- The most populous part of Russia. The population density is 57.5 people / km 2. Center - Moscow. By area, it takes about 4% of the territory of the Russian Federation and concentrates 25% of the country's population, half of them concentrated in Moscow metropolitan region.
The district is not accidental named central. This name characterizes not only its geographical position in the center of the country, but also the historical function as the core of the Russian state, the center of economic, political, cultural life.
The central district is located the largest training centers, research institutes, project organizations, the city of science, therefore, it is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel, which explains the high level of development of high-tech industries (Table 1).
Table 1. Geography of engineering industries of the Central Federal District
|
Industry name and composition |
Produced products |
Accommodation centers |
|
instrument-making |
Devices, communications |
Moscow region, Smolensk |
|
machine tool |
Ryazan, Moscow region |
|
|
transport engineering |
Buses, River Courts, Diesel Station, Car Building |
Golitsyno, Likino-Dulyovo, Tver, Tula, Vladimir, Bryansk, Moscow region |
|
automotive |
Cargo and passenger cars, engines, spare parts |
Moscow region, Smolensk, Tver, Ivanovo. Yaroslavl, Yartsevo (Smolensk region) |
|
electronic Computing Technology |
Consumer Electronics, Electrical Engineering |
Smolensk, Moscow region |
|
mountain, Energy Equipment, C / x Mechanical Engineering |
Equipment, metal structures, agricultural machinery |
Kursk, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov, Elets, Michurinsk |
This is a developed industrial and agricultural area.
Black metallurgy uses the natural richness of the district - iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. By geological reserves, the KMU field ranks first in the world. Shallow RUD (from 35 to 500 m) allows you to develop them in open careers. Mining ores to ml is 40% of the total mining of iron ores of the CIS countries.
The Lebedinsky mining and processing plant is located in the Belgorod region. It produces powdered ore concentrate, 2 / s consisting of iron oxide. Hence the metallurgical plants concentrate is sent in the form of agglomerate or pellets.
OJSC Novolipetsky Metallurgical Combine in Lipetsk specializes in the smelting of cast iron and steel. It occupies 3rd place in Russia for the production of products after Cherepovets (Vologda region) and Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk region) of the plant.
OJSC OSCCO Electrometallurgical Combine is located in the town of Stary Oskol (Belgorod region). It produces steel by the method of direct iron reduction.
The most valuable riches of the county are yelling Soil - chernozem. The humus content in them ranges from 4 to 12%, and the black earth horizon itself reaches 1 m or more. These are the most fertile soils of Russia, so the district belongs to The main agricultural regions of the country. A significant part of its territory is occupied by fields of grain, technical and fodder crops: rye and wheat, millet and buckwheat, corn, barley, oats, silage herbs, sugar beets, sunflower. Livestock, gardening and vegetable growing are developed.
District APK specializes in the production of commercial grain, flour, cereals, sugar sand, oil, starch, fruit and vegetable canned food.
Indicators of the Central Federal District
Administrative and territorial composition: Moscow, Belgorod, Bryanskaya, Vladimirskaya, Voronezh, Ivanovskaya, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kurskaya, Lipetskaya, Moscow, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, Smolenskaya, Tambov, Tverskaya, Tula, Yaroslavl region.
The territory is 652.7 thousand km 2. The population is 37.1 million people.
Administrative center - Moscow.
The Central Federal District unites Central and Central Black Economic Economic Areas.
The territory of the district refers to Central Russia with a characteristic of the relative unity of natural, geographical, demographic and economic features of development.
Table 2. The proportion of economic indicators of the Central Federal District in the All-Russian
Specialization of industrial production of the district on the basis of the localization coefficient is highlighted in Table. 3.
The Central Federal District in accordance with the calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 3) specializes in the following willas of economic activity: manufacturing industries, including food production, including drinks, and tobacco, textile and sewing production, leather goods, leather goods, and the production of shoes, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing, chemical production, production of rubber and plastic products, the production of other non-metallic mineral products, the production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, other industries; Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.
Table 3. Specialization of industrial production of the Central Federal District
The Central Federal District (CFO) is a capital region leading in terms of population, the development of the economy and social sphere, which has a complex differentiated structure of the economy and a thick network of railway and roads.
Areas of the Central Federal District
According to natural conditions, the placement and development of productive forces in the district allocate central and centrally black earth economic areas.
Central Economic District.
Composition of the area (13 subjects of the Federation) - Moscow, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vladimirskaya, Ryazan, Tula, Orlovskaya, Bryanskaya, Kaluga, Smolenskaya, Tver Region.
According to the number of subjects of the Federation, this is the largest area, it also stands out by population.
There are no significant mineral reserves in the area that could determine the development of its economy. Fuel reserves are represented in the near Moscow Burglar Pool, low-quality corners, but can be used as coking and energy. There are minor peat deposits in the territories of the Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions. Oil and gas areas were found in the Yaroslavl region, which are not yet developed.
Mineral raw materials are represented by small deposits of iron ores in the Tula and Oryol regions. On the use of Tula ores, the Soborian Metallurgical Plant (XV-XVII centuries) was founded. There are fields of phosphorites of industrial importance in the Bryansk and Moscow regions.
All natural resources are mainly intrarans.
Population. The Central District is leading the population density (more than 60 people 2), but there are significant differences. The maximum concentration of the population is achieved within the Moscow agglomeration (exclusive of Moscow - 140 people / km 2), while in the Kostroma region, the average density of only 13 people / km 2.
The share of the urban population is 83.1%. In the area, the largest Moscow agglomeration in Russia was formed. Moscow, as it were, prevented the growth of other cities, so large urban settlements in the area of \u200b\u200blittle: Yaroslavl (620 thousand people), Ryazan (530 thousand people), Tula (520 thousand people). The main nationality of all subjects is Russian. In some places the compact residence of other peoples: in the Tver region - Karel, in the Ryazan region - Mordvoy and Tatars, in the areas of Smolensk and Bryansk regions - Belarusians border with the Belarusians.
