Main questions.What is a natural zone? In the natural zones, what latitude are mostly located territories of southern continents?
Natural zone(from Greek. zone - Belt)- A large area with communion of temperature conditions and moisturizing, soil, vegetation and animal world. Natural zones are in close relationship with climatic belts. The name of natural zones is given on the main distinctive feature - vegetation (forest zone, steppes zone, desert). In the ocean, natural zones differ in water masses, organic world, etc.
Natural zones on land and in the ocean are gradually moving one to another. They naturally replace each other mainly in the latitudinal direction and less frequently in the meridional. Changing natural zones is a typical manifestation law of geographic zonality. We will get acquainted with natural zones when driving from the equator to the poles. (Examine the location of natural zones on the "Natural Zones" map).
Natural zones of equatorial and subequatorial latitudes. The zone of wet equatorial forests occupies about 6% sushi, located in the belt equatorial climate with high temperatures and plenty of precipitation throughout the year (Fig). ( Identify on the map, on which continents this zone is located.) It belongs to the first place among the forest zones of the Earth in a variety of plants and animals. Evergreen Equatorial forests dense, difficult to grow, grow on red-yellow ferallite (from lat. ferrum - iron, aluminium - aluminum and grech. Lithos - stone) soils. Forests are distinguished by the abundance of palm trees, lian and epiphytes (plants living on other plants). On sea coasts, mangroves are spread (evergreen shrubs). Trees in such a forest hundreds of species, and they are located in several tiers. Many of them bloom and fruit all year round. The animal world is also distinguished by a variety. Most of the inhabitants live on trees. They have tenacious paws and tail: sloth, amusing, monkeys, tuning, volatile foxes. The biggest animal inhabiting the crowns of trees is a man-like monkey gorilla. From terrestrial animals are characterized by tapir, hippos, jaguars, leopards. In the forests of many beautiful butterflies and insects.
Zone savannah and headsky Located in sub-screen zone Africa, Australia, South America. The feature of the climate is the alternation of wet and dry seasons. Due to insufficient moisture, herbal cover is an endless sea of \u200b\u200bherbs. Separately there are low trees and thickets of shrubs. Soils are peculiar: red and red-brown. The reason for the accumulating compounds of iron. Diverse the animal world. The richness of grass contributes to the spread of large herbivores and predatory mammals, birds, reptiles, insects. ( Describe the vegetable and animal world in the illustrations).
Natural zones of tropical and subtropical latitudes. Tropical deserts - The most extensive natural zone of tropical climatic belt. Brighter it is expressed on the western outskirts of the mainland, which are washed with cold currents. (Fig) ( Determine with the help of cards the largest tropical belts deserts.) The greatest deserts are located in Africa: Sugar, Kalahari, Namib. The climate is tropical desert, hot and dry, because the soil is weak, often saline. The vegetation is scanty, sparse (tightening herbs and shrubs). The animal world is represented mainly reptiles (snakes, lizards) and insects. From mammals - hoofs (Ceyran Antilopa, etc.), capable of overcome in search of water long distances. Deserts are diverse: sandy, clay and stony. Oasis are located at water sources. Palm trees, olendra grow in them.
In the tropical belt is also presented wet zone and variable-wet rainforest . It was formed in the eastern part of South America, in the northern and northeastern parts of Australia, on about. Madagascar. The climate is wet with constantly high temperatures and plenty of precipitation that fall out in the summer. On red-yellow and red soils, variable-wet, evergreen forests rich in the species composition (palm trees, ficuses) are growing. They look like equatorial forests. The animal world is rich and diverse.
Subtropical Tightest Evergreen Forests and shrub characteristic of the western part of the continents, where the climate mediterranean: hot and dry summer, warm and rainy winter. (Fig) ( Determine the location of the natural zone) Brown soils have high fertility and are used to cultivate valuable subtropical crops. The lack of moisture during the period of intensive solar radiation led to the appearance of fixtures in plants in the form of rigid leaves with a wax chain, reducing evaporation. Tighted evergreen forests are decorated with laurels, wild olives, cypresses, tees. In large areas, they cut down, and their place occupy fields of grain crops, gardens and vineyards. In the forests there are wild boars, a bear, deer, roe. Variable - wet (including monsoon) forest Located in the east of the continents, where the climate is subtropical monsoon. Sedips fall out in summer. Forests thick, evergreen, wide and mixed, grow on the reds and yellow meters. The animal world is everywhere diverse.
