Forests of a moderate belt are forests growing in regions with temperate climate, for example, the eastern part of North America, Western and Central Europe and Northeast Asia. Moderate forests are found on latitudes about 25 ° and 50 ° in both hemispheres. They have a temperate climate and a vegetative season, which lasts from 140 to 200 days a year. The sediments in moderate forests are usually distributed evenly throughout the year. Canopy of moderate forest mainly consists of wide trees. In the polar regions, moderate forests are replaced.
Moderate forests first appeared about 65 million years ago, during the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. At that time, the global temperature declined in areas higher from the equator with a more moderate climate of forests originated. In these regions, the temperature was not only cooler, but also showed seasonal oscillations. Plants developed and adapted to climate change.
Today, in the forests of moderate belt, which are closer to the tropics (where the climate has changed not so much), trees and other types of plants resemble vegetation from. In these regions, moderate evergreen forests can be met. In areas where climatic changes were more intense, deciduous trees evolved (they drop the leaves every year when the weather becomes cold as adaptation, which allows trees to withstand seasonal temperature fluctuations in these regions).
The main characteristics of the forests of a moderate belt
Below are the main characteristics of the forest belt forests:
- grow in regions with temperate climates (on latitudes between about 25 ° -50 ° in both hemispheres);
- tested various seasons, with a vegetative period, which lasts from 140 to 200 days;
- forest canopy consists mainly of deciduous trees.
Classification of Moderate Belt Forests
Moderate forests are divided into the following habitats:
- Moderate deciduous forests - grow in the eastern part of North America, Central Europe and the part of Asia. They are characterized by temperature fluctuations from -30 ° to + 30 ° C throughout the year. They get about 750-1500 mm of precipitation per year. The vegetation of deciduous forests includes a variety of spicy breeds of trees (for example, oak, beech, maple, hyckers, etc.), as well as various shrubs, perennial herbs, moss and mushrooms. Moderate deciduous forests are found in medium latitudes, between the polar regions and tropics.
- Moderate evergreen forests - consist mainly of evergreen trees who update their foliage throughout the year. Moderate evergreen forests are found in the eastern part of North America and in the Mediterranean basin. They also include subtropical broad-sided evergreen forests in the southeast of the United States, the southern part of China and East Brazil.
Some of the animals that inhabit temperate forests include:
- Eastern Burunduk (Tamias Striatus) is one of the types of chips, which lives in the deciduous forests of the eastern part of North America. Oriental chipmunks are small rodents with red-brown fur, decorated with dark, light and brown stripes, which are located along the back of the animal.
- Belohal deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) is a view of deer, which inhabit deciduous forests in the east of North America. Beloham deer have a brown coat and white on the back of the tail.
- American Black Bear (Ursus Americanus) is one of the three types of bears that live in North America, two others. From these species, black bears are the smallest and timid.
- Erithacus Rebecula - a small bird from the Mukholovkovy family (Muscicapidae). The habitat of the charges is quite extensive and includes: Northwest Africa from Morocco to East Tunisia and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as most of the Eurasian continent.
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Our country is in four climatic belts. In each of them, special survival conditions, so animals of each climatic belt differ from each other. Russia has 300 species of mammals, 700 species of birds, 70 species of reptiles, 30 types of amphibians, 400 species of fish, about 100 thousand insect species.
Animal world of the Arctic belt
The Arctic belt is characterized by permafrost, low air temperature and arctic deserts. There are practically no vegetation here, and the animal world consists mainly of representatives of the aquatic environment: walrus, nerves, sea hare and seals. White bears, sands, lemmings dwell on land.
In such severe climatic conditions, sheeps are perfectly feeling - ancient animals who lived in the time of mammoths. Warm wool protects them from tuning frosts, and unpretentiousness in food helps to survive in the difficult conditions of the Arctic. Sheby is listed in the Red Book of Russia. It is impossible to hunt it, as he is guarded by the state.