Economy. The presence of highly qualified labor resources and a large number of research and design institutions has always determined development in the area of \u200b\u200bhigh-tech and labor-intensive industries, including MIC.
Tertiary sector. Moscow is undoubtedly the largest banking center of the country. The board of all major banks of Russia is concentrated here, there is a large branch network. All this leads to the fact that this industry enters the forefront and in the area. Revenues received from financial transactions are ahead of all other directions of management. An additional resource leading to strengthening the role of the center is the execution State functionsMoscow. Accommodation in the city of Presidential Administration, Government, the Federal Assembly entails the concentration of various industries, firms and control structures.
Industry. Mechanical engineering is the main industry in the area. At one time, the automotive industry, machine-tool, instrument engineering, electrical engineering, electronics, aircraft was obtained here. The first locomotive and car-building enterprises appeared in the area, then their number increased.
The automotive center - Moscow - where the production association ZIL, specializing in the production of medium-room trucks.
Many factories that produce equipment for various industries (sewing, chemical, energy, building materials, woodworking) are concentrated in the center. Main centers of machine tools - Moscow, Kolomna, Ryazan. Instrumentation developed in Moscow (Energower plants, "Fizpribor", "Manometer", watch plants), Ryazan, Vladimir, Smolensk. Electrotechnical engineering in Moscow has been developed, it is represented by Moskabel, Dynamo and factories in Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Vladimir region.
The industry of specialization is both chemical production. Among the industries working on their own resources should be called the production of phosphate fertilizers (Voskresensk and Polpino). At imported oil and gas (in the area there are three refineries), plants for the production of plastic masses, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic rubber, nitrogen fertilizers (Tula region), detergents. The centers for the production of synthetic rubber are Yaroslavl and Efremov.
Black metallurgy is represented by a full cycle in Tula, cast iron in oblique grief (Tula region), as well as a number of transmary plants in Moscow, Elektrostal, Orel.
The central district is characterized by a powerful printing industry, which is also a branch of market specialization. In Moscow, large printing plants are located, supplying all regions of the country in Moscow.
The textile industry, when that carried out the role of leading in the area, is experiencing a decline in production. It is caused by a massive import of cheaper products from abroad, a lack of raw materials remaining outside of Russia, the disappearance of state orders. All these reasons led to the stop of many enterprises.
Most other industries provide internal needs of the Central Economic Area: electric power industry, food industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, construction complex.
Agriculture. Climatic conditions combined with different soils allow critical grain in the northern regions with a short period of vegetation, feed crops, potatoes. In the southern regions, winter wheat matures, many potatoes are planted on black earth soils, along the south of sugar beets. In animal husbandry presented milk-meat cattle breeding. There are a lot of poultry farm and pig fabric. Significant development received a suburban type of farm, combining vegetable growing, potatoes with milk-meat cattle and pig breeding.
Transport It is characterized by a huge scale of transportation of goods and passengers. Historically, a radial-ring transport network in focus with Moscow. 11 electrified railways disagree from Moscow, tying the central area with all parts of the country. A few roads of federal significance passes through Moscow. Moscow is the largest aviation node of the country. Through the central district there are pipelines and gas pipelines.
The Moscow River Port can receive goods running through the channels of the five seas.
Central Economic District is a major tourist area of \u200b\u200bthe country.
Currently, the most important factors for the development of the district are:
- an increase in the role of the financial and credit sphere (banks), the rapid formation of small and medium-sized businesses in the transition to a market economy;
- structural restructuring in the economy, in which traditional production on the basis of MIC enterprises remains.
Central Black Economic Economic District
Composition of the area (Five subjects of the Federation) - Kurskaya, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov region.
The conditions for the development of the economy. The specialization of the district is associated with its own resources of iron ores (ore of KM A - first place in the country). In the Kursk region there are fields of phosphorites.
Nonmetous minerals are represented by molding sands, deposits of cement raw materials, chalk and limestone (Belgorod region).
Soils in the north podzolic and gray podzolic on the rest are fertile black soils.
Restrictions are determined by the deficiency of water and disadvantage of energy facilities. Naturally, the territory is favorable for growing many crops.
Population. The coefficient of natural loss of the population is slightly lower than the central district indicators and reaches 6-8 ° / 00. The population density is relatively high - 46 people / km 2. At the same time, there is almost no differentiation through the territory. The area is one of the few, which can be called mononational. The share of Russian ranges from 92% in the Belgorod region to 98% in the Tambov region.
Economy. Ferrous metallurgy. Located in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (CMA) - the largest iron ore pool in the country (ore contains up to 60% iron). The Kursko-Orlovsky district is allocated (Mishalovskoye deposit) and the Staroscolsky district (Lebedinsky and Staplenskoe deposits). Enriched ore is largely sent outside the area, as well as local Lipetsk and Old Oskol enterprises (built plant of direct reduction of iron from ores). Among other industries, it is possible to allocate mechanical engineering (Machine-building - Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tractor Building - Lipetsk, C / x Mechanical Engineering - Voronezh, Tambov, Michurinsk, Kursk; Heavy engineering and aircraft). Chemistry: Manufacture of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, dyes in Tambov, detergents in Shebekin.
Agro-industrial complex. The area is cultivated by sugar beets (first place in the country), sunflower (third place in the country), grain, potatoes, vegetables, fruit and berry cultures. In animal husbandry, milk-meat cattle breeding and pig breeding prevail. In the production of meat per capita, the area ranks first in the country (about 55 kg), for the production of milk - in second place after the Volga-Vyatka district. Almost all products are processed within the area. There are flourish, milk-canning feed for mixing, sugar and starch enterprises, plants for the production of vegetable and animal oil. The largest Alekseevsky Ether in the country began to produce the most famous brand of Sunflower Oil "Sloboda".
The further development of the district is associated with increasing agricultural production and the development of KMU iron ore deposits.
