to the shores in search of a better life, although it is worth recognizing that not all immigrants went to the settlement of the region in their will - in Irkutsk and the surrounding settlements often sent them to the link of political prisoners who also contributed to the link In the ethnic composition of the region. But the emerge on the territory of the Irkutsk region of Russian Cossacks here lived small peoples and ethnic groups - Buryats, Evenks and Tofalars.
Today, the Irkutsk region is considered the most tightly populated and ethnically rich in the region of Eastern Siberia - about 136 nationalities live on its territory, most of which moved to the region from other areas of the country and even from neighboring countries. And although almost 90% of the population of the Irkutsk region is Russian, the small nationalities of the region still play an important role in its ethnic self-determination, and increased attention is shown to their culture and traditions.
Buryats on the territory of the Irkutsk region
Among the indigenous peoples of the Irkutsk region, Buryats are the most numerous - according to the All-Russian census of the population in the territory of the region, about 80 thousand Buryat lives, which is 3.3% of the total population of the region.
According to historically counting, the first tribery tribes appeared in the region at the end of the neolithic era, namely about 2500 thousand years BC, as evidenced by numerous rock paintings and parking of an ancient person discovered in the Baikal. In the III century BC, the active settlement of the Baika Tribe began from Central Asia and Southern Siberia, forced to settle near the lake due to active education in the territory of modern Mongolia of non-state associations. Later settled at Baikal tribes became part of the Uygur Khanate. In the time of the Mongolian Empire, all the tribes of modern Buryatia and Baikalia were involved in a common political and economic life, and even after the breakdown of the Empire, Transbaikali remained as part of Mongolia.
The first contact of Irkutsk Buryat with the Russians took place at the beginning of the XVII century - it was then that Russian Cossacks began to master the territories of Eastern Siberia. At this time, 5 major Buryat tribes lived in the Irkutsk region - Bulas on the hangar, Tabnights in the village of Selenga, Hondoryors on Irkuta and the left bank of the Angara, Horins on the river UD and and Echirites in the Worthy Lena and Kuda. In addition to the major tribes, there were also several small groups: ashehabat, ikinates, hatagins and some others. After joining Buryatia to the Russian Empire, the Buryat tribes began to be formed on the basis of breeding groups, which over time led to the formation of a new ethnic community - Buryat ethnos. At the beginning of the 20th century, Buryats were undergoing severe administrative oppression: martial law was introduced on the territory of Buryatia, the lands were withdrawn from the settled tribes. With the establishment of Soviet power, the martial law was removed, and the Buryats were given autonomy.
Today in the Irkutsk region and Buryatia there is a strong movement for the preservation of Buryat traditions and cultures. Shamanism is still confessed by many Buryats, and such traditional Buryat holidays, like Sagalgan, Eastern New Year, and Surkharban are celebrated at the regional level and not only by Buryats - representatives of all nationalities are invited to the festivities in honor of the holidays.
Evenks in the Irkutsk region
Tungs, officially known since 1931, under the self-configuration of the Evenka, today occupy in the Irkutsk region about 0.05% of the total population - in the last census of the population in the area there were 1272 Evenka.
Evenks occurred from the mixing of the tribes of Eastern Siberia with the Tungusami came from Transbaikalia. In the beginning of the XII century, Evenka came to the territory of the modern Irkutsk region, where in the process of settlement was quickly assimilated with local tribes. Already in the XII century, Evenks were clearly divided into reindeer herders, fishermen and cattlemen, leading a semi-courtyard lifestyle. In Transbaikalia, for example, Murched - Evenks engaged in horse breeding, and on the shores of the hangars were erased - tribes engaged in breeding deer.
The Russians with Irkutsk Eveners first met at the end of the 16th century - it is by this period that the first description of the Evenks as National Eastern Siberia applies. The active study of the territories of Eastern Siberia led to the close contact of Russian Cossacks with the Evenky tribes - Russians studied at the Evenks of the hunt and the secrecy of the survival in the harsh conditions of the North, the Evenki borrowed from the Russians of some technologies for the production of household items.
Evenks since ancient times provided themselves through traditional farm - they hunted on deer, moose, cabgaru and bear, engaged in furly hunt, bred horses and deer or they were engaged in fishing. All these classes gave the Eventers everything needed for life. Today, with degradation of traditional farm, an ethno-social situation in the Evenk villages aggravated - in most settlements, there is simply no work. The number of Evenks allows not to worry about the preservation of the ethnic system, but for its further beneficial existence will have to find new ways of self-identification and development of traditional industries in modern conditions.
Tofalars on the territory of the Irkutsk region
The very small indigenous nationality of the Irkutsk region is considered to be toflars - on the territory of the Nizhneudinsky district, where tofalars live, there are only 678 representatives of the nationality, which is 0.03% of the total population of the region.
It is believed that toflars occurred as a result of complex ethnic processes occurring in Southern Siberia and Sayanov - the influence of the Selfie and Ket tribes, Tuvintsev, as well as the influence of the Turkic tribes of the Tuba and those who came to the Sayans in the XIII century in the XIII century. Under the control of the Russian Empire, Toflara fell in the middle of the XVII century, when Russian Cossacks came to the territory of Eastern Siberia. Yasak of the Russian Empire Toflar tribes were paid to the fur - the main fishery of Tofov.
Tofalarm worked for a long time to preserve both neutrality in political life and its cultural identity. But after the October Revolution, the tribes still fell under the influence of the new government, which was planningly affected the traditional industries of Tofov - they had to completely abandon the nomadic lifestyle and settle in the Nizhneudinsky district. Today, the reindeer herding and fur hunt of Toflalar moved to farming, cattle breeding and collecting - the mining of cedar walnut is still considered the main income of many Toflar families. But, despite the decline in the traditional farm and the crisis of ethnic development, Tofalars retain a high level of ethnic self-consciousness, transmitting traditional legends, fairy tales and songs from generation to generation.
Video about the indigenous peoples of the Irkutsk region
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