Subtropic steppes zones, semi-desert and deserts Completed sectors in the inner areas of the mainland. Subtropic dry with hot summer and relatively warm winter climate allows you to grow drought-resistant herbs and cereals (wormwood, nickname) on gray-brown steppe and brown desert soils. The animal world is distinguished by a species diversity. From mammals typical Susliki, tushkars, jeans, kulans, sacks and hyenas. Numerous lizards, snakes.
Most of the mainland South America, Africa, the southern part of Asia are in the natural zones of equatorial and tropical latitudes.
1. Highlight the essential signs of the concept of "natural zone". 2. Show natural zones on the physical map of the world. Determine in which natural zones are located mainly in the mainstream of the southern, and in what - the northern hemisphere? * 3. Increase the distribution of climatic belts and natural zones when moving at 20º V.D. north and south from the Equator. Fill in the table "Natural zones and climatic belts". ** 4. Make a conclusion about the living conditions of the population in various natural zones (to choose from).
Based on geographic zonality climate change, and above all the differences in the flow of solar heat. The largest territorial units of zonal dismemberment of the geographic shell - geographic belts.
Natural zones - Natural complexes occupying large areas characterized by the domination of one zonal type of landscape. They are formed mainly under the influence of climate - the characteristics of the distribution of heat and moisture, their relations. Each natural zone is inherent in its type of soil, vegetation and animal world.
The appearance of the natural zone is determined type of vegetable cover . But the nature of vegetation depends on climatic conditions - thermal regime, moisturizing, lighting.
As a rule, natural zones are elongated in the form of wide bands from the west to the east. There are no clear boundaries between them, the zones are gradually moving to another. The latitudinal arrangement of natural zones is violated by the uneven distribution of sushi and ocean, relief, ocean remoteness.
For example, in moderate latitudes of North America, natural zones are located in a meridional direction, which is associated with the influence of the Cordiller, which prevent the passage of wet winds from the Pacific Ocean into the mainland. In Eurasia there are almost all zones of the northern hemisphere, but their width is not the same. For example, the zone of mixed forests is gradually narrowed from west to east as it removes from the ocean and increasing the continentality of the climate. In the mountains, natural zones are changed with a height - altitudeexplanation . High resistance is due to climate change with raising up. The set of high-rise belses in the mountains depends on the geographical position of the mountains themselves, which determines the nature of the nature of the lower belt, and the height of the mountains, which determines the nature of the highest of the highest belt for these mountains. The higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more they have altitude belts.
The location of the high-rise belses also affects the direction of the ridges relative to the parties of the horizon and the dominant winds. So, the southern and northern slopes of the mountains may differ in the number of altitude belts. As a rule, there are more on the southern slopes than on the northern. On the slopes subject to the influence of wet winds, the nature of the vegetation will differ from the vegetation of the opposite slope.
The sequence of changes in high-rise belses in the mountains almost coincides with the sequence of changes in the natural zones on the plains. But in the mountains of the belt change faster. There are natural complexes characteristic only for mountains, for example, subalpine and alpine meadows.
Natural zones sushi
Evergreen Tropical and Equatorial Forests
Evergreen tropical and equatorial forests are located in Equatorial and tropical belts of South America, Africa and Eurasian Islands. The climate is wet and hot. The air temperature is constantly high. Red-yellow ferrallitic soils are formed, rich in iron and aluminum oxides, but poor nutrients. Thick evergreen forests - a source of a large number of plant ponds. But organic substances entering the soil do not have time to accumulate. They are absorbed by numerous plants, wash out daily precipitation in the lower soil horizons. Equatorial forests are characterized by multi-tie.
Vegetation is presented mainly by woody forms forming multi-tiered communities. Characterized by a high species diversity, the presence of epiphytes (ferns, orchids), Lian. Plants have rigid leathery leaves with devices that save from excess moisture (dropper). The animal world is represented by a huge variety of forms of consumers of rotting wood and sheets, as well as views in the crowns of trees.
Savannah and edging
Natural zones with herbal vegetation characteristic of them (mainly cereal) in combination with individual trees or their groups and shrub thickets. They are located north and south of the zones of equatorial forests of southern continents in tropical belts. The climate is characterized by the presence of a more or less long arid period and high air temperatures throughout the year. Red ferroll or red-brown soils are formed in the savannas, which are richer humus than in equatorial forests. Although in the wet season, nutrients are washed out of the soil, humidiation occurs in a dry period.
