Forest resources of the Altai Territory. Forest wealth of the Altai Territory Vegetation and Animal World of Altai Territory

The separation of forests into three groups provides a difference in species and forest management. In the forests of the first group, forest-reserving logging can be carried out in order to obtain ripe wood while maintaining water protection, protective and other forest properties and to improve the forest environment. In the reserves and other forests included in the first group, only logging over the forest and sanitary logging are allowed.

In the forests of the second group, the main use of the main use can be carried out, i.e., wood blank is allowed in forests with ripe and overrun stands, subject to the restoration of valuable rocks to preserve the protective and water protection properties of the forest.

In the forests of the third group, the mains of the main use are concentrated under the condition of effective and rational exploitation of the forest. All methods and types of logging, depending on groups of forests and categories of protection, are provided for the foundations of the forest legislation of the Russian Federation.

Depending on the prevailing direction of the use of the forest, it is possible to divide on the protective (first group and other protective plants), raw (operational second and third groups) and hunting (reserve and other, not used in commodity and natural protective purposes).

The quality of forests is largely determined by their natural composition. The greatest economic value is forests with the predominance of coniferous rocks. They are more durable than deciduous rocks, give wood high quality and, as a rule, more effectively affect the environment. The qualitative composition of Russia's forests is very high. Up to 80% there are not coniferous rocks and only 20% - to deciduous. In the European part of the country, the proportion of coniferous rocks in the forest fund is significantly lower (63.5%) than in the Asian part (up to 74.2%).

In general reserves of coniferous wood in the country, larch occupies 42%, pine - 23.5, spruce - 18.8, cedar - 11.4%. The range of larch spread - from the Urals to the Pacific coast. In Siberia and, in the Far East, the main stocks of pine and cedar are concentrated, while fir and deciduous forests are concentrated in the European part of the country.

The total estimated cutting area, that is, the number of ripe and overbound forests intended for cutting is about 1.4 billion m3 in Russia. In areas with a large population density, the estimated area is mastered completely, and in places and with exceeding, while 90% of the entire settlement area is used extremely weak, since in the overwhelming majority of the forests are in hard-to-reach areas, away from the communication paths.

The total annual increase in wood in the forests of Russia is 830 million m3, of which approximately 600 million m3 - in coniferous forests. The average annual growth of wood in 1 hectare in the European part of Russia ranges from 1 m3 in the north to 4 m3 in the middle strip. In the Asian part, it ranges from 2 m3 in the south to 0.5 m3 in the north, which is due to the harsh climatic conditions, high age of plantings and the effects of forest fires (high fire danger due to weather conditions is first of all in the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Sakha and the Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Since the forest is a system of interconnected components with an external environment: commodity resources of wood and non-wood plant origin, animal resources and multilateral useful functions - and the effect of using individual components is manifested in different ways in various fields of national economy, The assessment of the forest must be represented as the sum of the effects from the use of all types of forest and utility resources for unlimited long-term use. Methods for evaluating all types of forest resources and utility utilities are not developed sufficiently, so the simplistic economic assessment of the forest is expressed in one of its resource - wood.

Forest resources are not only as a source of raw materials, but also as a factor in ensuring the necessary unchangeable environment for society.

2. 2. The value of the forest industry in the national economy of the Altai Territory

The Altai Territory occupies the southern part of Western Siberia and includes four natural zones: steppe, forest-steppe, lowland Taiga Salair and Altai Mountain Taiga. About 28% of the Altai Territory Square occupy forest ecosystems, which are distinguished by a large variety of rocks, productivity, structure, age structure.

The importance of forests is difficult to overestimate, and the main thing is to stabilize the gas composition of the planet's atmosphere, which ensures the normal course of all life processes in the animal world and humans. Forests serve as a source of wood and non-wood resources, the special value of which is their renewability. Invaluable forest role in the prevention of water and wind erosion of the soil, in the regulation of climate and water balance of the territory.

Satisfying from year to year the growing needs in forest resources can only be by increasing the productivity of forest ecosystems, and this is the main task solved by forestry.

All forestry activities are aimed at solving three main tasks: the protection of forests from fires and harmful insects; Reproduction and use of forests.

In the forest area, the formation of the main component of the wood flows for many decades, however, during the period between "collecting the main crop", a person has been published by the forest as a landfill for the diversity of the annual economic activity of a person in the forest.

Altai, like many regions of Western Siberia, in the development of many industries, including forest, logging and woodworking, is largely obliged to Petrovsky transformations and Demidov pioneers. The deposits of the mineral raw materials and the forest wealth of Altai gave impetus to the development of mining and copper-smelting production.

The Altai Forest faithfully served post-revolutionary Russia, it suffices to say that the Male-Metal Toursib was built on Altai spat.

In the years of the Great Patriotic War and in the postwar years, wood of Altai forests and its production products went to the restoration of many dozen plants evacuated from the west and factories, to the development of industrial production potential of the region and the Central Asian republics.

Becoming in the postwar years a separate industry, the forestry has passed a difficult path of development and enterprise leading forestry, became foci of forest culture.

The Forest Fund of the Altai Territory occupies the total area of \u200b\u200b436.4 thousand hectares or 26% of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe region, from which forest land is 3,827.9 thousand hectares. Forest covered area is 3561.5 thousand hectares or 81.6% of the total area of \u200b\u200bforests (on accounting of the Forest Foundation as of 01.01.98). The forest system of the territory of the Altai Territory is 21.1%.

Forestability fluctuates in areas from 54.6% to 1 and less percent. The highest percentage of forest areas in the Zarinsky district - 54.6%, in the Talmenky district - 52.9%, in the Trinity district - 45.4%. Less than one percent of forest-study in Tabunsky, Slavgorodsky, Sospelikhinsky districts.

The total stock of wood - 395 million m3, the proportion of garry from the total area of \u200b\u200bforests is 0.141%, the share of cutting from the total forest area is 1.08%.

Forests are unevenly distributed. Basically, they are located in the north-east and east of the Altai Territory. On the sands and sandy soils in the floodplain r. Obi and rivers for hundreds of kilometers stretched unique belt bors. Significant area of \u200b\u200bthe mountains and foreguides occupy taiga arrays.

Forests 1 groups occupy 2918.9 thousand hectares. Forests 2 groups occupy 818 thousand hectares. Forests 3 groups occupy an area of \u200b\u200b625.6 thousand hectares.

According to natural and forestry conditions, the role and importance in the forests of the State Forestands allocated 4 forest areas:

Ribbon-borovoy - forest belt borov, all forests are attributed to "especially valuable forestry", the total area is 1123.5 thousand hectares, including the area covered with forest - 880.1 thousand hectares;

Priobsky - Subsidian forests include: the total area of \u200b\u200b837.7 thousand hectares, including the forest covered with forest - 661.1 thousand hectares;

Salairsky - the forests of the Salair Cherry Taiga include, the total area of \u200b\u200bforests is 583.3 thousand hectares, including a forest covered with a forest - 515.6 thousand hectares;

Pre-saying - Altai foothill forests, total forest area 836.3 thousand hectares, including 646.6 thousand hectares.

The prevailing rocks in the forests of the Altai Territory are coniferous - 54% (inc. cedar - 1.9%), small-scale - 46% (see Appendix No. 2). The average age of forests of the Gosplanefond - 66 years, including coniferous - 80 years and deciduous - 48 years. The stock of the whole forest fund is 494.85 million m3, including the Gosplanefond - 400.08 million m3.

The average annual increase reaches 6.5 million m3, of which 3.5 million m3 are accounted for on coniferous - 3 million m3 (see Appendix No. 2).

The estimated forest-free main use is 2040 thousand m3, including on coniferous economy - 331 thousand m3.

Forest use intensity is reduced annually, so in 1994 GTS. m3, in 1995 GTUS. M3, in 1996 GTS. M3, in 1997, 3 thousand m3.

The forests of the Altai Territory are separated by fire hazard classes on 5 classes. To the forests of the 1st and 2nd class of natural fire danger include, mainly tape bors (middle class 1.8) and Priobi-Forests (middle class 2.6), in which a large number of coniferous plants of dry forest types are concentrated, coniferous Young and forest crops.

As a result of intensive exploitation of forests, especially priobysky arrays, the area of \u200b\u200bconiferous young people decreased, the area of \u200b\u200bripe and overvoltage planes increased, there was a dangerous phenomenon of shift of coniferous rocks less valuable deciduous. In close connection with it, a wide development was obtained by a standard home building, production of furniture, matches, plywood, tree fiber and chickens, etc.

First of all, the forest gives business wood. The economic importance of wood is very large, but it is most applied and is used in construction, industry and transport, in rural and communal services. Wood is easily processed, it has a small proportion, quite strong, and its chemical composition allows you to get a wide range of useful products from it.

But at the same time, the forest is a source of many products of various purposes. This non-wood products of plant and animal origin serves to satisfy the multilateral needs of the population. In the forests, the potential of food and feed resources is great, the most valuable of which are reserves of various varieties of nuts. The forest gives mushrooms, berries, birch and maple juice, medicinal plants. These resources can be harvested in significant volumes, although the unevenness of their territorial concentration and large yield fluctuations in years affect the degree of their economic use. In addition, the forest is the habitat of numerous animals having a commercial value.

The useful functions of the forest are very diverse. Significant place among them is occupied by water-coh and soil protection. The forest regulates spring floods, water and soil water mode. It has a positive effect on river, lake and groundwater, improving their quality, cleaning from various harmful substances. Changing the microclimate on forest-protected fields, contributes to obtaining higher (15-25% higher) yields

The use of forests for social needs is becoming increasingly important - recreation and improvement of man, improving its habitat. Recreation properties of the forest are very diverse. The forest produces oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide: 1 hectare of the pine forest at the age of 20 years digested 9.34 tons of carbon dioxide and gives 7.25 tons of oxygen. The forest absorbs noise: crowns of deciduous trees reflect and dissipate up to 70% of sound energy. The forest moisturizes air and weakens the wind, neutralizes the effect of harmful industrial emissions. It produces phytoncides that kill pathogenic bacteria, has a beneficial effect on the human nervous system.

Chapter 3. Structure of the timber industry complex and the importance of the forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory

3.1. Structure of the timber industry complex of the Altai Territory

Industries related to the preparation, processing and processing of wood raw materials are combined into a group with a common name - the forest industry, it is also called a forest complex

The forest industry is the oldest in Russia and the Altai Territory. It allocates about 20 industries, extensions and industries. The most significant includes logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries.

The importance of the forest industry in the economy of the Altai Territory is determined by significant wood reserves, but the forests are unevenly distributed and the fact that there are practically no such sphere of the national economy, wherever wood or its derivatives are used. If at the beginning of the twentieth century. 2-2.5 thousand types of products were manufactured from wood, then at the beginning of the XXI century. The products of the industry have more than 20 thousand different products.

The structure of the timber industry complex allocate the following industries:

· forestry, sawmill - Main areas of sawmills: Stone-on-Ob - Kamensky Limproof processing plant, Topchikhinsky district;

· furniture production - Barnaul, Biysk, Rubtsovsk, Novoaltaysk, Zarinsk, Slavgorod;

· Standard House Building - Topchikhinsky district, Kulundinsky and Mikhailovsky districts;

· Pulp and paper industry - Annunciation;

· chemical and mechanical processing of wood - Shipunovsky district.

Sawmill industry it is posted mainly in the main areas of logging and in the nodes of the transport highways, at the intersection of railways and alloic waterways. The largest sawmills are located in Barnaul.

Furniture manufacture Focused mainly in the largest cities of the Altai Territory, the consumer factor affects.

Standard house building it is located in Topchikhinsky district, Kulundynsky and Mikhailovsky districts.

The most important sector of chemical wood processing is cellulosic and paper industry. From sulfite cellulose with the addition of wood mass, various paper varieties can be produced. A variety of paper varieties are produced (for monetary signs condenser, cable, insulating, photopoly conductory, paper transfer paper at a distance and fixation of electrical pulses, anti-corrosion, etc.) from some types of paper are yarn for the manufacture of twine, twine, coarse fabrics, burlap, Also paper for wrapper and bitumen pipes. Technical grades of paper and cardboard are widely used for the production of corrugated cardboard, binding of books, in auto and electricity, radio engineering, as electro, thermo-, soundproofing and waterproof material, to filter diesel fuel and air purification from harmful impurities, for power cable insulation As a gasket between the parts of the machines, in the construction industry for the production of dry plaster, roofing materials (only tol, rubberoid), etc. When processing a fiberboard, a concentrated solution of zinc chloride is obtained by fiber, which produces suitcases, liquids tanks, miners helix etc. As a raw material for pulp and paper production, waste sawing and mechanical wood processing is widely used, as well as less high-quality wood of fine breeds.

For the production of cellulose, a large amount of heat, electricity and water is required. Therefore, when placing pulp and paper enterprises, not only raw materials, but also a water factor, and the proximity of the source of energy supply are taken into account. On the scale of production and economic significance a place Among the forestry sectors after the pulp and paper industry belongs hydrolysis industry. With hydrolysis production from non-food vegetable raw materials, ethyl alcohol, protein yeast, glucose, furfurol, carbon dioxide, lignin, concentrates of alcohol bards sulfite, thermal insulating and building personally, and other chemical products are produced. As raw materials, hydrolysis plants use sawdust and other waste of woodworking and woodworking, chopped wood chip.

Chemical and mechanical processing of wood includes the production of plywood, chipboard and tree-fiber plates. On Fanera, it is preferably reproduced by the wood of the least deficit hardwood - birch, alder, linden. There are several types of plywood in Russia; glued, facing, thermal, fire-resistant, color, furniture, decorative, etc. The plant for the production of plywood is available in Barnaul.

The role of the raw material factor in the placement of the forest industry intensifying in the complex use of wood, on the basis of which the combination of production occurs. In many forest areas of the Altai Territory, large timber industrial complexes arose and develop. They are a combination of logging and many wood industries related to the deep comprehensive use of raw materials.

3.2. Forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory

The forest industry has always been one of the important sectors of the economy and determined the development of the socio-economic component of the regions, increasing the foreign exchange reserves of the state due to the export of wood.

