Poisoning substances are represented by poisonous chemical compounds that serve to defeat the living forces of the enemy during the war. They have a number of physical and chemical properties, due to which the combat situation can be in a liquid, aerosol or vapor state and are the basis of chemical mass lesion). Os penetrate various open spaces, shelters or structures and affect living organisms that are there, while maintaining their action at a certain period of time after their use.
Combat poisoning substances penetrate the human body with several ways: through the skin, respiratory or digestive organs, mucous membranes. At the same time, the degree and nature of the defeat depend on the paths of penetration into the body, the speed of distribution over it and the removal of it, as well as the methods of action of poisonous substances and the individual characteristics of the human body.
To date, there is no definite classification of these substances. The greatest significance represent:
1. Physiological classification (by action on the body). This includes unstable poisoning substances, resistant and poisonous-smoky.
a) Unstable rs - are able to infect the atmosphere, they form a cloud of steam, which spreads the software and is quickly dissipated.
b) Resistant OS - liquid substances that create a cloud that is infected with an aerosol. Some chemicals settle in the form of dew to the nearby territory.
c) the smokers are used in the form of various smoke and consist of
2. Tactical classification (on occupational behavior). This includes a mortal substance that is in order to certain temporary interval and annoying.
a) mortal action - serve to eliminate living organisms.
b) output - serve to create a mental disorder in humans.
c) irritant substances - serve to wear people.
Also, the nature of the impact on the human body is distinguished:
1. Neriva-paralytic poisoning substances (ZARIN, VX, ZOMAN) - contain phosphorus, so much toxic. They have accuracy of accumulation and affect the human nervous system in any way of entering the body. These are colorless liquids that do not smell, which are well dissolved in natural solvents, but the least in water.
2. Poisonous s (phosphine, arcine, blue acid) - breaks tissue breathing, stopping their oxidizing processes. These substances fall into the body through the respiratory and gastrointestinal bodies.
3. Screening substances (chlorpicrin, diphosgen and phosgene) - affect the lightweight tissue and the upper respiratory tract through causing suffocations and death.
4. Irritating poisoning substances (CS, Dibenzoxepine, chloroacetophenone) - promotes the irritation of the mucous membranes of respiratory and eyes. Used in the form of aerosols, causing burns, respiratory paralysis, and death.
5. Skin-disruptable OV (Luisit, Hypritis) - enters the body through the skin and mucous membrane, causing poisoning and formation of ulcers in the field of contact with the skin.
6. Psychogenic substances (OB, BZ) - cause psychosis and physical disorders by interrupting neuromuscular transmission of pulses.
7. Toxins (botulin, staphylococcal enteroxin) - cause paralysis of CNS, vomiting, body poisoning.
Thus, today, almost all types of poisoning substances have been studied. All of them are able to affect the human body, causing his poisoning. For timely protection, it is important to quickly detect OS, install it type and concentration. Only then can be achieved by high results when providing medical care victims during hostilities.
Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation"
Essay on life safety on the topic:
"Classification of poisoning substances in actions on the human body"
- Performed:
- Student M1-2 groups
- Ramirez Kinones Pavel Orlandovich
2008
Table of contents
Introduction
A wide variety of poisoning substances (s) by classes of chemical compounds, properties and combat applications, of course, causes the need for their classification. Create a unified, universal classification of the US is almost impossible, but there is no need for this. Specialists of various profiles The basis of the classification takes the most characteristic of this profile properties and features of the OV, so the classification, compiled, for example, specialists of the medical service, is unacceptable for specialists developing funds and methods for the destruction of the OS or the operational and tactical foundations of the use of chemical weapons.
For a relatively short history of chemical weapons, there was also a certain division of the OS according to various signs. There are attempts to classify all s on active chemical functional groups, in durability and volatility, on the table of use and toxicity, according to the methods of degassing and treatment of affected, according to the pathological reactions of the body caused by the organism. Currently, the so-called physiological and tactical classifications of OB have been the greatest distribution.
In this course work, we consider the essence and principles of classifying the effects of poisoning substances to the human body.
1. The concept of poisoning substances and types of their classification
1.1 Concept
Poisoning substances? (S) - toxic chemical compounds designed to defeat the alive force of the enemy during hostilities. Can penetrate the body throughrespiratory system , skin and digestive tract. The combat properties (combat efficiency) of the OI are determined by their toxicity (due to the ability to inhibit enzymes or interact with receptors), physicochemical properties (volatility, solubility, hydrolysis resistance, etc.), the ability to penetrate the biobarers of warm-blooded and overcome the means of protection.
1.2 Tactical classification
- On the elasticity of saturated vapor (volatility) on:
- unstable (phosgen, hydrocyanic acid);
- persistent (IPRIT, LUISIT, VX);
poaming (adamsit, chloroacetophenone).
- By the nature of the impact on living force on:
- deadly (Zarin, Hyprit);
temporarily withdrawing personal composition (chloroacetophenone, quinoclidyl-3-benzylate);
annoying: (adamsit, cs, cr, chloroacetophenone);
training: (chlorpicrin);
- By the speed of hitting the action:
- high-speed - do not have the period of hidden action (zarin, Zoman, AC, CH, CS, CR);
slowly acting - have a period of hidden action (iprit, VX, phosgene, BZ, Louiseit, Adamsit);
According to physiological classification, divided into:
- neriva-paralytic o (phosporganic connections): Zarin, Zoman, Tabun, VX;
skiddovted s:hydrocyanic acid; Hlorcian;
skin-disruptive s:iprit, azoty Iprit., Luisit;
Oh, annoying upper respiratory tract orsterites: Adamsit, diphenyl chloroarsin, diphenyl cyanarsin;
suffocating: phosgene, dithosgen;
irritant eye shell orlacrimators: chlorpicrin, chloroacetophenone, dibenzoxazepin, o-chlorobenzalmalondinitril, brombenzylcianid;
psychochimical s:hinuklidyl-3-benzylate.
2. The impact of poisoning substances on the human body
2.1 Poisoning substances of neuro-paralytic action
Currently, military specialists consider neuro-paralytic poisoning substances as the most promising for use as a matter of death. This group of poisoning substances includes extremely highly toxic phosphorodorganic compounds - Zarin, Zoman, V-gases. Causes the damage to the nervous system, they have a pronounced general-toxic effect.
