Reconnaissance of targets by observation. Reconnaissance of targets (based on the experience of local wars and tactical exercises)

Reconnaissance of targets by observation is one of the most important conditions for solving fire missions in combat. When reconnaissance of targets by observation, it is important to know the unmasking signs of targets:

Glitter of glasses of optical devices

Automatic shooting from machine guns

Enemy reconnaissance crawling over the grass.

Measurement of horizontal angles in thousandths with the help of fingers and various objects: a training cartridge, pencil, etc., is necessary for the implementation of target designations relative to landmarks from local objects.

The hand or object must be kept at a distance from the eyes at a distance of 50 cm. In this case, each millimeter of the thickness (width) of the improvised object will cover an angle on the ground equal to two thousandths (0-02).

The target designation report is made by the following command

"Reference point 1 to the left 30; range of 500 ATGM in the trench."

The angular size of the fingers at a distance of 50 cm from the eyes

Range determination methods

Measuring the terrain in a couple of steps. The length of a pair of steps is 200 m divided by the number of pairs of steps that fit within 200 meters. For example 200 m: 134 = 1.5 m

With an eye gauge along sections of the terrain. The error in the determination should not exceed by 100m - 15% of the true range

According to the thousandth formula, where V- height (width) of the target, Have- the angle at which the object is visible in thousandths.

Using optical instruments.

Binoculars. Prism PSO-1: PGO-7V

A person is placed under the number 4, which means D = 600 m

According to the map 1:25 000 nomenclature in 1 cm - 250 m 1:50 000.1 cm - 500 m

Determination of ranges using the covering magnitude of the front sight

Accounting for range corrections a) at T ° C of ambient air	a) Field rules at -10 to -25 TP - upper edge of the target at below -25		at from -5 to -15 TP - upper edge of the target at below -15		Handwheel for temperature correction minus on - plus on +
b) To the side wind moderate wind 4 m / s at an angle of 30 to the firing plane	a) 1st method in figures D = 300 - 500 m D = 600 - 800 m		b) 2nd way in cm D = Pr x Pr x 3 (cm) c) 3rd way in thousandths D = 300 - 500 m = D = 600 - 1000 m =		division of the school. 1.5 - PG-7V
c) at the angle of the target	Aim above (below) OP D 400 m corner E 30 TP - lower edge of the target		Aim above (below) OP D 700 m angle E = 15 - 30 TP - lower edge of the target E = 45 - 60 Pr = Pr - 2 E = 30 - 45 Pr = Pr - 1

Training place number 5 "Training in the uniformity and accuracy of aiming."

Checking the correctness and uniformity of aiming at reduced distances day and night using a magnetic pointer with a screen Magnetic pointer with a screen (day and night) is designed to check the correctness and uniformity of aiming at reduced distances day and night. The device consists of a screen, a permanent magnet pointer and a detachable shot flash simulator. The metal shield has four plates, under which a blank sheet of paper is inserted.

Magnetic pointer with screen (daytime)

Magnetic pointer with screen (night)

Pencil marks of control points and aiming points can be made without paper - directly on the white paint of the screen. In this case, after the end of the work, all dots are erased. To install the screen in the working position, there are two stands, and on the cover of the commander's box there are two holes with clamping screws. The pointer has a handle and an attached target (target) measuring 2.5x2.5 cm with a hole for pencil marks. The handle has a permanent magnet, which provides free movement of the pointer across the screen and securely holding it in the desired position. At the end of the handle there are three holes with a diameter of 3, 5 and 10 mm - for assessing the uniformity of aiming during the day and three holes with a diameter of 6, 10 and 20 mm - for assessing the uniformity of aiming at night. To prepare the device for operation, it is necessary to install the sighting machine with the weapon attached to it, 10 m from the sighting machine, install the screen on the cover of the command box and fix it with clamping screws. The indicator (the soldier who is at the screen) places the pointer target in any part of the screen, and the leader of the lesson points the weapon at the target (at the target on the pointer), fixes the machine and gives the command "Mark" ; the indicator marks a point on the screen with a pencil through the hole of the target. This mark is taken as a control point and is denoted by the letter "TO"... After that, the pointer moves. The trainee, having understood the aiming point and without knocking down the position of the weapon, achieves the alignment of an even front sight with the aiming point on the target, giving the indicator commands to move the pointer on the screen. By command "Mark" the indicator makes a note. Pointing is done three times. After that, the head evaluates the uniformity (accuracy) of aiming.

It should be remembered that the screen is opposite to the actual shooting. Therefore, before analyzing the results of aiming the trainee, the leader must separate the screen and rotate it 180 °. To check the correctness and uniformity of aiming at night, a detachable simulator of shots flashes is used, which consists of a light bulb covered with a casing, a battery from a flashlight, a plug connector, a plug, a switch and a wire. The casing has a hole for light passage and a plate for attaching it to the pointer. The battery is attached to the cover of the commander's box. To prepare the pointer for work at night, you need to attach a casing with a light bulb to the handle of the pointer and connect the plug to the plug on the cover of the commander's box. The indicator with the left hand simulates the flash of shots with the help of the switch, and with the right hand simultaneously holds the pointer or moves it in the desired direction and makes marks. Using the pointer at night is similar to using it during the day.

When bringing small arms to normal combat, it is necessary to be guided by the following rule "the bullet leads the front sight", that is, if the bullets go to the right when firing a shot, then the front sight must be shifted to the right.

58. Reconnaissance of the enemy and of the terrain in a given strip (sector) of reconnaissance is carried out by the personnel of the vehicle using reconnaissance and surveillance equipment. In the dark, it is carried out using the night branch of the combined observation device, and when illuminating the target area and using a laser designator-rangefinder. Concurrent observation can be organized to conduct reconnaissance of targets.

59. After the deployment of the KNP, the battalion (battery) commander studies the terrain, outlines landmarks and assigns the senior reconnaissance range finder with the task of conducting reconnaissance.

