By purchasing land for construction, you must definitely pay attention to what groundwater is located here. Since the close location of such aquifers is fraught with a mass of problems both for future buildings and for the host itself.
And determine the location of all communications on the site is much easier than to find out the level groundwater On the eye. To do this, it is necessary to make a geodesic examination. And therefore, do not hesitate to ask former owners Earth such a document. Otherwise you have to spend additionally.
Important: High groundwater is most often running in soils located on the principle of descent or in the territories, which are already in the lowland of the village. The close location of the reservoir towards your Earth can also indicate the possible finding of the layer with the lifeful moisture close to the surface.
Groundwater - waterproofs with a thickness of 1 to 10 meters, located in the depths of the soil. Most often they serve as moisture sources for well equipment, wells on the plot.
Distinguish such soil waters:
- Artesian plastics . The lowest layer of aquifer. As a rule, it is located at a level of 25 meters and below from the surface of the Earth. Basically, such water we loc much between the reservoirs of limestone and the free-free lived. Artesian layers are used for well equipment in private possessions. Such residentials do not have a detrimental effect on the construction and vegetation on the site.
- Non-free groundwater . Such a layer is located at a mark from 5 to 20 meters from the ground level. Such veins are not subject to changes in water levels as a result of seasonal precipitation. The dynamics of such a layer remains unchanged. Due to the non-free veins, it is filling the reservoirs nearby for your territory. It is worthwing to know that non-pressure water has a very detrimental effect on the foundation of the finished building and all the communications laid underground.
- Ripper. These groundwater are the most complicated in terms of arranging territory. A similar layer with liquid is, as a rule, at a level of up to 3 meters from the surface of the soil. Rippody veins are very detrimental effect on the garden planting plant on the site, and at the same time affect the foundation and communications. Although everything is purely individually for each piece of land.
Education "Harmful" Ripper
Perhaps some are interested in the issue of the formation of a supper layer. It should be said that such veins are formed under the influence of seasonal precipitation. The complex of the formation of aquifer also includes the level of primerization of the soil and its subsequent heaving. So, the formation of the water of water looks like this:
- The soil has the properties to freeze and indicate as a result of temperature drops. Where the soil frustrate and pulls away, it becomes more loose. Through it, sediments are sediments in the form of rain and snow.
- Then bottom layer The soil, not subject to freezing, is trambed for hundreds of years, turning into a impermeable layer. This is the bottom of aquifer.
- Thus, water accumulates in a kind of chamber, forming the direction of its movement under the influence of its own strength.
- Later, depending on the season, the water will burn to drain along the veins towards the reservoir or leak up the soil to the plants, evaporating in this way through their nutrition. That is why in the summer in the converged areas even in the heat greens more juicy and rich.
Negative influence of water on the ground
The high level of groundwater is a problem with which you can and must be struggling. Otherwise, the cost of servicing the site will rise at times.
What harmful aquifers are harmful:
- On thin, sandy and shale soils, such veins are able to constantly wash the ground, which will lead to the satellite of the foundation, and afterwards the walls of the house. Perhaps the final collapse of the whole design.
- In addition, the above-mentioned types of soil under the influence of nearby reservoirs with water over time can be transformed into floats. And this is more complex problemWith which it is almost impossible to cope.
- All vegetation in the garden and garden on the purchased territory will simply rot if the groundwater level will be too high. In this case, you will have to resort to special tricks like lifting beds by sleeping soil. Trees will have to save by landing on special earthy mounds.
It is important: to determine the close level of water to the surface of the Earth can be on the building already existing on Earth. In this case, the house will be distinguished by the shuffled plaster in the corners, difficult to open / closing windows and doors, cracks on the glasses.
All this is evidence that the foundation and the house itself undergo deformation as a result. negative impact moisture for the foundation.
Determine the water level on the site
The primary assessment of the area to the groundwater level can be carried out, which is said to the eye. To do this, first use the grandfather's methods and notice vegetation:
- So, if you do not know how to determine the level of groundwater, we draw attention to shrubs and grass on the purchased land. Where sorate waters of the Ripper are located very close to the surface, the nettle, horsetail, mother-and-stepmother, and a downtride, and so on. That is, all moisture-boring plants will prevail. At the same time, at first glance, the territory may not seem to be overwhelmed.