The forest sector plays a significant role in the region's economy and is of great importance for the socio-economic development of more than 50 administrative districts, and also ensures the development of close cooperation of Altai with the countries of the Asian region and neighboring constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Modern forest management should ensure comprehensive and rational use of resources and beneficial properties of the forest, conducting measures to protect, protect forests, their reproduction, preservation of biodiversity and raising the sustainability of forest ecosystems.

The use of forests for wood harvesting by organizations of the Union is currently insufficient effective. The free reserve of wood for the workpiece is about 0.9 million m3 and is represented mainly wood hardwood.

In 2007, the development of the calculated volumes for all types of logging was 83%. At the same time, the wood of coniferous rocks was harvested, which led to the accumulation of ripe and overripe wood of hardwood, and this, in turn, could lead to negative environmental consequences.

The main reason for the low level of development of the estimated mortar of hardwood is the lack of industries for the deep processing of low-grade wood. Existing production facilities for the processing of wood raw materials are loaded completely and reserves for mechanical processing of wood. The lack of chemical-mechanical processing capacity does not allow the fulfillment of fully estimated forest-skilled rocks and forest waste from logging in coniferous plants in the amount of 1.8 million m3.

It remains high losses of forests from forest fires, harmful organisms, industrial emissions and illegal logging. Over the past 10 years, forest cultures have been created by forestry workers of the Altai Territory on an area of \u200b\u200b57.1 thousand hectares and on the area of \u200b\u200b12.1 thousand hectares, facilitating the natural resumption of forests. At the same time, as a result of insufficient financing of reforestation activities in areas covered with large forest fires in the years, 42.5 thousand hectares of garry remain flameshedral areas, and artificial reforestation is carried out mainly at the expense of own funds of forestry organizations, which does not allow to increase annual volumes Foresting forest crops, as a result of which Gare's restoration is stretched for many years.

The strategic goal of forest development is the creation of conditions that provide sustainable forest management, compliance with the principles of continuous, multi-purpose, rational and sustainable use of forest resources with modern high-quality reproduction of forests and the preservation of environmental functions and biological diversity.

To achieve a strategic goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

· ensuring rational use and reproduction of forests;

· the creation of new directions in the use of wood raw materials based on advanced technological solutions;

· the formation of growth points in various fields of activity of the forest complex;

· designation of the objectives of the long-term environmental and economic development of the forest complex;

· determination of the main factors and restrictions on the development of all types of forestry activities in the long term;

· increased forestry intensity, taking into account environmental and economic factors;

· improving the competitiveness of goods of woodworking organizations of the region with further promotion of them in foreign markets;

· development of a program for the restoration of the production of widespread consumption goods, including souvenirs, children's toys and forestry products.

The prospect of high-quality improvement in the state of forests should be deep chemical-mechanical processing of wood of soft rock (birch, aspens).

The strategy for the development of woodworking in the forest industry consists in the transition to the innovative type of production development, in the structure of which the leading role is given to high-tech products. Innovative activity related to the development of new technologies and markets, updating the product range, improving the use of raw materials, will allow dramatically to expand the range and quality of goods.

In conclusion, we note that, despite the favorable conditions for the development of the forest industry, production and trade in timber leaves much to be desired due to lack of funds. The reform of the forest sector of the economy of the Altai Territory cannot be successfully carried out if they pass separately in forestry and in the timber industry complex. More importantly, the general understanding is that attempts to pull out the crisis logging industry based on export capacity building cannot be successful due to the situation that develops in world markets. It all depends on the actions of the Government of Russia in relation to the forest sector as a whole, and not in parts today, a systemic solution is required

Chapter 4. Problems and Prospects for the Development of the Forest Complex of the Altai Territory

4.1. Problems of the Forest Sector of the Altai Territory

There is such a thing in ecology - few disturbed forest areas. It is deciphered as follows: large arrays of forests, swamps, armor, which experienced the minimum impact of civilization. These territories could well be the pride of the Altai Territory. There are valuable highly productive (capable of reproduction) types of forests and many rare types of flora and fauna.

One of the most pronounced negative consequences of timber industrial activity in the Priobi boras of the Altai Territory is the change in their composition. After solid logging of the 60-80s, there was a reduction in the area of \u200b\u200bconiferous rocks and an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bBereznyakov and Osinnikov. In the process of cutting, teen coniferous breed was completely destroyed or he was absent in the maternal stands. In addition, large forest fires contributed to the change of the breed composition, after which there was a quick settlement of the Garey soft rocks. As a result, in the place of growing coniferous rocks, deciduous tremors appeared. It is clearly visible on the example of the top acquisition. If in the 50s of the last century, the share of coniferous rocks here was more than 70 percent of the total composition of plantations, then about 30% remained to the two thousandth year of coniferous plantings.

Such a change in breed led to a sharp reduction in the settlement area on the coniferous economy.

Forest standard events conducted to prevent the change of breeds, namely the production of traditional pine landings, did not justify themselves due to a not enough high culture of production, insufficient care and damage to wild animals - in particular, elk. In such landing conditions, over time, turn into low-value deciduous trends.

In recent years, chemicals are used to combat undesirable vegetation to combat unwanted vegetation. But since the process costly applies with difficulty despite the effectiveness of this event. For further work in this direction, funds are needed: on average, one hectare costs range from 6 to 8 thousand rubles.

2. In accordance with the 62nd Article of the Forest Code on the leased lands of the Forest Foundation, reforestation is carried out at the expense of the tenant. How to deal with the restoration of forest areas, formed earlier (before leasing), due to natural disasters (forest fires, windy), economic activity. The tenant is not enough, federal support is needed.

Article 19 of the LC requires direct regulations, providing for the conclusion of contracts for the implementation of measures for the protection, protection and reproduction of forests in accordance with forest legislation (by conducting forest contests), as well as the requirements for the qualifications of forest trading participants (participation in trades can take legal and Individuals having a certain experience of implementing the above works).

In addition, the implementation of the contract is provided for within one year, and foreststation activities cannot be carried out in such a short time. It is necessary to provide a longer period for the implementation of these measures so that the forest user has the opportunity and time to grow planting material, create forest crops, spending, carry out the transfer to the forest covered area. Throughout the contractor, the contract must be responsible for the quality of the work.

4. It is necessary to provide the introduction of technical acceptance and inventory of forest crops. In addition, to control the executors of work on forest stations, it is necessary to develop instructions for all types of reforestation events.

With the disappearance of forests reduces the habitat of many animals. Forest arrays cut down roads, too many settlements, people who are afraid of wild animals. From a thousand-year equilibrium of nature near Moscow, whole types fall out. Without old forests, with corygams, dumplings, rotten trees and dry, the most different animals and plants can exist. So, for example, some types of volatile mice disappeared. Nature degradation goes unnoticed, but right. "

4.2. Protection of the Forest Complex of the Altai Territory

The protection of forest resources is a system of scientifically sound, biological, forestry, administrative, legal and other measures aimed at saving, rational use and reproduction of forests to enhance their environmental, economic and other useful natural properties. [ one]

Speaking of forests, it is impossible to overestimate their role and importance in the life of the biosphere and humanity inhabiting our planet. Forests perform very important features that allow humanity to live and develop.

The forests play an extremely important role in human life, and their importance for the whole living world is great.[ 1 ]

However, the forest has many enemies. The most dangerous of them are forest fires, insect pests and mushroom diseases. They contribute to the depletion of resources and often serve as the cause of the death of forests.[ 1 ]

According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, Russia's forest legislation is aimed at ensuring rational and non-exhaustive use of forests, protection and reproduction of forest ecosystems, increasing the environmental and resource potential of forests, meeting the needs of society in forest resources based on scientifically based multipurpose forest management.

Forestry events and use of the forest fund should be carried out by methods that do not harm the environment, natural resources and human health.

Forestry should provide:

Preservation and strengthening of the media, protective, sanitary and hygienic, wellness and other useful natural properties of forests in the interests of human health;

Multipurpose, continuous, sustainable use of the forest fund to meet the needs of society and individual citizens in wood and other forest resources;

The project "Tape Bors of Altai - Unique Natural Heritage of Russia" is nearing completion, supported by Russian geographical society. Its purpose was the preservation of the natural complexes of Altai tape bors, their landscape and biological diversity. Currently, the processing of a rich actual material collected during expeditions is completed, but you can already sum up the preliminary results of the project.

Seen from space

If you look at the South South of Western Siberia, the look involuntarily attracts some dark-green parallel forest bands, sharply contrasting with surrounding agricultural landscapes. Under the clue, you can see that all these bands are four: the two are the biggest - stretch from the Obi Valley, merging near the border with Kazakhstan into a single array, which continues to southwest to Irtysh. Two ribbons are smaller, starting at the coast of Ob, end in the expanses of the Kulundy Plain. Two more portions of pine boron are very small, traditionally called seeding, more similar not to tapes, but on the emerald islets, lost in the sea of \u200b\u200bendless fields.

For the Altai Territory, tape bors - one of the main brands, an object that can be seen from the space, which is called the "unarmed eye". The secret of the unusual linear arrangement of these forest arrays is that they occupy the bottoms of narrow and long flavors of ancient flow with powerful sand deposits, according to the most common version left by aquatic flows of glacial eras. Experts are still arguing about the age and origin of the boron sands and the Borov themselves. Corresponding, however, remains the fact of the uniqueness of tape bars not only on the scale of Siberia, but also of all Russia.

Bills have great socio-economic importance for the western part of the Altai Territory. They serve as the main source of wood for the residents of the steppe zone; They have a mitigating effect on the climate of the adjacent areas (near the ribbon bars falls about 50 mm more precipitation than on flameshed sites), are a traditional place of rest, harvesting berries and mushrooms.

Due to the contrasting combination of natural conditions within intrazonal belts, natural complexes are adjacent, very different from each other. The winding sections with a nick and xerophyte disintegration are sometimes located near the sphagnum swamps, and in a pair of a troika kilometers from a shady green growingman can be dried by the Sun Solonchak.

According to secluded places distant from settlements, in the shade of age-old pines, you can find a whole bouquet of northern orchids - from inconspicuous at first glance of nesting flowers and Ladyan, to spectacular verieral shoes. The role of tape borov in preserving populations of such globally rare and included in various red books of animal species, like an eagle grain, a large sub-up, orlan-Belochvost, Filin, Black Stork, and other vulnerable bird species.

Need a special approach

Unfortunately, the high economic development of tape borov led to the fact that many valuable natural complexes, a population of rare animal and plants, were threatened, despite the formal protection.

The first specially protected natural territories (regional values) were created in tape bodies in the 60-70s of the last century. Then the primary importance was paid to the reproduction of hunting and fishing species, later the Borovy reserves received the status of complex (landscape). Nevertheless, to date, the main type of economic activity - the divuts of the forest was carried out in boring reserves in the same mode and with the same intensity as at all other areas of boron that did not have the status of specially protected natural territories. It could not not affect the state of protected objects.

So, quite recently, the southern part of the Kulundy belt boron (the Zavyalovsky reserve) was the only territory in the world, where the nesting group of a large subsistence was maintained in numbers more than such in all over foreign Europe, and the eagles nested here with a density maximum for the type - 1-1, 5 km between adjacent sockets. Currently, more than half of the habitats of the undergraduate are destroyed. Therefore, the preservation of the remaining valuable sites is of particular importance. It is obvious that to the reserves, or even only their individual parts (where the habitats of rare species are still preserved) need a special approach.

Thanks to the grant support of the Russian geographical society, this year a large-scale examination of the territories of the regional reserves located in tape bodies was carried out. The main idea was to identify areas with the maximum density of "red-bodies" for the subsequent allocation of them in particularly protected areas of the reserves and especially protective areas of forests.

The studies of the Altai branch of the Russian Geographical Society (including a member of the constant environmental commission of the RGO - Doctor of Geographic Sciences Dmitry Black), Institute of Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tihirere Reserve, Altai State University, Students, Volunteers (including schoolchildren - participants Programs "Usinovi Reserve" implemented by the Goeblera Environmental Society and the Tijirek Reserve).

In the territory of the Kasmalin reserve, more than 270 points of growth 13 species of plants and mushrooms included in the Red Books of Russia and the Altai Territory (Picky Picky, Nest-Cobbing, Ladyan's Sneakers, Slemer Sleeping, Veinean Sleepy, Largender and Drip, SPAIscisis Curchasm and Other Rare, endangered species). Within the same reserve, occupied nesting sites of the Eagle-Mogilnik, a large undergraduate and Filin.

To date, by the Kasmalinsky reserve, a scientific substantiation of changes in the regime of protection and environmental management has already been trained, in particular - the allocation of the zone of special protection, where key habitats of rare species and reference sites close to the natural state of natural complexes of Kasmalin tape boron will be maintained.

In the Kulundin reserve, more than fifty points of growing five types of plants listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Altai Territory were identified. Complexes of sphagnum swamps are noted for ribbon bars. Significant value is the arrays of old-age pine forests, located in the edges of the boron near the edge preserved in this part of the edge of fairly extensive steppe plots. It is similar places, by virtue of an ecoton effect, are strips of concentration of biological diversity, including asylums rare and endangered species of plants and animals.

Mammoth and Cornilovsky reserves, thanks to the combination of large lakes and boron complexes, are extremely important for the conservation of habitats of rare and endangered species of large feathered predators. Here are nesting plots of such types included in the Red Books of Russia and the Altai Territory, like Orlan-Belochvost, Berkut, Eagle grain, a large subzap, Filin, bearded to bark, as well as such a rare forest bird, like a black stork. Special protection here is subject to non-rodded sections of old-age pine forests on the border with wetlands. In the crowns of the largest pine patriarchs, rare birds suite their massive nests, and on the lakes and swamps they produce food to feed chicks.

In general, according to the results of the project, a database was created for the propagation of rare species of plants and animals in the ribbon boras of the region; Within the above-mentioned reserves, the most common areas in environmental attitude. Currently, substantiations and suggestions are being finalized to improve the protection regimes of Borovy Reservations.

It should be noted that in the authorized body of the government - in the General Directorate of Natural Resources and the Ecology of the Altai Territory - supported the initiative of the environmental community to enhance the protection of boron ecosystems. Currently, documentation is being prepared for changing the regime of the Kasmalinsky reserve in terms of restricting forest logs. In addition, in the current year, three new monuments of nature were created within the Barnaul belt boron, the projects of creating two more monuments made a positive conclusion of state environmental impact assessment.