Herbal vegetation with separate groups of trees prevailing. Characterized by umbrella crowns, life forms that allow plants to store moisture (bottled trunks, succulents) and protect against overheating (omitting and waxing on the leaves, the location of the leaves edge to the sun rays). For the animal world, the abundance of herbivores, preferably hoofs, large predators, animals, processing plant opead (termites) are characterized by the abundance of herbivores. With the removal from the equator in the northern and southern hemispheres, the duration of the arid period in savannas increases, the vegetation is becoming increasingly sparse.
Desert and semi-deserts
Deserts and semi-deserts are located in tropical, subtropical and moderate climatic belts. For a climate, the desert is characterized by an extremely low amount of precipitation throughout the year.
Daily daily air amplitudes of air. In terms of temperature regime, they differ quite strongly: from hot tropical deserts to the desert temperate climatic belt. For all deserts are characterized by the development of desert soils, poor organic substances, but rich in mineral salts. Irrigation allows them to use them for agriculture.
Soil salinization is widespread. The vegetation is scanty and has specific adaptations to a dry climate: the leaves are converted into spines, the root system is very superior to the above-ground part, many plants are capable of growing on saline soils, withdrawing salt to the surface of the leaves in the form of a plaque. Great variety of succulents. Vegetation is adapted either to the "catching" of moisture from the air, or to a decrease in evaporation, or to the other. The animal world is represented by forms that have been able to do without water for a long time (stocking water in the form of fatty sediments), overcome long distances, worry in heat, leaving the hole or falling into the hibernation.
Many animals lead a nightlife.
Tresting evergreen forests and shrubs
Natural zones are located in subtropical belts in the Mediterranean climate with dry hot summer and wet, soft in winter. Brown and red-brown soil are formed.
Vegetable cover is represented by coniferous and evergreen forms with leathery leaves, covered with a wax hollow, input, usually with a high content of essential oils. So plants adapt to dry hot summer. Animal world is very exterminated; But characterized by herbivores and loving forms, many reptiles, birds of prey.
Steppes and forest site
Natural complexes inherent in moderate belts. Here, in climate conditions with a cold, often snowy winter and warm, arid summer, the most fertile soils are formed - black soil. The vegetation prevails herbal, in typical steppes, prairies and pampa - cereal, in dry versions - hollow. Practically everywhere natural vegetation is replaced by agricultural crops. The animal world is represented by herbivores, among which hoofs are strongly exterminated, preserved predominantly rodents and reptiles, which are characterized by a long period of winter peace and predatory birds.
Wide and mixed the woods
Wide and mixed forests grow in moderate belts in climate conditions with sufficient moisture and a period of reduced, sometimes negative temperatures. Soil fertile, brown forests (under the broader forests) and gray forests (under mixed forests). Forests are usually formed by 2-3 types of trees with a shrub tier and well-developed herbaceous cover. The animal world is diverse, clearly divided into tiers, is represented by forest hoofs, predators, rodents, insectivorous birds.
Taiga
Taiga is common in moderate latitudes of the northern hemisphere with a wide bandwidth in climate conditions with a short warm summer, long and harsh winter, sufficient precipitation and normal, in places with excess moisture.
In the taiga zone in conditions of abundant moisture and relatively cool summer, there is an intensive washing of the soil layer, the humor is formed not enough. Under its subtle layer, due to washing the soil, a whitish layer is formed, which in appearance is similar to the ash. Therefore, such soils are called podzolic. Vegetation is represented by various types of coniferous forests in combination with small-scale.
A well-developed long structure, which is peculiar to the animal world.
Tundra and timber tundra
Completed in subogenous and polar climatic belts. The climate is severe, with a short and cold vegetation period, long and harsh winter. With a small amount of precipitation, excessive moisturizing is developing. Soil - peat-gley, under them a layer of permafrost. Vegetable cover is presented mainly by herbian-lichen communities, with shrubs and dwarf shapes of trees. The animal world is peculiar: large hoofs and predators are common, the widespread and migratory forms are widely represented, especially migratory birds that spend only the nesting period in the tundra. There are practically no nursing animals, few grains.