- It is worth seeing to trees with shrubs. If the water is located on the ground at the depth of occurring up to 5 meters, then you will see reed, poplar, reed and other similar plants.
- If the water lay down at level up to 3 meters, then the frequent planes here will be wormwood, licorice, etc.
- It is also worth aware that Birch, Verba, Maple and Alder always grow along aquifer. Moreover, they always make a bias toward the veins.
- Oaks are always located at the intersection of water veins.
- And you can define close-based soil waters and by observing insects. So, a large cluster of mosquitoes and other flying "unclean" is inherent in those places where it lived. That is, there is always a ball of insects over it in the air.
- You can simply interview the neighbors and curl about the level of water in their wells and wells, as well as about the dynamics of the change in the water mirror due to the seasons.
- A mechanical way to determine the level of groundwater on the section can be drilling. For this, a simple garden Schneck needs to remove the soil by an amount equal to the depth of water. That is, it is necessary to drill in several places and until it turns into water. Based on the data obtained, we make an analysis of the depth of the occurrence of aquifers in the ground. At the same time, drilling must be carried out exclusively in early springWhen the reservoir rises to the highest level.
Important: and yet the best solution for private ownership will be timely conducting geodesic examination. Thus, it will be possible to protect the construction from possible problems.
We fight with water
It is known that water in the soil requires actions aimed at eliminating. Otherwise, all works on the territory will be in vain. It is necessary to struggle with soil water only the way it is to lead. That is, equip good system drainage.
- Open drainage is considered the most common. Used in the event that groundwater interfere with plantations. To do this, in the garden you need to dig special docks for drainage. Their depth must be at least 40 cm, while they all should look toward the slope of the site. In the garden between cultures dig grooves a depth of no more than 10-15 cm. This system will perfectly cope with the water removal from the garden, but is not perfect. The minus of the system is that the care of the garden and garden is complicated, and the design of the drainage system can be impaired as a result of winds, domestic animals, etc.
- You can use just a method of water on the ground. To do this, it is necessary to dug the pit, through the bottom of which water will go. That is, the level of groundwater will decline due to a decrease in the bottom of the bottom of the kittle. But this method is not suitable if the ground particles are washed out with water. You can also find out through drilling or conducting geodesic soil analysis.
- Closed drainage system. Used in the event that the level of groundwater hinders reliable and durable operation of the building. Such a water removal system from the territory is hidden from prying eyes, but it has a substantial minus - rapidly casing. In such a system, the main components are trenches throughout the perimeter of the site, and corrugated pipes laid in them. Water will fall into the sleeve, and leave the pipes in the planned place.
- You can use a more complex installation to drive water from the soil. A needer filter system and powerful pumps will be used here. The latter will pump off the water, and direct it into the lead system.
- It is believed that there are no unusable for building plots. Therefore, if you fight with water, you cannot for a number of reasons, that is, it makes sense to change the house project so that it is more resistant to the mooring soil. Alternatively, you can use the foundation on piles or the foundation-stove.
- If you still decide to conduct a geodesic analysis, be prepared for extensive costs. The cost of performing such work will be within 500 cu for put on the earth. The amount may vary in both sides, depending on the type of soil and complexity of the relief.
- If it is decided to equip open system Drainage, all work needs to be spent in spring. At this time, water occurs above all, and its lead will be more efficient. It should be known that digging trenches is needed from the lowest point of the territory towards the highest.
- For greater ease of installation of the drainage system, you can find pipes, one side of which is made in the form of a lattice. It will save from additional work.
IMPORTANT: All drainage systems even on the apparent perfectly smooth piece of land must be made taking into account the slope towards the water removal. Learn the direction of the slope can be a simple estimate of the relief or using the geological assessment of the territory.
This is underground water resourceswhich are locked at the shallow depth of the first waterproof reservoir. Their resource is different large square and stable water volumes. They always lie on a weakly or impermeable rock, which does not miss the infiltration of groundwater into lower layers. Groundwater belongs to the groundwater family and include two main types: capillary and rigor.
Alternatively, only hydrogeologists may give accurately after the examination of a particular area. It is easiest to confuse groundwater with the rigor. It has a smaller depth of occurring and an area of \u200b\u200bwater mirror. Its bottom lies on the random clusters of waterproof rocks (clay, etc.).