The senior scout-rangefinder, having understood the assigned task, conducts reconnaissance in the indicated sector. At the same time, he determines the ranges and directions based on landmarks and well-observed local objects, writes them down to the reconnaissance and service log, and draws up a diagram of landmarks, the data of which is then used for eye control when detecting targets and explosions.

60. Target designation to the senior scout-rangefinder

in the command vehicle, the battalion (battery) commander gives, as a rule, by pointing the combined observation device at the target, indicating its excess, position on the ground and characteristic features.

Example."For a range finder, elevation angle minus 0-05, a trench at the edge of the forest, pinpoint."

The senior scout-rangefinder, observing the rangefinder, understands the location of the target, searches for it by characteristic features and reports: "I see the target", determines its coordinates and reports the results of the intersection to the battalion (battery) commander.

Example."Range 1937, directional 2-57, elevation angle minus 00-06".

Targeting from one NP to another is carried out according to general rules.

61. Coordinates of targets (breaks) with the help of machine instruments are determined, as a rule, in a polar coordinate system. Guidance of devices is carried out by turning the tower. The ranges to the targets are determined using 1D15, and the directional angles are read from the coarse and precise scales of the azimuth of the coordinate transformation system.

To determine the range to a stationary target, the scout-range finder, observing through the eyepiece and acting with the tower drive and the elevation control handwheel of the range finder, aligns the crosshair with the target and measures the distance to it.

If necessary (for control), the range measurement is repeated.

62. To measure the distance to a moving target, the senior reconnaissance rangefinder directs the laser target designator-rangefinder to a lead-in point, in the alignment with which there are no local objects and in which the target is intersected at the required time.

63. When servicing the shooting, the range measured before the rupture is specified using a funnel (if observed) or a local object located in the immediate vicinity of the rupture. The deviation of the gap from the target in terms of range (direction) is determined as the difference between the distances (directional angles) to the gap and the target.

64. When setting the task for servicing the shooting, the senior scout-rangefinder indicate the number and nature of the target, the flight time of the projectile, the time when the laser target designator-rangefinder is turned on (when firing corrected ammunition) and is given target designation by aiming the device at the target.

Example.“To the range finder, to serve the zeroing of the target 110th, observation post at the height of“ Round ”. Spot one gap, flight 25 seconds. "

To detect air gaps, the battalion (battery) commander calculates and indicates, in addition, the angle of the gap.

Example.“For a range finder, service the creation of an air benchmark 2, elevation plus 0-20. Spot one gap, flight time 30 seconds. "

Having received the task of servicing the shooting, the senior scout-rangefinder guides the rangefinder at the target (the expected location of the breaks) and reports on readiness for work. Rangefinders determine the distance to the rupture at the moment of the rupture appearance by its cloud, the place of falling of the fragments raising dust (splashes), or by the funnel.

65. To observe the first burst of the projectile, the battalion (battery) commander switches the combined observation device to a magnification of 2.6 * (the field of view of the device is 18 *)

Noticing the gap, the senior scout-rangefinder reports: "There is a gap", points the rangefinder to the center of the gap, determines the range to it, reads the directional angle and the angle of the gap from the coordinate conversion system scales and reports their values ​​to the battalion (battery) commander.

Example."Range 2880, directional 2-53, elevation plus 0-04."

If the first rupture was not noticed by the senior reconnaissance rangefinder, the battalion (battery) commander indicates the area of ​​the rupture by pointing a combined observation device at it and specifies, if necessary, the angle of the rupture.

66. Before observing a group of explosions, the senior scout-rangefinder directs the rangefinder at the target (the expected location of the explosions) and after each report of the shot, he sequentially detects the explosions of the shells.

The battalion (battery) commander controls the work of the senior scout-rangefinder, records the data on explosions, processes them and reports the results of the firing to the PUOD.

When setting the rate of fire, the technical capabilities of the rangefinder and the conditions that determine the duration of the presence of smoke and dust from a rupture in the target area (the nature of the ground, the direction and speed of the wind, etc.) are taken into account.

67. When conducting reconnaissance and servicing shooting using a laser designator-rangefinder, the presence of local objects (or other targets) in the target range is taken into account. In this case, the range finder gives the result of measuring the distance to the nearest of them, and the indicator on the control panel lights up a figure indicating the number of local objects in the alignment of the laser beam (up to three), including the target. The senior scout-range finder analyzes the relative position of the target and local objects and determines which position to put the target counter switch.

When organizing reconnaissance on sharply rugged terrain and in the mountains, if sufficient time is available at observation posts, schemes of invisibility fields are drawn up.

On the working map of the platoon commander, the following are drawn: the enemy's front edge, observation posts, the reconnaissance strip and areas of special attention; targets reconnoitered from their observation posts and received from other artillery reconnaissance units; the planned deployment lines, routes and the procedure for moving observation posts during the battle; radiation and chemical data; call signs of officials and signals.

The goals are put on the working map with symbols, noting the nature of each goal and the degree of its reliability. Near the symbol of the target, put its number, date and time of detection; for artillery (mortar) batteries (platoons) - the caliber of guns (mortars). Targets, the position of which is not precisely determined or which require additional reconnaissance and clarification, are enclosed by a dotted circle when plotted on a map. For instance:

The scheme of landmarks (Fig. 1.6) is designed to facilitate finding landmarks (local objects) on the ground, fast and reliable transmission (reception) of target designation, determining the position of reconnoitered targets on the ground relative to landmarks, as well as for receiving and transmitting reports on reconnoitered targets. It is a drawing of an arbitrary scale, on which all the selected landmarks and landmarks of the senior chief located in the reconnaissance strip (sector) are plotted in a perspective view.

The log of reconnaissance and service of shooting (Table 1.5) is a document in which the results of observation of the enemy and readings on the target are recorded when servicing artillery firing. An entry in the journal is made by the scout immediately upon detection of a target or the establishment of certain actions; it is systematically reviewed by the squad leader to summarize the obtained intelligence data.

In addition to the above documents, a topographic and geodetic reference card is drawn up at the KNP (Fig. 1.7).