The results of the project "Tape Bors of Altai - Unique Natural Heritage of Russia will be in demand in real environmental practice and will serve as sustainable conservation of tape bors in all of their diversity.

The material prepared the head of the project "Altai belts - the unique natural heritage of Russia" Lyudmila Nehhoroshev.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Altai State Academy of Education named after V.M.Shukshina"

(FGBOU VPO "AGAO")

Natural Geographical Faculty

Department of Geography

THESIS

Characteristics of the forest resources of the Altai Territory

Performed:

Student Vi course c. GZ-G071

Gerstner I.V.

Checked:

D. S.-H. n. Professor of important V.M.

Evaluation _______________

Signature___________________

Biysk 2013.

Introduction ........................................................................ 3.

Chapter 1. Physico-geographical characteristics of the Altai Territory.4 1.1. Geographical position of the Altai Territory ..................... ... 4

1.2. Characteristic of the relief ................................................ ..5

1.3. Climatic features of the edge .................................... ..7

1.4. Characteristics of soils of the Altai Territory .............................. ..9

1.5. Inner waters of the Altai Territory ................................. .. 10

1.6. The vegetation of the edge ................................................... ... 13

Chapter 2. Theoretical substantiation of forest resources: Definition, meaning and factors affecting the territorial structure ... 14

2.1. Forest resources. fourteen

2.2. The value of the forest industry in the national economy of the Altai Territory 18

Chapter 3. The structure of the timber industry complex and the importance of the forest sector in the Russian economy .................................... .. 23

3.1. Structure of the timber industry complex of the Altai Territory ... 23

3.2. Forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory 26

Chapter 4. Problems and prospects for the development of the forest complex of the Altai Territory ....................................................................... 29

4.1. Problems of the forest sector of the Altai Territory .. 29

4.2. Protection of the forest complex of the Altai Territory 31

4.3. Prospects for the development of the forest complex of the Altai Territory. 39.

Chapter 5. Use of the materials of the thesis in

rural school .............................................................................43

Conclusion 57.

List of references 59.

Appendix 60.

Introduction

Natural resources are a combination of natural conditions and elements of lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmospheres formed in nature as a result of natural processes. 4  . Natural resources are divided into biological; Recreational; Land; Forest; Climatic; Water; Mineral.

Let us dwell and study in detail some of them - forest resources.

Forests, being part of the natural sphere, perform a number of essential and unique ecological and economic functions. First, forests play a significant role in global carbon and oxygen cycles, in many respects "responding" for the composition of the atmosphere. Secondly, forests assimilate environmentally harmful emissions, supporting the purity of the surrounding, primarily air, medium, and also reduce the noise pollution. Thirdly, forests provide microclumatic effects, and the global climate is formed on a planetary scale. Fourthly, forests have a big impact on the water exchange and the condition of aquatic ecosystems. Fifth, forests prevent soil erosion, prevent the formation of ravines and landslides, and also retain landscapes and soil fertility. Sixth, forests are habitat for most types of plants and animals, i.e. serve as a natural and prerequisite for the conservation of biodiversity on the planet. V-seventh, forests perform recreational and aesthetic functions. Eighth, forests to a certain extent provide the country's environmental security of the country. V-ninth, forests are actively used for economic purposes, being a raw material for many sectors of the economy.14

Since in modern times, the use of forest resources is not very rational; forests are subjected to constant cuts; Forest fires do not rarely occur; There are many insects that forest forest.

The purpose of this work to consider the importance of the forest industry and suggest the prospects for the development of the forest complex of the Altai Territory.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved:

Examine the significance of the forest industry in the national economy.

2. Analyze the problems of forestry.

3. Suggest the ways of development and measures for the protection of forestry.

4. Develop activities to use the results of the thesis in rural school.

Thesis was carried out during 2010-2012.

Currently, the relevant problem is the protection of forests from fires and their prevention. In recent years, there has been a tendency for the growth of the number of fires and tightening the situation. One of the serious problems of forestry is to ensure timely reproduction of forest resources after a fire.

Work is ready.

To withstand the red string, a font, a line interval, chapter with a new page, the names in the center, spelling to see, only then printed. The conclusion should answer the tasks, look carefully.

Chapter 1. Physico-geographical characteristics of the Altai Territory

Geographical position of the Altai Territory

The Altai Territory is located in the south-east of Western Siberia and borders with Hovosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Altai. Its territory is 168.0 thousand kv.km.

The region includes 12 cities, 14 urban-type villages, 7 urban and 60 rural areas, including the Hemets National District. Administrative center - G. Barnaul, with a population of 655.4 thousand servants.

Two types of geomorphological landscapes dominate in the region: in the east, mountain, in the West - Steppe, significant areas occupy taiga arrays. HA Hundreds of kilometers extended unique belt bors. A rich vegetation cover in combination with contrasts of relief is accompanied by a variety of animal world. About 300 species of mammals, more than 300 species of birds live here, there are reptiles, amphibians, fish.

The climatic conditions are generally favorable for the development of agriculture. There are enough heat and light to grow almost all farm crops, vegetables, berries and fruits.

In our region, the largest rivers Biya and Katun, merging to form one of the main Siberian rivers - Ob. The territory of the region is about 13 thousand lakes, more than half of them with fresh water. The largest lake is Kulundinskoe (728 square meters. Km). In the Altai Mountains there is amazing in the beauty of the Ayie Lake.

Relief characteristic

The relief of the Altai Territory is diverse not only in appearance and degree of dismemberment, but also by its origin and the history of the formation. At the beginning of the Cenozoic, there was Pedpetlen, formed at the site of mountain structures; In the future, it was deformed by the latest tectonic movements. In the south-east, Penpetlen was mainly raised and dissected, as a result of which the mountains arose here, and in the north-west, on the contrary, omitted and buried under the deposits of the neotkononic Kuluddinskaya depression, within which accumulative and basement plains were formed. The relief of the Altai Territory is created by exogenous processes against the background of slow and relatively weakly differentiated newest omensions of the Kulundy depression during the neogen and quaternary period. The initial accumulative relief was formed in the beginning and middle of the Quaternary period, when the accumulation of the powerful stratum of alluvial and eolic sediments of the Krasnodubrovskaya Sweet occurred as a result of lowering. At this time, extensive eolo-alluvial (lesid) plains were formed, the places preserved their original appearance. In the quaternary time, it began to raise most of this territory, which led to the processing of accumulative relief under the influence of erosion processes and to the separation of the Priobsky Plateau, the Biysco-Chief Hills and Kulundin Plain. In the conversion of relief plans significantly affect the differences in climatic conditions between the eastern and western parts of this area. Due to the small amount of precipitation in the West, wind and plane was most clearly shown, and the processes of linear erosion were significantly weakened. In the east, the initial relief is largely destroyed as a result of the growth of quaternary erosion forms (beams, valleys), the density of which increases when moving from the west to the East, due to the increase in the amount of precipitation, and reaches a maximum on the Biysco-Chief Hills and Predesalair Plain. In the same direction, the length of erosion forms created by permanent flows (valleys) increases and the number of small erosion forms generated by temporary watercourses (ravines, deluvial nippers, beams) is reduced. This pattern is violated only in the valley of the r. Obi, where an eolog relief is dominated on terraced sandy plains, and erosion forms are moving into the second plan due to the reduction of surface drain due to the infiltration of a significant proportion of atmospheric precipitation into the sandy ground. The relief of the base plans, as well as the accumulative plains, is largely determined by the amplitude of the newest tectonic raises, in addition, it is directly associated with the structure of the Paleozoic foundation, which is reflected in the appearance of individual valleys and beams and on the erosion network configuration. Within the base plains, eluvial-deluel plains are distinguished, for which the low-power cover of loose sediments and frequent indigenous yields on water-seated spaces, where they are laying numerous hills with a height of 5-10m. Above the surface of the watershed. This territory is opposed to highly raised eolo-alluvial plains, which have retained on their surface a relatively powerful stroke of explosion and lesid loam.

Climatic features of the region

The main features of the climate of the Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai are due to the interaction of common climate-forming factors: solar radiation, air mass circulation and the nature of the underlying surface (relief, vegetation, rivers, swamps, the presence of snow and ice cover, etc.). Their value is determined by the position of the edge in moderate latitudes of the central part of Eurasia and the remoteness from the seas and oceans. Large influence on the climate is provided by adjacent territories: Western and Eastern Siberia, Central and Central Asia. Through the mechanism of cyclonic activity, the European Territory of Russia and the distant Atlantic is provided to the Altai Climate. The role of the latter affects the distribution of precipitation, especially in mountainous areas subject to the influence of higher layers of the troposphere in the western carrier band. The climate of the Altai Territory has pronounced continentality features: here is cold, long, snowy winter and short, warm, sometimes hot summer. The annual amplitudes of the temperature in the region for some items are as follows: Barnaul-37,3 Agradusov, Biysk-36,23Gradusov, Slavgorod-39,3Gradusov, Rubtsovsk-38,03Gradusov. The position of the edge at 51-54 Agradus S.Sh. And the predominance of anticyclonal weather creates favorable opportunities for a large arrival of solar heat. The annual sums of the straight and scattered (total) radiation change from 100kkal / square see in the north to 120 kkal / square, see the south of the edge. In the mountains, where cloudy weather is more often, the influx of solar radiation is reduced, and its distribution also depends on the orientation and steepness of the slopes. In the summer, the sun rises high above the horizon (60-66 degrees), the day becomes long, up to 17 hours. In winter, the height of the sun barely reaches 20whors, and the day becomes shorter almost twice. Some mountain valleys in winter are almost not illuminated by the straight rays of the sun. The total radiation is partially reflected in the earth's surface: in summer to 20-30%, in the winter to 60-70%, and the magnitude of the absorbed radiation decreases to 70-90 kkal / square, see the digestive solar heat spent on the heating of the soil, the water of surface layers of air. Part of the heat is radiated by the earth's surface into space. Depending on the season of the year, the magnitude of the radiation balance is changing, which remains not more than 30-45% of the incoming heat, that is, 30-45 kcal / square, see the annual output of the radiation balance negative only at the heights more than 2500m. In the summer, it is positive throughout the territory, in winter it has a negative value everywhere, since the arrival of radiation at this time is less than the heat loss to radiation. Transfer of air masses, and in place with it heat and moisture is carried out in the process of general circulation of the atmosphere. As a result of the interaction of the Western transfer of air masses, stationary areas of high and low pressure, cyclones and anticyclones, the region turns out to be filled with either by the sea air of the Atlantic and the Arctic, or the continental masses of Central Asian or East Eastosibirsk origin. Significant sizes of edges, dismemberment and a wide variety of types of underlying surfaces contribute to the change in the properties of the incoming air, the formation of local air masses. The result of this is a variety of thermal regime and the complex distribution of atmospheric precipitation. A large role is played by the underlying surface. The plains favors the free movement of air, however, reaching the foot of the mountainous structures, he is forced to climb the slopes. Raising is accompanied by an increase in the amount of precipitation and decrease in temperature. As a result, the mountain climate is different from flatly smaller rigidity: winter warmer, summer is cooler, precipitation is greater. In the southwest of the Altai Territory drops to 1500mm. Precipitation per year. The relief of the mountains creates conditions for the development of local mountain-valley winds and hairdryers, and in winter, in the winter, it is observed in the stalling of air and its strong heating. The average annual air temperature throughout the region exceeds 0Gradusov. In the northern regions of Kuluda, it ranges from 0.2 to 0.6-malades, and in the foothills from 1.1 to 2,2graduts. In addition to increasing temperatures from the north to the south in the latitudinal direction, there is a decrease in the whole plain from the West to the East, that is, in the direction of increasing the annual amounts of precipitation.

Characteristics of soils of the Altai Territory

In accordance with the geological structure, the relief and climate of the soil cover differs in plain and mountainous parts with the formation of a transition band of foothill. In the Altai Territory there are almost all types of soils inherent in our country, except the tundra and subtropicals. In addition, there are many Solonchakov, Solontsy, Sodter. The geographical position of the edge in the contact zone of the plains and the mountains is also expressed in the fact that the soil zones are elongated in the meridion direction. Change them comes from west to east. In total, there are more than 130 types of soil. The extensive Kulundin plain is engaged in brown soils (dark, less frequently), whose feature is a very small amount of humus content, light mechanical composition, the exposure to wind action. To the east of the Kulundy Plain, a wide strip of chernozems of the southern, most fertile were stretched. The main areas of the Priobskaya Plateau are occupied by chernozem ordinary and weakhead. The cabin part to the salair ridge is busy with black soil, leached and apodulated. Under the forests are developed gray forest, dernoslaboprisolistric soils. Despite the high natural fertility of Altai soil, the use of them in agricultural production is associated with many difficulties, to overcome which zonal systems of agriculture have been developed in the region. One of the difficulties is the spread of soil erosion almost throughout the territory. More than 50% of arable land is changed erosion. Three zones of erosion are distinguished: the wind (western in the western part of the region (Kulunda) on the area more than 1300 thousand . For all zones are required: Organization of the territory of farms and the structure of sowing areas on a scientific basis, development and implementation of soil crop rotations, agricultural activities, ameliorative work, water management and hydraulic construction. The most important type of improving the water properties of soil is irrigation, the main district of which is Kulundin plain.

Internal Water Altai Territory

The Altai Territory is rich in rivers. The distribution of rivers and lakes is in close dependence on local natural conditions and, first of all, from the structure of the relief and climate. Depending on these reasons, the entire water network of the edge can be divided into two parts: 1) the pool of the upper Ob, covering the mountain system of the Altai, its foothills, all right bank and a small number of rivers flowing into the Ob on the left side; 2) Pool of steppe river and a large number of fresh, salted and bitter-salt lakes of the Best Kulundinskaya. The territory of the Altai Territory is entirely in the top of the p. Obi. Ob is formed from the confluence of Bii and Katun and on the plain part flows a large multi-water river. Among her tributaries are prevailed. The main amount of Ob water collects in the mountains of Altai, where there are more than 2,000 rivers over 10km. Length, the thickness of the river network is 1.5 ... 2km. Per square kilometer. Many rivers begin high in the mountains from glaciers and snowfields, the course of their rapid, the rock is spinning, and the presence of tectonic ledges from durable rocks contributes to the formation of pictorial waterfalls.