Natural zones of North America, as well as other continents, are subject to the law of geographic zonality. However, their placement on the continent has its own characteristics. With progress in the mainland, natural zones acquire a meridional strike. The reasons for this are the features of the relief, as well as the ratio of heat and moisture on the mainland, which noticeably change not only from the north to south, but also from the west to the east.
The Arctic Desert zone takes almost all Greenland and Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Vegetation and animal world are extremely poor here, which is explained by the harsh climatic conditions. On free from ice of rocky areas, you can see only stains of moss and lichens. The life of most animals is associated with the ocean. There are small rodents on land - lemmings that are main food for predators such as wolf and sands.
The tundra zone is located in the extreme north of the mainland (translated from the Finnish language "Tundra" means "flavored"). Heat here is a little more than in the Arctic deserts, but still not enough. Excessive moisturizing led to the roof of the territory. On the tundra-swamp soils, mosses and lichens are growing, forming almost solid cover. There are rooms and dwarf willows, birch, alder. The height of these plants often does not exceed 5 cm. Such vegetation is food for Caribou (reindeer) and sheep.
The oxheb is also similar to the bull, and on the ram. The length of its body is about 2.5 m, the height is almost 1.5 m, and the weight is more than 300 kg. Curved horns reach a length of 70 cm. The animal torso is covered with thick and long fur black and brown. Ovezbiks are protected. They are listed in the Red Book.
There are many birds on the coasts in the summer, seals and walru live in the waters.
With the promotion of the south, Tundra replaces the Lesotundra - the transition zone in which the tundra and forest sections alternate. For her, in addition to the tundra herbal cover, the shrub willows and alder are characteristic, trees appear on the valleys of rivers - spruce and larch. Due to the cooling effect of the Arctic Ocean, the southern border of the tundra and forest tundra descends the south of the 60th parallels, and the border of many years of permanent is the 56th parallel.
The south of the forestandra goes into the taiga zone, or coniferous forests. Winter here is long and harsh, and the summer is warm, but short. Due to the low evaporation, moisturizing is excessive: the amount of precipitation exceeds evaporation.
Coniferous forests grow on podzolic and permanent taiga soils, in which there is little humus. The long-term permafrost does not allow the roots of the trees to spread deep into, so they grow up and are near the surface of the Earth. In the American taiga, black and white spruce, balsamic fir, several types of pine and larch are growing. Taiga on the Pacific coast is of particular nature. Here the string of coniferous forests is lowered to the breadth of the Crimea. In the conditions of an unusually warm and wet climate, relict forests of such coniferous trees are growing like Thuja and Douglasia.
Tuya Giant reaches a height of 60-80 m. The diameter of the trunk of this tree is more than 4 m, and the age of individual instances exceeds 800 years. Douglasia grows an average of up to 50-80 m, and its separate specimens reach a height of 125 m. This tree lives about 1000 years. Wood Tui and Douglasia does not rot.
In the Taiga of North America, there are brown bear and bear-grizzly, wolves, lynx, foxes, deer-wapiti, moose, hare. Raccoon and ondatra dwell near the reservoirs.
Ontatra, or a musk rat, is a small aqueous rodent. Its thick silky fur is beautiful and durable. From North America, Ondatra was excavated worldwide, and it became a valuable object of fur.
The transition zone from the taiga to the broadband forest is the zone of mixed forests. She takes the eastern part of the mainland. From the taiga zone is characterized by plenty of heat and moisture. Along with conifers, there are numerous committees of hardwoods: oak, beech, linden, aspen, birch, hazel.
In Canadian forests, many maple types: sugar, red, silver. Thanks to the multicolored color of the leaves of the maple give forests a special charm. It is not by chance a maple leaf is a symbol of Canada and took an honorable place on the state flag of this country.
Mixed forests grow on gray-brown and turf-podzolic soils. They are more fertile than the soil tundra and taiga. This was the cause of the cutting of forests and the use of liberated land under arable land. The area of \u200b\u200bforest arrays now does not exceed one third of the previous expanses.
Bolitary forests grow mainly in the Apalace area. They are characterized by an extremely large variety of trees breeds. Only oaks are somewhat dozen species. In addition to them, here on brown forest soils, beech, chestnut, linden, maples, wild apple trees, pears, etc. In the extreme south, a relic tulip tree appears, which reaches a height of 60 m. In the spring it is covered with flowers similar to tulips.
For the animal world of this zone, deer, Bear-Baribal, Dikifu, Oposatum is the only view of the mainland silent. But the animal world of the zone is very depleted by man.