A large-scale tablet (Fig. 1.8) is used to organize and analyze intelligence information. It is conducted, as a rule, on a scale of 1: 10000 on graph paper or a special letterhead. The large-scale tablet is a graphical display of the shooting reconnaissance and maintenance log. All targets reconnoitred by the optical reconnaissance unit (newly reconnoitered and confirmed) are marked on it with symbols along the coordinates. According to their relative position, individual targets are combined into groups and the position of the platoon strongholds and the enemy's fire system are established.

To determine the coordinates of a target - a platoon control point (or a group of targets), it is necessary to enclose this target in a rectangle, and then draw diagonals in it. The intersection of the diagonals gives the coordinates of the target. In some cases, it is advisable to take the coordinates of the most important target in the group as the coordinates of a group of targets. After determining the nature and position of platoon strongholds, batteries (platoons), individual targets (tank, ATGM, radar, etc.), they are transferred from the tablet to the working map, and then to the target diagram.

Target diagram (Fig. 1.9) - a reconnaissance report, which depicts with conventional symbols all reconnoitered targets, indicating their exact position, characteristics and reconnaissance means with which they were reconnoitered. The scheme of goals is usually drawn up on tracing paper with an applied coordinate grid by overlaying tracing paper on a working map. The most characteristic local objects, settlements for general orientation, all reconnoitered targets with an indication of their numbers are applied to the diagram, and for mortar and artillery batteries, the reconnaissance means with which they were spotted, the number of serifs and the time are indicated. Target numbers, coordinates, number of serifs and other data are taken from the large-scale tablet and from the reconnaissance and shooting service log.

A list of target coordinates must be attached to the target chart.

Landmark scheme
2 batteries

Rice. 1.6. Landmarks scheme.

Log of reconnaissance and shooting service of the control platoon ____

The main direction - 55–00

Countdown in the main direction _________

Instrument orientation method - by directional angle

Target number (landmarks, benchmarks, breaks)	Detection time	POSITION OF PURPOSE
Command and observation post	Side NP
Countdown (turn up to OH)	Range	Elevation angle	Countdown (turn up to OH)	Range
	June 5 5.30	53–75		–6
	6.20	52–66		+10
	7.10	56–03		–8
Benchmark 1	7.15
First break	7.20	53–15		–6
Break group
		53–17		–6
		53–14		–6
		53–19		–6
		53–13		–6
Group average		53–16		-6

Table 1.5

AP KNP (main), left x=_____, y=_____, h=____

right x=_____, y=_____, h=____

Side NP, left x=_____, y=_____, h=____

Right x=_____, y=_____, h=____

Goal name and results	Coordinates	Accuracy specification	Note
x	y	h
The mortar fired from the Pravaya grove				DAK in smoke, inaccurate	Reported to POD adn
Periodic glitter of glasses. Presumably NP				Exactly
Tank in the trench. Trunk visible				Exactly
Creating a ground reference					Reported to the battery commander

Topogeodetic reference card KNP 4 batr

Card 1: 50,000

Reconnaissance platoon leader

Lieutenant Golovko

Fig 1.9. Goal diagram.

Target Coordinate List

Target number	Target name	Coordinates	Dimensions (m)
x	y	h	F	G
	Platoon stronghold
	Platoon stronghold
	Platoon stronghold
	Tank in the trench
	ATGM in the trench
	Tank in the trench
	Observation post
	Radar
	Mortar platoon
	BMP in the trench

Rice. 1.10. Battery invisibility fields diagram.

The scheme of invisibility fields (Fig. 1.10) is intended to determine areas of the terrain that cannot be viewed from the observation point. It is compiled by comparing the map with the terrain. On the map, from the point of the observation post within the boundaries of the reconnaissance strip, straight lines are drawn through the heights and characteristic local objects available on the map and visible on the ground. Observing the terrain sequentially in each direction, they mark on them the boundaries of terrain areas that are not observed from the NP. The boundaries of unobserved areas marked on the lines, carefully comparing them with the terrain and in accordance with the relief, are connected with a line. The invisibility fields obtained in this way on the map are shaded.

The boundaries of the strip of intelligence and fields of invisibility, plotted on the map, are copied onto the wax. The grid, the point of the observation post, typical local objects and the front edge of their troops are also transferred to the stencil. Thus, a scheme of invisibility fields is obtained from this point. Similar work is being done at the lateral (forward) observation post. If there are more than two points in the unit, a general scheme of invisibility fields is drawn up (Fig. 1.11). For better clarity, each point and its invisibility fields are marked with a specific color.

The unobserved areas of the terrain are lightly shaded with the same color. The reconnaissance strip, the front edge of their troops and observation posts are plotted on the summary diagram.

Reconnaissance of targets by observation

Questions are worked out during a fire lesson at training place No. 3

Reconnaissance is an important type of support for military operations. It is conducted continuously in any conditions of the situation in order to obtain information about the enemy and the terrain.

Observation is one of the methods of reconnaissance. Observers and observation posts are assigned to conduct reconnaissance by observation.

The observation post consists of 2 - 3 observers, one of whom is appointed senior.

The observation sector is indicated to the observer and the observation post for reconnaissance. In those cases when it is necessary to study in detail an already known enemy by observation, the object for observation is indicated to the observer.

The place for the observer and the observation post is chosen in such a way that from it it is possible to observe the enemy in the indicated sector to the greatest possible depth. It should be sheltered from enemy observation and fire and be located in a trench, trench or in another place convenient for observation.

On the move, the observer is usually close to his commander.

The task for the observer (observation post), as a rule, is set by the commander from the place from where he will observe.

When setting a task, the following are usually indicated:

Landmarks and conventional names of local items;

Information about the enemy (where he is, what he is doing or where he is expected to appear);

Place for observation;

Sector (object) of observation, what to pay special attention to;

The procedure for reporting the results of observation.

If there are no special instructions from the commander, the soldiers conduct observation in the indicated sector of fire to a depth of 1000 m.

Observation is carried out with the naked eye. When observing, special attention should be paid to hidden approaches. Inspect the terrain from right to left from near objects to distant ones. Inspection should be carried out carefully, since the detection of the enemy is facilitated by insignificant unmasking signs; such signs can be: shine, noise, swaying branches of trees and bushes, the appearance of new small objects, changes in the position and shape of local objects, etc.