Stream mode is determined by climatic conditions. Most edges include rain and snow. The soil nutrition is expressed much weaker with the exception of the rivers of the plain part. In the highlands nutrition rivers snow, glacial and partially rain. River mode varies depending on the melting of snow, rain falling, the nature of the relief, the underlying rocks. For the warm season takes up to 75% and whiter than the annual flow. The most short-term and early flood - on the rivers of the Kulundy Plain. In the upper reaches of the Kuludy basin, the flood continues 10-12 days, and in the lower current it is much longer. After a flood, the water level quickly falls, the rivers of the merge. The freezing of rivers occurs in October-November. The ice station lasts 110-170 days, and the ice thickness reaches 250-280cm. Opening rivers usually begins at the end of April. Ob is the Great Siberian River (the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool is more than 3 million kilometers. Length from the confluence of Bii with Katunya 3676km.) Flows within the edge for 453km. In a wide valley, with well-pronounced inpass terraces. On the left bank there are many steep cliffs (yards), the right bank is low. Ob - mixed nutrition, with a predominance of snow (49%) and a noticeable sharing of rain (27%). The flood on OBI begins in April and lasts more than 120 days. The maximum level rise (up to 1-8m) falls on May - beginning of June, when mountain snow melts and glaciers. Summer - autumn interleaves covers August - October and is interrupted only by strong rain floods. In the north of the edge, below the stone - on Obi, the Obskoye reservoir begins, bought by the dam from Novosibirsk. The length of this reservoir is 230km., Width - up to 20km, an area of \u200b\u200b1070 square km. The second largest altai river. Biya begins from Teletsk Lake, but its own origins are far in the south-east, where Bashkas and Chulyshman begin in the spurs of the Khihachev Ridge. The North-West and Western parts of the region belong to the area of \u200b\u200bthe local flow. Here the River Burle, Kulunda, Kuchuk, flowing into the lake flow. Rivers smallwalks and feed mainly due to snow waters. In the hot summer seasons often dry. Water in rivers mineralized. The largest area of \u200b\u200bLake - Kulundinskoye. Other lakes are much smaller - Kuchuksky, a large poplar, bitterly terrestrial and large tark. By origin, Kotlovin Lake Territory belongs to several types:
a) Pointed old lakes formed as a result of erosion-accumulative activities of rivers. They are especially many in the flat part of the region;
b) erosion lakes of the ancient flow.
c) Suffosion lakes (subsidence). They are also called steppe savors. Meet in the Kulundy steppe;
d) the final lakes in which the stock of the Kulunda River, Kuchuk, Burl.
According to the regime of the lake, they are divided into flowing (waste) and faceless. The first mode depends entirely on the rivers flowing into them.
The territory of the region is located within the Kulundin-Barnaul Artesian basin and the folded area of \u200b\u200bthe Altai-Sayan basin of fractured waters. Special importance of groundwater in the western half of the edge, where a small surface runoff. Several aquifers are allocated in the deposits of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic era. The depth of their location is different - from 50m. in quaternary up to 2500m. in chalk. In total, around 10 thousand drilled in the region. wells. In places where the surface flow is difficult, swamps are found in low floors of rivers, among which are distinguished by horse, low and transition. High sphagnum swamps occupy waterproof areas are powered by atmospheric precipitation. There are plaster. Multiple swamps occur at the site of overgrowing lakes and old people with the formation of peat in them.

1.6. Vegetation of edge

The vegetation of Altai represents a wide variety of its species composition. The total number of vascular plants exceeds two thousand species, while on the entire huge territory of Western Siberia is about three thousand. The wealth of wild flora is due to the great complexity and a variety of physico-geographical conditions. The exclusive wealth of plant forms is distinguished by mountain altai, which has very diverse landscapes - extensive taiga forests, mountain steps, subalpine and alpine meadows and alpine tundra. The plain in its species composition is more monotony and is represented by herbaceous cover with a small number of wood and shrub breeds. The vegetation of the Altai Territory repeats the basic patterns of the distribution of soil cover. In the West, the most common varnoped-tacchal-nude steppes are most common, in Priobye - meadow steppes in combination with fine birch and aspen slices (barbed forest-steppe). There are in the edge of both pine forests, part of which are unique belt bors, disperse in the form of a strip of the steppe zone. They are confined to the bottoms of the ancient flow, are seduced with converted sands. In the plain part of the region, cultural plantings are quite widely found: gardens, forest belts, parks. The vegetation cover of the steppes for the most part is low, with the predominance of narrow-walled cereals adapted to systematic droughts. Most plants have a powerful root system for faster and full of water trapping after rain. Vegetable tissues of steppe plants are quickly and well decomposed. Wide floodplain Ob is busy in basic meadow vegetation. There are many wetlands with Russian, cane, reed, rogoz. On high floors and inappropriate terraces, shrubs: Kalina, Black Currant, Iva. Right Bank Ob is employed by a forest-steppe, where the meadow steppes on chernozem soils are almost completely unpaved, or used for grazing. In Salair, despite its low height, the exemplary of vegetation cover is clearly expressed. Summer, then the subtoplands go to taiga lowlands.

Chapter 2. Theoretical Justification of Forest Resources: Definition, Meaning and Factors Influencing the Territorial Structure

2.1. Forest resources

This is one of the most important types of biological resources characterized by wood reserves, as well as fur, game, mushrooms, berries, medicines, plants, etc. Renewable and, with proper forest management, inexhaustible natural resources. Characterized by the sizes of the forest area (4 billion hectares in the world) and wood reserves for the root (350 billion m3). The area of \u200b\u200bthe World Forests is reduced annually due to the economic activity of a person (at least 25 million hectares), the global wood blank in 2000 reached 5 billion m3, that is, the annual growth of wood was fully utilized. Forests of the world form two forest belts. On the North (Russia, USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden) accounts for 1/2 of all forests in the world and almost the same part of all stocks of wood. In South (Amazonia, Congo pool and South-Vost. Asia), currently there is a catastrophic rapid formation of rainforests.

Fig. 1 (Atlas "Economy, Geographic Areas", AST, Moscow, 2006, p.23)

(in the 80s. 11 million hectares were cut annually).

Forests in the Russian Federation occupy 22% of all forests of the planet, and 45% of the total area of \u200b\u200bRussia, it is about 1179 million (Fig. 1)

The main forest-forming breeds are coniferous, their share accounts for 82%, on softly deciduous 16%, on hard-hard - 2%.

Russia accounts for a significant part of worldwood stocks, for which it ranks first in the world, it is 82.1 ml. ha (2003).

Forests in the Russian Federation are mainly concentrated in the eastern regions of the country. In the Urals, in Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East of the Forest occupy 641 million hectares. In these areas, wood of various breeds make up 66 billion m3 . In the Urals, the largest forest area is the Sverdlovsk region, in Western Siberia - Tyumen region, in Eastern Siberia - Krasnoyarsk Territory Irkutsk region, in the Far East - the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Northern Economic Area - Arkhangelsk region and Karelia.

An important indicator of the assessment of forest resources, through which Russia occupies the 21st place in the world (45%), is the forest areas of the territory. In terms of the indicator - the size of the forest area per capita Russia occupies a leading position - 3 hectares. The forests are a source of solid and soft (construction and intercal) wood, raw materials for cellulosic and paper, hydrolysis, timber and other industries, serve as a habitat of many fishing animals, are the source of the soaked recycling products.

The main place in the forests (78%) is occupied by breeds having industrial importance: pine, spruce, fir, luxury, oak, ash, beech, maple, linden, etc.

Fig.2 (((Atlas "Economy, Geographic Areas", AST, Moscow, 2006, p.23)

Forests of Russia are part of the Unified State Forest Foundation and, taking into account their natural features and economic importance, are divided into three groups.

The forests of the first group include water protection, protective, sanitary and health and wellness forests, as well as forests of nature reserves, national parks, walnut zones, protuch forests. The proportion of this group is 24%.

The second group includes forests in areas with high population density, a developed transport network and limited raw materials, having media-forming, protective and limited operational functions. Their specific gravity is 8%. The flame of this group is characteristic of the Central Economic Area.

The third group includes forests of multiless areas, which have mainly operational importance and intended to continuously satisfy the needs of the economy in wood without prejudice to the environmental functions of these forests. Their proportion is 68%. Such forests are rich in Amuria, the Urals, the North of the European part of Russia, Siberia and the Far East. Forests - this group serve as the main source of public economy supply. The forests of the third group are divided into mastered and undeveloped - the so-called reserve. The backup includes forests that are not involved in operation due to their remoteness from transport routes and other reasons.

In the forests of the second group there may be logged in main use, i.e. Wood blank is allowed in forests with ripe and overrun stands, subject to the restoration of valuable rocks to preserve the protective and water protection properties of the forest.

General estimated cutting area, i.e. The number of ripe and reinstalities intended for cutting is about 1.4 billion m3 in Russia. In areas with a large population density, the estimated area is mastered completely, and in places and with exceeding, while 90% of the entire settlement area is used extremely weak, since in the overwhelming majority of the forests are in hard-to-reach areas, away from the communication paths.

The total annual growth of wood in Russia's forests is 830 million m.3 , of which approximately 600 million m3 - in coniferous forests. The average annual increase in the stock of wood per 1 hectare in the European part of Russia ranges from 1 m3 in the north to 4 m 3 In the middle strip. In the Asian part, it ranges from 2 m3 in the south to 0.5 m 3 In the north, which is explained by the harsh climatic conditions, high age of plantings and the effects of forest fires (high fire hazard due to weather conditions, it is first of all in the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Sakha and the Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Forest resources are not only as a source of raw materials, but also as a factor in ensuring the necessary unchangeable environment for society.

2. 2. The value of the forest industry in the national economy of the Altai Territory

Satisfying from year to year the growing needs in forest resources can only be by increasing the productivity of forest ecosystems, and this is the main task solved by forestry.

All forestry activities are aimed at solving three main tasks: the protection of forests from fires and harmful insects; Reproduction and use of forests.

The Altai Forest faithfully served post-revolutionary Russia, it suffices to say that the Male-Metal Toursib was built on Altai spat.

Becoming in the postwar years a separate industry, the forestry has passed a difficult path of development and enterprise leading forestry, became foci of forest culture.

The total stock of wood - 395 million m3, the proportion of garry from the total area of \u200b\u200bforests is 0.141%, the share of cutting from the total forest area is 1.08%.

Forests 1 groups occupy 2918.9 thousand hectares. Forests 2 groups occupy 818 thousand hectares. Forests 3 groups occupy an area of \u200b\u200b625.6 thousand hectares.

According to natural and forestry conditions, the role and importance in the forests of the State Forestands allocated 4 forest areas:

Boring-borovoy - forest belt borov, all forests are attributed to "especially valuable forestry", the total area is 1123.5 thousand hectares, incl. Forest covered area - 880.1 thousand hectares;

Priobsky - Subsidian forests include: Total area of \u200b\u200b837.7 thousand hectares, incl. Forest covered area - 661.1 thousand hectares;

Salairsky - forests include the forests of the Salair Cherry Taiga, the total area of \u200b\u200bforests is 583.3 thousand hectares, incl. forest covered - 515.6 thousand hectares;

Predarious - Altai Foreign Forests, total forest area 836.3 thousand hectares, incl. Forest covered with 646.6 thousand hectares.

The prevailing rocks in the forests of the Altai Territory are coniferous - 54% (including cedar - 1.9%), small-scale - 46% (see Appendix No. 2). The average age of forests of the Gosplanefond - 66 years, incl. Conifers - 80 years and deciduous - 48 years. The stock of the whole forest fund is 494.85 million m3, incl. Gosplanefond - 400.08 million m3.

The average annual increase reaches 6.5 million m3, of which 3.5 million m3 are accounted for on coniferous - 3 million m3 (see Appendix No. 2).

The estimated logbook on the main use is 2040 thousand m3, incl. By coniferous economy - 331 thousand m3.

The intensity of forest management decreases annually, so in 1994 - 900 thousand m3, in 1995 - 800 thousand m3, in 1996 - 500 thousand m3, in 1997 - 331.3 thousand m3.

Chapter 3. Structure of the timber industry complex and the importance of the forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory

3.1. Structure of the timber industry complex of the Altai Territory

Industries related to the preparation, processing and processing of wood raw materials are combined into a group with a common name - the forest industry, it is also called a forest complex

The structure of the timber industry complex allocate the following industries:

forestry, sawmill - Main areas of sawmills: stone-on-Ob - Kamensky Lesopierreering Processing Combine, Topchikhinsky district;

furniture production - Barnaul, Biysk, Rubtsovsk, Novoaltaysk, Zarinsk, Slavgorod;
Standard House Building - Topchikhinsky district, Kulundinsky and Mikhailovsky districts;

Pulp and paper industry - Annunciation;

chemical and mechanical processing of wood - Shipunovsky district.

Sawmill industryit is posted mainly in the main areas of logging and in the nodes of the transport highways, at the intersection of railways and alloic waterways. The largest sawmills are located in Barnaul.

Furniture manufacture Focused mainly in the largest cities of the Altai Territory, the consumer factor affects.

Standard house buildingit is located in Topchikhinsky district, Kulundynsky and Mikhailovsky districts.

The most important sector of chemical wood processing iscellulosic and paper industry. From sulfite cellulose with the addition of wood mass, various paper varieties can be produced. A variety of paper varieties are produced (for monetary signs condenser, cable, insulating, photopoly conductory, paper transfer paper at a distance and fixation of electrical pulses, anti-corrosion, etc.) from some types of paper are yarn for the manufacture of twine, twine, coarse fabrics, burlap, Also paper for wrapper and bitumen pipes. Technical paper grade andcardboard are widely used for the production of corrugated cardboard, books of books, in auto and electricity, radio engineering, as electrical, thermo-, sound insulation and waterproof material, to filter diesel fuel and clean air from harmful impurities, for insulation of power cables as gaskets between Details of machines, in the construction industry for the production of dry plaster, roofing materials (tol, rubberoid), etc. When processing a grain-bearded paper, a concentrated solution of zinc chloride is obtained by fiber, from which suitcases, containers for liquids, helpers for miners, etc. Waste sawmills and mechanical wood treatment, as well as less high-quality solid rocks are widely used as the initial raw material for pulp and paper production.

