South America lies mainly in the southern hemisphere. This circumstance should be considered when considering the circulation of the atmosphere and the time of the occurrence of one or another season. The geographical position of most of South America in low latitudes and features of the configuration of the mainland (expansion in equatorial-tropical latitudes and narrowing in a moderate belt) determine the resulting amount of solar radiation radiation balance reaches almost all of the continent of 60-85 kcal / cm2 even in Patagonia It is about 40 kcal / cm2, t e. The south of the mainland is in the same radiation conditions as the south of the European part of Russia. Despite this, the characters of their climates are very different and depend on a number of other factors (Sushi Square, etc.), primarily on the general patterns of circulation of air masses over South America. Due to the large heating of the extensive area of \u200b\u200bSouth America, the pressure over the widest part of the mainland at the level of the terrestrial surface is usually substantially lower than above the washing oceans relative to the cold surface of the oceans contributes to the stabilization of subtropical anticyclones, expressed always very clearly (South Pacific and South Atlantic) sustainable areas There are no subcoar cyclones, but to the south of the mainland there is a wide strip of low pressure. Much distribution has an equatorial type of circulation with a powerful convection of air masses (as a result of convergence - convergence of the Passatoves) and a subequatorial type with seasonal shifts of equatorial and tropical air masses (commercial -Mussess type) The northern part of the mainland is under the strong impact of the Northeast Passat from the Azores Anticyclone in the tropical belt in the east, the eastern and north-eastern winds from the Western periphery of the South Atlantic Anticyclone in the West - South Eastern Patos from the eastern part of the South Pacific maximum. Comparatively small sizes of sushi in subtropical and moderate latitudes determine the absence of typical continental and monsoon climates, in moderate latitudes there is a constant and intensive western air transfer. Thus, the interaction of the continent with the surrounding oceans is predominantly in the influx. Oceanic air masses with the western periphery of the Atlantic anticyclones, the Eastern transfer prevails. Related with general circulation of the atmosphere Oceanic flow system emphasizes the effects of the oceans on the climate of coastal regions of the continent The warm Brazilian flow increases the moisture content of the transparent mass, irrigating East of Brazilian Highlands, the cold folkland flow strengthens the climate of Patagonia, and Peruvian - promotes the formation of a desert belt in the West of the West . The essential features in the nature of the redistribution of air mass makes relief of South America.
The high barrier of the Andes limits the spread of the Pacific air masses narrow edge of the west coast and the adjacent slopes of the mountains opposite, the effects of air masses coming from the Atlantic, almost all the mainland with extensive, open in the east of the lowlands. The absence of intramicious mountain barriers, similar to those that occur in Asia, and significantly smaller dimensions of the mainland do not contribute to the deep transformation of the sea air masses into continental, the latter are formed only in the summer of the southern hemisphere in the Grand Character region and weakly outlined in winter on the Patagonia Plateau in Andes, Naturally, the patterns of high-altitude climatic explanation are very bright. Seasonal differences in the climate are most pronounced in the subequatorial and subtropical latitudes of southern America, subtropical anticyclones are shifted to the north. With the South and Southeast Periphery of the Azores, Northeastern Passats come to the shores of South America. Passing over the heated waters, they are saturated with moisture. At the same time, wet equatorial air from Amazonia (equatorial monsoon) is distributed to the north. With these reasons, as well as cyclonic rains on the tropical front, the summer rainy period in the north of the mainland is determined. In Western Amazonia, where equatorial air prevails, intensive intramassay convection causes daily afternoon livne. The vertical power of the equatorial air thickness reaches 8-10 km, therefore even the high international highlands of northern Andes are under the influence of equatorial circulation. A dry southeastern Passat from Brazilian Highlands penetrates eastern Amazonia, and therefore there is a decrease in precipitation in the July time of the year. In the southern hemisphere, the South-East Passat with the northern periphery of the South Atlantic Anticyclone irrigates the northeast protrusion of Brazilian Highlands. Winds from the western edge of this maximum carry wet and warm tropical air. He captures not only the coast of East Brazil, but, bypassing the central, cooled, part of the highland with a relatively high winter pressure, penetrates the mainland. Winter continental anticyclone in Patagonia due to limited sushi sizes is expressed weakly. Nevertheless, in more northern areas, the pressure is significantly lower, and the air of moderate latitudes is sent to these bary depression. It moves along the east coast, forming the polar fronts with parallel oncoming tropical air. Frontal rains irrigate the east coast of Brazil. It penetrates the north of cold air and along the lowland parana-paraguay, reaching sometimes Amazonia, and on the gentle southern slopes of Brazilian Highlands, where the snow can fall down to the tropic.