The characteristic property of phosphauses is their cumulative effect, which is expressed particularly sharply when re-exposed in the first day after the primary contact. The cumulative action lies in the accumulation of poison in the body and caused by the changes.
Signs of damage to various poisoning substances of neuro-paralytic action are in many ways similar. The differences consist in the severity of some symptoms.
In easily affected, there is a narrowing of the pupils (MIOS), the accommodation spasm, accompanied by a sharp weakening of vision at dusk and with artificial lighting, eye pain, saliva, separation of mucus from the nose, the feeling of gravity in the chest. With damage through the skin and the digestive tract, the narrowing of the pupils is often absent, as it is caused by the local action or the flow of large doses of the OB to the overall blood flow.
With the defeat of the medium gravity, a sharp breath is developing due to the narrowing of the lumen of the bronchi, the blue painting of the mucous membranes and the skin. There is a violation of coordination of movements (shaky gait), often vomiting, frequent urination, diarrhea. Signs of lesion of lightly expressed stronger.
In case of severe defeat, clinical and tonic convulsions of an attached character, the strongest sword. From the mouth is distinguished by a foam wet (saliva). The skin and mucous membranes acquire a sharply pronounced blue color. In more severe cases, the loss of consciousness and stop breathing occurs.
V-gases (VX) - highly toxic poisoning substances of neuro-paralytic action. They are young yellowish liquids, odorless, not possess an irritant action. V-gases are well dissolved in organic solvents (gasoline, kerosene, solar oil, dichloroethane and others) and poorly dissolve in water; infecting continuing reservoirs for several months; Easily absorbed into rubber, wood, paints and varnishes.
V-gases can be used in artillery chemical shells of trunny and reactive artillery, in chemical aviation bombs, tight aviation devices and chemical bolsters.
At the time of use of V-gases are in the form of small droplets (MOSI) and fog (aerosol).
From the infected area of \u200b\u200bV-gases, together with dust can go into the air and get into the respiratory tract, as well as on the skin of people and cause fatal defeats.
Hitting on the skin of V-gases in an amount is significantly less than one drop causes a fatal human damage. To protect against V-gases, it is necessary to wear a gas mask and leather protection tools (general-purpose protective raincoat of OP-1, protective stockings and gloves).
In armament and military equipment V-gases are degassed with freshly prepared degazing solution No. 1, as well as aqueous solutions of the Calcium Hypochlorite Calcium, DTS-GK and Deactivating Powder SF-2U (SF-2). Uniforms located on personnel and infected with poisoning substances are degassed with an individual anti-chemical package.
V-gases are detected using chemical intelligence devices (indicator tube with a red ring and point), as well as means of chemical laboratories,
Zaror (GW) is a colorless volatile liquid (a yellow-colored technical zaror) with a boiling point of about 150 ° C freezes at a temperature of about minus 40 ° C. Zaror is well soluble in water and organic solvents. Easily sorbed (delayed) on uniform. Water decomposes very slowly and can infect continuing reservoirs for about a period of about a month. Quickly destroyed by aqueous solutions with alkalis, ammonia water. Skin cover and uniforms are degassed with an individual anti-chemical package. The degassing of weapons and technology is not required. Protection from Zarina is a gas mask.
Zaror is a high-speed poisoning substance of neuro-paralytic action. The concentration of vapor zarin in the air of 0.0005 milligrams in liter inhalation for 2 minutes. It causes the narrowing of the pupils (MIOS) and the difficulty of breathing (prudged effect), and the concentration of 0.06 milligram in the liter is within 2 minutes. is deadly. At the time of use, Zaror is mainly in a state of steam, but in places of breaks of chemical ammunition, there may be drops.
Zaror can be used in chemical rockets, artillery chemical shells of trunks and reactive artillery, in chemical aviation bombs and chemical fugasas.
It is detected using chemical intelligence devices (indicator tube with a red ring and point), automatic GSP-1M gas controller, GSP-11 and chemical laboratories.
When assisting with damage to neuro-paralytic action, it is necessary:
- give an antidote tablet from AI-2 (Nest number 2);
- immediately wear gas masks (defective replace); When in the aerosol cloud of poisoning substances, when the smallest droplets of the OS are falling on the face, first handle the skin of the face with a liquid of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP), then a gas mask is put on;
- to conduct partial sanitary treatment of open areas of the skin and partial degarison of clothing with liquid IPP and PCS bags; According to the testimony, artificial respiration;
- urgently evacuate chemical infection affected from the focus.
2.2 Poisoning substances of the leather-disruptive action
The group of poisoning substances of the leather-disruptive action refers to the Hypret. Hyprint has an amazing effect both in drip-liquid and vapor state.
Hyprint (ND, H) can be used in purified form (overtake) and in the form of a technical product (technical). The oven and technical iprites are oily fluids from light yellow to dark brown color with the smell of garlic or mustard.
Pigs at a temperature of 217 ° C, and freezes within temperatures from minus 4 ° C to minus 14.5 ° C.
Iprit is not soluble in water, but it dissolves well in organic
solvents (gasoline, kerosene, benzene, solar oil, dichloroetan, etc.). Water, the Hyprit is slowly decomposed and can infiltrate the reservoirs for a long time (up to 2 months).
Hyprint causes local inflammatory changes, and also has a shaded action. At the time of contact with OB pain or other unpleasant sensations are missing. After a few hours of the hidden period (2 - 3 hours with drip-liquid s), redness appear on the skin, it is also felt by itching and burning. After 18 24, bubbles located along the edge of redness in the form of a necklace are formed, then bubbles merge into large bubbles filled with a transparent liquid, which constantly grieves. In severe cases, surface ulcers are formed on the site of bubbles, and after the infection of infection is deeply ulcers that do not heal for a long time.
When exposed to vapors, Iprit on the eyes 2 - 5 hours after the defeat there is a feeling of light burning and a foreign body (sand) in the eyes. Seeking, redness and swelling of mucous membranes appear. In severe cases, these signs are pronounced. Almost simultaneously with the irritation of the mucous membranes of the eye there are hoarseness of the voice, a sense of mercy in the throat, a sneakers for sternum, runny nose, dry cough, chest pain, nausea, general weakness.
The general oxic effect of the iprite is manifested by headache, dizziness, nausea, increasing temperature, general oppression, apathy, drowsiness.