The most numerous inhabitants of the tundra are lemmings. These are small rodents that feed on plants and are the main feed for the sands and foxes.
Fig. 1. Lemming.
The most significant animals for small peoples living in this territory is the reindeer. It provides people with meat, skin, and is also a means of movement.
Animal world of subarctic belt
The animal world of the subarctic belt is more diverse than the fauna of the Arctic. Here the climate is a little softer, the summer here is short and cold. Subarctic belt is characterized by tundra and tundra forests. Animals living in this area have a warm fur that allows you to withstand the most cold temperatures. Fauna is represented by whale, shrune, seals, polar owls, sopol-sapsan, punch.
Rys, Morney, Sands, inhabitants in the area, often become victims of poachers.
Animal world of moderate belt
Most of Russia lies in a temperate climatic belt. The climate here is very diverse, characterized by abundant precipitation and frequent gusty winds. This belt is inhabited by herbivores and predatory animals, graining and insectivores, fish and birds.
In this belt stretched from the west to the east of the Taiga Zone. Taiga consists mainly of coniferous forests, winter is common to snow and long, and the summer is short and roast. The animal peace of the taiga in Russia consists of a variety of mammals. Here are inhabited by bears, wolves, foxes, beavers, mountainous, boars, hares, deer.
In the taiga, Kabarga lives - an animal, which is a relative of a deer. This pretty animal jumps well and can, like a hare, confuse traces, fleeing the pursuers.
Fig. 2. Kabarga.
In a moderate belt, there are also steps. The steppes are the plains on which herbaceous plants prevail. Since there is a lot of open space in the steppes, the fauna of these places is not very diverse. After all, it is difficult to build a house on such a terrain and protect yourself from enemies. The inhabitants of the steppes are gophers, hamsters, carcins. From birds allocate quail, gray partridge, herrun, steppe eagle, drop.
Animal world of subtropical belt
In the subtropical climatic belt, the most favorable conditions on the territory of Russia for the existence and reproduction of different species have been created. In the zone of subtropics there is a Black Sea coast and the mountains of the Caucasus. And although subtropics occupy a fairly small territory, here you can meet many varieties of birds and mammals. Gray wolf, raccoon, Caucasian brown bear, spotted deer and jackal received from mammals.
In subtropics, the most interesting copy is inhabited - a raccoon dog. The name speaks for itself. The animal is similar to the dog and on the raccoon. This animal is completely unpretentious in food, can eat vegetable food, but also does not happen the animal.
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Plan-abstract on geography in grade 5.
Topic: vegetable and animal world of moderate belts
purpose: Create conditions for the formation of student ideas about the nature of the zones of moderate belts.
Planned educational results:
subject- know and explain the essential signs of the concepts of "steppe", "Taiga", deciduous forests. " To be able to bring examples of soil organisms, typical plants and animal moderate belts. Select, describe and explain the essential signs of plants and animal moderate belts.
metaPermet- The ability to work with the text, allocate in it the main thing. Independent search for geographic information: soils, plants, animal moderate belts, contribute to the development of students' observation, ability to analyze, draw conclusions, develop the ability to apply the skills and skills in search of solutions to problem situations in the context of new training tasks, create conditions for the formation of communicative Skills and skills in group work.
Personal: The formation of motivation to training and targeted cognitive activity, the ability to put the learning task of the lesson, plan their work in the group. Education of the aesthetic perception of nature. develop a sense of responsibility for the fate of wildlife, to form a valid attitude towards Russia, the native land.
Type of lesson: "Research journey": involvement of children in independent research activities.
Necessary technical equipment:PC, Multimedia Projector, Interactive Board, Map of Vegetation and Animal Peace, Cases with tasks for groups.
Educational resources: Textbook "Geography" Grade 5. Author A.A.Leagin. "Ventana-Count" 2012, a map of natural zones, encyclopedia, atlases.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. The organizational moment.