The permanent western transfer of the sea Pacific is caused by a huge amount of precipitation in southern Chile, falling out on the perpendicular winds of the Western and the Andes. But the leeward Patagonia is almost deprived of precipitation. In winter, in connection with the displacement to the north of the South Pacific Anticyclone, the sequence of moderate circulation enters the middle chile; Western winds irrigate the territory of up to 30 ° sh. Along with the orographic, there are also front rains (interaction of temperate and tropical air masses). The west coast, the slopes and intergountaine plateau of the Andes from 30 ° sh. To the equator in the winter are under the influence of the eastern periphery of the South Pacific Anticyclone. Southern and southeastern winds bring air from higher and cold latitudes to lower and warm; Coastline and Andes are parallel to dominant winds, these factors are unfavorable for moisture condensation. Under the influence of the South Pacific Anticyclone, a cold peruvian flow is formed, washing the west coast in these latitudes. The upper warmed layer of water is triggered by winds and deviates the action of the rotation of the Earth; Cold water rises off the coast. They cause a strong drop in air temperature and enhance adverse conditions for condensation: the low position of inversion and stable stratification, a difficult rise of colder and heavy masses. All West, between 30 ° W, and the equator, it turns out sharply dry and abnormally cooled. North of the Equator south-western winds, coming at an angle to the Andam, richly irrigate Western Columbia. Seasonal fluctuations in the thermal regime are manifested in South America in a limited territory, mainly in subtropical and moderate latitudes and in the mountainous areas of the tropics. All the north of the mainland, Amazonia and the West of Brazilian Highlands are strongly heated throughout the year. In July, they are contternated with an isotherm of 25 °. Winter cooling affects the Mountain East of Brazilian Highlands (the average temperatures of July 12 ° -15 °) and the Pamppa's plains - the July isotherm 10 ° C passes through Buenos Aires. At high Patagonia Plateau, the average temperature of July -5 ° C (minimum to -35 ° C). Invasion from the south of cold air temperate latitudes cause irregular frosts throughout the southern (south of the tropics) of part of the Brazilian Highlands, in Chaco and Northern Pampa; In South Pampa, frost can be within 2-3 months. Naturally, the lowest temperatures are installed in the highlands of the Andes. On the west coast of the mainland, cold air and oceanic flow cause a sharp deviation of isotherm to the north: the isotherm of July 20 ° C comes to 5 ° sh. At the ocean level, the average monthly negative temperatures in South America are not observed, even in the south of the fiery ground, the average temperature of July 2 ° C.
In January, the approach of Azor anticyclone to the equator determines the high pressure on the northern outskirts of South America. Equatorial air masses retreat south. Instead, they are not marked in Llanos, but the continental trade machine (tropical) air causing the offensive of the dry season. Eastern, due to the rejection of the coastline to the southeast and an increase in the path of the trade winds over the Atlantic, the latter have time to enable moisture. They bring abundant precipitation to the onwards, the external slopes of the Guiangian Highlands and deeply penetrate into the area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure over Amazonia. In contrast, the upstream air currents give daily convective showers over all Amazonia further to the south in January, the wet equatorial air from the north-east applies to the North, North-Western and Western part of Brazilian Highlands, to the top of the top paralysis and the region of the Grand Chair Co., causing summer rains from December to May, characteristic of the subequatorial regions. In some years, the edge of this wet equatorial monsoon hurts the northeastern part of Brazilian Highlands, causing short-term stormy rains; Usually due to the peculiarities of the configuration of the mainland, this area is in east of the basic ways of equatorial monsoon. Tropical air masses from the western periphery of the South Atlantic Anticyclone irrigate the south-east coast of Brazil, Uruguay and the northeast Argentina, penetrating the heated Lapanese lowland / where they have, thus, the monsime character. In the fall, cyclonic rains on the polar fronts are sharply expressed here. The western transfer of the Pacific air masses in the summer is performed in higher latitudes (south of 37-38 ° J.) than in winter and in a somewhat weakened form, although the southern Chile and in the summer receives a significant amount of moisture. The Patagonia Plateau Patagonia, lying to the east of the Andyian chains remain in the "dry shadow of the mountains". The influence of the Eastern Periphery displaced to the south of the South Pacific Anticyclone also affects the subtropical average of Chile, where the summer is installed dry and clear weather. The entire central part of the west coast of South America in the summer is under the same conditions as in winter, and it is completely devoid of precipitation at any time of the year. Here, between 22-27 ° Sh., Lies the desert Atakam. However, in January, the full transfer of air masses from the southern hemisphere to the North is not carried out, and the southeastern trade winds reach only 5 ° YU. sh. The north of Guayaquil Gulf in Western Ecuador go summer rains due to penetration from the north of equatorial air masses. On the contrary, in the extreme north-west, the mainland (tranquital lowland) due to the receipt of tropical air is established by drought.
The geographical position of the South American mainland determines the high values \u200b\u200bof solar radiation: most receives it in the amount of 5000-6700 MJ / m2 (120-160 kcal / cm2) per year. The radiation balance of the earth's surface has a negative value in the winter season only to the south of 45 ° Yu.Sh., that is, on a very small part of the mainland. Air flows running on the side of the Atlantic Ocean, freely penetrate the west until the foot of the Andes. In the West and in part in the north, the Anda Barrier has an effect on air flows running from the Pacific and the Caribbean. The Gwian and Brazilian branches of the Southern Passat Current in the Atlantic Ocean create a winter positive anomaly of about 3 ° C off the coast of South America. The Peruvian cold flow in the Pacific Ocean, penetrating almost to the equator, makes it north to the north of cold water from the Antarctic and reduces the temperature in the equatorial zone by 4 ° C compared with the average value for these latitudes. In the western periphery of the Atlantic maxima, the masses relative to wet tropical air, which is transformed, moving deep into the mainland and giving a significant part of their moisture to the incense raising of the Brazilian and Gwiang Nagrain. On the eastern outskirts of the continent, south of the equator are the Passats of the Northern and South Hemispheres, and in more western regions in the summer, for each hemisphere, there is a transition of trade-mounted streams to another hemisphere and the formation of monsoon winds. The western outskirts of the mainland at a considerable distance are exposed to the eastern periphery of the South Pacific maximum and related to it southern and southwestern winds and trade in inversion. The extreme south of the mainland is influenced by the Western transfer of moderate latitudes.
