On the planet, the Land of precipitation is distributed very unevenly. In some areas of the planet, the rains are constantly poured, and every day it comes to the earth a large number of moisture, so big that rivers round year Stay full, and the forests of tropics rise tiers and closed the light of the sun. But there are also places on Earth, where no water drops will fall from the sky for the whole year, but non-permanent beds water streams Under the rays of the roast sun simply crack. Primitive plants only due to the length of their roots get to deeply occurring underground water. Why does such injustice happen? Precipitation by globe It is distributed depending on the amount of formation of moisture-containing clouds over a specific territory, or depending on how much such clouds would be able to bring the wind. The air temperature plays a big role, since the intensive evaporation of water occurs precisely by high temperature. Water evaporates and rises to the upper layers of the atmosphere, where at certain heights it accumulates into the clouds.
The temperature of the air is highest on the equator and closer to the poles it decreases, it follows from this that the amount of precipitation that falls is maximum in the ecavator latitudes, and it decreases closer to the poles. However, in the areas of sushi, precipitation is distributed depending on the set of additional factors.
A large amount of precipitation falls over the territories of the shores, and the amount of precipitation is also reduced from the water. A large amount of precipitation falls on the windy slopes of the mountain ranges, and already on the leeward it becomes much smaller. For example, in Bergen, on atlantic coast Norway falls 1730 millimeters of precipitation annually, and only 560 millimeters per year behind the ridge (in Oslo). Small mountains also have big influence There is about 600 millimeters of precipitation per year, and in Chelyabinsk, on the eastern slope of only 370 millimeters, falls on the dispersal of precipitation in the Western Slope of the Urals.
Also on how precipitates are distributed, the flow of waters of the world ocean affect. Above areas where flows take place nearby warm waterThe number of precipitation is growing, since the air warms up and rises to the upper layers of the atmosphere, forming the clouds with large quantity water. Above the territories near which are cold water flows The air is colder, it is lowered into the lower layers of the atmosphere, without forming the clouds, there are fewer precipitation in these parts.
The largest rainfall falls on the territory of the Amazon River basin, off the shores of the Gulf of Guinea in Indonesia. In some territories Indonesia maximum amount Precipitation reaches 7 thousand millimeters per year. In the foothills of the Himalayas Mountains in India at an altitude of approximately 1300 meters above sea level, there is the strongest place on the entire planet Earth - Cherapundy, there will be more than 11,000 millimeters of precipitation per year. Such abundance of moisture in these places is brought by a wet summer south-western monsoon, rising by cooled mountain slopes, cooled and spilled powerful rains.
The amount of precipitation on our planet is unevenly. On some sites, they fall regularly, other territories have not seen them for many years. How is the distribution of precipitation on Earth? What does it depend on?
Precipitation
The precipitation will be discussed in our article are called atmospheric, or hydrometeors. In fact, it is water that falls out of the clouds or deposits on the surface of the Earth in a solid or liquid form. They are separated on the chain, drizzling, storm.
The distribution of precipitation on Earth, frequency and intensity are the main characteristics that determine the climate. They can appear in the form of an inlet, snow, dew, hail, etc. They are measured by a layer thickness in millimeters. In the year on the planet, about 1000 millimeters of precipitation falls on average.
IN different corners Our world the amount of hydrometeors is different. The greatest number drops from the Equator and in the tropics and polar regions Their least. Determining factors are atmospheric pressure over the surface, relief, location, how are these phenomena responsible for the distribution of precipitation on Earth?
The role of air flow in the formation of precipitation
In many ways, the climate in various districts determine the marine and continental and differ from each other with temperature and humidity. Sea streams are formed above the ocean, and continental over land, so they are drier and cold.
How is the distribution of precipitation on Earth? The role of the air masses is related to the action atmospheric pressure. All over the planet, it is not the same, and placed on its surface with alternating belts.