2. Read d / s
2.1. Weather diary
2.2. Check out the table
Related: Live organism - natural zone-fitness.
Task 1 .. Find compliance:
a) Equatorial forest; 1) baobab, eucalyptus, giraffes;
b) Savannah: 2); Camel Kolyuk, Saksaul, Shakaly;
d) tropical desert; 4) Liana, multi-tiered forests, gorillas.
Actualization of reference knowledge.
In what thermal belt we were with you on the past lesson?
What natural communities are there?
The game"Rassell residents of residents" students relate animals and plants with the zone in which they live.
I argue that:
1. In the equatorial forest, the summer is roast, and the winter is cold.
2. In Savannah 2 time of year.
3. Animals in the savannah are very small.
4. The winds often blow the winds
5. Equatorial forests hardly
6. The bursts are especially arid areas of the Earth.
7. Tropical forest is the poorest species natural community.
Stage 2. Formation of the topic The purpose of the lesson.
And to find out the topic lesson,
The riddle we need to guess now.
The teacher reads the riddle.)
This is a house. Huge house.
There is enough places in it.
And a bobcon, and a bunny,
And tobast wolf.
What forests are there? (Deciduous, coniferous)
And today we will talk about one community:
On all sides way:
Neither a locker, nor mountains.
Immense smooth
Neo-bearded space! (Tie with place of residence)
So today we will explore the forests and steppes.
And what are the firstly different forests and steppes? (Plants and animals)
Look in the map. In which heat belt is the forests and steppes?
Now we formulate the topic of the lesson.
On the slide: vegetable, moderate, animal, and, belts, peace.
What in the poem you brought to this thought?
Today we are waiting for a fascinating journey. But to go on a trip Most importantly, we have to take with you? (knowledge luggage).
Therefore, we can not go to a new expedition, without consolidating the knowledge that enriched in the previous lesson.
Baska's hare unmistakably determined when to get ready for. If the green leaflers and a strawberry saw on Maple, you can rejoice in warmth and sullenly warm to the sun. If the maple leaves are blushing, it will soon become cold and the fur coat will have to be replaced with white and warm. I really appreciated my koska help maple, but always persuaded the tree not to dump the foliage.
1. Name the phenomenon
2. How to explain this phenomenon laws of nature
3. What kind of heat belt occurs in the event?
4. What is the natural zone? Show this zone on the map. Formulation of goals:
What would you like to know in this lesson?
What to learn?
Would you like to explore in these zones? Make a study plan.
1. Location on the map.
2. The climate of the natural zones of the moderate belt.
3. Vegetable world of moderate belt.
4. Animal world of moderate belt
Let's remember the main features of a moderate belt.
In which direction becomes colder?
And so how will natural belt be distributed?
1) Group work.
We will spend your expedition research by groups. Each group receives a case with tasks work with a textbook.
Perform work for 7 minutes.
I group of steppe
II group deciduous forests
III Taiga Group
Where can we find a solution to the problem?
1. Find the Natural Zone on the map in which you were.
2. What factors affecting the development of life in this natural zone are the main?
3. Name the main representatives of the flora and the fauna of this natural zone.
4. How did the organisms adapt to life in this natural zone?
5. What does the distribution and variety of animal and plant peace depend on various natural zones?
Fill the table:
| Natural zone | Features of the nature of this natural zone. | Plants | Animals |
IV. Fastening a new material
4.1. Check out the table
1. Natural zone.
2. List the features of the nature of this natural zone.
3. Name typical representatives of plants.
4. Name typical animal representatives.
Homework.
Examine Paragraph 22. Reply to the questions.
Complete tasks on the school of geographer trail.
VII. Reflection of educational activities at the lesson (3 min).
Guys, what's new you learned today?
Did we fulfill the goals?
What did you like most?
What will tell at home?
Case with tasks
Forest from coniferous trees is called Taiga.