The North Atlantic Maximum is somewhat shifted to the south, and the airflow flowing along its southern peripherals in the form of the Northeast Passat captures the northern part of South America. It leaves a significant amount of precipitation on the eastern slopes of the Guiangic Highlands and on the Gwiank Lowland, and in the inner areas of the Highlands and at the lowlands of Orinoco - this is already a dry wind with which the drought period is associated. Crossing the equator, the air flow is transformed into the equatorial, changes the direction to the North and North-West and irrigate the most part of the Brazilian highlands and the plains of the Grand Character.
From the side of the South Atlantic maximum in the direction of the heated mainland, the winds of a monsoon character blowing the rains to the southeastern outskirts of Brazilian Highlands and La Platus lowland. Most of the west coast, ranging from 30 ° and almost to the equator, is under the influence of the eastern periphery of the South Pacific maximum and does not receive precipitation. Only the portion of the coast north of the Gulf Guayaquil is experiencing the effects of equatorial air masses and irrigated with abundant rains.
The wet ocean air, the coast of the Pacific Ocean comes to the extreme South, the coast of the Pacific Ocean and especially the Western slopes of the Andes receive a large amount of precipitation, and the Patagonian plateau under the cover of Andes and washed from the east with a cold folkland flow, becomes the center of formation relatively dry continental air masses of moderate latitudes .
In July, the entire northern part of the mainland is under the influence of wet equatorial air, brought by the south-western monsoon, and no less wet marine tropical air coming from the Atlantic Ocean.
A high pressure is established above the Brazilian highlands and dry weather prevails due to moving to the north of the tropical maximum of the southern hemisphere. Only the south-eastern outskirts of Highlands falls under the influence of the South-Eastern Passat, coming directly from the Atlantic Ocean, and gets significant, albeit less than in summer, the amount of precipitation.
In subtropical and moderate latitudes of the southern hemisphere, the Western transfer is dominant and cyclonal rains fall out. Patagonia still remains the center of formation of relatively dry and cold air, which sometimes breaks down to the north up to the Amazon lowland, causing significant temperature drops there.
Above the central part of the Pacific coast from 30 ° Yu.Sh. Almost to the equator, in July, as in January, the southern and south-western winds, which are parallel to the waters of the Cold Peruvian current prevail. The low inversion level prevents the rainfall on the Pacific coast in these latitudes. Only on the northern coast, where the Passat moves to the southwest monsoon, a significant amount of precipitation falls.
South America is located its main part within the equatorial, both sub-screen and southern tropical climatic belts. In the extreme south, it enters the subtropical and moderate belt.
The equatorial climatic belt in South America covers all Amazonian lowland (except for the eastern part and the extreme south), adjacent parts of the Gwiang Highlands and the lowland of Orinoco, as well as the Pacific coast north of the equator. For this, the belt is characterized by abundant precipitation and a uniform high temperature (24 ... 28 ° C) throughout the year. The annual precipitation amounts range from 1500 to 2500 mm, and on the slopes of the Andes and on the Pacific coast, the amount of precipitation increases to 5000 - 7000 mm per year.
Precipitation In this area throughout the year, the southern and south-western winds bring, their large amounts are explained by the orographic reasons. In the Amazon lowland, the bulk of precipitation falls due to convective processes in the equatorial air masses. Abundant sediments are much higher than evaporation, due to the entire year a high moisture coefficient (everywhere much more than 100%).
The entire northernmost part of South America, including the Orinocal lowland, the coast of the Caribbean, a significant part of the Guiangian Highlands and the Guiangian lowland is located in the subeupvatorial belt of the northern hemisphere. The South Hemisphere's sub-screen belt includes the North of Brazilian Highlands and the southern part of the Amazonian lowland, as well as a part of the Pacific coast from the equator to 4-5 ° Yu.Sh. In the east, the subeequatorial belts of the Northern and South Hemispheres are connected. A distinctive feature of a subequatorial climate - seasonality in the distribution of precipitation - expressed in this territory quite clearly. In the southern hemisphere - on Brazilian Highlands, in the south of Amazonian lowland and in the lower course of Amazon - the rain period related to the action of the equatorial monsoon lasts about from December to May, and its duration increases to the equator. In the north, the rainy period continues from May to December. In winter, during the action of Passats, the precipitate does not fall out. Only on the northern segment of the coastal part of the Brazilian Highlands, where the trade winds, coming from the warm ocean, meet in their way of the mountain, rains are in winter.
The temperature is most high in the transition period between the end of the dry and the beginning of the wet season, when the average monthly temperature rises to 28 ... 30 ° C. At the same time, the average temperature is not below 20 ° C.
At the limits of the tropical climatic belt, South America enters only the southern hemisphere. The East and South-East of Brazilian Highlands are located in the field of a wet trade in the climate, where the sediments bring streams of tropical air from the side of the Atlantic throughout the year. Lifting through the slopes of the mountains, the air leaves a large amount of moisture on the windward side. According to the precipitation regulation and moisturization, this climate is close to the climate of the Amazon lowland, but is characterized by more significant temperature differences between the most hot and the most cool months.