IN moderate latitudes And at the equator, the pressure is low, and the earth is heated better. Warm air Rises up, and under the influence of the cold layers of the atmosphere again lowers, but already in the form of precipitation. Tropics and polar latitudes have high pressure, the air over them is dry, so the precipitation is a bit.
Moreover, aerial masses Constantly circulate between belts, ocean and land in the form of cyclones, anticyclones, winds. Strong rains Provides monsoon from the sea. Blowing from sushi, he brings drought. The rain to the equator bring tropical trade winds and winds that are from the east to the west.
How does the location affect?
The specific position of the area has no less influence on the distribution of precipitation on Earth than other factors. Important is the proximity of the terrain with the ocean, as some air masses are formed here, as well as sea currents. Distance from the ocean can contribute to a dry and harsh climate, following the example Eastern Siberia.. Although, sometimes cold currents, on the contrary, provoke dry weather.
The geographical latitude is an important factor. Features of our planet form contribute to the fact that its sections are heated unevenly. This, in turn, launches the mechanisms of atmospheric pressure and circulation of air masses. So, at the equator, the Earth heats up best, therefore the precipitation is more sudden than, for example, in moderate latitudes.
Sea currents
The close arrangement of some currents to the continents is also responsible for the distribution of precipitation on Earth. Depending on the temperature difference with the surrounding waters, flows in the ocean are separated on warm, cold and neutral. The first two species affect climate and precipitation.
In winter on western slopes Ural Mountains Increased snow loss, compared to eastern parts. It is also associated with the action of Atlantic western winds. In the summer, on the contrary, the sediments are full of eastern slopes of the mountains.
Dry streams from the Arctic in the northern strip and dry continental air masses from the south contribute to the fact that a large amount of precipitation falls on the territory between 55 and 65 latitudes. On both sides of this area, their significantly less.
Records
- The distribution of precipitation on hemispheres is valid according to the same principles, but in the northern hemisphere they fall a little less. One ocean, since Southern Hemisphere It occupies a much larger area.
- The abundance of precipitation is noted on Hawaiian Islands in Pacific Ocean. Rainy days on Mount Wi-Ali-Ali is up to 350 per year.
- At the Chilean coast, not far from the city of Antofagasta, the average precipitation per year is less than 0.1 mm.
- The title of the most dry place on the planet argue the dry valleys in Antarctica and the Atakam Desert in South America. In Antarctica, for example, some sections did not moisturize more than two million years.
- Every year, the Southern Sieges of Himalayans accounts for more than 10 thousand millimeters of precipitation. What is ten times higher than the average. The maximum mark is fixed in the town of Cherapundy in 1861, the rains then "accumulated" 26,461 mm.
Precipitation
Perennial, average, seasonal, annual number precipitation, their distribution ground surface, annual I. daily move, repeatability, intensity are the determining climate characteristics that are essential for agriculture and many other sectors of the national economy.
Classification of precipitation
Precipitation falling to the earth's surface
Covered precipitation
Characterized by the monotony of falling without significant fluctuations in intensity. Start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous fallout is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days), but in some cases Weak precipitation can last half an hour. It is usually falling out of layered rain or high-layered clouds; At the same time, in most cases, clouds are solid (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, - usually at the beginning or late period of precipitation). Sometimes weak short-term (half an hour) The chain precipitates are marked from layered, layered-cumulus, high-cumulative clouds, while the number of clouds is 7-10 points. IN frosty weather (Air temperature below -10 ... -15 °) Weak snow can fall out of the cloudless sky.
Rain - liquid precipitation In the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm. Separate rain drops are left on the surface of the water a trail in the form of a diverging circle, and on the surface of dry items - in the form of a wet spot.
Imcooled rain - Liquid precipitation in the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm, falling down at a negative air temperature (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to -15 °) - falling on items, droplets are fatal and ice is formed.