If you have binoculars, use it only for a more thorough study of individual objects or areas of the terrain; at the same time, take measures to ensure that the shine of the glasses of the binoculars does not reveal their location.

At night, the location and actions of the enemy can be identified by sounds and light sources. If the terrain is illuminated in the desired direction by a rocket or other source of illumination, quickly inspect the illuminated area.

The observer's report should be clear and concise. For example: "Landmark third, 50 to the right, closer than 100, a recoilless gun fired a shot at a separate tree."

Observation, observation post, eavesdropping, peculiarities of observation in the mountains.

Observation

This is one of the main methods of reconnaissance, providing the most reliable information about the enemy.
Observation allows you to obtain the most reliable information about the enemy and the terrain. In the combat formations of troops in all types of combat, it is conducted continuously by specially appointed observers and observation posts. Their number depends on the nature of the battle, the conditions of the situation and the terrain. An observer is usually appointed in a squad, in a platoon and in a company - one or two observers, in a battalion - an observer at the command and observation post and one or two observation posts.

Observation is organized so as to provide the best view of the terrain ahead of the front and on the flanks. At night and in other conditions of limited visibility, surveillance is carried out with the help of ground reconnaissance radars, night vision devices, terrain lighting equipment, and is supplemented by eavesdropping.

Observation is usually carried out in the sector. The width of the observation sector depends on the observation conditions (terrain, visibility, etc.) and the number of available posts (observers). Sometimes an area (object) can be indicated to an observer for its detailed study, clarification of the position on the ground of individual elements, detection or confirmation of the presence of targets in it. In addition, observers and observation posts can monitor the actions of their units and neighbors, aviation (helicopters) and the results of their artillery fire.

As practice shows, in the observation sector, it is enough to have five to seven landmarks. Objects that are clearly visible and most resistant to destruction are selected as landmarks - road crossings, stones, characteristic points of the relief, individual buildings, trees, etc. Landmarks are numbered from right to left and along the lines from oneself towards the enemy. One of the landmarks is designated as the main one. All landmarks indicated by the senior commander are mandatory, they retain the numbers and names assigned by this commander. On an area that is poor in landmarks (desert, steppe, snowy plain), engineering structures and enemy barriers can be selected as landmarks, or artificial landmarks can be created by artillery fire (places of breaks).
The observation site should provide a good overview in the specified sector, camouflage and cover from enemy fire, and have open approaches from the side of its subunits.

Observation post

Observation post- a group of military personnel assigned to jointly perform the task of observation. The observation post consists of two or three people, one of whom is appointed as a senior. The observation post must have observation devices, a landmark diagram, a large-scale map or terrain diagram, an observation log, a compass, a clock, a flashlight with an attachment that prevents the beam of light from scattering, communication and signaling equipment.
The senior observation post is obliged to: establish a procedure for continuous observation; organize the equipment of the observation site and its camouflage; check the serviceability of observation devices, communication and warning devices; personally conduct observation, plot the detected objects (targets) on the map (diagram) and promptly report to the commander who set up the post on the results of reconnaissance; immediately report on the detection of important objects (targets), on abrupt changes in enemy actions, as well as upon detection of signs of preparation for the use of weapons of mass destruction. The observation results, changes in the place and time of movement, and the surrender of the post are recorded in the observation log.

At 19.15 25.10 post, radio station R-148 No. 013921, LPR-1 No. 0214KS.
Passed .... (title, signature)
Accepted. (title, signature)

The observation post shall serve until the specified time or until it is replaced by another observation post; the post can only move to a new location with the permission or by order of the commander who set it up. The movement is usually carried out by the entire staff of the post simultaneously with observance of camouflage and security measures. The order of movement is determined by the senior observation post. With a long-term presence of an observation post in an area contaminated with poisonous, radioactive and biological (bacterial) agents, the personnel act in personal protective equipment, and the change of observers is made more often. If the situation permits, the senior post organizes partial special processing of the observation post, personnel and weapons. At the same time, observation of the enemy and the terrain does not stop.
An observer in a subunit is subordinate to the subunit commander and is responsible for the timely detection of the enemy in his sector (area). It should have observation devices, a reference chart, a compass and a clock, and, if necessary, communication and signaling facilities.

The observer must: know the reconnaissance and unmasking signs of objects (targets), signs of the enemy's preparation for the use of weapons of mass destruction, for an offensive, withdrawal, etc .; skillfully use observation devices, prepare them for their work and keep them in good order; know landmarks, conventional names of local objects and be able to quickly find them on the ground; conduct continuous observation, search for targets, determine ranges to them and their location relative to landmarks; promptly report to the commander on the results of observation; observe the strictest discipline and fulfill the requirements of disguise; know control signals and alerts.

An observer is a sentry on the battlefield; he has no right to stop observing without an order from the commander who appointed him, or until he is replaced by another observer.
Having received the task and clarifying the landmarks indicated to him on the ground, the observer determines the distance to them, if it was not indicated to him, studies the tactical properties of the area, the most characteristic local objects and draws up a scheme of landmarks.

To draw up a diagram of landmarks, it is necessary to apply a conventional sign of the observation post in the lower part of the sheet in the middle and draw a north-south direction through it. Then determine the distance to the main landmark, the magnetic azimuth to this landmark and, orienting the sheet of paper in azimuth and distance, on a scale (for example, 5 cm - 1 km), apply the landmark to the diagram. Using the observation device, measure the angles from the main one to the remaining landmarks, and after determining the distances to them, also apply to the diagram on a scale; then apply characteristic local objects and distances to them and relief features on the diagram.

All landmarks are plotted in a perspective view, their conditional name, number and distance to the landmark are signed.

When conducting reconnaissance by observation during missions in the Republic of Afghanistan, experienced observers, when preparing a map of landmarks, usually drew directions for each landmark. This helped them quickly find landmarks on the ground and report the location of targets.