In the image is given general scheme Waterne layers, only hydrological examination can give an accurate picture
The groundwater layer is necessarily limited to the bottom, but usually does not have a roof. The breeds are distinguished by porosity, filled with water without pressure. Due to the water-permeable top layer, groundwater is very sensitive to atmospheric precipitation, snow melting or just random emissions of water. Depending on their number, the volume of groundwater constantly fluctuates, falling into the drought and restoring into rainy seasons. In addition, the chemical composition changes and average temperature. If groundwater is locked in close proximity to natural reservoirs, their level and composition are closely tied to the dynamics of surface waters. In relation to them, accurate proportionality is clearly observed - the amount of water received is equal to the amount of water flow.
Under conditions of large volumes of nutritional infiltration, the long-term contact of groundwater with mineral rocks leads to the fact that all easily soluble salts are washed away, and the water itself becomes conditionally fresh. If the groundwater is locked in dry terrain, there is a reverse process: the water mass does not flow, but evaporates, while the remnants are gradually pushed.
Groundwater spare out in the vicinity of water bodies, shallow underground cracks and karst formations and mountain breed removal cones. The composition of groundwater depends on climate and vegetable world locality
The level of groundwater level affects its feeding and consumption. On the plains, they retain a static position, but if the surround line is found below, they form small sources that are called springs. They are very important for the nutrition of natural reservoirs.
Soil waters are unpredictable, especially if their location is close to the surface
Using groundwater for drinking and farm
The main supply of groundwater is precipitation. While moisture stalks to the level of groundwater, it is partially cleaned by impurities. If the terrain is environmentally friendly, there is no spill harmful substances And for the management of the economy is not used chemical substancesIt can be considered conditionally suitable for drinking and watering plants.
Well on groundwater, will be subject to seasonal decrease and level increase. To make sure the safety of drinking water from a shallow horizon, you need to pass it on analyzes to the laboratory. If the composition of the water is normal, it can be eaten, but it is desirable to expose additional filtering and disinfection of boiling.
Next to the soil well is forbidden to place trashlands, livestock yards, sewer, and other plumbing facilities. Water, passing through them, dissolves, everything that is only possible, and then the entire bouquet of microbes and chemicals will fall into the well and on the table to the owners.
Low level groundwater lounge and the lack of an upper waterproof "floor" greatly facilitates the contamination with raindrops or wastewater. For eating, they are used in extreme casebut for others household needs quite suitable. Therefore, sometimes in the courtyard there are several aquifers: an artesian well for drinking and a small well for watering, etc.
Fully safe for drinking only those groundwater, which deeply lie down and go to the surface in the form of springs. By proximity, automotive trails, industries and other polluting objects should not be placed
Negative groundwater effect
Groundwater location at a depth of 2 to 20 meters. The smaller the distance from the surface of the soil to the water, the more troubles they deliver the owners of the plots. Frequent situations when plants do not grow in the country, root system which goes to the ground more than half the meter. Even decorative plants Dry and rot.
Groundwater - an excellent solution for watering
Drainage systems are used to remove groundwater, and the soil level increases with the help of the extension and extraction of additional soil.
Problems of gardeners and gardeners will seem solved trifles, if they compare the harm that groundwater can bring residential and economic buildings, drinking a well or well with good water. When building wells prefer to power the level of open groundwater, and reach deeper and secure aquifers (usually enough to get to the second waterproof). They lie between the two waterproof layers of the rock, the first protects against the ingress of groundwater and the ridder, and the second serves as a bottom.
The solid design of the well mine is protected from contaminated and stock waters. This is the ideal situation when the owners are thoroughly care about the well, regularly update the waterproofing and the clay castle around the well. As you know: the water is sharpened, and the seams between the rings and is suppressed. They are weakened not only soil waters, but also floating, deep freezing of the soil, the roots of near-locked trees, and cracks appear in the mine.
Virtually 100% protected from the rover and groundwater ingredients, the shafts of which are welded from plastic pipes. They are specially strengthened and reinforced to withstand loads for a long time and do not crack.