Taiga is common in the north of the forest zone, where winter is more severe. In the north taiga is the eternal Merzlot. Coniferous plants does not interfere, since their roots grow in the soil in the depth, but in width. The special structure of the leaf of coniferous trees allows them to create organic substances from early spring to late autumn and survive the harsh winter. In a taiga, harsh climate, those plants that are able to withstand very low winter temperatures can survive here.
The life of animals depends on plants, thanks to which they get food and shelter. Plants produce oxygen, which breathe animals. Nothing in the forest disappears in a gift: the hives, branches, bark, the grass eat animals, feed on the seeds of the trees, in the fall of seeds for the winter. New plants grow from unselected reserves. Animals deal seeds on wool, spreading plants. "The garbers" in turn processes the dead remains of animals and plants, producing inorganic substances that are powered by plants.
Taiga is the largest area, the most ancient and the most snowy landscape zone of Russia. Its width in the European part reaches 800 kilometers.
Taiga produces the bulk of free oxygen.
Flora:The taiga is characteristic of the absence or weak development of the undergrowth (since there is little light in the forest), as well as the monotony of herbal-shrub tier and moss cover (green mosses).
Fauna:Animal peace Taiga is richer and more diverse than animal world tundra. Numerous and widespread: brown bear, lynx, wolverine, chipmunk, cunny, sable, protein, etc.
Mixed and broad forest
South Taiga in the European part of Russia is replaced by mixed forests. The zone of mixed and large forests has the appearance of a triangle, the base of the country lying in the western borders, topping the same resting into the Ural Mountains. The climate is moderately warm, rather wet; Prolonged, warm summer, soft winter (in the European part of the zone);
Flora: oak, beech forests, birch, ash, spread berries and mushrooms.
Fauna: very similar to the animal world taiga ...
Steppe and forest-steppe:
In Eurasia, the forest-steppe is pulled out by a solid strip from the west to the east of the Eastern Boots of Karpat to Altai. West and east of this strip continuous stretch of forest-steppe is broken by the influence of the mountains. Steppe - More or less smooth dry flamespaces covered with abundant herbal vegetation. Spaces are smooth and flawless, but wet, not called the steppe. They form or swampy meadows, or, in the Far North - tundra.
Fauna:there are no special species of animals in the forest-steppe. Steppe species (Suslik, Sumok, Drop, etc.) are combined and coexist here with typical forest representatives (protein, cuckitter, elk).ra:it is characteristic of the complex alternation on the watersheds of the picturesque arrays of deciduous forests (less often coniferous bors) with sections of the varnish steppes. In Europe and in the European part of Russia
Slide 2.
Steppe
plain, crushing herbal vegetation, in moderate and subtropical zones of the northern and southern hemispheres. The characteristic feature of the steppes is almost complete lack of pass (not counting artificial plantings and forest belts along the water bodies)
Slide 3.
The steppes are distributed on all continents, except Antarctica. In Eurasia, the largest squares are located in the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Mongolia. Average temperatures of winter months from 0 ° C to -20ºС, and summer from + 20ºС to + 28ºС.
Slide 4.
The characteristic feature of the steppe is a flavored space covered with herbal vegetation. Herbs forming a bounted or almost closed carpet: Kickl, Ticacher, Tonkonog, Mattik, Ovsa, and other plants adapt to adverse conditions. Many of them drought-resistant are either active in spring when there is still moisture after the winter.
The steppes are rich in bulbous plants (tulip).
Slide 5.
Animals are active in summer predominantly at night. From unfortunate typical species that are distinguished by sharp vision and abilities to a rapid and long run, for example, antelope; From rodents - Building complex holes of gophers, crops, choppers and jumping types: Tushkanchiki, Kangarochy rats. Most of the birds fly away for the winter. Mutely: Steppe Eagle, Drop, Steppe Lun, Steppe Kestrak, Lark. Numerous reptiles and insects.