Ice rain - solid precipitationdropping down at a negative air temperature (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to -15 °) in the form of solid transparent ice balls with a diameter of 1-3 mm. Inside the balls there is unlocked water - falling on the items, the balls are broken down on the shells, the water flows and the ice is formed.
Snow - solid precipitates falling out (most often with a negative air temperature) in the form of snow crystals (snowflakes) or flakes. With weak snow, horizontal visibility (if there are no other phenomena - haze, fog, etc.) is 4-10 km, with a moderate 1-3 km, with high snow - less than 1000 m (at the same time, the amplification of snowfall occurs gradually, so Visibility of 1-2 km and less observed no earlier than an hour after the start of the snowfall). In frost weather (air temperature below -10 ... -15 °), weak snow can fall out of the stiffness. Separately there is a phenomenon of wet snow - mixed precipitates falling down at a positive air temperature in the form of melting snow flakes.
Rain with snow - Mixed precipitates dropping (most often with positive air temperature) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If the rain with snow falls down under a negative air temperature, the precipitation particles merge on the items and the ice is formed.
Frosting precipitation
Characterized by a small intensity, the monotony of falling out without changes in the intensity; Start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous fallout is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days). Fall out of layered clouds or fog; At the same time, in most cases, clouds are solid (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, - usually at the beginning or late period of precipitation). Often accompanied by impairment of visibility (haze, fog).
Moro - Liquid precipitation in the form of very small drops (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm), as if soaring in the air. Dry surface wet slowly and evenly. Hosted on the surface of the water does not forms diverging circles on it.
Precueled moro - Liquid precipitation in the form of very small drops (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm), as if soaring in the air, falling down at a negative air temperature (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to -15 °) - settled on objects, droplets are fatal And ice is formed.
Snowy gravel - solid precipitations in the form of small opaque white particles (sticks, grains, grain) with a diameter of less than 2 mm, falling down at a negative air temperature.
Storm sediments
Characterized by suddenness of the beginning and end of the fallout, a sharp change in intensity. The duration of continuous fallout is usually from a few minutes to 1-2 hours (sometimes a few hours, in the tropics - up to 1-2 days). Often accompanied by thunderstorms and short-term wind gain (squall). They fall out of heap-rain clouds, with the number of clouds can be both significant (7-10 points) and small (4-6 points, and in some cases even 2-3 points). The main feature of rainfall precipitation is not their high intensity (storm sediments can be weak), namely the very fact of falling out of convective (most often heap-rain) clouds, which determines the fluctuations in the intensity of precipitation. IN hot weather weak storm rain It can fall out of powerful-cumulus clouds, and sometimes (very weak storm rain) - even from middle cumulus clouds.
Storm rain - rain of a storm character.
Storm snow - Storm snow snow. It is characterized by sharp fluctuations in horizontal visibility from 6-10 km to 2-4 km (and sometimes up to 500-1000 m, in some cases even 100-200 m) during a period of time from a few minutes before half an hour (snow "charges").
Storm rain with snow - Mixed rainfall precipitations dropping (most often with positive air temperature) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If the storm rain with snow drops down at a negative temperature of the air, the precipitation particles merge on the items and the ice is formed.
Snowy croup - solid rainfall precipitations dropping at the air temperature at zero ° and having a form of opaque white grains with a diameter of 2-5 mm; Crupins are fragile, easily crushed with fingers. It is often falling in front of a storm snow or simultaneously with it.
Ice cereals - solid rainfall precipitations falling down at air temperature from -5 to + 10 ° in the form of transparent (or translucent) ice grains with a diameter of 1-3 mm; In the center of Crupina - an opaque kernel. Crupins are solid (crushed with some effort), when falling on a solid surface, bounce. In some cases, grapplets can be covered with water film (or falling along with water droplets), and if the air temperature is below zero °, then falling on the items, the grains are fatal and ice is formed.