The forest-steppe zone stretches through the great plains of North America with a meridional stripe. Its more moisturized eastern part, where about 1000 mm of precipitation falls per year, the name of the prairie. Once prairies were distinguished by unusually magnificent and diverse herbal cover. Height and density allowed him to hide the rider. Millionna herds of Bizon were grazed here, the flocks of birds were inconspicable, rodents are numerous.
Planning the territory, mild climate and chernozem-like soils led to the fact that Prairie almost completely disassemble. Now there are fields of wheat and corn, and bison can be seen only in reserves.
The steppes zone takes large spaces in the center of the continent, on great plains. The amount of heat here is great, but moisturizing is not enough. In such conditions on brown soils, there is relatively poor low-fat vegetation.
Animal world of steppes and forest-steppes are relatively poor. Many rodents - hamsters, gophers, voles and others. They hunt coyote. Dangerous reptiles - Viotushka ordinary, rattling snake. Many steppe birds.
The semi-desert zone and the desert covers the inner plateau of Cordiller. It does not form a solid strip and has a mosaic look. The main plant here is a black wormwood. It grows on gray-brown soils and forms a hollow desert, alternating with Solonchak.
Conclusions:
Natural zones in the Arctic and subarctic belts extend in the latitudinal direction.
Natural zones of moderate belt received the greatest distribution on the mainland.
The natural zones of steppes, prairies, mixed and large forests are elongated in the meridional direction.
Read in the section
A complex picture of North America's natural zones is determined by the peculiarities of the geographical position of the mainland. The change of natural conditions occurs in two directions - from the north to south and from the oceanic dies to the internal areas of the mainland. Therefore, in the north of the continent, the zones are elongated in a latitudinal direction, and in the central part they have a location close to the meridional. Natural zones of moderate belt are distinguished by the greatest variety in North America. This is primarily due to the significant sizes of this belt (more "/ 3 of the continental area) and with large climatic differences in its different parts. The natural zone of the Arctic desert is formed within the Arctic belt. Glaciers are widespread here. Only in the summer on the protrusions of indigenous rocks, plants are found in lower and cracks: mosses, lichens, some types of herbs and shrubs. Under this vegetation, scarce and primitive arctic soils were formed, almost not containing nutrient mineral and organic substances. The poverty of the animal world is associated with harsh environment. There are some major mammals here. Among them are a musky bull or a sheep, a large and endless animal with a thick troubled wool and a stovered muzzle. It was preserved in Greenland and on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Coastal Arctic areas attend white bears, wolves, sands. In the waters of the surrounding seas inhabited seals, walruses, beluga, Greenland whales. For rocky islands, the clusters of various seabirds are characteristic of the birds. Natural tundra zone. North of the mainland in the subarctic belt takes the natural zone of the tundra. The main feature of this zone is the absence of trees. In the north, the tundra are common and licinc. They form a solid spongy and rich moisture carpet. There are herbs (sash, fluffy) and polar flowers - forget-me-not, polar poppies, dandelions. The south appears low shrubs: dwarf birch and will (usually 30 - 70 cm tall), a richness, heather, berry shrubs (blueberries, blueberries). Multi-year permafrost received widespread. Movelace tundra-gley and swamp soil are formed. The animal world in the tundra is richer than in the Arctic deserts. There are northern deer (it is not tamed and is an important object of hunting Eskimos and Indians), a polar bear, a polar wolf, a sandy, polar hare, lemming (small rodent). White partridges, predatory polar owl are common from birds, the waterfowl (geese, ducks, slices) arrive in the summer. Many bird bazaars (gaga, numbers, toporists, etc.) The natural zone of the Fondura is stretched to the south of the tundra of the strip in a width of up to 500 km. According to the valleys of rivers, wood vegetation from coniferous rocks appears. Under it form gleyevo-podzolic soils. In the animal world, as in the vegetable, there is a mixture of tundra and forest species. Natural Taiga Zone. Taiga extends south of Festundra. The vegetation is represented by coniferous forests from black and white spruce, balsamic fir, American larch, Tui. On more dry places, forests made of pine (or web), banks (or stone) and red pines grow. In the taiga zone, podzolic soils are typical, and in low-lying territories, swamp soils are found in large areas. Taiga has a diverse animal world. There are many large hoofs. This is a deer of wapiti, American elk with tremendous palm horns, forest deer, and in a mountain taiga - a snow goat and a thick-legged ram. Many predators - Cute, Wolf, Canadian Lynx, Ermine, Wolverine, Lisea. There are brown and black American bear, as well as the Puma (or Cougar), gray and red squirrel, the chipmunk.