For the production of cellulose, a large amount of heat, electricity and water is required. Therefore, when placing pulp and paper enterprises, not only raw materials, but also a water factor, and the proximity of the source of energy supply are taken into account. On the scale of production and economic significancea place Among the forestry sectors after the pulp and paper industry belongshydrolysis industry. With hydrolysis production from non-food vegetable raw materials, ethyl alcohol, protein yeast, glucose, furfurol, carbon dioxide, lignin, concentrates of alcohol bards sulfite, thermal insulating and building personally, and other chemical products are produced. As raw materials, hydrolysis plants use sawdust and other waste of woodworking and woodworking, chopped wood chip.

Chemical and mechanical processing of woodincludes the production of plywood, chipboard and tree-fiber plates. On Fanera, it is preferably reproduced by the wood of the least deficit hardwood - birch, alder, linden. There are several types of plywood in Russia; glued, facing, thermal, fire-resistant, color, furniture, decorative, etc. The plant for the production of plywood is available in Barnaul.

3.2. Forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory

It remains high losses of forests from forest fires, harmful organisms, industrial emissions and illegal logging. Over the past 10 years, forest cultures have been created by forestry workers of the Altai Territory on an area of \u200b\u200b57.1 thousand hectares and on the area of \u200b\u200b12.1 thousand hectares, facilitating the natural resumption of forests. At the same time, as a result of insufficient financing of reforestation activities in areas covered with large forest fires in 1997-2006, 42.5 thousand hectares of garry remain flameshedral areas, and artificial reforestation is carried out mainly at the expense of its own funds of forestry organizations, which does not allow Increase annual landing volumes of forest crops, as a result of which the restoration of Garey is stretched for many years.

To achieve a strategic goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

ensuring rational use and reproduction of forests;
the creation of new directions in the use of wood raw materials based on advanced technological solutions;
the formation of growth points in various fields of activity of the forest complex;
designation of the objectives of the long-term environmental and economic development of the forest complex;
determination of the main factors and restrictions on the development of all types of forestry activities in the long term;
increased forestry intensity, taking into account environmental and economic factors;
improving the competitiveness of goods of woodworking organizations of the region with further promotion of them in foreign markets;
development of a program for the restoration of the production of widespread consumption goods, including souvenirs, children's toys and forestry products.

The prospect of high-quality improvement in the state of forests should be deep chemical-mechanical processing of wood of soft rock (birch, aspens).

Chapter 4. Problems and Prospects for the Development of the Forest Complex of the Altai Territory

4.1. Problems of the Forest Sector of the Altai Territory

Such a change in breed led to a sharp reduction in the settlement area on the coniferous economy.

4.2. Protection of the Forest Complex of the Altai Territory

The forests play an extremely important role in human life, and their importance for the whole living world is great.1

Forestry events and use of the forest fund should be carried out by methods that do not harm the environment, natural resources and human health.

Forestry should provide:

Preservation and strengthening of the media, protective, sanitary and hygienic, wellness and other useful natural properties of forests in the interests of human health;

Multipurpose, continuous, sustainable use of the forest fund to meet the needs of society and individual citizens in wood and other forest resources;

Reproduction, improvement of the natural composition and quality of forests, increase their productivity and forest protection;

Rational use of forest land land;

Improving the efficiency of forestry based on a single technical policy, the use of achievements of science, technology and best practices;

Preservation of biological diversity;

Preservation of objects of historical and natural heritage. 4

As it was above, in accordance with the economic, environmental and social. The value of the forest fund, its location and the functions performed by them, the forest fund is separated by groups of forest groups.

In the forests of these groups, particularly protective areas of forests with a limited forest management regime can be allocated (bereret - and soil sections of the forest along the shores of water bodies, slopes of ravines and beams, forest edges at borders with flaky areas, habitat and distribution, rare and endangering Disappearance of wild animals, plants, etc.).

To the forests of the first group Forests include the main purpose of which is the implementation of water-security, protective, sanitary and hygienic, wellness functions, as well as forests of specially protected natural territories.

Forests of the first category are divided into the following categories of security: protective strips of forests along the banks of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies; protective strips of forests protecting the spawning of valuable fishing fish; anti-erosion forests; protective strips of forests along railway highways, roads of the federal, republican and regional significance; State protective forest strips; ribbon bors; Forests on deserted, semi-desert, steppe, forest-steppe and mining areas, which are important to protect the environment; forests of the green zones of settlements and economic objects; Forests of the first and second belts of sanitary protection of water supply sources; Forests of the first, second and third zones of the surroundings of sanitary (mining and sanitary) resorts; especially valuable forest arrays; forests having scientific or historical significance; Monuments of nature; Orekhovo-fishing zones; forest planting plantings; Prutunder forests; forests of state natural reserves; forests of national parks; forests of natural parks; Reserved forest areas. 4

To the forests of the second group belongs forests in regions with high population density and the developed network of land transport paths; forests performing water-security, protective, sanitary and hygienic, wellness and other functions and having limited performance; Forests in regions with insufficient forest resources, which requires limiting the forest management mode.

To the forests of the third group Forests include many forest regions having mainly operational importance. When the wood harvesting should ensure the preservation of the ecological functions of these forests. The forests of the third group are divided into mastered and reserve. The criteria for assigning forests of the third group to the reserve are established by the Federal Forest Management Authority.

In 1997, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted on the decree "On the introduction of state accounting of the Forest Fund", according to which the State Accounting of the Forest Fund is carried out by the Federal Forestry Service of Russia on the basis of forest management materials, as well as inventory and other types of forest surveys. 4

Protection of forests from pests and diseases (see Appendix No. 3). Insufficient volumes of fighter measures lead to a sharp increase in the area of \u200b\u200bthe pests and the death of the tribes.

To prevent the appearance and mass reproduction of forest pests, to identify forest diseases, conduct preventive measures. Fighter means are used to destroy harmful insects. Preventive and fighter measures ensure effective protection for plantings, provided that they are timely and properly applied.

Before conducting protective measures, it is necessary to establish the spreads of harmful insects, to identify the diseases of forest plantations. Based on this data, the question is solved, what forestry measures are appropriate to apply.

Events to combat pests and forest diseases are divided depending on the principle of operation and technology of application for: forestry, biological, chemical, physicomechanical and quarantine. Often, their comprehensive pro is required. 4

Nuclear pollution. Chernobyl disaster, accidents in nuclear test zones could not but affect forestry. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe forest fund undergoing significant radioactive contamination is about 3.5 million hectares in Russia, of which the accident at the Chernobyl NPP - about 1 million hectares, in Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan regions, about 0.5 million hectares In the Altai Territory - more than 2 million hectares.

Recently, the dose of radiation pollution in the irradiated forests decreased by an average of 13-15%, which is due to the processes of the natural radioactive decay of the radio nuclides and the gradual shielding of their forest feeding. At the same time, the level of radiation in mushrooms, berries, grassy vegetation, the leaves of trees are faster decreased in more wet forests.

In case of fires in contaminated radio, the nuclides of forest lands occur a multiple increase in the concentration of radionuclides in the surface layer of air. In addition, the incoming income remaining after fires and the lack are actually low active waste, which requires constant radiation control.

Fighting fires. Forest protection from fires is one of the main tasks of forest products.

Forest fires on the territory of the Altai Territory arose regularly throughout the historically foreseeable period of time. This is due to the fact that over 24% of the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe region belongs to forests 1 and 2 fire hazard classes. These are mainly pine planting of ribbon baguings on dry and very dry sandy soils.

The situation aggravates that there are 234 settlements in the forest zone (with a population of about 352 thousand people).

Analyzing forest fire statistics in the Altai Territory over the past 3.5 years, it can be seen that their number was 2806 on a total area of \u200b\u200b20220 hectares. At the same time, the distribution of forest fires over the years is extremely uneven and depends, first of all, from weather conditions for a particular year.

The conditions for the emergence of forest fires occur annually from April to October inclusive. The main reasons for the emergence of forest fires remain: careless handling of fire in the forest (80%), including fires from agricultural Palov (about 20%), and dry thunderstorms (20%). And if the occurrence of dry thunderstorms is not prevented prevented, then the decrease in the number of fires due to the fault of the population should remain the priority task of forest rods of the region.

In addition, greater concern among the leadership of the industry and farms causes the proximity of the border with the Republic of Kazakhstan, from where, from 1996 to 2010, 11 forest fires passed on the territory of the Altai Territory, the last - September 8, 2010 on the territory of the Kleauchevsky forestry, where it was eliminated on the square 12945 hectares. The total area passed by cross-border fires over the past 15 years amounted to 28 thousand hectares. Despite the measures taken by both parties to prevent transboundary fires, there are still unsolved a number of problematic issues.

In order to prevent emergency situations caused by forest fires, in the Altai Territory annually:

Approved a consolidated plan for the extinguishing of forest fires, mobilization of forces and means; To protect settlements located in the zone of the possible transition of forest fires, only this year is planned to attract 1036 units of personnel and 182 units of technology - 1 echelon; 870 units of personnel and 170 units of equipment - 2 echelon; 850 units of personnel and 150 units of equipment - reserve;

Regular meetings of the COP and PB of the Altai Territory are held; Command-staff teachings and workouts on the topic: "Organization of management of the forces and means of urban and district links TP RSCS in the threat and emergence of emergencies caused by forest fires";

Agreements are concluded with concerned organizations for the protection of forests from fires, including the Republic of Kazakhstan;

On the basis of the Biysky Leshoz-technical school, the heads of extinguishing of large forest fires are trained (236 people trained in the last 3.5 years).

Currently, in the Altai Territory, a reliable forest protection system has been created from fires, including terrestrial forces and means, aviation and space monitoring recognized as the best in the Russian Federation. 157 fire and chemical stations of the region and 50 points of focusing fire inventory are equipped with the necessary equipment, equipment and inventory. The use of this technique will increase the existing terrestrial protection of forests.

For the purposes of timely detection of forest fires, 159 fire-observation steps are functioning on the lands of the forest fund, with which permanent observation is conducted, 51 of which are equipped with video surveillance systems. The number of existing fire and observation steps and their placement allow you to timely detect the fire, determine its location and promptly deliver people, specialized forest facilities and equipment to the place of fire, due to which it is possible to minimize the area covered with fire and reducing the damage caused by forest fire.

Forestry workers are also located 3 modern Robinson R-44 helicopters that carry out regular patrols on the lands of the forest fund. Through the use of helicopter data, only in the current year managed to detect and eliminate 60 forest fires. The high efficiency of aviation work in the edge is due to the presence:

3 operational aviation points (Pavlovskaya, Volchikhinskaya, Charysh), meeting all modern requirements for takeoff, landing, basing helicopters, fueling fuel and platter crews; - communication systems; - information and telecommunication system "ash" hardware and software package (aircraft - dispatching item);

Specially trained professional team, including 3 pilots, 3 observer pilots, 10 engineering and technical composition.

A complex of preventive fire fighting measures carried out in the region, together with the interaction of all state structures, the ability to predict the development of emergency situations, solve issues of operational maneuvering and transformation of the necessary forces and means of fire extinguishing to forest fires allow you to keep the fire hazardous situation in the province under control.

Stay of citizens in the forest. According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, citizens have the right in the forest to collect wild fruits, berries, nuts, mushrooms and other food forest resources, medicinal plants that are not listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and a list of drug-containing plants and natural drug-containing raw materials.

Forests are damaged to tourists (spoil trees, shrubs, grass), cars. Mechanical impact causes soil seal and damaging brittle forest herbs.

With the soil seal degrades the state of tree-shrub vegetation, the nutrition of the trees is worsening, since on the highly wipers of the soil becomes land, and on low - mooring. The deterioration of food weakens the trees, delays their growth and development. The annual increase, especially coniferous trees, is noticeably reduced. The young needles are in short. The soil seal disrupts its structure and reduces the porosity, worsens the conditions of the life of soil microorganisms.

The collection of mushrooms, colors and berries undermines the renewal of a number of plant species. The fire for five to seven years completely displays a block of land on which it was laid out. The noise frightens birds and mammals, prevents them from rather heaven. 4

Rangeing branches, cuttings on trunks and other mechanical damage contribute to the insect pests infection.

Monitoring forests. According to the Federal Target Program "Forest Russia for 1997-2000", the main objectives of forest monitoring are, in particular, the development and creation of an existing network of information exchange at the Region - Federal Center; Collection and dissemination of information on the state of forests with the most valuable plantings, as well as with plantings, damaged negative impacts. 4

The reforestation in the Altai Territory was developed during the development of virgin lands. The main principle in the implementation of measures in the reproduction of forests remains the obligatory timely restoration of economic and valuable rocks on cutting, ghari, sites of dead plantings, the reduction of forest funds not covered with forest vegetation. For the period from 51st to 70s, 319 thousand hectares of forest crops were created in the region. This became possible due to the intense labor of forest products on the development of the seed base, the creation of nurseries, the cultivation of landing material, the widespread introduction of mechanization into all technological processes. It should be noted that until 1989, the volume of forest crops were stable and even had a tendency of some growth. Large volumes of reforestation work led to the fact that the Locutrum Foundation in belt boroughs was exhausted, the creation of cultures began to decline.

4.3. Prospects for the development of the forest complex of the Altai Territory

The sawmill in Altai has favorable prospects and develop it is advisable in the form of large productions with the completed cycle on the use of wood raw materials and waste.

Negatively affects the efficiency of the use of wood waste. Absence in a timber industry complex of the region of organizations on the deep processing of wood, therefore it is planned to be a significant development of such capacities.

The main strategic directions for the development of timber processing production are:

Development and implementation of investment projects for the development of deep processing of wood;

The creation of large organizations specializing in modern high-tech woodworking (sawmill, slab, plywood, house-building) and forestry industries;

Promoting the restructuring of industries to create and develop integrated structures capable of competing in international markets;

The creation of mutually beneficial economic relations between the organizations of the timber industry complex;

Release of competitive forest products of high value added.