Weapons and techniques infected with Iprit are degassed with a degassing solution No. 1, aqueous solutions of the DTS-GK or deactivating Powder SF-2U (SF-2). On the terrain and engineering facilities, the Hyprit is degassed with chlorine lime and DTS-GK. On the skin cover and outfit, the Hyprit is degassed with an individual anti-chemical package.
At the time of use, the Hypret is in a state of steam, fog and drops of various sizes.
To protect against Iprit, gas masses and leather protection means (general-purpose protective raincoat of OP-1, protective stockings and gloves).
The smallest dose of iprite, causing skin damage, is about 0.01 milligrams per 1 square centimeter of naked skin. Mortal dose when hitting a naked human skin about 4-5 grams. The concentration of vapor of iprite in the air is 0.3 milligrams in liter for 2 minutes. is deadly.
Hyprint can be used in artillery chemical shells of trunks and reactive artillery, in chemical mines, aircraft chemical bombs, chemical fugas, as well as with the help of tight aviation devices. It is possible to use Iprit from thermal aerosol generators (fog).
Hyprint is detected by chemical intelligence instruments (indicator tube with a yellow ring) and
means of chemical laboratories.
First medical assistance in damage to Iprit: gas masks immediately put on the affected immediately; produce partial sanitary treatment of open areas of leather and partial degasses of clothing with liquid IPP and PCC bags; Then all the affected are derived (exported) to the unimaginable territory in the preserved hospitals or first-medical devils.
If you get into the stomach with food or water, you should cause as quickly as possible at the affected vomiting, to give it activated coal and, at the first opportunity, washed the stomach. For this, the affected gives a drink 3 5 glasses of water, and then cause vomiting. So repeat 5 6 times. Then re-give adsorbent (activated carbon).
2.3 poisoning substances of choking action
Penetrate by inhalation of which the upper respiratory tracts and pulmonary fabric are affected. The main representatives of phosgene and dithosgen.
Diphosgen colorless oily liquid with a smell of a heavy hay, a boiling point of 128 ° C, freezing minus 57 ° C.
According to military specialists, Currently phosgene cannot be considered as an effective means of chemical war, as it has low toxicity (30 times less than zarin toxicity), hidden period of action and smell.
Phosgen (SS) is a colorless gas with a smell of a heavy hay, which liquefied at a temperature of 8 ° C. Freezes phosgen at a temperature of about minus 100.0 ° C.
At the time of use, phosgene is in a state of steam and does not infect uniforms, weapons and equipment.
Fosshen pairs are 3.5 times heavier than air. Phosgen is constantly dissolved in organic solvents. Water, alkali aqueous solutions, ammonia water easily destroy phosgene (ammonium water can be used to degass phosgene in indoors). Protection against phosgene is a gas mask.
Phosgen has a suffocating effect with a hidden period of 4-6 hours. The concentrations of phosgene's vapor in the air of 3.0 milligrams in a liter with breathing for 2 minutes are fatal. Phosgen has cumulative properties (it is possible to obtain a deadly lesion with a long-term inhalation of air containing small concentrations of phosgene's vapor). The air containing phosgene's pairs can be stated in ravines, loose, lowlands, as well as in the forest and settlements.
The first signs of the defeat of the suffocating action are a sweet taste in the mouth, a feeling of sadness in the throat, cough, dizziness, general weakness. There may also be nausea, vomiting, soreness under the spoon. The damage to the mucous membranes of the eye is not pronounced.
After leaving the infected area, the lesion is disappeared, the hidden period of action comes, ongoing 6 8 hours. However, at this time, the breathtaking and muscular voltage appears in the supercooling and muscular tension. Then there are and develop swelling of the lungs, sharpness, cough, abundance of sputum, headache, temperature increase. Sometimes there is a heaving form of poisoning full respiratory disorder, digestion of cardiac activity and death.
Phosgen can be used in aviation chemical bombs and mines.
Phosgen is detected by phosgene of chemical intelligence instruments (indicator tube with three green rings) and automatic GSP-1M, GSP-11 gasalogs.
First aid. On the affected immediately, the gas masks are put on and be sure to remove (endure) it from the focus of chemical infection, regardless of the severity of the state. An independent movement of the affected leads to a sharp deterioration in the flow of poisoning, the development of edema of lungs and death. In the cool time of the year the affected should be warm and warm and warm. After carrying out from the focus of chemical infection, all the struck should be provided to provide full peace and relieve breathing, unbuttoning collars and clothing, and if possible, remove it.
With the defeat of the suffocating, artificial respiration can not be done (due to the presence of edema of the lungs). In the event of a complete respiratory stop to produce artificial respiration before the restoration of natural.
2.4 Poisoning substances of general poisonous action
Poisoning substances of a general poisonous action are a group of high-speed volatile o (Sinyl Acid, chloroqian, carbon monoxide, arsenic and phosphorous hydrogen), affecting blood and nervous system. The most toxic, sinyl acid and chlorocian.
Sinyl Acid (AS) is a colorless light-skipping and volatile liquid with almond smell. The boiling point of the sinyl acid is 26.1 ° C, the freezing temperature is 13.9 ° C. At the time of use, blue acid is in the form of a pair.
The pairs of its lighter air and in the field do not infect uniforms, weapons and equipment. Protection against sytic acid is a gas mask.
Sinyl Acid is well soluble in water and infects non-flowing reservoirs for several days. When damaged by blue acid, the tissue is losing the ability to absorb oxygen. In this regard, when decreasing in the blood of the required oxygen, oxygen starvation develops.
When damaged by the blue acid, the smell of bitter almond is felt, the bitter metal taste in the mouth, then a feeling of numbness of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, irritation of the throat, nausea, headache, dizziness, weakness are appear. There is a bright pink coloring of mucous membranes and leather, the expansion of pupils, the protrusion of eyeballs, shortness of breath, seizures. There are oppression, feeling of fear and loss of consciousness. Then comes the loss of sensitivity, relaxation of muscles, a sharp disruption of breathing and cardiac activity. Pulse frequent, weak, arrhythmical. Breathing is rare, superficial, uneven. Later, breathing stops with a heart that is still working.