In the inner parts of the mainland within the tropical belt (Gran-Chalo plain), the climate is arid, with a summer high precipitation and a sharply pronounced dry winter period. According to the precipitation mode, it is close to the subequatorial, but differs from it with sharp drops of temperature, especially in winter, smaller precipitation and insufficient moisture.
The coast of the Pacific Ocean between 5 and 30 ° Yu.Sh. It is characterized by climate of coastal deserts and semi-deserts. This climate is most pronounced in the Atakama desert, which is under the influence of the eastern periphery of the Pacific maxima and the temperature inversions created by a constant inflow of relatively cold air from high latitudes and cold water of a powerful peruvian flow. With relative humidity of air to 80% of precipitation falls very little - there are only a few millimeters per year. Some compensation of almost complete lack of rains serve abundant dews falling on the coast in winter. The temperature even the hottest months rarely exceeds 20 ° C, and seasonal amplitudes are small.
South of 30 ° Yu.Sh. South America is within the subtropical climatic belt.
The southeast of the mainland (southern outskirts of Brazilian Highlands, the Basin of the Lower Uruguay, Interfolder Parana and Uruguay, the eastern part of Pamppa) is characterized by a uniformly wet subtropical climate. In the summer, the northeastern winds of a monsoon nature bring moisture, in winter, the precipitation falls due to cyclonic activities in the polar front. Summer in these areas is very roast, winter is soft, with average monthly temperatures about 10 ° C, but there are drops of temperature significantly below 0 ° C due to invasions relative to cold air masses from the south.
For intramatic areas of subtropical belt (Western Pampa), a dry subtropical climate is characterized. Moisture from the Atlantic Ocean goes there a little, and precipitation (no more than 500 mm per year), falling out in the summer, have mainly convective origin. Throughout the year there are sharp fluctuations in temperature and frequent lowering them in winter below 0 ° C at a mean monthly temperatures of 10 ° C.
On the Pacific Coast from 30 to 37 ° Yu.Sh. Climate subtropical, with dry summer. Under the influence of the Eastern Periphery of the Pacific Maximum Summer there is almost innocent and non-suckful (especially on the coast). Winter soft and rainy. Seasonal amplitudes of temperature are insignificant.
In a moderate belt (south of 40 °, Yu.Sh.) there is the narrowest part of South America. In Patagonia there is a center for the formation of continental air of moderate latitudes. The sediments in these latitudes bring Western winds, the way to the Patagonia is blocking Andes, therefore, the amount does not exceed 250-300 mm. In winter there are severe cold due to the penetration of cold air from the south. Frosts in exceptional cases reach -30 - -35 ° C, however, the average monthly temperatures are positive.
In the extreme southwest, the mainland and the coastal islands climate is moderately warm, oceanic. The whole area is under the influence of intensive cyclonic activity and the inflow of oceanic air of moderate latitudes. On the Western slopes of the Andes especially many precipitation falls in winter. Summer rains is less, but overcast cloudy weather prevails. The annual amounts of precipitation everywhere exceed 2000 mm. Differences in the temperatures of summer and winter months are small.
South America lies mainly in the southern hemisphere. This circumstance should be considered when considering the circulation of the atmosphere and the time of the occurrence of one or another season. The geographical position of most of South America in low latitudes and features of the configuration of the mainland (expansion in equatorial-tropical latitudes and narrowing in a moderate belt) determine the resulting amount of solar radiation radiation balance reaches almost all of the continent of 60-85 kcal / cm2 even in Patagonia It is about 40 kcal / cm2, t e. The south of the mainland is in the same radiation conditions as the south of the European part of Russia. Despite this, the characters of their climates are very different and depend on a number of other factors (Sushi Square, etc.), primarily on the general patterns of circulation of air masses over South America. Due to the large heating of the extensive area of \u200b\u200bSouth America, the pressure over the widest part of the mainland at the level of the terrestrial surface is usually substantially lower than above the washing oceans relative to the cold surface of the oceans contributes to the stabilization of subtropical anticyclones, expressed always very clearly (South Pacific and South Atlantic) sustainable areas There are no subcoar cyclones, but to the south of the mainland there is a wide strip of low pressure. Much distribution has an equatorial type of circulation with a powerful convection of air masses (as a result of convergence - convergence of the Passatoves) and a subequatorial type with seasonal shifts of equatorial and tropical air masses (commercial -Mussess type) The northern part of the mainland is under the strong impact of the Northeast Passat from the Azores Anticyclone in the tropical belt in the east, the eastern and north-eastern winds from the Western periphery of the South Atlantic Anticyclone in the West - South Eastern Patos from the eastern part of the South Pacific maximum. Comparatively small sizes of sushi in subtropical and moderate latitudes determine the absence of typical continental and monsoon climates, in moderate latitudes there is a constant and intensive western air transfer. Thus, the interaction of the continent with the surrounding oceans is predominantly in the influx. Oceanic air masses with the western periphery of the Atlantic anticyclones, the Eastern transfer prevails. Related with general circulation of the atmosphere Oceanic flow system emphasizes the effects of the oceans on the climate of coastal regions of the continent The warm Brazilian flow increases the moisture content of the transparent mass, irrigating East of Brazilian Highlands, the cold folkland flow strengthens the climate of Patagonia, and Peruvian - promotes the formation of a desert belt in the West of the West . The essential features in the nature of the redistribution of air mass makes relief of South America.