The main points of growth of the forest complex of the region provides for the construction of new, reconstruction of old industries:

S. North Klyuchevsky district of the Altai Territory - the production of wooden houses from glued timber and wooden frame house-building with a volume of 40 thousand m2 per year;

S. Mikhailovskoye Mikhailovsky district of the Altai Territory - the construction of a plant for the production of OSB wood plates with a volume of 70 thousand m3 per year;

S. Volchikha Volchikhinsky district of the Altai Territory - the concentration of production of sawn timber with a volume of 150 thousand m3 per year;

S. Angles of the Agrovsky district of the Altai Territory - the concentration of production plants for the production of sawn timber with a capacity of 120 thousand m3 per year, the construction of a plant for the production of laminated MDF plates with a volume of 70 thousand m3 per year;

S. Rakiti Rubtsovsky district of the Altai Territory - production of fuel pellets with a volume of 5 thousand tons per year, high-rise system with a volume of 20 thousand m3, sets of inter-storey stairs;

S. The passage of the Yegoryevsky district of the Altai Territory is the production of a pinned log with a volume of 20 thousand m3 per year;

S. Novichiha Novichikhinsky district of the Altai Territory - the concentration of production for the production of milling products for house-building with a volume of 12 thousand m3 per year;

S. Mammotho Mamontovsky district of the Altai Territory - the production of glued furniture shield from an array with a volume of 5 thousand m3 per year, extension of production of wicker products;

S. Vylkovo Tyumentian district of the Altai Territory - production of window and door blocks, incl. To configure wooden houses with a volume of 30 thousand m2 per year;

S. Ribrich Rebrichinsky district of the Altai Territory - the construction of a plant for the production of laminated MDF plates with a volume of 70 thousand m3 per year;

S. Pavlovsk Pavlovsky district of the Altai Territory - the concentration of production of sawn timber with a volume of 150 thousand m3 per year;

S. Topchikh Topchikhinsky district of the Altai Territory - the production of wooden houses from glued timber, rounded log, frame house-building with a volume of 50 thousand m2 per year;

Mr. Stone-on-Obi of the Altai Territory - Construction of a workshop for the production of plywood with a volume of 50 thousand m3 per year, a plane for the production of sawn timber 100 thousand m3 per year;

S. Bobrovka of the Pervomaisky District of the Altai Territory - the production of sawn timber in the amount of 60 thousand m3 per year, the production of wooden frame-shield houses with a volume of 10 thousand m2 per year, the construction of the workshop for the production of activated carbon with a volume of 3.0 thousand tons, production chlorophyllo-kratin paste;

S. Larichiha Talmensky district of the Altai Territory - the construction of a plant for the production of chipboard of chipboard with a volume of 70 thousand m3 per year and the Lamination line of the chipboard;

The main points of growth of organizations of the Union with a small volume of production are provided:

In Zarinsk Zarinsky district of the Altai Territory - the development of sawmills with an increase in the production of sawn timber to 10 thousand m3, the workpiece and processing of the ferns "Orlyak" in the amount of 45 tons per year, the cultivation and harvesting of the New Year's firs;

S. Zaleovo Zalevsky district of the Altai Territory - the development of sawmills with an increase in the production of sawn timber to 8 thousand m3, the billet and processing of the Fern "Orlyak" in the amount of 55 tons per year, the cultivation and harvesting of the New Year's eats;

S. Togul Togulsky district of the Altai Territory - the development of sawmills with an increase in the production of sawn timber to 5 thousand m3, the workpiece and processing of the ferner "Orlyak" for export in the amount of 40 tons per year, the cultivation and harvesting of the New Year's firs;

S. Frunze of the Krasnogorsk district of the Altai Territory - the development of sawmills with an increase in the volume of production of sawn timber to 10 thousand m3, the workpiece and processing of the Fern "Orlyak" for export in the amount of 45 tons per year, the cultivation and harvesting of the New Year's fir;

S. Altai Altai district of the Altai Territory - the development of sawmills with an increase in the production of sawn timber to 5 thousand m3, cultivation and harvesting of New Year's firs;

S. Kolyvan Kuryinsky district of the Altai Territory - the development of sawmills with an increase in the production of sawn timber to 5 thousand m3, the production of fir oil with a volume of 3 tons per year, the cultivation and harvesting of Christmas firs;

S. Znamenka Slavgorodsky district of the Altai Territory - the development of sawmills with an increase in the production of sawn timber to 2 thousand m3 per year, harvesting and processing of birch juice, fruits, wild berries, fungi, medicinal plants, technical raw materials;

S. Shipunovo of the Shipunovsky district of the Altai Territory - the preparation and processing of wood wood for the population of the region, growing, the collection of medicinal herbs and their processing.

Chapter 5. The use of materials of the thesis in rural school.

Based on the studies, we offer the following activities.

Lesson-trip by ecology. 2-4th grades. Topic: "Nature of the Altai Territory"

Objectives lesson: Form ideas about the natural environment of the Altai Territory; Enrich students' knowledge about the life of animals, plants, birds; Relieve careful attitude towards nature.

Equipment: Cards with tasks, a surprise box, illustration, book "Altai State Reserve", Map of the Altai Territory, Collection of minerals, red and green markers.

During the classes:

Hello children!

Look my dear friend
What is around?
Sky light blue
The sun shines golden
The wind is playing,
Tuchka in the sky swims,
Field, river and grass,
Mountains, air and foliage,
Birds, beasts and forests,
Thunder, fog and dew.
Man and season -
It's all around ...
(Children choir: "Nature!")

Sit down more convenient. Today we will travel to travel by nature of our region. We have to find out how well you know the native nature. She needs your defense, care, love. Find out who knows the life of animals, birds, plants, insects better.

First station "Questions and answers".

At this station lives a wise turtle, he prepared questions for which we should answer quickly and accurately, in order for us the station to give us a ticket for further journey. Do not shout, raise your hands (questions are asked both two classes).

1. Who is white in winter, and in summer gray?(hare)
2. What kind of predatory animals live in our area?(Fox, Wolf, Lask, Cork)
3. What bird feeds on cedar and spruce seeds?(crossbill)
4. What are the night predatory bird?(owl)
5. What bird does not fly to us in winter?(bullfinch)

Excellent! We received a ticket and went to the station "Mathematical. "

You have a card with mathematical chains on your tables, decide them and find out the answer to the question.

Card-1 (2nd class)

Card-1 (4th grade)

Options for answers on the board: 12-hedgehog,11-beaver, 4-hare.

Card-2 (2nd class)

Card-2 (4th grade)

Options for answers on the board:20-sterling, 21-pike, 36-perch.

Well done! You coped! Go further to the station "Mushroom".

Guess the riddles about mushrooms(Riddles are set to two classes simultaneously):

Look what good!
Hat red in polka dot,
Lace collar
He is not new in the forest.
(Amanita)

Dense, strong, static,
In a hat brown and elegant.
This is the pride of all forests!
Real king of mushrooms!
(White, Borovik)

No mushrooms friendship than these
Known adults and children -
On hemp grow in the forest,
Like freckles on the nose.
(Walked)

Autumn in the forest brought in summer
Go to redheads.
Very friendly sisters
Golden ...
(chanterelles)

It is interesting to know, guys listen:

Do you know that moose love to eat mushrooms.
The mushrooms should be sent early in the morning, with a dawn, at this time the mushroom is the strongest.
The mushrooms have no roots, and there is a mushroom, it is easily destroyed, so they cannot be left out of the soil, otherwise mushrooms will not grow at this place for 7-10 years.

And what mushrooms grow in our area?
(White, champignons, hassle, freight)

Hurray, we got to the station "Physical system

You probably tired?
And now everyone got together.
Stretched the neck
And how geese came.

Here jarled like bunks
And hollow like huskies,
Skilled like bears,
And now as the mouses sat down.

Guess the riddle.
Running tracks
Ring and agile.
Snake wriggles.
As it is called
(Creek)

For the second class, on the desk for each card with the task.

Connect the arrows of the names of rivers and lakes in your cards.

The guys of the fourth grade are joined in the group and work together. For you work with a map.

Find on the map of the Altai Territory of the River: Katun, Biya, Ob (break in green felt-tip pen); Lakes: Kulundinskoye, Kuchuk (red felt-tip pen).

The guys of the 2nd class let's check yourself, on the board I posted the correct answers. Who did everything right, raise your hands.

On the chalkboard plate with the names of rivers and lakes of the Altai Territory.

Biya, Ob, Katun	River
Uton, Kulundinskoye, Teletskoye	Lakes

The guys of the 4th grade for checking I give you my card,(Check Independent)

The wise turtle prepared us a story about the beautiful Teletsk Lake.

Altai peoples call him "Altyn - Köl", which translated into Russian means "Golden Lake". This lake ranks second in the world in the reserves of fresh water, after Lake Baikal. The length of the lake is 78 km, the width is 3km, the depth is 325 meters, 71 rivers flow into the lake, and only one flows. Part of the Teletsk Lake and the territory adjacent to it are part of the Altai State Reserve.

Guys, what are the reserves create?(To save nature.)

Our assistant wise turtle very hurried to leave, but left us a gift, so it is, this is a magic box. She probably hard?Gena , Help me put it on the table.(No, it is light).

What do you think there?(…)

Let's open it. Come on one, and with closed eyes take what falls at hand. Sit down to your places. Carefully consider reading.

In the box envelopes with pictures and inscriptions to them: Forest, water, beasts, insects, air, flowers, birds, amphibians, mushrooms, minerals(by the number of children in the class).
What is it?

(pictures with mushrooms, birds ...)

Children Let's tell me that for the wealth received each of you, who is the first?
Why does the wise turtle consider it all wealth?
Why did she give it to us?(we must save it)

Well, here we got with you to the end station, it is called"Final".

What did we do today at the lesson?
What new have you learned for yourself?
Why do we all need to protect nature?

Thank you! You all worked fine today.

Homework:In our region there are many wild trees, what are the trees, list them in your notebook.

Extracurricular event on the topic "Travel to the world of plants of the Altai Territory"

The purpose of the event is:create conditions for acquaintance with the floral world of the Altai Territory.

Tasks:

show photosynthesis for life on earth;
introduce the vegetation world of the Altai Territory;
become acquainted with medicinal plants of our region;
introduce plants listed in the Red Book of the Altai Territory;
relieve love for the native edge.

Logistical equipment:multimedia projector, computer, Watman, Markers, Herbarium, Plant Pictures.

Form of holding: Game journey.

Epigraph:

"You are the inhabitants of one planet,
Passengers of one ship. "

Event flow

Lead 1:

We are surrounded by the green ocean of plants that dress us, nourishes, supplies oxygen and treats from various diseases.

I lay low, forests, -
Roots, trunks and every branch.

M. Kovalevskaya.

Lead 2:

Today we will go to an amazing journey into the world of plants of our region.

I strive for a luxurious will,
Merily to the beautiful side
Where in a wide clean field
Good, as in a wonderful dream.
There bloom and clover lush.
And innocent cornflower.

A. White

Lead 1:

We will travel on the train, stopping at each station, to learn as much as possible about the plant world of the Altai Territory. You need to divide into two groups of tourists. Since the red and green light use on the railway, then each of you will take a fault of one of the colors. The guys who turned out to be a red token, there will be a group of tourists "way is busy." Guys who have a green token - the tourists of the "path is free".

Lead 2:

At the stations you have to answer questions. For the right answers you will receive tokens. A group of tourists who scored more points will receive tickets for the next station. A group that scores less points to additionally work to continue the path.

Lead 1:

We will visit you at stations(Slide number 4):

"Plant" "Rescue"

"Photosynthetic" "Green Pharmacy" "Reserve"

Station duty officer:

"Photosynthesting".I will introduce you to the Great Miracle Photosynthesis. But before I want to know that you guys know about this process.

Questions:

Which of you knows what photosynthesis is?
And where is Photosynthesis?
What is the meaning of photosynthesis for life on earth?
What the words of S. Kosticheva mean: "It is worth the green leaf to stop its work for several years, and all the living population of the globe, and, including all of humanity, will die like a small insect at the occurrence of winter, but only perishing irrevocably."
Why? Two legal life on earth:

Red Sun.
Yes green grains?

(Duty station distributes tokens)

Guide:

The sun is a source of life on earth. And nothing else can replace his living rays, which are already about 5 billion years old illuminate our planet. Thanks to them, the bird flies high in the sky, deep in the waters of the ocean floats the fish, a man walks proudly on the ground.

Station duty officer:

Buzzing like a flame, palm tree in the wind.
Roots Pouring dead stone,
Green torch long sips
From the sky drinks a rattling heat.
Student Zenit to the green campfire,
To the trunk, where under the swollen nodes.
Like Braga, wanders the sunny flame
Spilled in the crown and bark.
And up, on the veins of the flame leaves,
From the abyss, the grill
Fall volcanic snakes.
The molten lava understood
That the path to the sun can not be straight,
Than the vertical of this trunk.

(M. de Humano)

Station duty officer:

Tell me, please, what processes are described in this poem?

(Answer: Two processes are shown in the poem: the flow of water with mineral salts ("... and upwards ...") and the absorption of the sun's energy ("... green torch ...") a leaf of a green plant.

Guide: Tell me please, about what process taking place in the sheet, says in the riddle? One hundred handchones Sun catch,

Food is prepared on the rays.

(Answer: Photosynthesis)

Guide:

The term "photosynthesis" himself appeared somewhere in the 19th century (Greek. "Photos" - light, "Synthesis" - connection). However, the air power itself was openly in the 18th century. The link between the green plant and the sun was established. And best of this was written by K.A. Timiryazev: "This connection between the sun and a green leaf leads us to the widest, the most generalizing representation of the plant. It reveals the space role of the plant in front of us. A green leaf or, rather, a microscopic green chlorophyll grain is a focus, a point in the world space, in which the energy of the Sun is flowing from one end, and from the other - they begin on all manifestations of life on Earth. The plant is an intermediary between heaven and earth. Ono-true Prometheus, kidding fire from the sky. The stolen ray of the Sun leads to the movement and monstrous flywheel of the giant steam car, and the painter's brush, and the Poet's feather. "

Station duty officer:

And so the sheet is a special photosynthetic laboratory, in which the wonderful transformations of water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide, but, which is important, is necessarily with the participation of the Light Quantum. The quanta of light captured by chlorophyll is launching a system of food education "everything essentially on earth".

