From the equator to the poles decreases, which is the result of the balloon of the planet. The height of the midday sun near the equator and the equator will be the largest, and on the poles of the planet is the smallest. This leads to the fact that each unit of the area sun heat And light gets less.
Note 1.
As a result of this uneven distribution Solar heat and light The surface of the earth was divided into five illumination belts, the boundaries of which are tropics and polar circles:
- Hot illumination belt;
- Two moderate illumination belts;
- Two cold illumination belts.
The reason for the formation of these belts is the slope of the axis of rotation of the planet to the plane of the orbit, as well as the movement of the earth around the sun.
Definition 1.
Light belt - This is part of the surface of the Earth, limited by tropics and polar circles with its light conditions. Illumination is a stream sunlightfalling per unit surface.
The belt differ from each other with the height of the midday sun over the horizon, the duration of the day and the thermal conditions. One time a year ($ 22 $ JUNE and $ 22 $ 22) in the north and southern tropics, the sun's rays fall sharply. Polar day and polar night are also one time per year ($ 22 $ 22 and $ 22 $ June), which is characteristic of the Northern and Southern Polar Circle. Light belts are characterized by different air temperature and different natural conditions.
Hot illuminated belt
This belt occupies $ 2/5 or about $ 40 \\% $ ground surface and is located between the Northern and South Tropics. The sun in this belt is always high above the horizon, so the surface is very well warmed. There are no differences between summer and winter temperatures, there are no thermal seasons. Mid annual temperature The air is $ + 25 $ degrees. Duration light day And the duration of the night roughly coincide and amount to $ 12 $ hours. Twilight is absent. The sun is twice a year in Zenith - on the North and South Tropics. The borders of the roast belt coincide with the borders of the spread of palm trees on land and corals in the ocean. The territory of this belt was called "hot," because it gets the largest amount of heat throughout the year.
Moderate light belts
On the ground of these lighting belts, two are one in the northern hemisphere, the second - in the southern hemisphere. Both are adjacent to the roasting belt and are located between the polar circles and tropics. Unlike a hot illumination belt, the sun's rays here fall on the surface of the earth already under some inclination. To the north, this tilt will increase, which means that the surface of the Earth is heated less, and the temperatures will be lower. IN moderate belts Illumination The sun never happens in the zenith. Seasons here are clearly pronounced. With the approach to the polar circle, the winter becomes long and cold, with the approach to the tropic warmer and the summer becomes longer. On the side of the poles, moderate illumination belts limits the isotherm of $ + $ 10 degrees. This is the border of the spread of forests. Moderate illumination belts account for more than half of the surface globe. IN summer period near polar circles such a phenomenon like white nights that can be observed in northern citiesLocated on the latitude of St. Petersburg. In the summer, the duration of the day, depending on geographic latitude, much more compared to the duration of the night. In winter, the duration of the night increases.
Cold light belts
One cold belt The illumination is located in the northern hemisphere, the second - in the southern hemisphere. They occupy only $ 8 \\% of the territory and are inside the polar circles. The conditions for the distribution of solar heat and light in these lighting belts are most interesting. The sun in the winter is not shown at all due to the horizon, the polar night comes. In the summer, the Sun does not have time to hide behind the horizon, so a polar day is observed. To the poles, the duration of polar days and nights increases and reaches six months. Winters are cold and harsh, and the summer is cool and short. Even in the summer, the angle of falling the sun's rays is very small, so the surface is heated weakly. During the polar night, the influx of heat is completely absent and there is strong heating. The North and South Poles are the kingdoms of eternal ice.
Definition 2.
Polar day - This is the period during which the sun in high latitudes does not fall over the horizon of the clock.
Closer to the pole The duration of the polar day increases and reaches $ 189 $ in the North Pole, on Southern Pole Due to the unequal velocity of the earth's movement, the duration is somewhat less. On the parallels $ 68 $ degrees - this is a polar circle - a day lasts about $ 40 $ a day.
Definition 3.
polar night - This is the period during which the sun in high latitudes does not rise above the horizon.
This phenomenon is the opposite of the polar day and is also observed in the northern and in the southern hemisphere. The polar night is actually always shorter than a polar day. The division of the planet on such large illumination belts does not satisfy practical needs. Determine the height of the sun and the duration of the light day is quite simple. Consider this on the example.
Example 1.
In St. Petersburg, for example, a latitude of $ 60 $ degrees at noon $ 21 $ 21 and $ 23 $ September, the sun will be at an altitude of $ 90-60 \u003d $ 30 degrees. When the sun is on the tropics, its height at noon will increase by $ 23 $ degree $ 27 to minutes. Then the duration of the day in St. Petersburg $ 21 $ June will be $ 90-60 + 23,27 \u003d 53 $ degree $ 27 to minutes, which is $ 18.5 $ hours. In winter, the sun moves to the southern hemisphere, its height, of course, decreases and reaches its minimum mark on the days of solstice. In this case, it decreases by $ 23,27 $ degrees. For St. Petersburg $ 22 $ December Sun will be at an altitude of $ 90-60-23.27 \u003d $ 6.33 degrees. The duration of the light day at such a height of the Sun will be only $ 5.5 hours.