The high barrier of the Andes limits the spread of the Pacific air masses narrow edge of the west coast and the adjacent slopes of the mountains opposite, the effects of air masses coming from the Atlantic, almost all the mainland with extensive, open in the east of the lowlands. The absence of intramicious mountain barriers, similar to those that occur in Asia, and significantly smaller dimensions of the mainland do not contribute to the deep transformation of the sea air masses into continental, the latter are formed only in the summer of the southern hemisphere in the Grand Character region and weakly outlined in winter on the Patagonia Plateau in Andes, Naturally, the patterns of high-altitude climatic explanation are very bright. Seasonal differences in the climate are most pronounced in the subequatorial and subtropical latitudes of southern America, subtropical anticyclones are shifted to the north. With the South and Southeast Periphery of the Azores, Northeastern Passats come to the shores of South America. Passing over the heated waters, they are saturated with moisture. At the same time, wet equatorial air from Amazonia (equatorial monsoon) is distributed to the north. With these reasons, as well as cyclonic rains on the tropical front, the summer rainy period in the north of the mainland is determined. In Western Amazonia, where equatorial air prevails, intensive intramassay convection causes daily afternoon livne. The vertical power of the equatorial air thickness reaches 8-10 km, therefore even the high international highlands of northern Andes are under the influence of equatorial circulation. A dry southeastern Passat from Brazilian Highlands penetrates eastern Amazonia, and therefore there is a decrease in precipitation in the July time of the year. In the southern hemisphere, the South-East Passat with the northern periphery of the South Atlantic Anticyclone irrigates the northeast protrusion of Brazilian Highlands. Winds from the western edge of this maximum carry wet and warm tropical air. He captures not only the coast of East Brazil, but, bypassing the central, cooled, part of the highland with a relatively high winter pressure, penetrates the mainland. Winter continental anticyclone in Patagonia due to limited sushi sizes is expressed weakly. Nevertheless, in more northern areas, the pressure is significantly lower, and the air of moderate latitudes is sent to these bary depression. It moves along the east coast, forming the polar fronts with parallel oncoming tropical air. Frontal rains irrigate the east coast of Brazil. It penetrates the north of cold air and along the lowland parana-paraguay, reaching sometimes Amazonia, and on the gentle southern slopes of Brazilian Highlands, where the snow can fall down to the tropic.
The permanent western transfer of the sea Pacific is caused by a huge amount of precipitation in southern Chile, falling out on the perpendicular winds of the Western and the Andes. But the leeward Patagonia is almost deprived of precipitation. In winter, in connection with the displacement to the north of the South Pacific Anticyclone, the sequence of moderate circulation enters the middle chile; Western winds irrigate the territory of up to 30 ° sh. Along with the orographic, there are also front rains (interaction of temperate and tropical air masses). The west coast, the slopes and intergountaine plateau of the Andes from 30 ° sh. To the equator in the winter are under the influence of the eastern periphery of the South Pacific Anticyclone. Southern and southeastern winds bring air from higher and cold latitudes to lower and warm; Coastline and Andes are parallel to dominant winds, these factors are unfavorable for moisture condensation. Under the influence of the South Pacific Anticyclone, a cold peruvian flow is formed, washing the west coast in these latitudes. The upper warmed layer of water is triggered by winds and deviates the action of the rotation of the Earth; Cold water rises off the coast. They cause a strong drop in air temperature and enhance adverse conditions for condensation: the low position of inversion and stable stratification, a difficult rise of colder and heavy masses. All West, between 30 ° W, and the equator, it turns out sharply dry and abnormally cooled. North of the Equator south-western winds, coming at an angle to the Andam, richly irrigate Western Columbia. Seasonal fluctuations in the thermal regime are manifested in South America in a limited territory, mainly in subtropical and moderate latitudes and in the mountainous areas of the tropics. All the north of the mainland, Amazonia and the West of Brazilian Highlands are strongly heated throughout the year. In July, they are contternated with an isotherm of 25 °. Winter cooling affects the Mountain East of Brazilian Highlands (the average temperatures of July 12 ° -15 °) and the Pamppa's plains - the July isotherm 10 ° C passes through Buenos Aires. At high Patagonia Plateau, the average temperature of July -5 ° C (minimum to -35 ° C). Invasion from the south of cold air temperate latitudes cause irregular frosts throughout the southern (south of the tropics) of part of the Brazilian Highlands, in Chaco and Northern Pampa; In South Pampa, frost can be within 2-3 months. Naturally, the lowest temperatures are installed in the highlands of the Andes. On the west coast of the mainland, cold air and oceanic flow cause a sharp deviation of isotherm to the north: the isotherm of July 20 ° C comes to 5 ° sh. At the ocean level, the average monthly negative temperatures in South America are not observed, even in the south of the fiery ground, the average temperature of July 2 ° C.