Studying the tactical properties of the terrain, the observer, first of all, proceeds from the received task.
For example, he finds out: where, according to the conditions of the situation on a given terrain, the enemy is most likely able to locate his observation and command-observation posts, artillery positions, fire weapons, engineering structures and obstacles; from what direction and in what places his tanks can go; where manpower and military equipment are most likely to hide, and what opportunities are there for covert movement of the enemy.

Studying the characteristic local objects, the observer remembers their relative position and appearance. Local items such as single bushes, tree stumps, large stones should be counted. Knowing the number, relative position and appearance of local objects in his observation sector, he will more quickly detect camouflaged observers, fire weapons, snipers and other targets.

The observer mentally divides the indicated sector by depth into zones: near - the area of ​​the terrain accessible for observation with the naked eye, usually to a depth of 400 m; medium - from 400 to 800 m; far - from 800 m and up to the visibility limit.
The boundaries of the zones are outlined conditionally on the ground according to landmarks, local objects and are not applied to the diagram. Observation usually begins from the near zone and is conducted from right to left by sequential inspection of the terrain and local objects. The observer, having examined the near zone, looks back along it, as if checking himself, then examines the middle and far zones in the same order.

With a sequential survey of the terrain, open areas are examined faster, and less open ones more thoroughly. Areas where signs of targets are found are inspected especially carefully. Observation in optical devices should be alternated with observation with the naked eye, since constant observation in an optical device tires the eyesight and, in addition, the field of view of optical devices is limited. When observing with binoculars and other optical aids, they need to be stabilized. For target detection, long-term observation of individual areas of the terrain (objects) may be required, as well as verification by repeated observation of existing reconnaissance results.

Having found a target, the observer determines its position on the ground in relation to landmarks (local objects) and reports to the commander (senior observation post).
When determining the position of the target on the ground, the observer determines the distance to the target in meters from his observation post and the angular distance (right or left) in thousandths from the nearest landmark to the detected target.
The observation report should be concise and clear - what is found and where. For example: "Landmark 2, 0-10 to the right, 1200 meters, armored personnel carrier in the trench." In the absence of landmarks on the ground, the observer gives target designation, indicating the magnetic bearing to the target and the distance to it. For example: "Azimuth 150 °, 3800 meters - two helicopters landing."
The observer reports only what he sees. He reports his findings only at the request of the commander.

The change of observers is made within the time frame established by the commander (senior of the observation post). The shift time is determined depending on the situation and the weather: under normal conditions - usually after 3-4 hours, in unfavorable conditions - after 1-2 hours. When changing, the person being replaced informs the changing person about everything noticed in the enemy's location, necessarily showing the detected targets on the ground; informs what tasks were assigned to him and how they were fulfilled; transmits observation devices, terrain diagram and observation log (if it is maintained by an observer). After the transfer of duties, the replaced one reports to the commander (senior) about the change made. During the shift, observation of the enemy does not stop.

In mobile types of combat, unit observers are and move along with their commanders and observe on the move or from short stops. When operating on foot, the observer is five to eight steps away from the commander. Without stopping observing the enemy, he must hear the commands given by the commander and see his signals. When the commander stops, the observer is located in the immediate vicinity of him and, hiding behind local objects, observes the enemy.

Long-term observation post (DPP)

These are observation posts prepared in advance, carefully camouflaged, as a rule, buried in the ground, located on the paths of the enemy's probable movement and location.
Long-term NP is a type of basing RG of special forces behind enemy lines and is intended for long-term collection of intelligence information through observation, eavesdropping, use of R and RTR equipment, reconnaissance and signaling, photo and video equipment with the subsequent transfer of this information to the Center.
In the future, leaving the DNP, the scouts can carry out special measures at enemy targets.

A variant of a long-term observation post.

DNPs are often used by sniper groups to conduct reconnaissance by observation and shoot off enemy command personnel.
DNP can be used in peacetime to monitor headquarters, bases, safe houses of terrorists, separatists and other illegal formations. At the same time, photo and video equipment is widely used. In this case, DNP can be equipped both in residential and non-residential buildings, attics, sheds, etc.
Basing the scouts on the DNP, replenishing their supplies, removing waste products and leaving it is carried out under the guise of searches, round-ups and other mass events carried out by police formations.

As an example, let us cite the "control" of the caravan trail by scouts armed with night vision devices. While observing from a buried DNP, the scouts carry out selective detonation of landmines (mines) using the PD-430 radio link.

Preparation of DNP

• The selection of the DNP personnel (as a rule, four scouts) capable of a long time (up to several weeks) is in a confined space, eat, sleep, relieve themselves in the presence of comrades, and carry out combat duty. This requires special training and truly angelic patience.
• Selection and preparation of the necessary equipment, tools and materials for DNP equipment (timber, metal corners and mesh, floors, soil bags, shovels, saws, axes, etc.)
• Selection and preparation of weapons, communications, surveillance and other equipment necessary for the performance of a combat mission
• Selection and preparation of equipment

DNP equipment procedure

First, the pit comes off. Part of the soil (preferably dry) is folded into bags, the rest of the soil is secretly taken out and masked. The best option is to dump the excess soil into the river. For filling the bags, it is possible to use sawdust, pine needles, hay. The only requirement is that they should not rustle. The walls and floor, as a rule, are laid out with stuffed bags, supports and ceilings are installed, ventilation pipes (boxes) are inserted, a roof is installed, a layer of soil is poured and tamped at least 50 cm, the roof, the entrance hatch, loopholes for observation or shooting are masked, immediately in front of occupation of DNP by personnel, install equipment (seismic sensors, SRPN-1, etc.) and mine-explosive barriers.

The procedure for organizing combat duty at the DNP

A reconnaissance patrol consisting of four scouts was stationed on the DNP.
Two scouts are observers, and their duties may differ. For example, the first one is observing the object, the second one conducts reconnaissance "on himself", i.e. monitors the devices of technical means of protection (reconnaissance), encrypts and transmits messages by radio station to the Center. The third scout is ready to replace the observer, prepares food, maintains weapons and equipment, rests, etc. The fourth scout is resting (sleeping in a sleeping bag).
There should be only two sleeping bags for the resting shift in a four-bed DNP. Bags should have quick-release locks for emergency evacuation if necessary. The equipment is always assembled in backpacks. To accommodate it, four backpacks weighing no more than 40 kg should be enough. All scouts are required to be fully aware of the contents of all backpacks.