Administrative and territorial composition:
moscow, Belgorod, Bryanskaya, Vladimirskaya, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostromskaya, Kurskaya, Lipetsk, Moscow, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, Smolenskaya, Tambov, Tverskaya, Tula, Yaroslavl region.
Territory - 652.7 thousand km 2 . Population - 37.1 million people.
Administrative center - Moscow.
The Central Federal District unites Central and Central Black Economic Areas (Fig. 5.2.)
Fig. 5.2. Administrative and territorial composition
The territory of the district refers to Central Russia with the relative unity of natural, geographical, demographic and economic features characteristic of it.
Table 5.3.
Share of economic indicators
Central Federal District in the All-Russian
|
Economic indicators |
Specific weight,% |
|
Gross regional product | |
|
Main funds in the economy | |
|
Mining | |
|
Processing production | |
|
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | |
|
Products of agriculture | |
|
Building | |
|
Purpose of the total area of \u200b\u200bresidential buildings | |
|
Retail trafficking | |
|
Receipt of tax payments and fees in the budget system of Russia | |
|
Investment in fixed capital | |
Specialization of industrial production of the district based on the location coefficient is highlighted in Table 5.4.
Central Federal District In accordance with the calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 5.4), specialized in the following activities: manufacturing industries, including food production, including drinks, and tobacco, textile and sewing production, leather goods, leather goods, and leather goods the production of shoes, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing, chemical production, production of rubber and plastic products, the production of other non-metallic mineral products, the production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, other industries; Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Table 5.4.
Specialization of industrial production
Central Federal District
|
Types of economic activity |
The proportion of the type of economic activity in industrial production,% |
Localization coefficient |
|
|
Section with mining minerals | |||
|
Subsection SA Mining fuel and energy minerals | |||
|
SV mining subsection, except fuel and energy | |||
|
Section D Processing Production | |||
|
Subsection DA Food production, including drinks, and tobacco | |||
|
Subsection DB Textile and sewing production | |||
|
Subsection DC leather production, leather goods and shoe production | |||
|
Subsection DD Treatment of wood and manufacture of wood products | |||
|
Subsection de pulp and paper production; Publishing and printing activities | |||
|
Subsection DG Chemical production | |||
|
Subsection DH Production of rubber and plastic products | |||
|
Subsection DI Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | |||
|
Subsection DJ Metallurgical production and manufacture of finished metal products | |||
|
Subsection DL Manufacture of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment | |||
|
Subsection DM Vehicle and equipment production | |||
|
DN subsection Other production | |||
|
Section E Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water | |||
The Central Federal District (CFO) is a capital region leading in terms of population, the development of the economy and social sphere, which has a complex differentiated structure of the economy and a thick network of railway and roads.
According to natural conditions, the placement and development of productive forces in the district allocate central and centrally black earth economic areas.
Central Economic District.
The Central Economic Area has a profitable economic and geographical position. It is located at the intersection of water and land roads that have always contributed to the development of economic ties. The Central District is bordered by Belarus and Ukraine, the North-Western, Northern, Volga-Vyatsky, Volga and Central Black Economic Area, with which economic relations are developing and interregional associations are formed.
Natural resource potential
The territorial resources of the Central Economic District are relatively small and inferior to the size of the eastern regions, and in the European regions of the North and Volga region.
The relief is mainly plain, the climate is moderate and continental. The climate allows you to grow grain and technical crops, potatoes, vegetables, develop horticulture and various branches of animal husbandry.
Fuel reserves are represented by a brownal pool near Moscow, which is located in the territory of five regions: Tverskaya, Smolensk, Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan. Low-quality suburban brown coal at the place of its production is 2.8-3 times more expensive than the coals of other pools. Mosbassugol OJSC is in crisis state: incomes of the enterprise do not cover the costs that go to maintain the mines in working condition, the debt on the payment of wages is accumulated, the natural and environmental conditions of production lead to an increase in the cost of produced coal.
The reform of the coal industry of the district makes it possible to receive funding from the state budget, which, in turn, reanimates the local "lignite" (on the consumption of brown coal) of electrical and thermal power and makes it possible to solve social problems, as 70% of all mines and cuts - city-forming enterprises.
There is a peat deposit in the Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, Moscow regions in the area. Deposits are in the last stage of development.
Oil and gas areas are divorced in the Yaroslavl region, but are not yet developed.
Of mineral raw materials, a few deposits of iron ore (Tula and Oryol region) are known. On the use of Tula ores (from the 16-17th centuries), the Soborian metallurgical plant is founded.
Agronomic ores are represented by phosphorites in the Bryansk (Polpinskoye deposit), in Moscow (Egoryevskoye deposit). Cement raw materials, limestone, Mergeli are available in the Bryansk, Moscow, Ryazan, Oryol regions.
In the area found deposits of diamonds, deposits of rare earth metals (Tula and Oryol region).
Natural resources mainly have intraural meaning.
Population and labor resources
Taking an insignificant part of Russia, the Central District is highlighted by a particularly large number of people. An increase in the number is due to intense migration processes. Currently, the population density of the central district 62 people. 1 km 2, the most densely populated are Moscow, Tula, Ivanovo, Ryazan region.
The area is characterized by a high share of the urban population - 83%. The area has 248 cities and 400 urban-type settlements, the largest city agglomeration of the country is located in the area. For the metropolitan region, the most developed social infrastructure is characterized.
The main demographic problem of the Central District is the problem of employment, which is currently quite successfully solved, especially in metropolitan areas.
The leading market specialization industry is highly developed diversified engineering, which specializes in the production of cars, machine tools, tools, appliances, electrical equipment for the light and food industry.
The main place in mechanical engineering belongs to transport engineering, which is represented by the production of cars, diesel locomotives, cars and river vessels.