Of all the illumination belts existing on Earth, the most comfortable conditions For a person are celebrated in moderate belts closer to hot. Cold belts are unsuitable for life. In the hot belts, an excess energy is observed.
Earth and Health Surface Light
In the life of people, daylight plays a very big role. It not only provides visual perception, but also affects the main processes of life, regulating the metabolism and resistance to the effects of adverse environmental factors. The rhythm of life nature has installed alternation of the day and night. Natural light, as numerous experiments have shown - is the element of the time of the person's internal watches. The atmosphere created by lighting has an impact on the mood of people, on their performance.
1) below the norm;
b) 760 mm Hg; 2) normal;
c) 860 mm Hg; 3) above the norm.
The difference between the greatest and the smallest values Air temperature
called:
a) pressure; b) air movement; c) amplitude; d) condensation.
3. Cause of uneven distribution of solar heat on the surface of the earth
is an:
a) remoteness from the Sun; b) spheriness;
c) the different power of the atmosphere layer;
4. Atmospheric pressure depends on:
a) wind strength; b) wind directions; c) the difference in air temperature;
d) relief features.
The sun happens in Zenith at the equator:
The ozone layer is located in:
a) troposphere; b) stratosphere; c) mesosphere; d) an exosphere; e) a thermosphere.
Fill out the skip: the air shell of the Earth is - _________________
8. Where is the smallest power of the troposphere:
a) on the poles; b) B. moderate latitudes; c) at the equator.
Place the heating steps in proper sequence:
a) air heating; b) sun rays; c) Heating the earth's surface.
What time is summer, with clear weather, observed the greatest temperature
air: a) at noon; b) until noon; c) afternoon.
10. Fill in the skip: when lifting in the mountains atmosphere pressure... for every
10.5 m at ....mm Hg.st.
Calculate the atmospheric pressure of the city. (Top height Find
the map, hell at the foot of the mountains take conditionally for 760 mm Hg)
During the day, the following data were recorded:
max t \u003d + 2'c, min t \u003d -8'C; Determine the amplitude and average daily temperature.
Option 2
1. At the foot of the HD Mountain is 760 mm Hg. What will be the pressure at an altitude of 800 m:
a) 840 mm Hg. st.; b) 760 mm Hg. st.; c) 700 mm Hg. st.; d) 680 mm Hg. Art.
2. Average monthly temperatures are calculated:
a) by the amount medium daily temperatures;
b) dividing the sum of the average daily temperatures by the number of days in the month;
c) from the difference in the temperatures of the previous and subsequent months.
3. Set the match:
pressure indicators
a) 760 mm RT. st.; 1) below the norm;
b) 732 mm Hg. st.; 2) normal;
c) 832 mm Hg. Art. 3) above the norm.
4. Cause of uneven distribution of sunlight on the earth's surface
is: a) remoteness from the sun; b) the shag of the earth;
c) a powerful layer of atmosphere.
5. Daily amplitude is:
but) total amount temperature indicators during the day;
b) the difference between the largest and the smallest indicators Air temperature B.
within a day;
c) temperatures during the day.
6. With which device, atmospheric pressure is measured:
a) hygrometer; b) barometer; c) ruler; d) thermometer.
7. The sun happens in Zenith at the equator:
8. The layer of the atmosphere where everything happens weather conditions:
a) stratosphere; b) the troposphere; c) ozone; D) Mesosphere.
9. A layer of atmosphere, not transmitting ultraviolet rays:
a) troposphere; b) ozone; c) stratosphere; D) Mesosphere.
10. At what time in summer, with clear weather, it is observed the smallest temperature Air:
a) at midnight; b) before sunrise; c) after sunset.
11. Calculate Hell Mount Elbrus. (Verkhin height Find on the map, hell at the foot
mountains take conditionally for 760 mm Hg. Art.)
12. At an altitude of 3 km, the air temperature \u003d - 15 'C, which is equal to the air temperature
earth surfaces:
a) + 5'c; b) + 3'C; c) 0'C; d) -4'C.