Natural complex - The territory with a certain unity of nature, due to the generality of its origin and the history of development, the originality of the geographical location, acting within its limits by modern processes. In the natural complex, all components are connected with each other. Natural complexes are diverse in size. The largest natural complex (PC) is a geographic shell. The continents and oceans, natural zones - also PC. A small ravine or lake is also a natural complex. The formation of natural complexes occurs for a long time.
Geographic belt - the largest territorial unit of latitude and zonal division of the geographic shell, characterized by the generality of thermal conditions. The latitudinal arrangement of geographic belts is determined mainly by changing the amount of solar radiation from the equator to the ground poles. Inside geographical belts, moisturizing may be different, which allows the geographical zones and subzones inside each belt.
Natural zones - Natural complexes occupying large areas characterized by the domination of one zonal type of landscape. They are formed mainly under the influence of climate - the characteristics of the distribution of heat and moisture, their relations. Each natural zone is inherent in its type of soil, vegetation and animal world.
The appearance of the natural zone is determined by the type of vegetation cover. But the nature of vegetation depends on climatic conditions - thermal regime, moisturizing, lighting.
As a rule, natural zones are elongated in the form of wide bands from the west to the east. There are no clear boundaries between them, the zones are gradually moving to another. The latitudinal arrangement of natural zones is violated by the uneven distribution of sushi and ocean, relief, ocean remoteness. For example, in moderate latitudes of North America, natural zones are located in a meridional direction, which is associated with the influence of the Cordiller, which prevent the passage of wet winds from the Pacific Ocean into the mainland. In Eurasia there are almost all zones of the northern hemisphere, but their width is not the same. For example, the zone of mixed forests is gradually narrowed from west to east as it removes from the ocean and increasing the continentality of the climate. In the mountains, natural zones are changed with a height - high-rise lower. High resistance is due to climate change with raising up. The set of high-rise belses in the mountains depends on the geographical position of the mountains themselves, which determines the nature of the nature of the lower belt, and the height of the mountains, which determines the nature of the highest of the highest belt for these mountains. The higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more they have altitude belts.
The location of the high-rise belses also affects the direction of the ridges relative to the parties of the horizon and the dominant winds. So, the southern and northern slopes of the mountains may differ in the number of altitude belts. As a rule, there are more on the southern slopes than on the northern. On the slopes subject to the influence of wet winds, the nature of the vegetation will differ from the vegetation of the opposite slope.
The sequence of changes in high-rise belses in the mountains almost coincides with the sequence of changes in the natural zones on the plains. But in the mountains of the belt change faster. There are natural complexes characteristic of mountains only, such as subalpian and alpine meadows.
Natural zones sushi.
Evergreen tropical and equatorial forests are located in Equatorial and tropical belts of South America, Africa and Eurasian Islands. The climate is wet and hot. The air temperature is constantly high. Red-yellow ferrallitic soils are formed, rich in iron and aluminum oxides, but poor nutrients. Thick evergreen forests - a source of a large number of plant ponds. But organic substances entering the soil do not have time to accumulate. They are absorbed by numerous plants, wash out daily precipitation in the lower soil horizons. Equatorial forests are characterized by multi-tie. Vegetation is presented mainly by woody forms forming multi-tiered communities. Characterized by a high species diversity, the presence of epiphytes (ferns, orchids), Lian. Plants have rigid leathery leaves with devices that save from excess moisture (dropper). The animal world is represented by a huge variety of forms of consumers of rotting wood and sheets, as well as views in the crowns of trees.
Savannah and edging - Natural zones with herbal vegetation characteristic of them (mainly cereal) in combination with individual trees or their groups and shrub chairs. They are located north and south of the zones of equatorial forests of southern continents in tropical belts. The climate is characterized by the presence of a more or less long arid period and high air temperatures throughout the year. Red ferroll or red-brown soils are formed in the savannas, which are richer humus than in equatorial forests. Although in the wet season, nutrients are washed out of the soil, humidiation occurs in a dry period. Herbal vegetation with separate groups of trees prevailing. Characterized by umbrella crowns, life forms that allow plants to store moisture (bottled trunks, succulents) and protect against overheating (drainage and wax floodplain on the leaves, the location of the leaves edge to the sun rays). For the animal world, the abundance of herbivores, preferably hoofs, large predators, animals, processing plant opead (termites) are characterized by the abundance of herbivores. With the removal from the equator in the northern and southern hemispheres, the duration of the arid period in savannas increases, the vegetation is becoming increasingly sparse.