Guide:

And what exactly is preparing in a sheet? What substance is synthesized by chlorophyll grain sheet? What kind of condition is required for this?

Answer in a riddle: the factory is salt and a water,

And the air is suitable!
And from the factory - fat yes torching
And Sugar Crupitsa.

(Answer: For the photosynthesis process, water with mineral salts is necessary, carbon dioxide, and in chlorophyll grain (in granules) using organic fusion quantum occurs.)

Station duty officer:

What organic substances are formed?

(Answer: mostly sugar, starch and fats)

Guide:

Every year, as a result of photosynthesis, 232 billion tons of organic matter is created and 248 billion tons of oxygen is produced.

Additional questions Group of tourists who scored less tokens:

What does carbon dioxide do in the sheet?
How is the dust of the sheet?
What plants are shadow or light chlorophyll? (5-10 times more chlorophyll in shadow leaf cells)
What organic substances are formed during photosynthesis?

Station duty officer:

Guys, you received travel tickets to the next station. Please take places in the wagons, according to tickets.

Train departs.

Happy way to you!

Station duty officer:

Guys, you arrived at the station"Plant". Here you will get acquainted with the vegetation of the Altai Territory.

Guide:

The floral cover of the Altai Territory is very diverse.

(Slide number 5)

In the West (Kuluddinskaya Plain), the most common-handed tacchal-nice steppes are most common, in the Priobye - meadow steppes in combination with fine birch and aspen slices. There are pine forests in the edge. Their proximity with the steppe led to the penetration of the trends of the stepted species of plants. The vegetation of steppes for the most part is low, narrowing cereals are predomined, adapted to systematic droughts. In the grassway steppes there are tits, mattles, noodles, wormwood. Most plants have a powerful root system.

Within the edge there are 1980 species of higher vascular plants. The most rich in the family species: astrova (complex color) - 237 species, cereals - 156, legumes - 106, source -85, rose-colored -72 species. As well as about 400 species of moss, a significant number of lichens, algae. Among them are representatives of endemic and relic species. The useful flora of the region has more than 600 species of plants, among which there are: medicinal - 380 species; Honey - 166 species; feed -330 species; Decorative - 215 species, food - 149 species, vitamin-axis -33 species, dye - 66 species.

Most plant species are found in the mountains and on the plain.

In the forests of the edge, the pine is common (1072.6 thousand gangs), birch (592 thousand ghasum), aspen (582.4 thousand gang), fir (288.3 thousand gang), larch (69.3 thousand. ha), spruce (14.8 thousand y 3).

(Slideshow demonstration number 6-11)

Station duty officer:

And now each group of tourists will perform the following tasks:

Name the most common plants of our area (write on the sheet of paper and give up the station on duty).
On the herbaries to determine the plants of our area.
Which of them belong to the medicinal?

Station duty officer:

You coped well with the task and can continue the journey.

Happy way to you!

Station duty officer: You arrived at the station"Green pharmacy".

There are healing in herbs and colors
For everyone who knows how to solve their secret.

Guide:

Here you will get acquainted with the medicinal plants of the Altai Territory.

The Altai Territory is rich in medicinal plants. Over 100 tons of medicinal raw materials are harvested annually. Especially valuable include: Golden root (Rhodiola Pink), Maral root (Rapoptikum Saflorore-like), Red root (poisoner forgotten), Maryan Root (PION evaded), Solodka Ural, Orezitsa, St. John's wort, Nine and others. Dandelion, plantain,

Vasilek, sage and mint.
Here is a green pharmacy
Helps you guys!

Demonstration of slides number 12-16 "Altai Territory Medicinal Plants"

Station duty officer:

And now questions for you:

What the grass love cats, what disease is treated with this grass? (Valerian, heart disease)
What plants do flowers or inflorescences use as medicinal raw materials? (Lipa, Calendula, Chamomile, Pijma, Corn Strugs, Primorce Spring, Sand Cmin)
What plants do roots and rhizomes use as raw materials? (Valerian, Nather, Ginseng, Rhodiola Pink, Burning, Lattop)
What plants are fruits used as medicinal raw materials? (Hawthorn, rosehip, rowan, currant, sea buckthorn, viburnum, raspberry).
What poisonous plants are at the same time medicinal? (Belladonna, Roman Ordinary, Boligols Spotted, Lily of May)
This nickname is not a gift from a beautiful flower.
A drop of juicy nectar and soulist and sweet.
From the cold heralds
You will help ... (Medianship)
Why is the birch broom soaring in the bath? (Birch leaves kill pathogenic microbes).
Unusual leaves of this tree allocate phytoncides that kill microbes are treated from zing. Used for soothing baths. Name him ... (pine).
The juice of this plant is used instead of iodine, to remove warts, wash it out of the leaves, wash your head. (Celandine).
Leaves and roots of this plant are used from pain when injury. (Burdock, plantain).

Station duty officer: Both groups of tourists perfectly coped withtask. You can continue your way, green light burns for you.

Happy way to you!

Station duty officer:

You are met by duty station"Rescue".

What do you think guys who need to save?

Bells, chamomile,
Blue vasilkov's eyes
Zlatocevet, peas, nask-
Sea whole flowers ...

Let them grow, fraught,
Let in all its glory bloom,
Let, grain his rhonea,
Life to other colors give!

A. Corinthian

Here you will get acquainted with the plants of our edge, listed in the Red Books.

Guide:

No matter how sad it is to realize, but our time has become in the history of the Earth by the time of the most sharp change in humanity of the natural habitat, in which the person is reasonable as a biological species, and those ethnocultural and social structures that were created by human society in the process of reasonable and unreasonable activity .

The prophetic words of the great natural scientist V.I. Vernadsky

"Man has become a geological factor."

With the active development of the territory in a short time, the unique natural appearance of nature may change and reduce the genetic fund of the plant world. More than 100 types of plants of the edge are now attracted to the category of rare and disappearing.

Demonstration of slides number 17-21 "Rare and endangered plants of the Altai Territory".

In the region, plant types of plants entered in the Red Book of Russia are growing.

Plants listed in the Red Book of Russia:

Venereal shoes Present, Venereal Large-flowered shoe, Yatryshnik Slam and Rubber Altai, Kandyk Siberian, Pickname, Pearful, Padbodynik, Warm, Yellow, Bruunner Siberian, Flooring, Water Walnut (Chile).

The book "Rare and Fingering Plants of Siberia" contained 127 species growing in the region.

Plants listed in the Red Book of Siberia:

Stretch Opened (Snowdrop), Asian Bath, Maral Root, Eugene Korar, Krasidune Yellow, Golden Root, Rhododendron Larber, Tulip One-Deck, Lipa Siberian, Vereshchagin Rogoz.

In 1998, the Red Book of the Altai Territory was published.

In the regional red book made 144 types of plants requiring protection, these are 14 species of ferns, among them an extremely rare water fern - salvia floating, grazed workers, a steller cryptogram.

The remaining 130 species belong to flowering plants.

Plants listed in the Red Book of the Altai Territory:

Maltopa Ural, Golden Root, Marali Root, Horizols, Peony Avasive, Rhubarb Altai, Cmin Sandy, Blookol Wide, Rhodiola Cold, Rosyanka Kruglisutaya, Astragal Pink, Iris (Quecer) Sibirsky, Iris (Quecer) Tiger, Tulip Altai

Station duty officer:

Guys, name the reasons why so many plants ask for help.

What words, would you contact all people land?

(The design of slogans on the cooked sheets of Watman and reading slogans).

Guide:

As it is terrible - the oranieu of the kind,
All the polls, all to one,
When devastated nature
No longer to do anything.
And crawling rolling running.
And the water strings will dry out.
And the birds will die. And the plant will fall.
And the beast will not work out their trouble.
And how much do you care, no look for you,
What is your exclusion nor
The protection land requires. Protection.
She is asking for people salvation.

S. isful. Red Book.

Station duty officer:

And now you guys go to the end station of our trip"Reserve".

Happy way to you!

Station duty officer: You arrived at the station"Reserve".

Guide:

"We live in one family,
We sing in one circle,
Go in the same
Fly in one flight ...
Let's save
Chamomile in the meadow
Layer on the river
And cranberries on the swamp. "

Station duty officer:

Why create reserves?
What kind of reserves do you know?
Do we have reserves in the edge?

Guide:

In the region there is one small nature reserve - Tihirell, created in 1999. The materials were prepared for the creation of the Belokurikhinsky, Kulundy Lake-Steppe and Kolyvan National Parks. In the territory of the region, 36 reserves were formed, 4 of them are complex: Beloretsky - in the Zmeinogorsk district, Inska - in Charyshsky, Mikhailovsky-Krasnogorsk and Yeletsovsky - in the Yelats district. Reservations are protected or all components of nature or certain types of plants and animals are guarded. There are reserves of hunting, Borovy, Taiga. Among the reserves are the largest - chinactinsky (70 thousand gg), Togulsky (65 thousand gg), Charyshsky (55 thousand HA), and the smallest - oz. AA (72.2 hectares)

Guide: And now we will take a little excursion to the Tihirere Reserve.

date of creation

The Tihirere State Natural Reserve was created on December 4, 1999 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1342.

Geographical position

The reserve is located in West Altai on the watershed between the tributaries of the Charysh river and in the upper reaches of the Aleu River, on the territory of the Zmeinogorsk, Tretyakovsky and Krasnichekovsky districts of the Altai Territory on the border with Kazakhstan.

Purpose of creation

Protection of west-headed mountain ecosystems of Western Altai.

Area

40,693 hectares.

Number of clusters3.

Subordinate territory and security zone

The reserve has a security area of \u200b\u200b26,257 hectares.

The geographical location, climate inhomogeneity and the diversity of environmental conditions determine the features of the plant cover of the reserve. The territory of the Tihirere Reserve belongs to the West-Altai Province, the Middle Character of the Taiga-Shuttle-Foreign District (Northern part of the reserve) and the Tihirek district of the Black Taiga (southern main part of the reserve).

The originality of the black taiga of the mountains of Southern Siberia and Altai is the most ancient (relict) formation. In black taiga, aspen-fir-fir-fir-firing forests are dominated. There are growing plants such as the european, a wickey, an ordinary osmorism, a wicker bell, a spear-shaped source, the undergrowth of European and others.

In the undergrowth of the aspen-fir \u200b\u200bforests, the cherry is predominant, the Tollga is medium, the raspberry, ordinary, Rowan Siberian. In herbal cover ordinary fern, the swimsuit Altai, Peony Maryan root, a golden roller. Large areas are occupied by shrubs: the Karagan tree, the Tollga is medium, currant is a hollow.

In the forest-steppe strip, the honeysuckle Tatar, Karagan tree, rose robbery, rose hips, barbed, Barbaris Siberian, Cyclist blackfold.

Meadow-steppe species are dominated in herbal cover (the meadow is drawn, the overtrain is high, an ordinary dressing, shells silky, saminard squat and dr.)

The top border of the forest form cedar-fir-headed lights with sites of subalpine highly erased meadows, in which Maral root grow, a volatile buoy, Gorky Frolova, geranium White-colorful, swimsuit (light) Altai, whites white and many others.

In the northern part of the Tihirere Reserve, nice and meadow steps are dominated.

The highest variety of lichens in the forest reserves. Here they grow throughout the surface of the trunks, rising to a height of 15-20 m.

A preliminary list of higher vascular plants of the reserve is 602 species, 286 genera. 74 families. Leading 10 families: astrova, cereals, legumes, rose-colored, buttercourse, cloves, umbrella, lubber, cruciferous contains 59% of the total list of plant species.

The Flora of the Tihirere Reserve contains a significant number of types of economic importance: drug, feed, honey, ornamental plants. Among the valuable medicinal plants, such as Rhodiola Pink (Golden Root), Maral Root, Peony Maryan Root, Badan Tolstolic.

In the Red Books of Russia and the Altai Territory included: Male Shield, Onions Altai, Crested Striper, Klasatar Bludov, Blookol Spirly, Peony Maryan Root, Sabbiosa South Altai and others.

(Demonstration of slides number 22, 23, 24).

Lead 1: Guys, what did you know from this journey?

(The guys express their experiences about the journey).

I offer you tasks (to choose from):

Choose a material about any medicinal plant of the Altai Territory, or on a plant listed in the Red Book of the Altai Territory.
Talk about legend plants, legends.
Make patterns of plants of the Altai Territory.

Conclusion

Of the above, it is possible to summarize that forests are a unique natural resource, for the millennium used by man. At the same time, the forest is the most important part of the natural environment experiencing the consequences of anthropogenic influence and economic activity.

The disappearance of forests is not only undermining the functioning of the forest complex, but largely determines the nature of the environmental degradation as a whole, and often on a global scale.

Also, from the above, it can be concluded that at the moment there is a number of issues that require a rational solution.

In economically, forests are predominantly considered as a source of raw materials for business needs. Despite the seeming stocks of wood in the region, the possibility of extensive exploitation of forest resources is currently exhausted. The transition to nature and resource-saving technologies in the forest complex is the only way that can provide both the needs of the economy and the requirements for the conservation of nature.

The main event on the protection of forests from the destruction and degradation is the prevention of fires. Attracting the population to this problem. Especially schoolchildren can bring positive results. All measures should be sent to change the forest management system, preservation and reproduction of forest resources.