Under toxicity, the syntic acid is significantly inferior to the poisoning substances of neuro-paralytic action. The concentration of vapor of sinyl acid in the air of 0.8-1.0 milligrams in liter inhalation for 2 minutes is deadly. Sinyl Acid can be used in aviation chemical bombs. Sinyl acid is detected by chemical intelligence instruments (indicator tube with three green rings) and automatic GSP-1M gas alarms, GSP-11.
First medical care for damage to blue acid - put on a gas mask, give antidot to inhalation and evacuate from the focus of infection in the hospital or OPM. To give antidote, it is necessary to crush the ampoule in which it is contained and lay it under a gas mask. With a sharp weakening or stopping, breathing make artificial respiration and re-allowed antidote.
2.5 Psycho-action poisoning substances
Psycho-action poisoning substances are a group of OS, causing temporary psychosis due to a violation of chemical regulation in the central nervous system. Representatives of such c are substances like "LSD" (legergic acid diethylamide) and bi-zet. These are colorless crystalline substances, poorly soluble in water, applied in an aerosol state. If you get into the body, they are able to cause disorder of movements, violation of vision and hearing, hallucinations, mental disorders or completely change the normal picture of human behavior; The state of psychosis is similar to observed in schizophrenia patients.
Bi-zed (HC) - white crystalline substance, odorless, withboiling temperature 320 ° C. Bi-zed melts at a temperature of about 165 ° C. Water is very slowly destroyed. It is destroyed by alcohol alkali solutions. The bi-zing is deregulated by a solution of the darti-core salt of hydrochlorite calcium DTTK.
White acts on the nervous system, causing impairment of psyche, headache, impairment, drowsiness, temperature and hallucination. The action begins to manifest themselves at the concentration of bi-zed in the air about 0.1 milligrams in liter in 0.5 hours and lasts 2-3 days.
At the time of use, the bi-zed is in the form of an aerosol (smoke). Protection against Bi-Zed is a gas mask.
Bi-zed can be used in chemical aviation cassettes and poisonous glands. It is possible to use bi-zed using thermal aerosol generators.
2.6 Poisoning substances of irritant
Poisoning substances of an irritant action - a group of ES acting on the mucous membranes of the eye (polycamators, for example
Chloroacetophenone) and upper respiratory tract (sternites, such as Adamsit). The greatest efficiency has an irritant combined action of the SI-ES and SI-ER type.
Chloroacetophenone (CN) is a white or light brown crystalline substance with a sharp smell resembling the smell of flowering cherry. Pigs a chloroacetophenone at a temperature of about 250 ° C, and melts at temperatures about 60 ° C. Chloroacetophenone is practically insoluble in water, but is well soluble in organic solvents. Water and aqueous alkalis solutions are not decomposed.
Chloroacetophenone can be used with the help of poisonous chimneys, chemical hand grenades and mechanical aerosol generators. At the time of use, it is in the air in the form of an aerosol (smoke).
Protection against chloroacetophenone serves as a gas mask. Chloracetophenone has a tear effect. The concentration of it is 0.0001 milligrams in air liter for 2 minutes. It is already irritated, and a concentration of 0.002 milligrams in a liter of air for 2 minutes. He is intolerable. Chloracetophenone detects by means of chemical laboratories.
Chloroacetophenone, as well as other poisoning substances of annoying effects, can sages in uniforms and equipment, creating the conditions under which there will be a long time to be in gas masks. The degassing of uniforms and equipment, infected with chloroacetophenone and other 0s irritating, can be carried out by cleaning and venting.
SI-ES (SS) is a white or light yellow crystalline substance, darkening when heated. SI-ES boils at about 315 ° C, and melts at a temperature of 95 ° C. C-ES is very moderately dissolved in water and is well dissolved in organic solvents. It is removed from the surface of the body and technology with a latter with plenty of water.
Si-ES has a strong irritating effect on the eyes and upper respiratory tract, causing tearing, burning in the nose, larynx and lungs, nausea. By irritating SI-ES 10-20 times stronger than chloroacetophenone. C-ES can be used using chemical hand grenades. It is possible to use C-ES using aerosol generators. C-Es detects chemical laboratories.
Adamsite (DM) - a young green-green crystalline substance, boiling at temperatures above 40 ° C
Adamcite melts at a temperature of around 195 ° C. It does not dissolve in water, it is well dissolved in acetone, and when heated-in other organic solvents. Oxidizers decompose adamsit to substances that do not act on the respiratory tract.
Adamsite has an annoying effect on the respiratory tract. The concentration of it is 0.0002 milligram in a liter of air within 2 min. It is already irritated, and the concentration is 0.01 milligram in a liter of air for 2 minutes. He is intolerable.
Adamcite can be used with the help of chemical hand grenades and mechanical aerosol generators. At the time of use is in the form of smoke. Protection from it serves as a gas mask. Adamsitis is found by means of chemical laboratories.
Conclusion
The poisoning substances from the point of view of their action on the human body are neurosu-paralytic action, a skin-disruptive action, suffering, a general poisonous action, irritating, and psychogenic action.
The group of poisoning substances of neuro-paralytic action includes extremely highly toxic phosphorodorganic compounds - Zarin, Zoman, V-gases. Causeing the damage to the nervous system, they have a sharply pronounced toxic effect.
The group of poisoning substances of the leather-disruptive action refers to the Hypret. Hyprint has an amazing effect, both in drip and vapor state. Hyprint causes local inflammatory changes, and also has a common poisonous effect. At the moment of contact with the pain, there are no other unpleasant sensations.
etc.................
The poisoning substances (s) are toxic chemical compounds designed to defeat the living force of the enemy.
OV can affect the body through respiratory organs, skin cover and digestive tract. The combat properties (combat efficiency) of the OI are determined by their toxicity (due to the ability to inhibit enzymes or interact with receptors), physicochemical properties (volatility, solubility, hydrolysis resistance, etc.), the ability to penetrate the biobarers of warm-blooded and overcome the means of protection.
Combat poisoning substances are the main affecting element of chemical weapons. By the nature of the physiological impact on the human body, six main types of poisoning substances are distinguished:
1. Poisoning substances of neuro-paralytic action affecting the central nervous system. The purpose of the use of non-state-paralytic effects is the rapid and massive output of the personnel of the system with perhaps a large number of deadly outcomes. The poisoning substances of this group include Zarin, Zoman, Tabun and V-gases.
2. Poisoning substances of the leather-disruptive action. They defeat mainly through the skin, and when applying them in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through respiratory organs. The main poisoning substances are Iprit, Luzit.