Working for the DNP, scouts need special equipment and uniforms to avoid getting sick from hypothermia and dampness in conditions of sedentary activity in a confined space. Radio exchange with the Center should be minimized, and the radio communication equipment used should minimize the likelihood of bearing your transmitter as much as possible. The best radio facilities are satellite communication stations; stations using the speed and frequency hopping mode.

Particular attention should be paid to adherence to camouflage. Light, smoke, smell are unacceptable. This is especially true for cooking. Whole cooking kits are available, consisting of insulated thermos containers and chemical cartridges. It is also possible to use gas stoves. But even when using these containers, beware of the spread of odors.

Despite the fact that open fire contact between scouts and the enemy is highly undesirable. It is necessary to be in constant readiness to attack the DNP if it is detected by the enemy. The installed mine explosive and signaling means, silent weapons will minimize the accidental detection of DNP by single military personnel, but with a targeted search for DNP by the enemy and its detection, the scouts take the battle, stun the enemy and dissolve into space.

Serious attention should be paid to the packaging of scout waste (garbage, excrement, etc.). Waste should be carefully (hermetically) packed in double polyethylene bags of increased strength. At the same time, it is worth filling them by two-thirds, since they have to be taken out in backpacks upon completion of the observation. Until the end of the observation, the bags with waste on the DNP should not cause any inconvenience to the scouts.

Observation at night

Observation at night is much more difficult. It is conducted under artificial lighting of the terrain, and in unlit terrain - with the use of night vision devices. Individual targets and actions of the enemy can be detected without lighting and the use of night vision devices by light and noise unmasking features: a cigarette light is visible at a distance of up to 500 m, a burning match - 1-1.5 km; the light of an electric pocket flashlight, the flashes of shots when firing from a machine gun or machine gun are visible at a distance of up to 2 km; bonfire, the light of the switched on car headlights is noticeable up to 8 km. At night, much further than during the day, various sounds are heard. For example, the noise of a smoothly running tank engine can be heard from a distance of 300-400 m during the day, and 1000 m or more at night.

The night requires special attention, caution and discipline from the personnel. An undisciplined scout can unmask himself and his comrades by careless handling of lighting devices, noise, smoking, etc.

When preparing for combat work at night, observers prepare before dark for work optical and electronic-optical devices, tablets and diagrams, means of lighting the terrain and illumination for work, cover the trench with a raincoat or tarpaulin, study the terrain, remember the outlines and relative position of night landmarks and local items.

Tall trees, buildings, factory chimneys and other local objects that can be observed from silhouettes against the sky are chosen as night landmarks. In addition, directions to landmarks can be fixed with white pegs, light alignments, seen from a compass or by angular values ​​on the scales of observation devices. Sometimes, in the absence of clearly defined landmarks, light landmarks (not observed from the enemy's side) are set at a distance of no closer than 50 m from the observation site.
Before the onset of darkness, observers adjust the installation of the eyepieces of optical instruments over their eyes and memorize the corresponding division. This allows, when observing at night, to quickly restore the lost pickup of the device.

To determine at night the direction to a target that briefly unmasks itself with light signs (flashes of shots, headlights, etc.), the observer pre-sticks a freshly planed (white) peg 30-40 cm high and a finger thick into the ground at a distance of several meters from him. Then he takes a shorter peg (about 20 cm) and, noticing the flash of a shot, sticks it into the ground right there in front of him so that it is in alignment with the previously exposed peg and flash (shine). The correctness of the position of the near peg is specified during subsequent observations of flares (brightness). After that, the position of the target on the ground is determined.

During the hostilities in the Republic of Afghanistan, military reconnaissance observers at the outposts at night time used a very simple but effective method of spotting the firing positions of enemy mortars (missile launchers). For this, a circle with a goniometric scale (like an artillery circle) with a movable sighting device attached to it was made from plexiglass, plexiglass or even plywood. This device (the post on which it was installed) was precisely tied to the map and oriented to the cardinal points.

For orientation, using precise angle measuring instruments (artillery compass, laser reconnaissance device, radar station, etc.), the angle was measured to some distant landmark visible from the post. Then the circle was aimed at this landmark and rigidly fixed in this position. As soon as the enemy fired a mortar shot (launching a rocket), one of the observers quickly aimed the sighting arrow at the flash of the shot and measured the target elevation angle. Another observer at this time with the help of a stopwatch timed the time during which the sound from the shot from the moment of the flash would reach the observation post, and determined the distance to the target.
At the same time, the accuracy of determining the location of the target on the ground with trained observers turned out to be sufficient to hit it with artillery fire. An increase in accuracy was also achieved by increasing (to reasonable limits) the diameter of the goniometric circle and decreasing the division value of the goniometric scale.
The scouts often used this method in the daytime, detecting the target's location by dust and smoke generated during the shot, but in this case the accuracy of determining the distance decreases, since the observer detects these signs with some delay from the moment of the shot.

The human eye is not able to immediately adapt and clearly distinguish objects during a sharp transition from light to dark. Therefore, before starting observation at night, you need to stay in the dark for 20-30 minutes and not look at the light source. When observing, it should be constantly remembered that, as soon as you look at the light for a short time, the adaptation of the eyes will be lost again and it will take at least 20 minutes to recover again. In order not to disrupt the adaptation of the eyes, it is necessary to close one eye when taking readings from devices, when working with a map, a circuit that is illuminated, and it is best to use a flashlight with a red light. You should not stare into the darkness for a long time, so as not to tire your eyesight. It is recommended to periodically close your eyes for 5-10 seconds. Resting this short will help you get rid of fatigue. Under artificial lighting, do not look at the light source; it is recommended to cover your eyes from illumination with a visor or palm and observe only the illuminated area and the enemy.