In January, the approach of Azor anticyclone to the equator determines the high pressure on the northern outskirts of South America. Equatorial air masses retreat south. Instead, they are not marked in Llanos, but the continental trade machine (tropical) air causing the offensive of the dry season. Eastern, due to the rejection of the coastline to the southeast and an increase in the path of the trade winds over the Atlantic, the latter have time to enable moisture. They bring abundant precipitation to the onwards, the external slopes of the Guiangian Highlands and deeply penetrate into the area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure over Amazonia. In contrast, the upstream air currents give daily convective showers over all Amazonia further to the south in January, the wet equatorial air from the north-east applies to the North, North-Western and Western part of Brazilian Highlands, to the top of the top paralysis and the region of the Grand Chair Co., causing summer rains from December to May, characteristic of the subequatorial regions. In some years, the edge of this wet equatorial monsoon hurts the northeastern part of Brazilian Highlands, causing short-term stormy rains; Usually due to the peculiarities of the configuration of the mainland, this area is in east of the basic ways of equatorial monsoon. Tropical air masses from the western periphery of the South Atlantic Anticyclone irrigate the south-east coast of Brazil, Uruguay and the northeast Argentina, penetrating the heated Lapanese lowland / where they have, thus, the monsime character. In the fall, cyclonic rains on the polar fronts are sharply expressed here. The western transfer of the Pacific air masses in the summer is performed in higher latitudes (south of 37-38 ° J.) than in winter and in a somewhat weakened form, although the southern Chile and in the summer receives a significant amount of moisture. The Patagonia Plateau Patagonia, lying to the east of the Andyian chains remain in the "dry shadow of the mountains". The influence of the Eastern Periphery displaced to the south of the South Pacific Anticyclone also affects the subtropical average of Chile, where the summer is installed dry and clear weather. The entire central part of the west coast of South America in the summer is under the same conditions as in winter, and it is completely devoid of precipitation at any time of the year. Here, between 22-27 ° Sh., Lies the desert Atakam. However, in January, the full transfer of air masses from the southern hemisphere to the North is not carried out, and the southeastern trade winds reach only 5 ° YU. sh. The north of Guayaquil Gulf in Western Ecuador go summer rains due to penetration from the north of equatorial air masses. On the contrary, in the extreme north-west, the mainland (tranquital lowland) due to the receipt of tropical air is established by drought.
The thermal conditions of the January time of the year are determined by a significant amount of solar heat that most of the mainland receives. The isotherm of 25 ° C is terminated by the entire territory of the Offandian East to 35 ° YU. Sh., With the exception of the most sublime areas of the Guy and Brazilian Nagrain and the East Uruguay and Pamppa, where temperatures 20 ° -25 ° C are dominated. On the Patagonia Plateau, the average temperature of January is reduced to 20 ° -10 ° C. Still the West, the mainland turns out to be colder than the East, the isotherm 20 ° C in the West almost reaches the tropic; Middle temperatures in Pune 6 ° -12 ° C. As a result of the interaction of atmospheric circulation and the underlying surface in the annual distribution of precipitation, the following picture is observed. The most wet areas are Western Columbia and South Chile, where the annual precipitation amount reaches 5000- 8000 mm. Quickly decreases towards the north the annual amount of precipitation on average chile (from 2000 to 300 mm). The Patagonia and the area of \u200b\u200bthe premider (150-250 mm per year) are very dry and the Pacific coast is especially dry, the Pacific coast is between 5-28 °. sh. With the surrounding western slopes and intergical plateaus, the Andes, where the rains do not fall out. For several years in a row. The distribution of precipitation significantly corresponds to the picture of annual moistening. The most wet areas called in the first two groups (from 2000 to 8000 mm precipitation) are obtained by a rich moisture constantly, all months have a moisture coefficient more than 100, vegetation is possible throughout the year. The areas of the third group (1000-2000 mm) are obtained predominantly in the summer (on average, the sediments fall only in winter), the dry or dry season is clearly expressed in them, during which the humidification coefficient drops to 50 and even less than 25, vegetation ceases to host . These are areas of non-permanently wet and dry-wet climate. In the west of Chako, Pamppa, in the exorbitants, in the northeast of Brazilian Highlands, in the north of the mainland and on average, the arid period is already longer than the wet, and in Western semi-desert and desert areas, most of the Patagonia - it lasts the whole year. To the equatorial belt with constantly wet (precipitation of more than 2000 mm due to convective rains) and a constant climate (average monthly temperatures 24 ° -26 ° C or 26 ° -28 ° C) include Western Amazonia and West Colombia. The same belt includes the Andes of Colombia and the Northern Ecuador, possessing the high-altitude type of equatorial climate, which is characterized by two maximums of precipitation and even more smooth temperatures dropping with high height (average monthly temperatures in Bogota at an altitude of 2660 m 14 ° - 15 ° C, precipitation 1000-1200 mm per year); However, daily amplitudes reach 6 ° -8 ° C, and the weather is very variable.
To the north and south of the equatorial belt there are sub-screen climatic belts, in which the equatorial air masses are dominated in the summer, in the winter - tropical, therefore, for a typical subequatorial climate, a wet hot summer is characterized (called in the countries of Latin America - but), alternating with dry, often still faster in winter (veraso). The average monthly temperatures are 25 ° -30 ° C, precipitation drops up to 1500 mm and more. A particularly bright summer-wet subequatorial climate is expressed in Llanos Orinoco, the central parts of the Brazilian Highlands and in the west of Ecuador. On the eastern slopes of the Gwiang Highlands due to favorable conditions of the relief, a wet type of subequatorial climate is formed, in which the arid season is almost not expressed. In the highland region of the subequatorial belt (Andes of the South Ecuador and the Northern Peru), unlike mining and equatorial, there is a winter arid period and more amplitude of both mid-monthly and daily temperatures. In the tropical belt, the differences between the internal and prophetic parts of the mainland are exacerbated. In the eastern co-roeanic area (East of Brazilian Highlands), which is under the constant impact of wet trade winds, is formed a wet tropical climate similar to the climate of the eastern field of the subeupvatorial belt, but with large temperature and precipitation amplitudes also at the expense of cyclonic processes on the polar fronts. Next to the West (in Grand-Choo), a long winter dry period is expressed, and in the intramatic areas (the high-altitude region of the Puna central Andes) for most of the year, high pressure and dry tropical air dominates, the amount of precipitation drops to 150-300 mm, daily amplitudes Temperatures can reach 25-30 ° C with extremely unstable weather. Finally, for the western prieucic area under the constant impact of the eastern pr-riferies of the South Pacific Anticyclone, as well as on other continents, a desert type of tropical climate is characterized with an annual amount of precipitation of less than 30-50 mm, but with significant relative humidity (up to 83%), cloudiness, abundant deres and relatively low temperatures in the coastal strip (average monthly temperatures from 13 ° C to 21 ° C). Internal differences in the subtropical belt are just as large. In the East (in Uruguay and Pamppa) - a warm, uniform wet climate (in summer due to the winds of the monsoon type, the rest of the time is cyclonic precipitation), then the continentality and climate dryness increases to the West (the sediments fall only in summer time), and The west of the mainland, as usual in these latitudes, is formed by the Mediterranean type of subtropical climate with a wet winter and dry summer.