Grad. - hard sediments falling in warm season (at air temperature above + 10 °) in the form of ice pieces various shapes and sizes: usually the diameter of the gradin is 2-5 mm, but in some cases, individual gradins reach the size of pigeons and even chicken egg (Then hail causes significant damage to the vegetation, car surfaces, breaks window windows, etc.). The duration of hail is usually small - from 1-2 to 10-20 minutes. In most cases, hail is accompanied by storm rain and thunderstorms.
Unclassified precipitation
Ice needles - solid precipitation in the form of the smallest ice crystals, soaring in the air, which are formed in frosty weather (air temperature below -10 ... -15 °). In the afternoon, in the light of the rays of the sun, at night - in the rays of the moon or with light lights. Often, ice needles form in the night beautiful glowing "pillars", reaching from the lanterns up into the sky. Observed most often with a clear or cloudless sky, sometimes fall out of the peristo-layered or cigarette clouds.
Zeolya. - precipitation in the form of rare and large (up to 3 cm) of water bubbles. A rare eventarising during the weak thunderstorms.
Precipitation formed on the surface of the earth and on objects
Dew - Water droplets formed on the surface of the earth, plants, objects, roofs of buildings and cars as a result of condensation of water vapor contained in the air with positive air and soil temperatures, the stolen sky and weak wind. Most often, it is observed in the night and early morning watches, may be accompanied by a haze or fog. Abundant dew can cause a measurable amount of precipitation (up to 0.5 mm per night), flowing to the earth water from the roofs.
Frost - white crystalline precipitate formed on the surface of the earth, grass, objects, roofs of buildings and cars, snow cover as a result of desublimations of water vapor contained in the air under the negative temperature of the soil, the cloudless sky and weak wind. Observed in the evening, night and morning hours, may be accompanied by a haze or fog. In essence, this is an analogue of the dew formed under negative temperature. At the branches of the trees, the Wires of the Inay is deposited poorly (in contrast to the frost) - on the wire of the ice machine (diameter 5 mm), the thickness of the deposit of it does not exceed 3 mm.
Crystalline frost - White crystalline precipitate, consisting of small thin-structured shiny ice particles, formed as a result of desublimations of water vapor contained in the branches of trees and wires in the form of fluffy garlands (easily creaked when shaking). It is observed in the cloudless (clear, or clouds of the upper and medium tier, or broken-layered) frosty weather (air temperature below -10 ... -15 °), with a haze or fog (and sometimes without them) with a weak wind or calm. The deposition of the hoarfrost occurs, as a rule, within a few hours at night, it is gradually creptable under the influence sun ray, however B. cloud weather And in the shade can be maintained throughout the day. On the surface of objects, roofs of buildings and cars, hoarfrost is very weak (in contrast to the Inea). However, somewhat frost is accompanied by Inem.
Grainy frost - white loose snow-shaped precipitate formed as a result of the sedimentation of small droplets of a supercooled fog on the branches of trees and wires into the cloud foggy weather (at any time of the day) at the air temperature from zero to -10 ° and moderate or strong wind. In enlargement, the fog droplets can go into ice, and with a decrease in air temperature in combination with wind attenuation and a decrease in the amount of cloudiness at night - to crystalline hoarfrost. The rise of the grainy is frosy continues as much as the fog and wind lashes (usually several hours, and sometimes a few days). Saving a laid grainy frost can continue a few days.
HOLOLOD - a layer of dense vitreous ice (smooth or slightly bug), which is formed on plants, wires, subjects, the surface of the Earth as a result of the alteration of precipitation particles (hypochealed forces, and a supercooled rain, ice rain, ice cereals, sometimes rain with snow) when contact with a surface having negative temperature. Observed at air temperature most often from zero to -10 ° (sometimes up to -15 °), and when cutting warming (When the Earth and items still retain a negative temperature) - at air temperature 0 ... + 3 °. Highly hampers the movement of people, animals, transport, can lead to cliffs of wires and rolling the branches of trees (and sometimes to a massive fall of trees and mast power lines). The rise of ice goes on as much as the precurate precipitates (usually several hours are usually, and sometimes for sea and fog - a few days). The preservation of the laid ice may continue for a few days.