Automotive Center - Moscow, where the Joint-Stock Moscow Society "Plant named after I. A. Likhacheva" (AMO ZIL), transformed in 1992 from the Industrial Association named after I.A. Likhacheva (ZIL), which specializes mainly at the production of mid-tuning trucks; OJSC AZLK, Moskvich's passenger cars; OJSC AvtoFramos, created as a joint venture of Renault and the Government of Moscow; OJSC "SEAZ" (Serpukhovsky Automotive Plant) Making Oka Cars.
In Likino-Dule (Moscow region) is the bus factory LLC Likinsky Bus. One of the largest transport engineering factories in the country is a heat-building plant in Kolomna Moscow region. OJSC Kolomensky Plant is the only manufacturer in Russia and the leader in the production of modern main passenger diesel locomotives, the developer and manufacturer of the new generation of passenger electric locomotives and cargo diesel locomotives for the Railways of Russia, the CIS countries and the Baltic States. The company is part of Transmashholding and is an active participant in the implementation of a comprehensive program of modernization and renewal of traction and rolling stock implemented by Russian Railways OJSC within the framework of Russia's transport strategy.
Centers of river shipbuilding and ship repair - Moscow, Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region) and Kostroma.
Main centers of machine-tool construction - Moscow ("Red Proletarians" factories, "Stunkonstrument", "Stankolit", "Stankonormal"), Ryazan, Kolomna. Instrumentation is developed in Moscow (Energower plants, "Fizpribor", "Manometer", watch plants, etc.), Vladimir, Ryazan, Smolensk.
Electrotechnical engineering is represented by Dynamo, Moskabel and plants in Kaluga, Yaroslavl, Alexandrov (Vladimir region).
The central district is the consumer of the Ural rolled steel of ferrous metals and rolled products from the Central Black Earth region and Siberia, as well as from Cherepovets.
The industry of specialization is the chemical industry. Phosphoric fertilizers of Voskresensky Mineral Fertilizers (Moscow Region) and GUP "Bryansk phosphates" are manufactured. Novomoskovskaya Joint-Stock Company "Azot" (Tula region) produces nitrogen fertilizers and yadogymides for agriculture. Nitrogen fertilizers are also produced by the joint chemical company "Shchekinoazot" (Tula region) and OJSC Dorogobuzh (Smolensk region).
It should be noted that the chemical industries are characterized by integration processes, for example, OJSC "Voskresensky mineral fertilizers" are included in JSC "United Chemical Company" Uralchim ", Novomoskovskaya Joint-Stock Company" Nitrogen "at OJSC" Mineral-Chemical Company "EuroChem", etc. .
The chemistry of organic synthesis is developed, which produce synthetic rubber, artificial fibers, plastics. Plants of synthetic rubber are located in Yaroslavl and Efremov (Tula region).
The oldest industry is the textile industry. The central district produces more than 85% of all tissues produced in the country. The cotton industry is represented by a three-necked manufactory combine in Moscow, a Glukhovsky cotton facility in Noginsk (Moscow region), combine in Ivanovo, Orekhovo-Zuev, Tver, Yaroslavl, and others. Linen fabrics are produced in Kostroma, Smolensk, viscous (Vladimir region). The shoe industry produces 12% leather shoes manufactured in the country.
The central area specializes in the printing industry.
The area has developed the food industry represented by enterprises for the production of confectionery, pasta, bakery, meat, dairy, alcohol and tobacco products. The largest food industry enterprises are located in Moscow.
The electric power management of the central district is in the reform stage. In the energy system of the district, thermal power plants prevail, the largest of which are Kostroma, Konakovskaya, Cherepetskaya, Khikovinskaya GRES. Nuclear power plants are located in the district: Kalininskaya and Smolenskaya. Cascade of the Uppervolzh HPP includes two hydroelectric power plants: Rybinskaya and Uglich. In the area there is a Zagorsk Gaes and Zagorskaya Gaes-2 is built.
The area of \u200b\u200bconstruction materials (Moscow, Tverskaya, Bryanskaya, Vladimir region is developed.
Agriculture of the central district largely has a commuter significance. Grain crops, sugar beets, cannabis, potatoes and vegetables, etc. are grown. In the area developed dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming.
The Central District has a transport network represented by all types of transport. The leading place belongs to rail transport. The road network has a radial structure. Moscow is the largest node of 11 railway lines, all of them are electrified. The area has a pipeline system. Moscow on the system of channels and the Volga is connected with the Baltic, White, Caspian, Azov and Black Seas.
Energy, forest and timber, building materials, bread, black and non-ferrous metals, sugar, cotton are imported to the area.
Industrial products are dominated by industrial products - machinery and equipment, cars, machine tools, instruments, tools, electrical engineering products, household appliances, fabric, shoes, etc.
Intra view differences
Moscow - Country Management Center and the main information center. Moscow has a special metropolitan status and it is subordinated directly to the Government of Russia.
The area formed technical and innovative special economic zones in Zelenograd and Dubna.
The Moscow region specializes in mechanical engineering, chemical, light (textile), food industry.
Yaroslavl region specializes in mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, textile industry.
Ivanovo region is allocated by the textile industry, especially cotton. The engineering and chemistry serving the textile industry are developed.
The main branches of the Vladimir region are mechanical engineering, chemical, textile and glass industry.
The Tula region in the industry specializes in mechanical engineering, metalworking, metallurgy, chemistry, mining of suburban coal.
Smolensk region specializes in mechanical engineering, light and food industry. Mechanical engineering gives products of radio engineering, electrical engineering, devices.
In the Tver region, the leading place in the industry is occupied by mechanical engineering and textile industries, and in agriculture - flax and dairy livestock.
In the central area more intensively than in many other economic areas, market reforms are carried out.
The main prospects for the development of the Central Economic Area:
improving the management of socio-economic processes;
restoration and development of economic relations with other regions of Russia, with countries of near and far abroad;
agrarian reforms;
reconstruction and re-equipment of enterprises;
development of production and social infrastructure.
Capital investments sent to the regional economy have high efficiency. In this regard, the proportion of investment in the economy of the region is projected at 21-22% of the total in the Russian Federation.