In a temperate belt under the domination of the Western air transfer barrier of the Andes causes sharp differences between the semi-desert climate of the Patagonia and the constant-wet oceanic climate of southern Chile, where the precipitates exceed 2000-3000 mm, and the average monthly temperatures on the coast are not lowered below 0 ° C, but not Rise above 15 ° C. These shifts of climate types are both from the equator to higher latitudes and inside the belts from the eastern outskirts of the mainland - to Western, largely determine the patterns of distribution of zonal components of landscapes.
North America lies in all climatic belts, except equatorial. The climate is essential for the development of the country, because it is natural conditions that determine what animals and plants there will be inhabited by one territory. To understand why in some corners of the continent is always warm and wet, and in others, except for eternal permafrost, there is nothing, it is worth finding out what climate in North America prevails?
Tropical climatic belt
All Central America, except for the south, is located in a tropical climatic belt. The climate here is determined by the trade winds. Passats are winds that follow the tropics in the direction of the equator. For this, the wind of North America is characterized by a constant direction, mainly northeast in the northern hemisphere and southeast - in South. The climate in the tropical belt in the central part is dry, characterized by warm and winter (+ 8- + 24) and hot summer (+16 - +32).
In the eastern part, the climate is wet and hot.
Climate-forming factors of North America are the length of latitude and longitude, the flatness of the territory and the presence of mountains in the West, which prevent the influence of the Pacific Ocean, the active circulation of air masses from the north to the south and back or meridional circulation (the plains allow to penetrate the Arctic air to the Mexican Bay, and tropical Air - north, flow meetings cause storm winds and hurricanes, called tornadoes).
Fig. 1. Climate map of North America
Subtropical climatic belt
The subtropical belt is located between 30 and 40 degrees of northern latitude, there are three areas in it. On the east coast, the climate is wet subtropical (very wet warm summer). On Western - Mediterranean Climate Type (Warm Winter and Dry Hot Summer). In the central part of the climate Continental (hot summer, cool winter). The precipitation in this form of climate falls a lot, and they are evenly distributed over the seasons.
Sub-screen climatic belt
From the south, North America begins with a subequatorial climatic belt. The average annual temperature is 27 degrees Celsius. For this area, the loss of a large amount of precipitation is characteristic. This belt occupies a very small area on the Panama Carce.
Moderate climatic belt
A moderate belt is characterized by a monsoon type of climate in the East, the sea - on the Pacific coast. Monsions are seasonal winds that change their direction 2 times a year: in the summer they blow dry, in winter - at sea. In winter, the Arctic air masses cause sharp cooling and burst, in summer, tropical air brings heat and Sukhov. In this widest climatic belt is the north of the United States of America and the southern part of Canada.
Top 4 Articleswho read with this
Arctic climatic belt
In the Arctic belt are the northern coast of the mainland, Greenland, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland Island is the largest island in the world, its area is 2.2 million square meters. km. Winters are very cold, and summer is cool. In summer, the air temperature rarely rises above the +10 degree marker. In winter, the temperature here can descend to -50 degrees. In the north of the Arctic belt, desert terrains are covered with glaciers, moss and lichens grow in the south.
Fig. 2. Greenland Island
Subarctic climatic belt
The subarctic climatic belt is the coast of the Hudson Scholiva, the Labrador Peninsula, almost the entire Alaska Peninsula. Here the long-term permanent is common. Climatic summer in this area practically does not happen. Temperature rarely rises above +15 degrees.
Fig. 3. Alaska
What did we know?
We studied the topic: "Climate of North America" \u200b\u200b(grade 7) and learned that it is very diverse. On the territory of the mainland there are six climatic belts. Each belt has its own characteristics, different air temperatures, humidity and relief.
Test on the topic
Report assessment
Average rating: 4.3. Total ratings received: 339.
The climate of South America is similar to the climate of other continents of tropical latitudes (Australia and Africa), although territories with a dry climate on it are significantly less. By the amount of precipitation for the year no mainland can compete with South America. All these features are determined by many climate-forming factors.
Figure 1. The climatic belts of South America. Author24 - Student Internet Exchange
The significant part of South America is located within the hot belt, where the sun is almost always located in Zenith. Here the air temperature is extremely high. During the year, they range from +22 to +28 C. South of the tracus itself, in a thermal moderate belt, a little colder: in the south in winter - up to +12 ° C, and on popular among tourists island Fire Earth - temperature drops to 0 ° FROM. In the mountains in the winter there are also frosts.