2 Option 1. At the foot of the Mount AD is 760 mm Hg. What will be the pressure at an altitude of 800 m: a) 840 mm Hg. st.; b) 760 mm Hg. st.; c) 700 mm Hg. st.;d) 680 mm Hg. Art. 2. The average monthly temperatures are calculated: a) by the sum of the average temperature; b) dividing the sum of the average daily temperatures by the number of days in the month; c) from the difference in the temperatures of the previous and subsequent months. 3. Set the compliance: pressure indicators a) 760 mm RT. st.; 1) below the norm; b) 732 mm Hg. st.; 2) normal; c) 832 mm Hg. Art. 3) above the norm. 4. The reason for the uneven distribution of sunlight on the earth's surface is: a) remoteness from the Sun; b) the shag of the earth; c) a powerful layer of atmosphere. 5. Daily amplitude is: a) the total number of temperature indicators during the day; b) the difference between the largest and lowest indicators of air temperature during the day; c) temperatures during the day. 6. With which device, atmospheric pressure is measured: a) hygrometer; b) barometer; c) ruler; d) thermometer. 7. The sun is in Zenith at the Equator: a) December 22; b) September 23; c) October 23; d) September 1. 8. A layer of atmosphere, where all weather phenomena occur: a) the stratosphere; b) the troposphere; c) ozone; D) Mesosphere. 9. A layer of atmosphere that does not transmit ultraviolet rays: a) the troposphere; b) ozone; c) stratosphere; D) Mesosphere. 10. At what time of summer, with clear weather, the smallest air temperature is observed: a) at midnight; b) before sunrise; c) after sunset. 11. Calculate Hell Mount Elbrus. (Verkhin height Find on the map, hell at the foot of the mountain take it conditionally for 760 mm Hg. Art.) 12. At an altitude of 3 km, the air temperature \u003d - 15 'C, which is equal to the air temperature at the surface of the Earth: a) + 5'c; b) + 3'C; c) 0'C; d) -4'C.
How the height of the sun is changing over the horizontal volume throughout the year. To find out this, remember the results of your observations for the shadow length, which throws away the gnomon (six of 1 m long) at noon. In September, the shadow was the same length, in October it became longer, in November - even longer, in the 20th of December - the longest. From the end of December, the shadow decreases again. Changing the length of the shadow of the Mino-Mona shows that throughout the year the sun at noon happens on different height above the horizon (Fig. 88). The higher the sun over the horizon, the shorter the shadow. The lower the sun over the horizon, the longer the shadow. Above all the sun rises in the northern hemisphere on June 22 (per day summer Solstice), and its lowest position is December 22 (per day winter Solstice).
Why the heating of the surface depends on the height of the sun. From fig. 89 It can be seen that the same amount of light and heat coming from the Sun, with its high position falls on a smaller area, and with low - more. Ka-bed plot will heat up more? Of course, less, because rays are concentrated there.
Consequently, the higher the sun over the horizon, the rectilinery falls its rays, the more the earth's surface is heated, and from it and air. Then summer comes (Fig. 90). The lower the sun over the horizon, the less the angle of drops of rays, and the less the surface heats up. Winter comes.
The greater the angle of falling the sun's rays to the earth's surface, the more it is illuminated and on-sink.
How the surface of the earth is heated. On the top of the spherical land, the sun rays fall at different angles. The highest angle of the beams at the equator. In the direction of the poles, it decreases (Fig. 91).
Under the highest angle, almost stepped, the sun rays fall at the equator. Ground surface there gets the most solar heat, therefore the Equator is hot round year And the change of seasons does not happen.
The farther from the equator to the north or south, the angle of falling the sun's rays is less. As a result, the surface and air are heated less. It becomes cooler than at the equator. Seasons appear: Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn.
On the poles and the sugar areas in winter, the sun rays do not fall at all. The sun on several mesenses does not appear because of the horizontal, and the day does not occur. This phenomenon is called polar night . The surface and the air are very cooled, so winter is very severe there. The Le - the same sun does not go beyond the horizon and shines the round day (the night does not occur) - it polar day . It would seem if summer continues for so long, then the surface should be nervous. But the sun is low above the horizon, its rays only slide on the surface of the Earth and almost do not heat it. Therefore, summer near the field owls is cold.
Lighting and heating surfaces depend on its location on Earth: the closer to the equator, the greater the angle of falling the sun's rays, the stronger the surface is heated. As it removed from the Ek Vator to the poles, the incidence of rays decreases, respectively, the surface is heated less, and it becomes colder. Material from site.
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| In the spring of the plant begins to grow rapidly |
The meaning of light and heat for wildlife. Sunlight and warmly needed to everything alive. In the spring and summer, when there are many lights and heat, the growing are in bloom. With the advent of autumn, when the sun over the horizon decreases and decreases the flow of light and heat, the plants are discharged by the foliage. With the onset of winter, when the duration of the day is small, nature is at rest, some animals (bears, badgers) even fall into the hibernation. When we occupy spring and the sun rises more and above, the plants begin with active growth again, comes to life animal world. And all this thanks to the sun.
Decorative plants, such as monster, ficus, asparagus, if they gradually turn to light, grow uniformly in all directions. But blooming plants poorly tolerate such a permutation. Azalea, Camellia, Geranium, Fuchsia, Begonia almost immediately dump buds and even leaves. Therefore, during the flowering "Self-reliable" plants, it is better not to rearrange.
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On this page, material on the themes:
- briefly distribution of light and heat on the globe
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