Bibliography

Basics of ecology and nature protection: Tutorial, for professional educational institutions. - Samara, 2000.
Sidorov M. K. Socio - Economic Geography and Regionalistics of Russia. - M: Infra, 2002.
Russian statistical yearbook. - M.: Goskomstat, 2006.
Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, Environment and Man: Tutorial. - M.: "Grand", 1999.
Bobyl S.N., Khojaev A.Sh. Environmental Economics: Tutorial. - M.: Infra-M, 2004.
Zheltikov V.P., Kuznetsov N.G., Tyaglov S.G. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook for universities. - Rostov - on -Don, "Phoenix", 2001.
Economic Geography of Russia: a textbook for universities / ed. T.G. Morozova. - M.: Uniti, 2000.
Economic Geography of Russia / under the general ed. AK. Viyapina V.I. and Dr. Echon. science prof. Stepanova M.V.- M.: Infra-M, 2005.
Kozheva I. A., Kuzboshev E.N. Economic geography and regionalism: Tutorial. - M: Knourus, 2005.
Economic and social geography of Russia / Ed. Khrushcheva A.T. - M.: Drop, 2002.
Encyclopedia for children. T. 12. - M.: "Avanta +", 1999.
Piliev S. Forest reserves of Russia: aspect of management. - economist. - №8. 2003. S.56-58.
Voronin A.V. Prospects for the development of integrated timber industry enterprises - M.: Forest industry. -Number 3. 2003. p.6-9.

14.Balakirev A.A. Forest sector in the economy of Russia. - Forest industry. - 2005.- №1. C.11-13.

15. Large Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Large Russian Encyclopedia, 2003.

Appendix 2.

Appendix 3.

POSITION

On the protection of forests from pests and diseases

1. General Provisions

1.1. The provision on the protection of forests from pests and diseases of the forest (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation) regulates the activities of the protection of the forest fund of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Forest Fund) from pests, diseases, other harmful effects of natural and anthropogenic nature, as well as to implement forest protection measures (hereinafter - Protection of forests, forestkeeping).

1.2. State Department of Forest Protection Activities The federal forest management body is directly and through its territorial bodies.

1.3. Protection against pests, diseases, other harmful effects of natural and anthropogenic nature are subject to forests, forest cultures, nurseries, constant forest areas, plantations and harvested timber in accordance with the requirements of sanitary rules in the forests of the Russian Federation, approved by the Order of the Federal Forestry Service of Russia from 15.01. 98 N 10 (hereinafter - sanitary rules).

1.4. Forest protection is carried out taking into account their natural features, intended purpose and is a system of measures aimed at increasing forest sustainability, to prevent damage from destruction, damage, weakening, pollution of forests, to reduce forest loss from pests and forest diseases, other harmfulness impacts of natural and anthropogenic character.

1.5. Forest protection includes the following activities:

design and conducting preventive measures to protect forests from pests and diseases;

sanitary and recreation activities;

design and exercise of fighter measures in pest foci, forest diseases;

events on the protection of forest products, including harvested wood and timber;

forestatological monitoring, including supervision of the development of pests, forest disease and damage to forests, nurseries, permanent forestry sites and plantations;

special expedition forefeatological surveys;

control over the execution of regulatory requirements of forestkeys during forestry and forest management, inspection of the sanitary condition of forests.

06.12.2015 17:25

Altai is an amazing, unique place. Fauna, similar to the local, is no longer found anywhere on our planet. But at the same time, plants growing in the European part of Russia can be found in Altai and even in the territory of the former USSR, including in Kazakhstan. Such an incredible diversity is explained by the characteristics of climate, terrain and geological development of the region.

Altai is the edge of the forests. Rarely where in the world there are unique belt bors - tree formations, stretching by a strip along rivers over ancient mineral sediments. Such forest ribbons form a unique microclimate in their surroundings and are natural defects of the soil from weathered.

Altai ribbon bars

Pine belt bors take their beginning from ancient times when the sea splashed over the Western European plain. The internal flows of this sea, stitching to the Aral Basin, applied sand in certain directions. On these ancient alluvial sediments and began to grow pines, which have made beautiful belly boursters today.

The longest of all Altai strip forests is Barnaul Pine Bor, stretching by more than 500 kilometers from Obda to Irtysh. It is not so large with a width - about ten kilometers. However, in some places, ribbon bors merge with each other, and then their width becomes comparable with a length - about 50-100 kilometers.

A sad page of history was the 18th century for ribbon poros. In Altai, the silver industry developed a rapid pace, which requires a huge amount of coal fuel for their needs. Beautiful cedars, pines and fir ruthlessly burned down the root. On compliance with any elementary rules of forestry, speech did not even go.

Later, serious damage with ribbon bara caused terrible fires. Many hectares of forests were destroyed. And only by the beginning of the 50s of the last century it was decided to restore the ribbon bors of Kazakhstan and Altai at the highest level. After that, the forests became little to recover, and by 2013 their area exceeded 700 thousand hectares.

Types of Altai Trees

The climate and geology of the area significantly change the types of forests in different areas of Altai. Experts allocate three types of forest plantations: ribbon bars, priobysh forests and salair ridge.

The foothills of Altai is a real storehouse of valuable wood. Here in abundance, forests formed by cedars and fir, many birch groves grow. The most common in these areas of Altai Pine, forming an black taiga. In such forests, fruit-berry shrubs are often found, such as currants, raspberries, blackberries and rowan. Altai forests are not only "light" of our country, but also a storehouse of healing plants.

One of the most common wood species in Altai is larch. Her wood is very easy and durable. In addition, the larch does not lose its unique properties even after a long exposure of moisture, which only increases the value of the tree.

That is why larch is the most popular building material in Altai. From this tree make residential buildings, telegraph poles, railway sleepers; Bridge supports, berths and dams are erected. All these facilities will serve their owners for a long time, as the larch wood is characterized by increased wear-resistance.

In addition, larch forests are an ideal place for walking. With his own species, they resemble parks - the same bright and spacious. Walking in such a forest is a pleasure!

Another remarkable tree of Altai forests is the famous cedar. Altai Cedar Pine mainly grows at the foot of the mountains, forming powerful bors with a thick crown of dark green. But single representatives of the species are found in larch and fir forests.

Cedar wood has a special value for local handicrafts. The masters are made of her handmade crafts, decorations and charms, so appreciated by travelers and tourists. No less popular cabin furniture. This material is characterized by beauty, ease and durability.

Deciduous species of trees in Altai are represented by species like aspen, poplar and birch. They are mainly growing in the lowlands and valleys of the region. Such forests are rich in shrub. Often there are blackberries, raspberries, currants.

Altai cedar

The king of trees in Altai is considered to be cedar. For a long time, our ancestors understood all the beneficial properties of this tree.

Cedars allocate a fragrant resin that scares the wood pests. Therefore, the scenes often did furniture: chests, shops, cabinets. In cedar furniture, moth larvae die. Scientists have proven that substances allocated wood cedar destroy the pathogenic microbes. That is why in the house with furniture from the Altai cedar, the tenants will hurt much less often.

Cedar wood is the perfect building material. In terms of strength, it is not inferior to structures of steel, and in many other properties in many respects exceeds the latter. For example, cedar has excellent thermal insulation, as well as resistant to large temperature differences and prolonged moisture. Unlike metals, wood does not give in to corrosion destruction. It can be said that cedar wood is an excellent building material presented to us by nature itself. The main thing is correct and rational to use this gift and do not cut out the amazing Altai forests under root and unsystematic.

Another amazing property of the cedar is the ease of wood processing. The tree can be chopped, strict and grinding even manually, not to mention the electric tools. At the same time, the cedar does not lose its strength, and its surface acquires a glossy shine. Such building qualities associated with the beauty of wood rightly make cedar royal trees.

Scientists discovered the secret of these striking qualities. When considering a drink of wood under the microscope, it turned out that cedar wood was formed by a huge number of smallest tubes filled with air. The capillary structure of the wood provides it with more than ten times the best thermal insulation properties than the stone or concrete. Moreover, it is precisely such a structure that determines the stability of the cedar to excess dryness or overcoat. Cedar wood does not crack and does not succumb to harmful insects. Thermal processing in special furnaces prepares cedar to further use as an excellent building material.

Cedar wood is rich in natural phytoncides, which have a pleasant property to disinfect and heal air. Cedar forests are a real natural hospital. After drying trees in the furnaces, many useful properties are lost, but also what remains, has a powerful healing effect.

Altai cedar in construction

Houses and furniture made from cedar or trimmed cedar wood are appreciated not only for a beautiful aesthetic appearance. The light fragrance highlighted by the tree soothes and relieves stress, facilitates headache and migraine. And the air indoors, as scientists noted, becomes almost sterile. Pause microbes are quickly dying from substances secreted by cedar wood. The probability of a disease of the air-droplet in the house from the cedar is reduced to almost zero. It is noted that the tenants of such houses are less likely and live longer.

And live in the house from Kedra is a pleasure. It will always be warm due to the wonderful insulating artworks of the tree, as well as very cozy. Cedar is a surprisingly beautiful tree, moreover, the correct processing only emphasizes the natural charm of the material. The strength of cedar wood will allow living in such a house not one generation of the family. Who will not want to have such a family nest, where "and the walls help"?

Cedar wood and in the construction of baths and saunas are equally popular. Cedars are not so smallest as the trees of pine or ate. Therefore, cedar baths, saunas, steam and phytoboles have become quite widespread.

In Altai, you can often find hives made of cedar wood. It is noted that the bees are better settled by such "housing" and give more honey.

The disinfecting properties of cedar wood allow you to successfully use it for the manufacture of dishes. Especially good to store milk in cedar products - it does not blame it longer and remains fresh.

In addition to the listed, cedar has stunning resonant properties. This allows the use of a tree as a material for the manufacture of musical instruments - guitars, violins, cello and many others.

Preservation of forests

In contrast to many other natural resources, forests are reproducible. The constant use and deforestation of forests involve measures to preserve and reproduce the volume. This measurements can be found:

Use of modern technologies and technology;
Preventing the deforestation of rare and valuable trees;
State and environmental control;
Ensuring constant reproducibility of forests;
Mass agitation and educational activities in favor of preserving forests.

The rational and careful attitude towards natural wealth will allow the use of forests for their own needs and maintain the "light planet" without prejudice to all the inhabitants of the Earth.

Amazing fascinating landscapes of virgin nature, carefully stored by local residents, the cultural and historical heritage, which is generously gifted by this region, are increasingly attracting tourists from other territories and even from foreign countries.

This is a wonderful Altai Territory. The nature of the edge is amazingly rich and multifaceted.

general information

This subject of Russia is located as part of the Siberian Federal District (south-west). It borders with Kazakhstan, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk region, the Republic of Altai. The administrative center is the city of Barnaul.

The region until 1991 included the autonomous region of Gorno-Altai, but at the moment it is an independent subject of the Russian Federation.

Below in more detail is the Altai Territory. The nature of the edge, the history of its development is interested in many people who come here and travelers. About 120 nationalities live in the region today. Most of all Russians (93.9%). Ukrainians, Germans, Kazakhs are also well represented here.

Why did it all start?

The Russians began to settle the foothills of the Altai and the top acquisition in the second half of the XVII century. The development of Altai began after the Beloyarskaya and Bikatuna fortress were built here, respectively, in 1717 and 1718, to protect against nomad-jungar.

In order to intelligence ore deposits on Altai, search engines began to equip. It is believed that their pilot plates were the father and son of Kostylev, later this results used the Akinfius of Demidov, the Ural Breeder.

Geography, relief

Before we describe the Altai Territory River, consider its geographical position. The region is located in Western Siberia. In the south and west, its territory borders it with areas: East Kazakhstan and Pavlodar, in the North-East and North - with Kemerovo and Novosibirsk. With the Republic of Altai, it borders in the south-east.

Area of \u200b\u200bterritory - 167850 sq. M. kilometers. From west to east, the length is 600 km, from the south to the north - 400 km. The distance from Moscow to Barnaul by air directly - 3 thousand 600 km.

The relief of the Altai Territory is the most diverse. Its territory refers to two physical countries - Altai-Sayan and West Siberian plain. Her mountain area covers a flat surface with southern and eastern hand. These are the foothills of Altai and the Salair ridge. The central and western part of the territory is mainly represented by the plains - the Kulundy steppe, the elevation of the Biysco-Chief and Plateau Priobskoye.

The region is represented by almost all natural zones of Russia - mountains, taiga, steppe and forest-steppe. Moreover, for a flat surface, steppe and forest-steppe territories are characterized, with borsa, beams, ravines, rings and lakes.

River

Water resources in the region are represented as underground and surface sources. The largest rivers of the Altai Territory: Ob, Katun, Bia, Charysh and Alya. The total amount of their number together with small watercourses has 17 thousand. The lakes are about 13,000 here, the largest of which is Kulundinskoye (area - 728 square meters. Km).

Ob River is the main water artery. It is formed by the merger of two rivers: Katun and Bii. Its length is 493 kilometers. It should be noted that the pool of this Great River covers an area of \u200b\u200b70% of the entire territory.

The variety of zonal landscapes of the region contributes to the variety and species composition of the animal world. There are lyry, brown bears, wolverines. Ondatras and river beavers are found in the reservoirs. Approximately 90 species of mammals and 320 species of birds live in the territory of the Altai Territory.

Approximately 2000 different higher vascular plants (2/3 species of all Western Siberia) grows here. Especially valuable: Rhodiola pink, PION evaded, red root, Marala Root, St. John's wort, souls, Narodka Ural, nine tall.

Forests occupy 26% of the territory of the region. Rich and beautiful Altai Territory.

Nature

Currently, natural landscapes of the edges are experiencing a negative impact of economic activities. In order to preserve the diversity of fauna and flora today, it is planned to create protected natural zones: reserves, national parks, nature reserves, nature monuments.

On the territory at the moment there are only 33 reserves (an area of \u200b\u200b773100 hectares), occupying 5% of the entire territory, which is not enough to maintain ecological-landscape equilibrium in the edge biosphere.

In any case, the Altai Territory is great. The nature of the edge is protected by law. Created numerous nature monuments. These are protected irreplaceable natural objects, which are both scientific and cultural and historical value (mineral sources, caves, waterfalls, geological exposures, paleontological objects, ancient age-old trees).

In total, in the province of 100 monuments, 54 of them - geological, 14 - botanical, 31-water and 1-complex.

Conclusion

Beautiful and rich in the Altai Territory. The nature of the edge includes the gravity of rare plants and animal habitats, which relate to the endangered species and are especially protected. Therefore, in the region, it was decided to establish Tihirere and Kulundy state reserves. Unfortunately, the organization of work in this direction is detained the lack of funding.

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