Central Black Economic Economic District
In the all-Russian division of labor, the Central Black Earth region specializes in the mining, metallurgical, engineering, chemical, food industry and the production of certain types of building materials, as well as in agricultural production.
Natural resource potential
The Central Black Economic Area has huge deposits of iron ore resources. The magnitude of the reserves of iron ores and the technical and economic indicators of their production of the iron ore basin of the Kursk magnetic anomaly (CMA) has an all-Russian meaning.
From non-metallic fossils, the area is also rich in molding sands (in the vicinity of Tambov). In the Belgorod region there is a major deposit of cement raw materials. Significant reserves of refractory and refractory clays and glass sands. Belgorod region has the colossal reserves of chalk and limestone.
The chernozem center is poor in energy resources (it has small reserves of peat, mainly in the north), but the neighborhood with areas rich in energy resources, makes it possible to solve the fuel and energy problem.
The climate of the chernozem center is moderately continental.
In the area, the hydrographic network is developed. Don with tributaries, the Sejm (the inflow of the gums) flow, the valve (the influx of Moksha) and the Seversky Donets. In the lower flow of don shipping.
The forestry area is only 10% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe area. Forests are placed in the north and are represented mainly by broad rocks.
Soils only in the north, podzolic and gray podzolic, gray forests, on the rest of the country - chernozem, which are a huge wealth of the country. The irrational exploitation of land led to a deterioration in the structure of chernozem and a decrease in their fertility.
Population and labor resources
Chernozem center center of the country's densely populated area. The highest density of the population in the Lipetsk region, the lowest - in Tambov. Natural population decline is characterized almost for the entire area, low birth rate. In recent years, there has been a significant influx of refugees, especially in rural areas.
The national composition of the population is uniform, the Russian population prevails. In the southern part there are quite high percentage of Ukrainians.
Accommodation and development of the main sectors of the economy
The leading branch of the market specialization of the Central Black Economic Economic Area is the mining and metallurgical industry.
In the Soviet economy in the Kursk and Belgorod regions, a large TPK was formed on the basis of KMA iron ore resources. The geographical position of the complex was extremely profitable, as its territory intersects railway highways in the latitudinal and meridial directions, which give way to central area, industrialized regions of Ukraine, Volga region and the North Caucasus. The territory has an extensive network of roads, gas pipelines, power lines. The energy base of the complex was created at the expense of the capacity of the Kursk and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants. The development of the CMA contributed to the creation of a metallurgical base in the central European part of Russia.
The modern structure of the metallurgical base is formed by major metallurgical companies.
OJSC NLMK is a vertically integrated metallurgical company, in the structure of which includes: Novolipetsky Metallurgical Plant (Lipetsk); OJSC "Stalensky GOK" (Belgorod region), which is the main supplier of iron ore; OJSC Domit, producing flux and converter dolomite (at the Lipetsk region); JSC "Studenovskaya Joint-Stock Minsk Company (Staging)" (Lipetsk), mining and processing flux and technological limestone; and other enterprises, including outside the district. The NLMK group produces about 15% of the entire Russian steel.
The Metalloinvest Holding Mining Division includes Lebedinsky (Belgorod Region) and Mikhailovsky (Kursk region) Mining Machines. The metallurgical division on the territory of the district is represented by an OSCC electrometallurgical plant for the production of high-grade steel by direct iron reduction method, bypassing the domain process. It is the only one in Russia with homeless environmentally friendly technology.
OJSC "Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant" Free Falcon "produces cast iron and a wide range of pipe products.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking - leading market industry industry. It is located mainly in large cities - Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov, Belgorod. At the factories of the area produce mining equipment, excavators, tractors, agricultural machinery, equipment for the food and cement industry, chemical equipment, machines, devices, radiotechnical and electrical products.
The chemical industry is also a branch of specialization and is represented by the production of synthetic rubber and rubber tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, aniline dyes in Tambov, synthetic resins in the Belgorod region, varnishes in Dankov (Lipetsk region).
Industries of market specialization include the production of building materials, in particular, the production of cement and the extraction of chalk. Cement plants operate - Belgorod, Lipetsky, Podgorensky (Voronezh Region), Staroscolsky (Belgorod Region).
One of the most important sectors of market specialization is the food industry. The main branch of the food industry is sugar. It is located in accordance with the raw material base in Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh regions. From other sectors of the food industry are developed flourolous, oil, meat, milk-cheerful, alcohol, tobacco-groove industries, which mainly use local agricultural raw materials.
Industries that complement the territorial complex and servicing direct needs of the population of the district include a variety of light industry industries and services.
The Central Chernozem region has favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The leading place in agricultural land is occupied by grain - 55%, 28% are occupied under the feed crops, 12% - under technical cultures and 5% under potatoes and vegetable bug.
Sugar beet crops are located mainly in Kursk, Voronezh and Belgorod regions. In the same areas and sunflower crops are common in Tambov.
The sectors of agricultural specialization in agriculture are grain farming (winter wheat), the production of factory sugar beets, passenger crops (sunflower) and Machorkas.
Livestock has a meat and dairy direction, pig breeding and poultry farming are developed.
Transport and Economic Ties
The area is characterized by a significant railway network. Railways are held in the southern direction: Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow-Donbass; Moscow-Kursk - Kharkov. In the eastern direction: Saratov - Tambov - Michurinsk; Voronezh - Kursk - Kiev; Valuyki - Minsk et al. Through the area are large motorways: Moscow - Simferopol; Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow - Tambov. Through the territory of the Black Earth Center pass pipelines.
Rud, building materials, metal, grain, sugar, etc. are exported from the area. Fuel, forest, mineral fertilizers, goods for the population are imported.
Intra view differences
The Voronezh region is distinguished by qualified engineering, chemical industry, the production of building materials. Agriculture specializes in the production of wheat, sugar beet, sunflower.
Large enterprises of Voronezh produce excavators, agricultural machines, forging equipment, equipment for the food industry, televisions, as well as synthetic rubber, tires.