IN middle lane Russia, the level of groundwater (AGB) lies very close to the surface - 2-3 meters. This indicator meets even in big cities. You can't drink this water! It is recruited from shores and other effluents and dissolves in itself many harmful substances and chemistry.
How to understand that the well flooded with primer
If a well is built on the site a traditional method made of reinforced concrete rings or stone masonry, the risk of ingress of soil or stormwater is very high.
In periods of abundant rains, flood or snowdown, through the impaired waterproofing into the well, full streams begins to drain dirty water. This process can be seen by a sharply increased level of water and wet jets on the walls of the mine. At such periods, SanEpidemstation specialists recommend switching to bottled water.
To understand the water leaked through which site, you will need to pump water to normal level And wait until the walls are dried. The protested seams will remain wet, and if the pressure of the groundwater is strong, then through the cracks water will be stuck.
How to protect the well from groundwater
In the season of active nutrition of groundwater due to shower or snow delicious water From the well can turn into an involution due to ingress of soil or stormwater. The elimination of the effects of flooding includes several procedures: cleaning, revision and thorough sealing of seams, disinfection of the well to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. It is true here that prevention is cheaper and faster than eliminating consequences.
Streams and street toilets of course it is better to have away from drinking water source
To ensure that this does not happen, it is necessary to regularly conduct a prophylactic examination of the integrity of the rings themselves and waterproofing seams between them, and update them when damage is detected. Cannot be used for sealing silicone sealant, after a short time, it hovers. To protect against surface waters, a fairly quality clay castle around the well mine. It is laid on a depth of 70 cm to 2 meters and the layer is rambling.
The company's specialists professionally eliminate the consequences and causes of flooding wells, and restore waterproofing so that this no longer happens.
Lecture number 7.
Underground waters are formed by seeping water dropping in the form of precipitation (infiltration), sometimes groundwater is formed from the water contained in magma (juvenile), sedimentation, groundwater captured with surfaces formed rocks and converted (formed in metamorphism minerals and mountain breeds. Underground waters are classified on hydraulic signs - non-pressure and pressure and under the conditions of occurrence - the rigor, soil and inter-plastic.
Ripper is called temporary clusters of water in the topmost layers earth crust Over local waterproofs or semi-spores (clay and loam lenses in the sand, overlooking more dense breeds). During the snowmast and abundant rains with infiltration, water temporarily delayed and forms aquifer. Ripper presents considerable danger to urban territories. Lajusting within the underground parts of buildings and structures (basements, boiler rooms, etc.), it can cause their flooding. IN lately As a result of significant water leaks (plumbing), the appearance of the horizons of the rigor in the territories industrial facilities and residential areas.
Ground waters are called groundwater, occurring on the first from the surface of the waterproof. Groundwater has a free surface called a mirror. Nutrition of groundwater occurs due to atmospheric Ospalkov and the flow of water from surface reservoirs and rivers. The groundwater is open to penetrate surface water, which leads to a change in its composition and contamination of harmful impurities. Groundwater is in motion and form streams, which does not rarely lead to sufficient.
Interplastic waters are called groundwater, which occur between two waterproofs. Under the conditions of the occurrence, these water can be non-pressure and pressure, that is, artesian.
Over time, there are changes in the position of the level and nature of the surface of the groundwater, their temperature and chemical composition. The combination of these changes is called groundwater regime. Its study is the most important task, since the quantitative and qualitative change in groundwater significantly affects the conditions for the construction and operation of structures and should affect the design. The reasons of oscillations of the groundwater level are:
1 meteorological factors (precipitation);
2 hydrological conditions (the effect of rivers and reservoirs);
3 oscillation of the earth's crust;
4 Human construction activities (leakage from water supply and sewer systems, reducing water evaporation due to buildings, various pumps from wells and wells).
To monitor groundwater level, drilling wells are used in the required places single or located in a certain order.
In each well, determine the depth of the appearance of water relative to the surface of the Earth, which is then recalculated at the absolute mark. To determine the depth of the level of level use:
1 dimensional rail (with small depths);
2 measuring cables, at the ends of which are suspended floats, flappers, whistles);
3 levels of S. electrical chains;
4 float meters.
Most homes have centralized water supply. But due to the remoteness from the settlement or for other reasons in some country cottages, it is not available at the cottages. The owners have to drill well or equip the well.