Hollyedy - a layer of ice of the ice or icing snow, formed on the surface of the Earth due to the freezing of melt water, when after thawing, air temperature and soil decreases (transition to negative values Temperatures). Unlike ice, the ice is observed only on the earth's surface, most often on the roads, sidewalks and paths. The preservation of the resulting ice can last many days in a row until it is covered on top of fresh snowpot Or does not fall completely as a result of intensive increase in air temperature and soil.
Links
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
The precipitation on our planet is distributed extremely unevenly. In some areas, rain is poured every day and moisture on the surface of the Earth comes so much that the rivers remain full-volume all year, and rainforests Rise tiers, closing the sunlight. But it can be found on the planet and such places where a few years in a row from the sky does not fall a drop of rain, the dried beds of time aquatic streams are cracking under the rays of the scorching sun, and scarce plants only due to long roots can reach deep layers of groundwater. What is the cause of such injustice? The distribution of precipitation on the globe depends on how many clouds containing moisture is formed above this territory or how much the wind can bring them. The temperature is very important, because the intensive evaporation of moisture occurs when high temperatures. The moisture evaporates, clouds up and clouds are formed at a certain altitude.
The air temperature decreases from the equator to the poles, therefore, the amount of falling precipitation is maximum in equatorial latitudes and decreases to poles. However, on land, the distribution of precipitation depends on a number of additional factors.
A lot of precipitation falls over coastal territories, and as they remove from the oceans, their number decreases. More precipitation On the windy slopes of the mountain ranges and significantly less on the leeward. For example, on the Atlantic Coast of Norway in Bergen, 1730 mm of precipitation falls per year, and in Oslo (behind the ridge) only 560 mm. Low mountains Also affect the distribution of precipitation - on the western slope of the Urals, in Ufa, there is an average of 600 mm precipitation, and on the eastern slope, in Chelyabinsk, 370 mm.
The distribution of precipitation affects the flow of the world's ocean. Over the districts near which they pass warm currentsThe amount of precipitation increases, since the air heats up from warm water masses, it rises up and clouds are formed with sufficient water. Over the territories, next to which cold flows are undergoing, the air is cooled, it drops down, the clouds are not formed, and the precipitation falls significantly less.
The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the Amazon Pool, the shore of the Guinean Bay and Indonesia. In some areas of Indonesia them maximum values Reach 7000 mm per year. In India, in the foothills of the Himalayas at an altitude of about 1300 m above sea level rainy place On Earth - Cherapundy (25.3 ° C.Sh. and 91.8 ° V.D.), there is an average of more than 11,000 mm of precipitation per year. Such an abundance of moisture brings in these places the wet summer south-western monsoon, which rises the steep slopes of the mountains, is cooled and shed by powerful rain.
Everything precipitation are distributed differently. While in some territories humidity exceeds all the rules, other precipitation can be observed in others. In the city of Cherrypundy, in the Indian state of Meghala, they drop out about 12 thousand mm per year. Therefore, this city is considered the most wet territory. The Arabian desert is considered the most arid place, because the rain rate is only 25 mm per year.
Most radically for accommodation atmospheric oyphans The pressure in the atmosphere of this or that area affects.
Most precipitation falls in zones low pressure. In such zones, air masses heated from the heat of the Earth are rising. In the upper part of the atmosphere, the air starts the cooling process. Water vapor, which turned out during this process, is transformed into water. This water falls on Earth as precipitation.
In the tropics and in the polar regions, the air flows are downward from above. Cooled air masses, which descend from the top layer of the troposphere, contain little water. When lowering, they are compressed, heated under the action of air temperature, and dried. For this reason, in areas where prevails high blood pressure (Such as poles and tropics) The precipitate falls out in smaller quantities.
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