The Kursk region is highlighted by the mining industry, primarily the mining of iron ores and their primary processing. In the region, mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries are developed.
Machine-building plants Kursk produce countable machines, batteries, tractor parts, mobile power plants, food industry equipment.
In the Tambov region, the development of mechanical engineering, chemical, food and wool industry was obtained. Tambov enterprises produce equipment for the food, chemical, light industry, household appliances.
Lipetsk region specializes in the production of ferrous metals, mining, tractor construction, lime production, food industry, especially sugar.
The branch of the Belgorod region is ferrous metallurgy. In the region, construction materials manufacturing, food industry and agriculture are developed.
Major problems and development prospects
There was a need to structural reorganization of the region's economy in the conditions of market relations.
The factor restraining the economic development of the area is the limited water resources. This is due to the weak development of the river network. Solving this problem in the creation of closed and round water supply systems, the use of groundwater for industrial purposes, increase water use payability, etc.
The prospects for the development of the district are associated with the formation of a special economic zone of industrial-production type "Lipetsk" in the territory of the Golyansk district of the Lipetsk region. Industrial and production orientation includes manufacturing manufacturing, including: production of machinery and equipment, household electrical appliances, electric machines, plastic and metal products, electrical equipment and electronic equipment, furniture and other products.
As constructing the financial structure of a company consisting of CFIs (financial responsibility centers). Such a structure allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of the business, to understand who is responsible for which, as well as develop a system of motivation of employees.
In the company, has the need to streamline management processes and statement of management accounting and budgeting? To begin with, it will have to build a foundation - the financial structure of the organization. It is a hierarchical system of financial responsibility centers (TsFE) and determines the procedure for the formation of financial results, as well as the distribution of responsibility for achieving the overall result of the company.
Such structurement allows you to track the movement of resources within the company, assess the efficiency of business both in general and its component parts. In other words, the presence of a financial structure allows the leadership to see who is responsible for which it allows you to evaluate, control and coordinate the activities of the units, helps to develop an effective system of employee motivation.
What is the Center for Financial Responsibility (CFO)?
The Center for Financial Responsibility is a structural division of the enterprise that is responsible for achieving quantitative results. Also responsible for the distribution of responsibilities as part of the achievement of goals. Translated into English - Financial Responsibility Center or just Responsibility Center.
What mistakes should be avoided when building the CFO?
Types of CFO
The main types of CFIs are presented in Table 1.
The key distinguishing feature of the Center is the targets for which their activities are focused. The CFIs of various levels form a hierarchy in which, for example, the profit center may include income centers, both species cost centers, as well as other profit centers. In turn, the profit center can be included in the investment center and other arrival centers as a subordinate CFI.
Table 1. Main types of CFOs
|
Performance performance |
May include Tsfo |
Can enter the Central Federal District |
|
| Center for Revenue | income derived from the activities of the Central Federal District | center for Revenue | profit Center |
| Profit Center | profit derived from the activities of the Central Federal District | centers of income, regulatory costs, costs, profits | profit and investment centers |
| Center for regulatory costs | cFU costs per unit of products or services | center for regulatory costs | centers of regulatory costs, and profits |
| Cost Center | cASES CFU | centers of regulatory costs and costs | profit centers and costs |
| Center for investment | return on investment (ROI) | centers of income, costs, profits, investments | center for investment |
The financial structure differs from the organizational
Financial and organizational structures do not coincide. If the discrepancy between them is large, then serious management problems arise. Business vision, which forms management accounting, based on the Central Federal District, does not coincide with the enterprise management structure. In order for the enterprise management system to be adequate to business, the organizational structure must be brought into line with the financial structure. The main differences between financial and organizational structures are reduced to three points:
- financial is based on the basis of economic and financial relations between the responsibility centers. Organization - based on the functional specialization of units of the organization. For example, the costs of a certain type are grouped at the cost center, and the functions of which require certain professional knowledge and skills in the organizational structure division;
- The CFO reflects the responsibility hierarchy for achieving the target financial indicators. Organization - subordination hierarchy;
- for building an organizational structure "Political" compromises and the influence of personal factors are possible. When constructing financial - only the realities of the business are taken into account.
- divisional;
- functional;
- project;
- matrix.
In practice, they rarely meet "in its pure form". Thus, in the example above, the exemplary-trading holding the basis of the control is the divisional structure. Holding includes trade, industrial and logistics businessmen, endowed with significant independence. With a more detailed consideration, we will see that the sales of "Sales" includes several trading companies in various regions, each of which is the center of profits: "Sales A", "Sales in", "Sales C".
At the same time, in addition to the divisional structure, a functional component is present in the company management system. For example, how the promotion of products is organized for target markets. At the top level of management, this task is solved by the Department of Marketing Manager Holding. In addition, each trading company has a marketing department, providing promotion in the regional market. This division has double subordination. In the divisional structure, it is part of the trading company. In the functional - subordinates the management department of the management company, which determines the goals and objectives of the market, approves the plans and budgets, controls their execution. This dualism should be reflected in the financial structure, because in the context of the functional projection it is necessary to submit budgets, form reporting, "collect" costs.
What errors in the financial structure lead to an increase in costs and increasing profits
Learn a solution that will help develop the financial structure of the company, to properly distribute the responsibility for income and expenses between the divisions.
In Figure Iron No. 11, the financial structure of the Central Bank of Marketing is included in the hierarchy of the financial responsibility centers, the vertex of which is Alfa Product. At the same time, all CFOs represented by the shaded rectangles are included in the "marketing" (indicated by the dotted line), which is not part of the hierarchical structure. This is another projection of the financial structure. In a functional projection, other components can be distinguished, for example, "information technologies", "security" and others.
Figure 11.
For companies with many similar territorial distributed divisions, the matrix financial structure is characteristic. The simplified example is shown in Scheme No. 12, which provides a firm engaged in servicing regional electrical networks. It includes enterprises of electrical networks (PES), each of which has territorial units in its structure - district electrical networks (RES). All district production units are engaged in the same types of activities: maintenance and maintenance of electrical networks, as well as installation and maintenance of electricity meters.