To determine the horizon of the location of the source, you have to resort to the help of a professional. His services will cost Neszayevo. The depth of groundwater climb can be installed independently. It will be possible to save substantially tools. family budget on the arrangement of the water supply system. For this, several uncomplicated approaches are applied. Before starting work, it is necessary to consider the entire procedure in detail.
Type of underground water
The depth of groundwater level is different. The type of source depends on this indicator. It is taken into account when conducting a water supply system. The closest layer is called a rigor. It is located at a depth of 2-3 m. Such a source is applicable only for technical purposes.
Next follow with a free surface. There is also inter-plastic non-pressure and pressure artesian sources. The most pure, suitable for drinking is considered the last species. Chemical composition and quality are the highest among all sources. The water layer can be in sandy, or in gravel.
Features of groundwater
Before determining the depth of groundwater, it is necessary to learn about their features. First of all, the type of terrain affects their location. In the steppe, where the surface is smooth, the layers run evenly. At any point, their depth is the same.
But in the presence of bumps, the coil the water is also bending. Experts recommend when creating a well take into account such features of the relief. If water is needed for technical purposes, you can use the first layer. It is closer to others suitable for the surface.
In drinking purposes it is necessary to use water at least from the second layer. If the terrain is hilly, drill well better on the hill. In this case, the soil layer better filters such water.
In a swampy terrain, groundwater can approach the surface at a depth of only 1 m. Working out the well, you need to be prepared.
Ground waters of the Moscow region
Before owners own house There should be certificates about the features of the layers of underground sources. For example, the depth of groundwater underwater in the Moscow region is characterized by inhomogeneity.
It allocates 5 main layers. All of them are not alternatively located and have different power. The first three layers are characterized by low pressure. They are used for technical purposes. Waterproof occurs in small streams and rivers. These soil waters are replenished in the spring when snow starts to melting.
In dolomite and limestone rocks, there are two lower layers. The depth of their occurrence is about 100 m. It is these sources that are suitable for drinking purposes. In the Moscow region, the central water supply was laid from these sources.
Preparation for measurement
The conditions of moistening and the depth of groundwater is quite closely connected. When going to produce measurements, you need to choose the right time. At the same time there should be no droughts or protracted rains. Everything weather affect the result of measurements.
To determine the depth of finding groundwater, it is necessary to use one of the simple methods. To do this, it is necessary to prepare all the remedies and materials. From the tools you will need a regular car, roulette. It is also necessary to prepare a long rope.
In addition to tools, you need certain chemical elements. This is a sulfur, and copper vigor. For different techniques, those or other techniques will be required.
Drilling
Determination of groundwater depths are possible using several methods. The most reliable of them is the drilling. It is possible to accurately determine which depth of the underground source, whether there is no significant obstacles in the form of stones on the way.
For work will suit Normal factory bug. If desired, additional blades weld on its blades. The tool is crashed into a soft soil. It gets together with the ground to the surface. To soften the soil, it is watered with water.
With the help of a threaded, flutter connection of the bond with pipes to deepen on such level. Next, with the help of the rope make measurements. The well should be 0.5-1 m deeper than the rope fasten the paper and check, at what level it wets.
The use of chemicals
If you don't want to bury well, there is a simpler way to find out the depth of groundwater. For this, the shovel in the estimated place is rotated. It can be about 0.5 M depth. It requires a clay pot.
In a vessel in equal proportions, a detonal lime, sulfur and copper sulphate are mixed. Next, the pit is buried and leave for a day. After that, the pot takes to the surface and weighed. The harder it became, the closer the soil waters come to the surface. This method is not accurate enough, but it is used since the most long-time. Only now it was improved.
Barometer
Another reliable way to determine what the depth of groundwater occurs in this area is the use of a barometer. However, it should be noted that it requires a presence in the reservoir district.
If there is any, you can proceed to measurement. Each division of the barometer corresponds to 1 m depth. First, with the device it is necessary to approach the water. Here the testimony of the barometer is recorded.
This method is also not very accurate. Error distorts the real picture. But general principle You can understand.
People's way
The depth of groundwater occurs can be determined folk methods. First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to vegetation. Where the source closely comes to the surface, it is greener, brighter. In such places they love to grow reed, ivy, forget-me-not, and other moisture representatives of Flora.