3. Poisoning substances of the general action. Finding into the body, they violate the transmission of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest s. These include syntic acid and chlorocian.
4. Onts choking action are affected mainly light. Main ov - phosgene and dithosgen.
5. OE psychochimical action is capable of incident to fail the live strength of the enemy for a while. These poisoning substances, affecting the central nervous system, violate the normal mental human mental activity or cause such mental disadvantages as temporary blindness, deafness, feeling of fear, restriction of motor functions. Poisoning with these, in doses of disorders of psyche, substances do not lead to death. From this group - Inaclidyl-3-benzite (BZ) and diethylamide of Lizerginic acid.
6. Poisoning substances of annoying action, or irritatta (from the English. Irritant is an irritant). Irritating substances relate to high-speed. At the same time, their action, as a rule, briefly, because after exiting the infected zone, the signs of poisoning pass through 1 to 10 minutes. The deadly effect for irritants is possible only when doses are admitted to the body, in dozens of hundreds of times greater than the minimum and optimal valid doses. An annoying tear substances causing abundant tears and sneezing, annoying respiratory tracts (can also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Temperal substances are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chlorpicrin. Pirachatic substances - DM (adamsit), Da (diphennlchlorarsyn) and DC (diphenyl cyaninsin). There are OS that combine tear and squeezing action. An annoying police are in service with police in many countries and are therefore classified as police or special means of non-mercy (specialized).
The concept of civil defense
Civil Defense is a system of measures to prepare for protection and protection of the population, material and cultural values \u200b\u200bin the territory of the Russian Federation on the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or due to these actions, as well as in emergency situations of natural and man-made. The organization and management of civil defense are among the most important functions of the state, the components of the defense construction, ensuring the security of the state.
The main tasks solved by civil defense:
Protection of the population from the consequences of accidents, natural disasters and modern means of defeat (fires, explosions, emissions of potent poisonous substances, epidemics, etc.);
Coordination of the activities of the Department of Forecasting, Prevention and Elimination of the Imprints of Environmental and Natural Disasters, accidents and disasters;
Creation and maintenance of management systems, alerts, links, organization of observation and control over the radiation, chemical and biological environment;
Increasing the stability of the objects of the economy and industries and their functioning in extreme conditions;
Conducting emergency and rescue and other urgent works;
Search for victims of an accident of spacecraft, aircraft, helicopters and other aircraft;
Special training of managerial personnel and forces, universal public education methods of protection and actions in emergency situations of peaceful and wartime;
The accumulation of the fund of protective structures to cover the population;
Providing the population by means of individual protection and the organization of the manufacture of the simplest means of protection by the population itself;
Evacuation of the population from major cities and populated settlements, which may fall into the zone of possible strong destruction or catastrophic flooding;
Organization of the public alerts about the threat of an opponent's attack from the air, about radioactive, chemical and bacteriological infectiousness, natural disasters;
Education of the population protection against weapons of mass lesion, as well as conducting rescue and urgent emergency restoration work.
The main events held to protect the population and objects of the country's economy:
Timely notification of the population about the threat of an enemy attack, the use of weapons of mass destruction, dangerous technological accidents, natural disasters, informing about the procedure for actions in an emergency;
Covering the population in protective structures;
Use of personal protective equipment;
Evacuation, dispersal, as well as the discontinuation of the population in safe areas;
Protection of food, structures on water supply and water intake systems, farm animals, forage, etc. From infection with radioactive and potent poisonous substances and biological agents;
Training to the public methods of protection in emergency situations.
The basic principles of the protection of the population include:
Protection of the population throughout the country;
Differentiated protection of the population, taking into account economic, natural and other characteristics, features of the territory and the degree of real danger of emergency;
Advance planning and protective measures;
The necessary sufficiency and the maximum possible use of forces and means in determining the amount and content of the protection of the population.
The civil defense system is:
Government bodies and management of all levels, whose competence includes functions related to the safety and protection of the population, the prevention of emergency situations and respond to them (Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Emergency Situations, and Department for Emergency Situations and Districts, etc.);
Poisoning substances are chemical compounds with a high degree of toxicity that are used as a chemical weapon. Their special properties are able to use for infecting territory, food and military equipment, as well as tactical defeat of the enemy. These chemical compounds penetrate into the human body through the digestive tract, the organs of the respiratory system, the pores of the skin and mucous membranes.
Overview of the most dangerous poisoning substances
Chemical weapons created on the basis of poisoning substances (s) was actively used during World War II. The massive use of combat poisoning substances (BOV) was officially discontinued since 1997, although the segless research in this area continues. Data on new developments are under the control of special services and rarely become publicly available. Among the OS who were publicized, preparations from the following list were most dangerous:
| Vx Vi Ex, Vi-X, V-Gaz | A group of chemical compounds with neuro-paralytic (neurotoxic) properties. For a long time was considered the most toxic of all bovs invented by a person. Externally, Vi-gas resembles a thick, oily, transparent liquid with a high degree of volatility. Inhalation of gas causes death after a quarter of an hour after contacting the skin of the skin, its action slows down until several hours. When distributing in the surrounding area, it remains for 1-2 weeks. The most famous case of application is associated with the murder of Brother Kim Jong Yana, the rulers of the DPRK, in 2017. |
| Chlorine | One of the first bows applied during the First World War. It is a pulmonotoxic gas, when entering light, it causes strong burns of fabrics and choking. At the same time, it is an important biogenic element, discovered as part of all living organisms on the planet. The most famous case of application is the battle of IPRA in 1915, the beginning of mass use of chimpery (Iprit) during the fighting. |
| Zarin | Transparent liquid with neuro-paralytic properties, easily dissolved in water. On the territory is able to persist up to 4 hours after distribution. Under the average concentration, leads to death after a minute after inhalation or skin contact. Zaror was used during a terrorist attack in the Tokyo metro in 1994, as well as during a combat operation in Syria (2013). |