Deserts and semi-deserts are located in tropical, subtropical and moderate climatic belts. For a climate, the desert is characterized by an extremely low amount of precipitation throughout the year. Daily daily air amplitudes of air. In terms of temperature regime, they differ quite strongly: from hot tropical deserts to the desert temperate climatic belt. For all deserts are characterized by the development of desert soils, poor organic substances, but rich in mineral salts. Irrigation allows them to use them for agriculture.
Soil salinization is widespread. The vegetation is scanty and has specific adaptations to a dry climate: the leaves are converted into spines, the root system is very superior to the above-ground part, many plants are capable of growing on saline soils, withdrawing salt to the surface of the leaves in the form of a plaque. Great variety of succulents. Vegetation is adapted either to the "catching" of moisture from the air, or to a decrease in evaporation, or to the other. The animal world is represented by forms that have been able to do without water for a long time (stocking water in the form of fatty sediments), overcome long distances, worry in heat, leaving the hole or falling into the hibernation. Many animals lead a nightlife.
Tighted evergreen forests and shrubs are located in subtropical belts in the Mediterranean climate with dry hot summer and wet, soft in winter. Brown and red-brown soil are formed.
Vegetable cover is represented by coniferous and evergreen forms with leathery leaves, covered with a wax hollow, input, usually with a high content of essential oils. So plants adapt to dry hot summer. Animal world is very exterminated; But characterized by herbivores and loving forms, many reptiles, birds of prey.
Steppes and forest site - Natural complexes peculiar to moderate belts. Here, in climate conditions with a cold, often snowy winter and warm, arid summer, the most fertile soils are formed - black soil. The vegetation prevails herbal, in typical steppes, prairies and pampa - cereal, in dry versions - hollow. Practically everywhere natural growth is replaced by agricultural crops. The animal world is represented by herbivores, among which hoofs are strongly exterminated, preserved predominantly rodents and reptiles, which are characterized by a long period of winter peace and predatory birds.
Wide and mixed forests grow in moderate belts in climate conditions with sufficient moisture and a period of reduced, sometimes negative temperatures. Soil fertile, brown forests (under the broader forests) and gray forests (under mixed forests). Forests are usually formed by 2-3 types of trees with a shrub tier and well-developed herbaceous cover. The animal world is diverse, clearly divided into tiers, is represented by forest hoofs, predators, rodents, insectivorous birds.
Taiga is common in moderate latitudes of the northern hemisphere with a wide bandwidth in climate conditions with a short warm summer, long and harsh winter, sufficient precipitation and normal, in places with excess moisture. In the taiga zone in conditions of abundant moisture and relatively cool summer, there is an intensive washing of the soil layer, humoring; Forms little. Under its subtle layer, due to washing the soil, a whitish layer is formed, which in appearance is similar to the ash. Therefore, such soils are called podzolic. Vegetation is represented by various types of coniferous forests in combination with small-scale.
A well-developed long structure, which is peculiar to the animal world.
Tundra and timber tundra are common in subolar and polar climatic belts. The climate is severe, with a short and cold vegetation period, long and harsh winter. With a small amount of precipitation, excessive moisturizing is developing. Soil - peat-gley, under them a layer of permafrost. Vegetable cover is presented mainly by herbian-lichen communities, with shrubs and dwarf shapes of trees. The animal world is peculiar: ordinary large hoofs and predators, widespread and migrant shapes are widely represented, especially migratory chicks that spend in the tundra only the nesting period is practically no nursing animals, few grains.
Polar deserts are distributed on the islands in high latitudes. The climate of these places is extremely harsh, the winter and polar night dominates most of the year. The vegetation is scuba, represented by communities of moss and precipitated lichens. An animal world is associated with the ocean, there is no constant population on land.
The region of the high-altitude explanation is located in a wide variety of climatic belts and are characterized by a corresponding set of high-altitude belts.
Their amount depends on the latitude (in equatorial and tropical areas it is greater) and from the height of the mountain range the higher, the greater the set of belts.
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