The people's approach involves the following. It is necessary to wash and dry the wool in the soap solution. In an estimated place for experience, vegetation is cleaned.
On the ground laying wool. A raw egg is placed on it and they are covered with a frying pan. In the morning assess the result of experience. If the egg and the wool bed were covered with dew drops, it means that the water close to the surface. But it is necessary to hold such a procedure in dry weather.
Having considered how the depth of groundwater was determined, you can independently perform measurements. Depending on the selected method, you can get a more accurate or approximate result. All work can be made independently. It will be possible to significantly save money of the family budget.
Groundwater underground water of the first from the surface of the land of a permanent aquifer. Are formed mainly due to infiltration (seepage) of atmospheric precipitation and water rivers, lakes, reservoirs, irrigation channels; places in stocks in. Refilled by rising waters of deeper horizons (for example, the waters of Artesian pools), as well as due to the condensation of water vapor. From above G. B. It is usually not overlapped with waterproof rocks, and they are not filled with a power-permeable reservoir, so the surface of the city in. is free, unknown. In some sections, where there is still a local waterproof overlap, in. Provided by a local pressure (the magnitude of the latter is determined by the position of the level of the city in. at adjacent areas that do not have waterproof overlap). When the drilling well or a copany well reaches G. B., Their level (t. N. Mirror G. B) is installed at the depth where they were met. Power areas and spread in. match up. As a result, the condition of formation and regime in G. possess characteristic featuresdistinguish them from deeper artesian Water: G. Sensitive to all atmospheric changes. Depending on the number of precipitating precipitation, the surface of the city in. Test seasonal fluctuations: in dry time The year it decreases, in wet - increases, the flow rate, chemical composition and temperature of G. B are also changed. Near rivers and reservoirs change levels, consumption and chemical composition in. are determined by the nature of the hydraulic connection to them surface waters and the latter mode. The magnitude of the city of city. For many years of age, it is approximately equal to the amount of water received by infiltration. In conditions wet climate Intensive infiltration and underground flow processes are developed, accompanied by the leaching of soils and rocks. At the same time, easily soluble salts - chlorides and sulfates - are taken out of breeds and soils; As a result of a long water exchange, fresh-in-law is formed., mineralized only at the expense of relatively few soluble salts (mainly calcium bicarbonates). In arid conditions warm climate (In dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts) due to the short-term deposition and the small amount of precipitation, as well as the weak drainage of the underground area. does not develop; In the expenditure part of the balance G. B. The evaporation prevails and their salinization occurs. Differences in the conditions of formation of the city in. determine the zonality of their geographical distribution, which is closely related to the zonality of climate, soil and vegetable cover. Forest, forest-steppe and steppe areas are common (or weak-mineralized) in.; Within dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts on the plains are dominated by the salted G. B., among which freshwater It is found only in some sections. The most significant stocks of the city in. focused in alluvial sediments river valleys, in the cones of the removal of foothill areas, as well as in shallow-leaning arrays of fractured and tanned limestone (less often in fractured erupted rocks). G. B. By virtue of the easy accessibility have great importance For national economy as water sources industrial enterprises, cities, villages, settlements in countryside etc.. LIT: Savarensky F. P., Hydrogeology, M., 1935; Lange O. K., Hydrogeology, M., 1969. P.P. Clims.
Big soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Watch what is "groundwater" in other dictionaries:
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Underground waters that are located on the first from the surface of the water of the waterproof and are constant in time and significant by the area of \u200b\u200bdistribution aquifer ... Geological terms
groundwater - Water below ground surface In the thickness of rocks and in the soil in any physical condition. Syn.: Groundwater ... Dictionary on geography
Groundwater - Waters freely located on top of waterproofed rocks (clay, Mergel, other universal breeds), forming aquifer horizon and do not have a solid roof from waterproof rocks. Usually it is called the underground water of the first from ... ... Large polytechnic encyclopedia
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Books
- Soil and artesian wells, A.A. Krasopolsky. St. Petersburg, 1912. Typography P. P. Sawkin. Illustrated edition. Typographic cover. Safety is good. The purpose of this edition is to give a summary of the theory of soil and ...
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