| Zoman | Transparent liquid with neuro-paralytic properties, has a smell of apples or a freshly adhesive hay. More toxic (2.5 times) and a more resistant analogue of Zarina. There were no widely known applications. |
| Cyclozarin | Neriva-paralytic bov, 4 times toxic than Zarina. It is a liquid without color with a sweet smell resembling the fragrance of peaches. Allowed to production, storage and use in research, but not for military purposes. |
| Phosgene | Toxic suffocating gas with a specific smell resembling the fragrance of the heavy hay. Refers to the category of suffocating bows, a quarter of an hour, the lethal concentration leads to the edema of lungs and death. Extremely dangerous, but only in contact with the respiratory authorities. Phosgen was widely used in the course of combat operations at the beginning of the last century. |
| Adamcite | Yellow powder, used in the form of aerosols during the First World War. It affects only the respiratory tract, leads to their strong irritation and suffocation. The high concentration of this substance leads to death after a minute after contact. |
| Hydrocyanic acid | Extremely volatile liquid with the smell of bitter almond. Causes hypoxia of the tissues of internal organs, leads to death after a quarter of an hour. It was used in 1916 on the Somme River, the Nazis in concentration camps, as well as in the US prisons in the execution of sentences of the death penalty until 1999. |
| Newbie | It refers to the chemical weapon of the third generation, consists of relatively harmless components, or precursors. When they are connected, combat poisoning substances with a high degree of toxicity are formed. According to some reports, during the USSR program, the foliance of a poisoning substance with binary properties was developed by a group of researchers, however, the exact data about it relate to the state secrecy. The newcomer gained fame in 1995 in the poisoning of the Russian banker Ivan Kelielidi (the poison was applied to the telephone handset), and in 2018 it appeared in the cripples. |
| Polonium-210. | Extremely toxic, carcinogenic and radiotoxic substance. 4 trillion toxic than syntic acid. It affects the liver, kidneys, spleen, bone marrow, and with tactile contact leads to radiation damage to the skin and all internal organs. Not used as chemical weapons, however, he received fame in poisoning by the Lieutenant Colonel of the Russian State Security of Alexander Litvinenko in 2006. |
Types and classification of poisoning substances
The generally accepted physiological classification of poisoning substances allocates 7 main categories, taking into account the specifics of their impact on humans:
| Neriva-paralytic | Organic compounds related to derivative of phosphoric acids. This BOV group is considered toxic: if you open a test tube with such a connection for a few seconds, delaying breathing, you can die - the gas will penetrate through the pores of the skin and penetrate into the blood. Such an action poison is called resorbative. This group includes Zarin, Zoman, V-Gas. Nervously paralytic poisoning substances are distinguished by the ability to coal the activity of enzymes and cause accumulation in acetylcholine tissues, which is responsible for the nervous excitation and performance of many vital organs. |
| Suffocating | Chemical compounds that affect the organs of the respiratory system and lead to a heavy form of toxic shock. The most famous poisoning substances of choking action - dithosgen and phosgene. |
| Skin-disruptable | Combat poisoning substances that cause inflammatory processes in the skin and mucous membranes, and in the future lead to their necrotization and destruction. This category includes Hyritis and Luzit. |
| Psychochimical | Category of substances capable of causeing states resembling clinical manifestations of sharp psychosis. One-time impact of bov leads to various changes in psyche, from light disorders and up to a complete mental disorder. The most famous - BZ (bi zet), amphetamine, DLK. |
| Skidovoyy | Bov, distinguished by the lack of local symptoms. The paths of their penetration into the body do not affect localization of the effects of toxic lesion - toxin becomes the cause of general poisoning. Among the most common representatives of the category, it is worth noting bromotian, chlorocian, sinyl acid. |
| Lacrimators | OV who annoy the eye shell. Sometimes they are also called tear bov. These chemical compounds cause irritation of the trigeminal nerve, the excitement of the muscles of the eyelids and the tears. As a result, as a protective reaction, the victim begins indomitable tearing, and the muscles of the age are spoken. The category includes chloroacetophenone, chlorpicrin, bromotone. |
| Sterny | The category of chemical compounds that penetrate the human body inhalation, settle on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and provoke their strong irritation. It is manifested by a cough and sneezing, and in the future - intense, indomitable vomit. Among the well-known Sternites - Adamcite, diphenyl cyanarsin. They were actively used during the First World War, received the general name "Blue Cross" due to the labeling applied then. |
Sometimes polycimators and sternites are combined into a common group - poisoning substances of irritant, or irritatants. A number of researchers also allocate the following groups. poisoning substances:
- Algoroda, or pain agents - compounds that, when entering the skin, cause hyperemia and severe pain that persist for several hours. Among them are capsaicin, methoxyciscicheptrien, dibenzoxazpine.
- Emethics, or vomit agents. Their poisoning effects affects the operation of the digestive tract, regardless of the method of getting toxin to the body. These include phenylimidoposgen, etylcarbazole.
- Much-edges - s, distinguished by a sharp, extremely unpleasant smell. They have an average or low degree of toxicity, usually part of mixtures with irritatants (for example, in the Israeli Skunk preparation).
Depending on the speed of speed, these types of poisoning substances are distinguished in toxicology:
- high-speed - zoman, zarin, v-gas;
- slow (with latent period) - Luzit, Adamsit, phosgene.
Protection against poisoning substances
Since the first use of bov, methods of protection from it were developed and improved. The degree of damage applied by these compounds depends on the qualifications, preparation and security of a person. The use of OI in combat leads to death in 5-70% of cases. Among the civilian population, mortality can be much higher.
Defence from poisoning substances depends on Such principles:
- Measures on indication and detection, disinfecting the terrain.
- The use of personal protective equipment - gauze bandages, gas masks, insulating respiratory devices, rubberized costumes.
- The use of drugs to protect open areas of leather - antidotes, special creams with filtering and protective properties.
- Application of collective protection.
Low chemical weapons efficiency and a negative assessment from the world community led to the fact that cases of use martial poisoning substances Single, and mainly associated with terrorist activities. However, the danger of them is that a number of compounds are actively used in industry, and can get into the atmosphere due to careless circulation or accident accident.
First aid for poisoning
When the first signs of defeat poisoning substances The victim need to provide trial aid. Symptoms of intoxication can be varied depending on the type of specific poison. Employees of industrial enterprises using OS during their activities must be aware of the necessary measures when an emergency situation occurs, equipped with protective equipment and relevant medicines.