When determining distances by eye on a terrain illuminated by artificial light sources, it should be borne in mind that objects located in illuminated areas seem closer than in reality, and dark, unlit objects appear smaller in size and more distant.
An observer (observation post) can illuminate the terrain with missiles only at the direction of the commander.

In the dark, the attention of the observer is important, therefore, during reconnaissance at night, one should not be distracted by any extraneous thoughts, conversations, actions, but it is necessary to direct attention exclusively to observation - this increases the sensitivity of vision by 1.5 times. To increase attention and sensitivity of vision, it is recommended to observe in a sitting position.
Deep breathing (full inhalation and exhalation eight to ten times per minute), rubbing the forehead, eyelids, temples, neck, nape with cold water causes a significant increase in vision sensitivity and shortens the time for full adaptation to darkness from 30-40 to 10 minutes. Pharmacological agents temporarily increase visual acuity, relieve drowsiness and fatigue: cola preparations, caffeine, glucose, etc. half an hour after ingestion and lasts 1.5-2 hours. These methods of increasing the sensitivity of vision and attention, relieving fatigue and drowsiness are applicable by scouts not only when acting as observers, but also when they perform combat missions in other ways.

Various night vision devices are widely used for night observation. Night binoculars and scopes do not require artificial illumination of the terrain in the infrared spectrum and therefore do not unmask observers. At the same time, night vision devices are most effective on a bright starry or moonlit night. Rain, fog, dust significantly reduce the detection range. Weak artificial illumination of the terrain using conventional lighting means significantly increases the range of night vision devices. Bright lighting means (searchlights, headlights, bonfires, fires, tracer projectiles) falling into the field of view of the devices interfere and impair the effectiveness of observation.
Finding and recognizing targets in night vision goggles requires certain skills acquired by training. This is due to the fact that when observed through night vision devices, the natural color of the terrain and local objects does not differ. Different objects are recognized only by their shape (silhouette) and by the degree of contrast.
The range of vision increases if the target is located against a light background (sand, snow), and decreases if the target is located against a dark background (arable land, tree trunks, etc.).

At night, observation of the enemy is also carried out with the help of radar stations, which make it possible to detect moving ground targets, determine their nature (type) and polar coordinates (range and direction).
Radar stations should be located in areas of the terrain that are elevated over the reconnaissance area. It is not recommended to place such a post in the immediate vicinity of large metal surfaces (bridges, cranes, equipment parking), power and telephone lines, large buildings; these objects distort the radiation pattern and increase the errors in determining the coordinates of the target.
When camouflaging radar stations, do not allow wet objects (branches, grass, camouflage nets, etc.) to fall within the radiation pattern.

Eavesdropping

Eavesdropping as a method of reconnaissance at night and in other conditions of limited visibility supplements observation and is used when troops operate in direct contact with the enemy, as well as when reconnaissance agencies operate behind enemy lines. In order to conceal its actions and intentions, the enemy will strive to carry out many measures at night: the withdrawal of nuclear attack weapons and artillery to positions, the movement of command posts and troops, the taking of an initial position for the offensive, etc. These actions, with all the caution of the enemy, will be accompanied by characteristic sounds and noise by listening to which experienced scouts determine where and what the enemy is doing.

Eavesdropping is conducted by observers and observation posts. If necessary, special eavesdropping posts can be created. The eavesdropping post is composed of two or three scouts, one of them is appointed senior. If conditions make it possible to hear the spoken speech of the enemy, then for eavesdropping it is necessary to appoint scouts who know the enemy's language.
The task of eavesdropping is, as a rule, set before dark on the ground. In this case, the following are indicated: landmarks visible at night; information about the enemy; place of post; what to install and what sound signs to pay special attention to; the time of reconnaissance and the order of the report. If the eavesdropping post is sent beyond the front edge (security line) of its troops, then the scouts are shown the order of advance and return, pass and recall. To cover their actions, fire weapons on duty are assigned.

In the presence of time, observers assigned to conduct reconnaissance by eavesdropping, in advance (before dark) study the enemy's location, the terrain in the specified area, the path of advance and return. At the indicated time, usually with the onset of darkness, the observers (scouts) secretly advance to the place indicated by them for eavesdropping and begin to perform the task.
Observation posts, eavesdropping posts, individual "listeners" and scouts operating behind enemy lines must be able to understand sounds, determine the direction to the sound source and the distance to it.
The direction to the sound source can be determined by pointing the device (sight) or by hanging the direction. The observer, having heard the sound, notices an object in this direction, points the observation device (sight) at it and waits for the target to be re-displayed. By correcting (refining) the aiming of the device (sight) at the sound source, the direction to the target is determined at each of its manifestations.

The approximate range to a sounding target, as well as its character, can be determined by the maximum audibility of sounds. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual capabilities of each scout and the weather conditions. On a calm night, in fog, with high humidity, after rain, in winter, audibility increases.

Approximate limits of audibility of sounds at night

Enemy actions	Maximum range of audibility (m.)	Distinctive sound signs
Steps	30
Cough	50
Colloquial speech	100-200
Sharp voice command	500-1000
Shout	1000
Infantry movement in formation: on the ground on the highway	300 600
The sound of oars on the side of the boat	1000 - 1500
Pulling trenches by hand	500 - 1000	Shovel blows on stones, metal
Driving in wooden stakes: manually mechanically	800 600	The dull sound of evenly alternating beats
Felling and cutting down trees: by hand chainsaw falling trees	300 - 400 700 – 900 800 – 900	A sharp knock of an ax, a squeal of a saw; intermittent crackling of a gasoline engine; a dull blow to the ground of a sawn tree
Car movement: on a dirt road on the highway car horn	500 1000 – 1500 2000 – 3000	Smooth engine noise
Movement of tanks, self-propelled guns, infantry fighting vehicles: on the ground on the highway	2000 - 3000 3000 - 4000	Harsh engine noise along with a sharp metallic clanging of the tracks
Towed artillery movement: on the ground on the highway	1000 - 2000 2000 - 3000	Harsh, abrupt rumble of metal and engine noise
Engine noise of a standing tank	1000 - 1500	Smooth roar of the engine
Artillery battery (battalion) firing	10000 - 15000
Gun shot	6000
Mortar shot	3000 - 5000
Shooting from a heavy machine gun	3000
Shooting from a machine gun	2000

The direction of the wind should also be taken into account: it not only impairs or improves audibility depending on the direction, but also carries the sound to the side, creating a distorted idea of ​​the location of the sound source.