Like other turopic latitudes, constant winds dominate on the territory of South America.
Definition 1.
Passats are stable constant winds resulting from sharp drops of atmospheric pressure in terrestrial hemispheres separated by the equator.
It is worth noting that, unlike the winds of Africa and Australia, the Passats of South America brings the necessary precipitation on the mainland, as they are formed over the Atlantic Ocean, where Guiangie and Brazilian warmest flows are saturated with moisture air. In addition, the flat specificity of the relief of the eastern part of the specified mainland helps the Passats quickly penetrate away all the territories, right up to the Andes. Therefore, on the entire surface of the plain areas, the action of stable winds is transformed into precipitation, which for the year it drops to 3000 mm.
Climatic belts and types of climate of South America
Mainly the entire territory of South America is located in the equatorial, tropical, subtropical and subequatorial climatic belts. Only the south of the continent is located at a moderate belt. Unlike Australia, all the indicated climatic belts systematically replace each other only and move towards south of the equator.
In the formation of climatic processes in the mainland, such types of climate arose:
- equatorial - wet and warm throughout the year;
- sub-screenivatory - warm with a fairly wet summer and dry winter;
- tropical - continental in the West and in the center, sea - in the East;
- subtropical - with dry summer and wet winter;
- moderate - marine is observed in the West, continental - in the east.
South America is famous for its high mountain climate of the Andes, which is extremely diverse. The emergence of climatic belts of mountain plains directly depends on their geographical latitude and height of a certain area above sea level.
The climate of South America, first of all, is influenced:
- geographical position of a significant part of the mainland in low latitudes (12,5Gradus and 56 degrees Yu. W);
- the specificity of the configuration of the mainland is an extension in equatorial-tropical latitudes and a slight narrowing in a moderate belt;
- almost unbearable dismemberment of the coastline.
Note 1.
In the circulation of the atmosphere on the territory of this mainland, the following types of air masses are actively involved: tropical, equatorial and moderate.
A schematic map of the climate zoning of South America is quite multifaceted, since only areas of the equatorial belt include Amazonian, high-altitude and Pacific characteristics, and on the territory of the tropical belt you can observe the actions of the atlantic, continental, Pacific and Atlantic leveled regions.
Features of monsoon circulation
The length of South America, which has small sushi dimensions, does not allow the mainland in winter to obtain the necessary development of important mainland anticyclone, as a result of which there is practically no monsoon circulation in the south-east of the continent in moderate and subtropical and latitudes.
With long-term heating of the extensive area of \u200b\u200bSouth America, the constant pressure over the widest part of the continent at the level of the earth's surface is often significantly lower than above the territories that wash the ocean.
The enormous distribution is the equatorial type of circulation with a dense convection of the air masses (as a result, the convergence is a systematic convergence of the Passatoves) and a subequatorial aspect with seasonal shifts of tropical air masses (trade-monsonic type). In the tropical belt in the east, the Passats of the Southern Hemisphere can be observed regularly, and intensive Western air transfer is almost always dominated in moderate latitudes.
System of oceanic flows
On the climate of South America, oceanic flows are valid. Warm Brazilian and Gwiank flow gradually increases the necessary moisture content of the trade in the mass, which as a result of the root of certain coasts. The non-permanent warm current of El Niño at the Western shores of famous Colombia largely enhances the climate of the climate of Patagonia and contributes to the formation of a desert belt in the west of the continent.
Along the north-west of the Pacific Ocean flows the seasonal heat flow of El Niño, the water temperature of which is approximately 27 °. It is worth noting that this course is developing periodically in the summer during the passage of other cyclones in the equator. Its impact affects the moisturizing and warming the air masses, which in the end give moisture to all Western slopes of the Andes.
Note 2.
The High Barrier of the Andes fully limits the expansion of the Pacific air masses through the narrow edge of Western territories and the slopes adjacent to them.
The relationship of South America with neighboring oceans is manifested mainly in the form of a large-scale influx of oceanic masses from the western depth of Atlantic anticyclones, as a result of which the east movement prevails.
Specificity of the climate of South America
South America is located on both sides of the equator, but its main part is located on the territory of the southern hemisphere. The most wide part of the continent is adjacent to the equator and the southern tropic, in moderate and subtropical latitudes lies its dissected and narrowed tip.
Geographical position between 12 ° C. sh. and 56 ° sh. It assumes the sufficiently high sums of dangerous solar radiation almost throughout the surface of South America. Its main part of it reaches 120-160 kcal / cm2 per year, and only in the extreme south this indicator is reduced to 80 kcal / cm2. The radiation constant balance of the whole earth surface has a negative value in the winter season at the extremely small part of the continent. The key climate formation factor in South America is its orography.
Going on the side of the Atlantic Ocean, air flows quickly penetrate to the west until the mountain plains of the Andes. In the West and the north, the Anda Barrier has an impact on the movement of air flow from the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean. The flow of the quiet and atlantic oceans also play a significant role in the formation of the climate of South America.
Inside the continent, not far from the tropical belt, the climate is mostly arid, with a sharply pronounced winter dry period and summer wet air. According to the one-year sediment regime, the climate of South America is close to the subequatorial, but differs from it sudden temperatures and smaller precipitation rates, as well as the absence of necessary moisturizing.
Loading...