Heavy forms intoxication combat poisoning substancesis usually fatal, so it is impossible to help affected in this case. Proponial assistance for easy and moderate degree of lesion of OB is carried out according to such an algorithm:
- Wear on the affected gas mask or replace a damaged tool for individual protection on a serviceable. When you find a victim in the area of \u200b\u200bdirect operation of the OS - to pre-treat the skin of the face with a liquid from an individual chimpatek.
- With the defeat of the respiration organs by suffocating bov - ensure the immobility of the victims; In the cold season - warm. Making artificial respiration is prohibited - this will lead to intoxication of who assisted.
- When contacting a common action - crush an ampoule with antidot, shove it inside the gas mask. When choking - make an artificial respiration.
- If the poisoning of neuro-paralytic gas occurred, it is necessary to wear on the affected gas mask, subcutaneously or intramuscularly enter antidote from the aid kit. The skin is supplemented in addition to the chimpatek solution.
- If a person fell into a zone of tests of psychochimical, skin-disruptive or irritant, it is necessary to wash the skin and mucousty soapy water, clean the clothes with a brush.
After first aid, an immediate evacuation of victims from the area of \u200b\u200baction is needed.
Martial poisoning substances (Former name - "combat gases", "suffocating funds"), artificial chemical products used in war to defeat living goals - humans and animals. The poisoning substances are valid by the beginning of the T.N. Chemical weapons and serve directly to apply defeat. In the concept of poisoning substances, such chemical compounds are included, which, with proper use, are able to disable an unprotected fighter by poisoning. Under poisoning here is meant any violation of the normal activity of the body - from temporary irritation of the eyes or respiratory tract to a long disease or death.
History . The beginning of the combat use of poisoning substances is considered April 22, 1915, when the first gas attack by chlorine against the British was performed. From mid-1915, chemical shells with different poisoning substances were widely used in war. At the end of 1915, chlorpicrin began to apply in the Russian army. In February 1916, the French was introduced into combat practice phosgene. In July 1917, the German army was used in the hostilities of the IPRIT (disruptive poisoning substance), and in September 1917, Arsins were introduced in it (see Arsins of Combat) - Arsework-containing poisoning substances used in the form of poisoning smoke and fog. The total number of different poisoning substances applied to the world war reached 70. Currently, the arms of almost all countries have poisoning substances of various types, which will undoubtedly be used in future combat clasions. Further surveys to improve the production methods and the use of already known poisoning substances are manufactured in all major states.
Combat use of poisoning substances It is carried out by introducing them to the atmosphere in the form of vapors, smoke or fog, or by applying poisoning substances on the surface of the soil and local items. The most convenient and consuming mediator for the introduction of poisoning substances to the body is air; In certain cases, the soil, water, vegetation, food products and all artificial structures and objects can perform this role. To defeat air through air, the creation of a certain "combat" concentration of poisoning substances calculated in the weight units (mg per liter of air) or volume (% or ‰) is required. When the soil is infected, a certain "infection density" is required, calculated in the grams of poisoning substances on m 2 of the surface. To bring the poisoning substances to the actual state and for the transfer of them to the attacker side to the attack objects, are special mechanical devices constituting material part Chemical attack techniques.
In the world war, the poisoning substances were used in the following methods of a chemical attack: 1) a gas-ballon attack, i.e., output from special cylinders of a gaseous poisoning substance carried to the enemy by wind as a poisoned air wave; 2) shooting of field artillery by chemical shells containing poisoning substances and an explosive charge; 3) Shooting with chemical mines from ordinary or special mortars (gasomets) and 4) throwing manual and rifle chemical grenades. Currently, the following methods have been developed: 5) the burning of special candles giving a poisonous smoke when combustion; 6) direct contamination of the areas by poisoning substances through ground (distinguished) devices; 7) bombardment with aircraft aircraft bombs and 8) direct spraying or spraying of poisoning substances from airplanes above the ground surface.
Poisoning substances like weapons Differs in mass affixing effect. The main difference from mechanical weapons is that the affecting effect of poisoning substances is chemical, based on the interaction of a poisonous substance with the fabrics of a living organism, and causes a certain combat effect as a result of a well-known chemical process. The action of various poisoning substances is extremely varied: it can vary widely and poured into a wide variety of forms; The defeat is usually captured by a huge number of living cells (general poisoning of the body). Other features of poisoning substances as weapons are: a) high fragmentation of the substance at the time of action (to individual molecules, about 10 -8 cm, or particles of smoke and fog, sizes 10 -4 -10 -7 cm), which creates a solid zone lesions; b) the ability to spread in all directions and penetrate the air through small holes; c) duration of action (from several minutes to several weeks) and d) for some poisoning substances the ability to act slowly (not immediately) or gradually and imperceptibly accumulated in the body before the formation of quantities life-threatening substances ("Cumulation" of poisoning substances).
Requirements for poisoning substances, put tactics, military equipment and supply bodies. They are mainly reduced to the following conditions: 1) high toxicity (degree of poisoning), i.e., the ability of poisoning substances to disable in low concentrations and under a short action, 2) the difficulty of protection for the enemy, 3) ease of use for the attacker , 4) Ease of storage and transport, 5) availability of manufacturing in large quantities and low cost. From the requirement (5), it follows the need to closely link the production of poisoning substances with the country's peaceful chemical industry. The satisfaction of all of these requirements is achieved by the proper selection of physical, chemical and toxic properties of poisoning substances, as well as improving the methods of their manufacture and use.
Tactical characteristics of poisoning substances. Pulling agents and with high chemical strength possessing with high chemical strength are persistent (for example, HAPR). Such poisoning substances are capable of providing a long striking effect in the place where they were released from the shell; Therefore, they are suitable for advance infection of areas of terrain in order to make them inaccessible or impassable (gas traffic jams). On the contrary, the volatile or rapidly decomposing poisoning substances belong to the category of unstable acting briefly. The latter also gives the poisoning substances used in the form of smoke.
Chemical composition of poisoning substances. Almost all poisoning substances, with small exceptions, are organic, i.e. carbon, connections. The composition of various poisoning substances, known to the present, included only the following 9 elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, sulfur and arsenic. Among the applicants used by the poisoning substances were representatives of the following classes of chemical compounds: 1) inorganic - free halides and chloranhydrides of acids; 2) Organic - haloid-substituted hydrocarbons, ethers (simple and complex), ketones, mercaptans and sulfides, organic acid chloride crosses, uninhabable aldehydes, nitro compounds, cyanide compounds, arcins, etc. The chemical composition and the structure of the poisoning substances molecule determines all other properties of their properties, Important in battle.