In the functional projection of the financial structure, these directions are presented, respectively, as the CFO "Maintenance of Networks" and "Accounting of Electricity". The implementation of work on capital repairs is under maintaining PES; The RES level is missing here. The scheme depicting the financial structure of this company, the shaded rectangles denote the centers of financial responsibility that are at the intersection of territorial and functional projections. For example, PES 1 CFO is read as follows. The following "PES 1" includes the following profit centers (territorial CFOs):
- "RES 1.1"
- "RES 1.2"
- "RES 1.3"
On the other hand, PES 1 includes the following functional CFOs:
- "Management" (Cost Center)
- "Network service" (profit center)
- "Accounting of electricity" (center profits)
- "Bearemonts" (center cost)
To identify all managerial bonds, not only the functional and territorial aspects of management, but also to identify the principles of the organization of project activities, which occupies a significant place in most companies.
The share of the Central Federal District has to 1/3
Production of light industry products in the Russian Federation.
Central Federal District - the main area of \u200b\u200bconcentration Cotton industry. There are over 90% of all cotton fabrics of the Russian Federation. The first place is occupied by the Ivanovo region, there are 70% of cotton fabrics of Russia.
Central Federal District is the main production area Linen fabrics. The main production centers are viscous (Vladimir region), Gavrilov-Yam (Yaroslavl region), Vyazma (Smolensk region).
Production woolen fabrics Developed in the Bryansk region (Klintsy), Ivanovo region (shuya) and others.
In the Central Federal District there are enterprises for the production of products sewing industry. In the Moscow region are the Bolshevik enterprises, "Cheromushki", "PTSO Salut" (Moscow region).
In the Vladimir region - "Vyaznikovskaya Sewing Factory", "Children's clothing", "Sobinovskaya Sewing Factory". In the Ivanovo region - "Sewing factory" Ivanho ".
The Central Federal District is the leading Production Production leather shoe industry. In Moscow and the Moscow region are the factory in Egoryevsk-shoes, "Paris Commune", "Factory of sports shoes". In the Central Federal District there are such enterprises for the production of shoes, as Mua Production (Vladimir Region) and the "Town Shoe Factory" (Tver Region). These are the largest enterprises of the leather-shoe industry.
In addition, in the Central Federal District there are companies producing chrome tanning skin Such as the "Ostashkovsky leased" (Tver region), "Russian leather" (Ryazan region), "Skin-M" (Lipetsk region), as well as enterprises for the production of finished leather goods. The main ones are "Medvedkovo" (Moscow), "Belga" (Moscow region), "Town leather farming" (Tver region).
1. Vladimir Oblast
There are 21 large and secondary enterprise in the region, they are:
Textile - 10.
Sewing - 11.
1.1. Kameshkovsky F-l oo "Children's clothing"
1.2. OJSC "Avangard"
1.3. LLC "M.R. -Lakinskaya Industrial Holding Company "
1.4. LLC "Textile company" Gof "
1.5. OJSC "Weavka F-ka" Medteks "
1.6. CJSC PROMCENTR
1.7. LLC "Enterprise of nonwoven materials"
1.8. OJSC "Avangard"
1.9. LLC "Children's clothing"
1.10. LLC "NP" Expertise "
1.11. JSC Sudar
1.12. ZAO "Vyaznikovskaya Sewing Factory"
1.13. CJSC "Shankaya Sewing Factory"
1.14. OJSC "Workshop Sewing Factory"
1.15. LLC "VINATEK"
1.16. LLC "Industrial Company" Hua Long "
1.17. ProfExn LLC »
1.18. M.T.T.
1.19. Vladimir shop LLC "Children's clothing"
1.20. LLC Tadis
1.21. LLC "Kovrovskaya haberdashery factory"
2. Voronezh Oblast
Textile- 4.
Sewing - 1.
2.1. CJSC Promtextil
2.2. Borisoglebskaya Sewing Factory LLC
2.3. PTO LLC "Voronezh Knitted Manufactory"
2.4. OJSC "Borisoglebsky knitwear"
2.5. JSC "Borisoglebsk Sewing Factory"
3. Bryansk Oblast
There are 11 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 5.
Sewing - 6.
3.1. LLC "Bryansk Kamavolol Combine"
3.2. LLC "Bryanskaya PPP VOG"
3.3. LLC "Novosybkovskaya Sewing Factory them. March 8"
3.4. LLC "Klintsovo SRP VOG"
3.5. JSC "SFPost"
3.6. LLC "Milan" Novozybkovsky F-l
3.7. LLC "Milan" Klintsovsky Fl
3.8. LLC "Milan" Unegsky Fl
3.9. LLC "Sewing F-Ka" Spring "
3.10. OJSC "Novosybkovskaya Sewing and knitwear F-ka"
3.11. OJSC "Tonus"
4. Belgorod Oblast
There are 5 large and medium enterprises in the region, of which:
Sewing - 5.
4.1. OJSC "Belgorod Sewing F-Ka" Russian "
4.2. LLC "FIRM" VESENNAKA "
4.3. MUUP "Gubkinskaya Sewing F-Ka"
4.4. Enterprise FKU "IK №5 UFSIN"
4.5. OJSC "Russian"
5. Ivanovo Oblast
There are 40 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 36.
Sewing - 4.