Mountains, forests, buildings, ravines, gorges and deep hollows also change the direction of the sound, creating an echo. They generate echoes and water spaces, contributing to its propagation over long distances.
The sound seems to be different when its source is moving on soft, wet or hard soil, along the street, on a country or field road, on a pavement or leafy soil. It should be borne in mind that dry ground or railroad tracks are better at transmitting sounds than air. Therefore, they listen with their ear to the ground or to the rails.

For better listening to the enemy's earthworks, the scout puts his ear to a dry board laid on the ground, which acts as a sound collector, or to a dry log dug into the ground. You can use a medical stethoscope or make a homemade water stethoscope, which was often used by reconnaissance engineers during the war. To make it, you need to fill a glass jar or a bottle made of thin-walled glass with water to the beginning of the neck and close it with a stopper with a hole. Then insert a tube (preferably glass) into the hole in the plug, onto which to put on a rubber tube. The other end of the rubber tube, fitted with a tip, is inserted into the ear. The bottle is buried in the ground up to the water level in it. To check the sensitivity of the installed device, you need to hit the ground with your finger at a distance of 4 m from it - the sound from such a blow should be clearly heard through the rubber tube.

Features of observation in the mountains

When operating in the mountains, observers and observation posts are located at dominant heights with a wide outlook and a small number of invisibility fields. However, not every high point can be a good spot for observation. For observation, first of all, such places are selected that are distinguished by a good close outlook. You should not be located directly on the top of the mountain (topographic ridge) for observation, it is more profitable to choose a place for observation on inconspicuous slopes at some distance from the top. When placing observers near local objects, it is necessary to be located and observe from the shadow side of the objects. It is not recommended for observation to occupy trees with nests for birds, whose cries and anxious flight can unmask the observer.

Before starting observation in a mountainous area, it is necessary to understand the settlements lying ahead, where each trail goes, the conventional names of landmarks and characteristic local objects (heights, peaks, gorges, etc.). It must be remembered that in the mountains the distance to landmarks and local objects is greatly concealed. At each observation post, it is advisable to have a diagram of the invisibility fields and take measures to organize additional observation of them.

The safest spot for observers is the trench. But it is not always possible to equip it in the mountains, especially in rocky ground, therefore, stones must be used to equip an observation post: a parapet is made of them, and then covered with earth and carefully masked. It is advantageous to equip a position for an observation post from stones and boulders on rocky slopes, on which it merges well with the surrounding terrain.

At night, it is recommended to locate some of the observers at the foot and on the slopes of heights in such a way as to observe from the bottom up and see the enemy against the background of the sky, while remaining unnoticed. When observing with the use of terrain lighting means, it is necessary to take into account the formation of shadows that hide the movement of the enemy.

Watching in the mountains at night is complemented by eavesdropping. The sound in the mountains increases sharply, especially in fog, near the river, in the presence of snow cover, as well as after rain and in the morning hours, when the air humidity is increased. However, when organizing eavesdropping, it should be borne in mind that sounds in the mountains often change their original direction (mountain echo) and reach the scout from the side opposite to the actual position of the source.
The task of the eavesdropping post is set on the ground, as a rule, before dark, from such a point from where the place designated for eavesdropping can be seen. At the post, the scouts are located in a triangle (angle forward). The elder is usually in front. Responsibilities are distributed as follows: one listens to everything that is done in front of him and on the right, the second - in front and on the left, the third - behind. This method of action allows eavesdropping in all directions without scattering attention.

Underground war.

This is a specific type of combat action that requires special training of personnel and the use of special means.

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Reconnaissance of targets by observation and target designation ”.

Training place number 4

N-O No. 2.

N-O No. 1.

ʼʼPreparing to fire from various positions when operating on footʼʼ.

Trainee with a weapon in the starting position 10 m from the firing position. The machine is in position ʼʼ on the belt. A magazine loaded with five dummy cartridges in a bag. The bag is zipped.

The leader indicates the firing position, the shooting position, the shooting sector and gives the command ʼʼ Go to battleʼʼ... The trainee is prepared for shooting (transfers the weapon from the traveling position to the combat position, loads the weapon) and reports: ʼʼ So-and-so is ready for battleʼʼ The scopes must have zero settings.

Ex. Chorus.
Posted on ref.rf
Ud.

AK-74 7 p. 8 p. 10 sec.

ʼʼDischarging weapons when operating on footʼʼ.

Conditions for fulfilling the standard. The student has completed the command ʼʼ To fightʼʼ (weapon loaded). The leader gives the command ʼʼ Unload. Hang upʼʼ. The trainee unloads the weapon, removes the cartridges from the machine gun, puts the magazine in the bag and returns to the starting position 10 m from the firing position, having the weapon in the position specified in the standard number 1

Ex. Chorus.
Posted on ref.rf
Ud.

AK-74 16 p. 17 s. 20 s.

Reconnaissance for observation purposes is one of the most important conditions for solving fire missions in combat. When scouting targets by observation, it is important to know the unmasking signs of targets:

Glitter of glasses of optical devices

Automatic shooting from machine guns

Enemy reconnaissance crawling over the grass.

The measurement of horizontal angles in thousandths with the help of fingers and various objects: a training cartridge, pencil, etc., is extremely important for the implementation of target indications regarding landmarks from local objects.

It is extremely important to keep the hand or object at a distance from the eyes at a distance of 50 cm. In this case, every millimeter of the thickness (width) of the object at hand will cover an angle on the ground equal to two thousandths (0-02).

Target indication report is performed by the following command

"Reference point 1 to the left 30; range of 500 ATGM in the trench."

The angular size of the fingers at a distance of 50 cm from the eyes