Nomenclature. To denote the poisoning substances, or their rational chemical names (chlorine, bromotone, diphenyl chloroarsyn, etc.), or special military terms (IPRIT, LUISIT, SURPALIT), or, finally, conditional ciphers (D. M., K., Yellow Cross). Conditional terms were also used for mixtures of poisoning substances (martonite, palette, vincent). During the war, the poisoning substances were usually encrypted to preserve them in the secret of their composition.
Separate representatives The main poisoning substances applied to the world war or described in the post-war literature are listed in the attached table together with their most important properties.
Physical properties of poisoning substancesaffecting their combat suitability: 1) the elasticity of vapors, which is d. b. Significant at ordinary temperatures, 2) the rate of evaporation or volatility (large in unstable poisoning substances and small in persistent), 3) the limit of evaporation (maximum achievable concentration), 4) boiling point (low in unstable poisoning substances and high resistant), 5 ) Melting point, 6) aggregate condition at ordinary temperature (gases, liquids, solid body), 7) Critical temperature, 8) heat of vaporization, 9) Specific weight in liquid or solid state, 10) Paving density of poisoning substances (d. b . More air density), 11) Solubility (ch. arr. in water and substances of the animal organism), 12) the ability to adsorb (absorb) with gas-gas coal (see Activated Coal), 13) Color of poisoning substances and some other properties.
Chemical properties of poisoning substances Completely depend on their composition and structure. From a military point of view, interest are: 1) the chemical interaction of poisoning substances with substances and tissues of the animal organism, determining the nature and degree of toxicity of poisoning substances and the cause of their affecting effects; 2) the ratio of poisoning substances to water (the ability to decompose water - hydrolysis); 3) attitude to air oxygen (oxidation); 4) attitude to metals (corrosive action on the shell, weapons, mechanisms, etc.); 5) the possibility of neutralizing the poisonous substances available to chemical means; 6) The possibility of recognition of poisoning substances using chemical reagents and 7) the smell of poisoning substances, also depending on the chemical nature of substances.
Toxic properties of poisoning substances. A variety of poisoning action of poisoning substances is determined by a variety of their composition and structure. Substances close in chemical nature act similarly. The carriers of the poisoning properties in the poisoning substance molecule are certain atoms or groups of atoms - "toxophores" (CO, S, SO 2, CN, AS, etc.), and the degree of action and shades are due to the accompanying groups - "Auxotoxami". The degree of toxicity, or the strength of the actions of the poisoning substances, is determined by the minimum striking concentration and time of action (exposure): it is higher than these two values. The nature of toxicity is determined by the paths of penetration of poisoning substances into the body and the preferential impact on certain organs of the body. By the nature of the action, the poisoning substances are often divided into suffocating (affecting the respiratory tract), tear ("Lacrimators"), poisonous (active blood or nervous system), disruptive (acting on the skin), annoying or "sneezing" (active nose mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract), etc; The characteristic is given according to the "prevailing" action, since the effect of poisoning substances on the body is very difficult. Combat concentrations of various poisoning substances vary in the range from several mg to ten-thousand fractions of mg per liter of air. Some poisoning substances cause deadly lesions when administered to the body in doses of about 1 mg and even less.
Production of poisoning substances It requires the availability of large stocks of available and cheap raw materials in the country and developed chemical industry. Most often, equipment and personnel of the available chemical plants of peaceful appointments are used for the production of poisoning substances; Sometimes special installations are being built (Edgewood Military Chemical Arsenal in the USA). The peaceful chemical industry has raw materials, common with the production of poisoning substances, or gives ready-made intermediates. The main sectors of the chemical industry, which gives material for poisoning substances, are: the electrolysis of the table salt, coke-biennic and wood-acetomethyl production, the production of associated nitrogen, arsenic compounds, sulfur, distillery, etc. For the manufacturer of the poisoning substances, usually factories of artificial paints were adapted.
Definition of poisoning substances Can be made in laboratory or in field conditions. The laboratory definition represents an accurate or simplified chemical analysis of poisoning substances by conventional methods of analytical chemistry. The field definition is aimed at: 1) to detect the presence of poisoning substances in air, water or soil, 2) to establish the chemical nature of the used poisoning substance and 3), if possible, determine its concentration. The 1st and 2nd tasks are allowed at the same time using special chemical reagents - "indicators", changing their color or precipitate in the presence of a certain poisoning substance. For colorful reactions, liquid solutions or papers impregnated with such solutions are used; For sedimentary reactions - only liquids. Reagent d. B. specific, sensitive, acting quickly and sharply not changing during storage; Using them d. Simple. 3rd task in rare cases solved in the field; For this, there are special devices - gas distributors based on known chemical reactions and allowing the scale of the color of the color or by the amount of drop-down sediment to approximately judge the concentration of poisoning substances. Detection of poisoning substances using physical methods (change in diffusion rate) or physico-chemical (change in electrical conductivity as a result of hydrolysis of poisoning substances), many times offered, it turned out to be very unreliable in practice.
Protection against poisoning substances can be individual and collective (or massive). The first is achieved by using gas masks, insulating respiratory tracts from ambient air or purifying inhaled air from impurities of poisoning substances, as well as special insulating clothes. To collective protective protection include gas-shelter; Mass protection measures - degassing, used mainly for persistent poisoning substances and consisting in disposal of poisoning substances directly on the ground or on items using "neutralizing" chemical materials. All in general, the methods of protection against poisoning substances are reduced either to the creation of impenetrable partitions (mask, clothing), or to air filtration, serving for breathing (filtering gas mask, gas-sheer), or to such a process that would destroy the poisoning substances (degassing).
Peaceful use of poisoning substances. Some poisoning substances (chlorine, phosgene) are source materials for various sectors of the peaceful chemical industry. Other (chlorpicrin, blue acid, chlorine) are used in the struggle against pests of plants and bread products - fungi, insects and rodents. Chlorine is also used for whiteness, for the sterilization of water and food products. Some poisoning substances are used for the preservative impregnation of the tree, in the gold maturity, as solvents, etc. There are attempts to apply poisoning substances in medicine for therapeutic purposes. However, most of the poisoning substances that are most valuable in combat relations do not have peaceful use.
Loading...