5.1. LLC Ivanovo Textile Company
5.2. CJSC Nikitin PTF
5.3. LLC "Vyatka Textiles"
5.4. LLC "ROSS-KO -TEKSTING SHIPS"
5.5. LLC "Shuisko-Tedinsky Factory"
5.6. OJSC "Furmanovskaya Factory №2"
5.7. PTF number 3 - OJSC "HBC" Shui Sitz
5.8. LLC "Rodnikov-Textiles"
5.9. CJSC "PC Nordtex" Fln "Rodnikov-Textiles"
5.10. CJSC "PC" Nordtex "Fl" Stephet "(Vichuga)
5.11. JSC "HBK" Shui Sitz "
5.12. LLC PC Takekovsky HBK
5.13. LLC "Factory" Red October "
5.14. LLC "PP" Red October "
5.15. LLC "Factory" Zinovievskaya Manufactory "
5.16. LLC PC "Krasnaya Talk"
5.17. LLC TK "Krasnaya Talk"
5.18. LLC HBK "NTEKEKS"
5.19. LLC "Volga Linen Combine"
5.20. LLC "Volga Finishing Factory"
5.21. LLC Samoilovsky Textiles (Vichuga)
5.22. CJSC PC Nordtex "Samoilovsky Textiles"
5.23. LLC of "Vozrozhdenie"
5.24. LLC "Volga Linen Manufactory"
5.25. Ltd. "Shui Sun Factory"
5.26. LLC "SIGMA"
5.27. Wari "Chernobylts" f-l №1
5.28. Wari "Chernobylts" F-L number 2
5.29. LLC "Factory Knikotage" Zarechye "
5.30. LLC "Shui enterprise" Shetric "
5.31. LLC "Motive"
5.32. LLC "DYlan-Textiles"
5.33. OJSC "Furmanovskaya Factory №2"
5.34. LLC "Himteks"
5.35. Vichuga PZP secondary raw materials
5.36. Iro OoOi "Integration"
5.37. LLC "Sewing Factory"
5.38. OJSC "Ivango"
6. Kaluga Region
In the region there are 3 companies, of which:
Textile - 2.
Sewing - 1.
6.1. JSC "Yermolino"
6.2. OJSC "Runo"
6.3. OJSC "Sukhinic Sewing Factory"
7. Kostroma region.
There are 7 enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 6.
Sewing - 1.
7.1. LLC JV "Khokhloma"
7.2. LLC "BCCM-AKTIV"
7.3. LLC "Zdolma"
7.4. F-l OJSC Moscow Woolen Factory
7.5. F-l LLC "Company VARKO"
7.6. LLC "PPO" Orbit "
7.7. OP LLC "PPO orbit"
8. Kursk Oblast
Textile - 3.
Sewing - 2.
8.1. LLC "For Concern" Kursktrikazhprom "
8.2. OJSC "Kursk Factory of Technical Tissues"
8.3. LLC Nipromtex
8.4. LLC "Kurskie SRP VOG"
8.5. LLC "Tit"
9. Lipetsk region.
5 enterprises function in the region, of which:
Textile - 1.
Sewing - 4.
9.1. CJSC "Firm" Yeletsky Lace "
9.2. LLC "Yeletskoy PPP VOG"
9.3. CJSC "Chaplyginskaya Sewing Factory"
9.4. LLC "Sewing Fabrya Usman"
9.5. LLC "SVESPOSHIV"
10. Moscow Oblast
43 large and medium enterprises are functioning in the region, of which:
Textile - 23.
Sewing - 20.
10.1. LLC "Krasny Polyana"
10.2. JSC "Egoryevskaya Textile Manufactory"
10.3. LLC TIZ "Oreteks"
10.4. LLC "Fabric Oreteks"
10.5. OJSC "Pavlovo-Poshevnaya Shoe Manufactory"
10.6. LLC "Pekhore Textiles"
10.7. OJSC "Pushkin Textiles"
10.8. CJSC "Textile Factory" Kupavna "
10.9. OJSC Pavlovo-Posad Kamrolshchik
10.10. CJSC "Schelkovskaya Silk Factory"
10.11. CJSC Rakhmanovsky Silk Combine
10.12. CJSC "Advant Textile"
10.13. LLC Pavlovo-Posad Silk
10.14. JSC "Khimvolokno"
10.15. TTO LLC "Klinwolokno"
10.16. LLC "Dawn"
10.17. LLC "Dockangamek"
10.18. LLC SEP "Luch"
10.19. LLC "Giza"
10.20. SANN LLC
10.21. Spring LLC
10.22. MOSSHEN LLC
10.23. LLC "Viteksky"
10.24. LLC "Orintex Plus"
10.25. PINGONS LLC
10.26. Company "Nofta Him"
10.27. Bella LLC
10.28. LLC "Care"
10.29. OJSC Noginsk Sewing Factory
10.30. OJSC "Kanat"
10.31. NGO "Energokontrakt"
10.32. LLC "Viteksky"
10.33. LLC "Vikashtor"
10.34. Shaturskaya Sewing Factory LLC
10.35. LLC Raton
10.36. LLC Metric
10.37. Agat LLC
10.38. CJSC "France"
10.39. LLC "Agate"
10.40. OP LLC "Aspateks"
10.41. LLC "LOOZ"
10.42. CJSC "SPK"
10.43. LLC "SPETSPLAST"
11. Orlovskaya oblast
There are 2 enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 1.
Sewing - 1.
11.1. OJSC "Gamma"
11.2. CJSC "Himtextilmash"
12. Smolensk Oblast
There are 10 large and medium enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 6.
Sewing - 4.
12.1. LLC "Dichevsky HBK"
12.2. LLC "Vyazemsky Exhibition Complex"
12.3. CJSC "Smolensk Breaker Factory"
12.4. OJSC "Roslavl Knitted Factory" April "
12.5. ELEGANT LLC
12.6. LLC "Wild Orchid"
12.7. LLC "Vyazemskaya Sewing Factory"
12.8. LLC "Pochinkovskaya Sewing Factory"
12.9. ELEGANT LLC
12.10. CJSC "Safonovskaya Sewing Factory" Eagle "
13. Tambov Oblast
There are 5 large and medium enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 4.
Sewing - 1.
13.1. CZNM CJSC
13.2. LLC "Tambov Kratikazh"
13.3. CJSC "Kotovsky plant of nonwovens"
13.4. JSC "Youth"
13.5. LLC "Morshanskaya Manufactory"
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