Slide 6.
Slide 7.
Steppe Orel
Slide 8.
Zhavoronok
Slide 9.
Lady forests
forest consisting of hardwood trees and shrubs. Also called flatfall or lentilae for the characteristic annual discharge of leaves before the onset of cold weather.
The fraction of deciduous forests in Europe accounts for 24%.
Slide 10.
The forests of this type are high, 25-40 m, are represented mainly by two tiers of trees, a tier of shrubs and herbaceous cover, in which two - three tiers in the height of herbs can also be distinguished. A characteristic feature of the deciduous forest is the predominance of a species diversity of herbs over a variety of trees.
Slide 11.
Deciduous forests are divided into
wide, in which the trees of the upper tier have a large and medium-sized leaves, they differ in high shadowlessness and demanding to soil, light-sounded, they include oak, male, linden, ash, elm. Bolitary forests grow in a relatively mild climate;
fine forests in which predominant woody rocks have small leafy plates, these are birch, aspen and olhovy forests. Small forests are more freaky and less demanding of soil fertility, they are also more frostable.
Slide 12.
Slide 13.
Aspen and Elm
Slide 14.
Acacia Shelkova
Slide 15.
rhododendron short-range
Slide 16.
The fauna of deciduous forests is characteristic of seasonality, this is due to seasonal climate change and so that in the winter, the forest, devoid of foliage, does not provide reliable shelter to forest inhabitants. In the deciduous forest, there are mainly fleeting birds, and species of birds living in the hollows and crowns of trees are also characteristic.
Slide 1.
Plant world of forests of Morgunov's moderate belt Nikolai 2 "B" class MOU "Lyceum" No. 41 Vladivostok Teacher: Lebedeva L.V.Clade 2.
Forest zone in a temperate belt are several natural zones. Of these, the widest is the forest area, which is located between the tropics and the areas of the poles. Forests grow in those places where there is enough moisture and heat for the growth of trees, where other plants and animals can find themselves.
Slide 3.
Types of trees in the forest zone There are two types of trees: evergreen (coniferous) trees covered in winter and in summer, since they are not afraid of frost. Coniferous trees create organic matter all year round; The falling (deciduous) trees drop all the leaves at the same time, so part of the year they are bare, resting. When enough sun and moisture, they give new leaves.
Slide 4.
A spruce can reach a height of 50 meters and live up to 300 years, has a cone-shaped crown. Cleest feeds fir bumps. Spruce is one of the main symbols of the New Year and Christmas. Evergreen (coniferous) trees
Slide 5.
Cedar Cedar - Tree is very large. In the last century there were cedars, of which the boards saw 178 cm wide. The average cedar height is usually not more than 25 m, the diameter of individual cedars up to 1 m. Cedar lives to 800 years. Cedar cones feed the cedrement. Evergreen (coniferous) trees
Slide 6.
Pine pine is distributed throughout Russia. Pine reaches a height of 50-55 m with a thickness of the barrel to 1.5 m, grows more than 500 years. This is a very frost-resistant and heat-resistant tree. The pine needles are dark green, grows on a branch in beams two pieces. Evergreen (coniferous) trees
Slide 7.
Oak oak - the biggest leaf fall tree. He lives and develops more than 400 years. 1 year. Sprout small with leaves on the top. 80 years. The tree reaches the maximum height - 25-35 m. Over the years, its branches become thicker and wider. 200 years The trunk became very thick, through the leaves are visible dry branches. 400 years old. The tree dries slowly, but leaves and zhöldi continue to appear on it. During the year at a large oak, up to 100 thousand glasses. Feeding (deciduous) trees
Slide 8.
Linden linden is easily processed, goes to the production of furniture, musical instruments. The bark of young linden trees are used for baskets and lapes. Tea from dried flowers is used for cold. Lime honey bee make from nectar of greenish-yellow linden flowers. Feeding (deciduous) trees
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