Description of moderate climatic belt Air mass atmospheric. Climatic areas of belts. Territories of climatic belts

Characteristics of climatic belts (Table)
There are 7 types of climatic belts on the planet. They are divided into two types: permanent (main) and transitional.
Permanent climatic belts - Belts, where one single air mass is dominated during the year.
Transitional - they are written with the prefix "sub", two during the year replaces two aerial masses: in the summer comes more hot (the one is closer to the equator), in winter - the colder (the one is closer to the pole). In December-February, airthe masses are shifted to the south, and in June-August - to the north of the planet.
Name of climatic belts: 1) Equatorial climatic belt-a type: constant main - location:located on both sides of the equator from 5 ° -8 ° northern latitude up to 4 ° -11 ° south latitude, between subscance belts.-description: The predominance throughout the year of the equatorial air masses. Constantly high temperatures (on the plains 24 ° - 28 ° C). Weak unstable winds. Characteristic of the presence of a stripreduced pressure with a constant influx into her Passyats and a tendency to general upward air movements andfast tropical air transformation into wet Equatorial. Abundant during the whole year of precipitation.Constantly hot and wet equatorial climatedue to the large influx of solar radiation.
2) tropical climatic belt-a type:standing-primary Location: Belt is located in tropical latitudes. You can clearly allocate the northern and southern tropical belts of the Earth. - description:in tropical belt round year One is the only one - tropical air mass. She in his queue forms the zone over the climatic belt increased pressure from clear weather During everythingof the year. Thus, the weather in the tropics is entirely dependent on the height of the sun over the horizon. IN summer monthswhenthe sun rises in zenith, the temperature on the tropics rises above + 30 ° C. In winter when the sun stands overthe horizon is no longer so high, the temperature in the tropics drops, and cold winter night may even go tonegative temperatures. Sharp drops from the heat to cold during the day and the whole year, as well as a low numberthe precipitation led to the fact that the natural zone of deserts and semi-deserts are formed in the tropical climatic beltvery scarce vegetable and animal world.
3) moderate climatic belt-a type: constant main location:It is located between 40 and 60 ladies, borders with subtropical and subarctic (in the southern hemisphere - subnutrctic) climatic belts.-description: On the planet there is a northern and southern moderate belt, however, in Southern Hemisphere He is practically ne. touching the continents. Since the temperature of moderate air mass changes by season, in moderatethe climatic belt is their clear shift. All seasons are pronounced: Snow winter is replaced in the spring, to shift itit comes a hot summer, and again falls. The temperatures of the moderate belt are very significant. Actuallythe border with subtropics practically coincides with the winter isotherm with 0 ° C. In moderate belt, there are negativetemperatures. On a significant area of \u200b\u200bbelt in winter time Installed snow cover.
4) Arctic (Antarctic) climatic belt-a type:standing-primary Location:Belt occupies polar regions Earth. The belt area believes in Antarctica, spreading practically for all the mainland. In the northern hemisphere he is located on the very north of Eurasia and North America, including B.ourselves bad earth, Greenland, Ps. Taimyr, New earth, Spitsbergen, North Islands Arctic Ocean. -description:All year, one single arctic (in the southern hemisphere - Antarctic) is dominated here. weight. Almost all year in the territory of the Arcticclimatic zone air temperature does not rise above0 ° C, and with further removal to the poles always remains negative. Special severe winters Observed B.Antarctica. Precipitation falls very little. The belt is engaged in the natural zone of arctic and antarctic desert. Bigits part is closed by multi-kilometer sheathing glaciers. So much low temperatures of these areasexplained to the fact that the sun never rises high above the horizon in the sugar lathes, its rays "slip"on the surface of the Earth and do not hear it even in the conditions of the polar day, when the polar night comes (and onpoles they last for half a year) The surface of the planet does not get heat from the sun and cools down to -70 -80 ° C.

Moderate belt is one of two geographic belts The globe. In the northern hemisphere temperate climatethe virgin belt is between 40 ° and 65 ° S.Sh., in the southern - between 42 ° and 58 ° Yu.Sh. The territory lying in these belts is 25% of the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe planet. This is significant more square Territories occupied by any other climatic belt. In the northern hemisphere to 55% of the territory falls on land, in southern - only 2%, the rest is occupied by the ocean.

A characteristic feature of a moderate belt is a change in temperature clearly by season of the year. This is precisely due to the frequency of climatic, biological and hydrological processes.

Three seasons distinguish:
1. Two main - cold winter And hot summer.
2. Two transition - autumn and spring.

For winter, a temperature is characterized less than 0 ° C, for summer - more than +15 ° C. IN cold season A constant is formed snow cover. Middle annual number precipitation is 400-500 mm, in summer period It may increase to 750 mm. To the outskirts of the mainland, the amount of precipitation increases to 1500-2000 mm. Throughout the year, the Troposphere is carried out by the Western transfer of air masses, due to which, as well as active cyclonic activities, the water vapor is transferred from the oceans on the mainland and the intercussion exchange of thermal energy. According to the peculiarities of summer and winter, the subspecies of the moderate climate are distinguished: moderately continental, marine, monsoon, sharply continental.

On the land of moderate belt, there is a significant amount of surface runoff, as well as high water fluidity that provoke intensive erosion dismemberment ground surface. The flow rate in the northern hemisphere becomes less from the north to south. For a moderate belt, the presence of a large number of lakes is characterized.

Subspecies of moderate climates

On the entire territory of the moderate belt there is a variety of vegetation, except for evergreen forms. The most common type of vegetation of moderate belt - forests (taiga, mixed, wide). In some localities, steppe landscapes are formed due to insufficient moisture. Accordingly, in the fauna predominantly forest forms of animals that lead a settling lifestyle. Residents open spaces Come less often.

Natural conditions, especially in the northern hemisphere, are diverse, which is explained by the large differences in humidity and heat, changes in the direction of winds. This is due to active activity Cyclones. There are three types of sectors on land: intramicious, Western Wine-Eanic, East Peniocyanic. The boundaries between them are blurred. In the first and second sectors, such landscape zones are distinguished as increasing solar radiation and reduction of moisturizing: forest, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert, deserted natural zones. Landscapes are characteristic of the eastern obocyanic sectors forest zone, whose formation occurs in conditions monsoon climateWhat is particularly pronounced in East Asia.

Moderate belt sushi economic activities The person reaches the greatest level in the Adhesives of Europe and North America. There are industrial anthropogenic landscapes. Agricultural anthropogenic landscapes are common in the steppe and forest-steppe intra-engineity regions.

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Moderate belt is a zone characterized by a moderate climate and other characteristic features. However, the main factor in dividing the belt is the climate. Climate is a factor that has a decisive influence on the whole live and non-resident nature on the planet. In direct dependence on it are vegetation, water objects, animal world, soil cover.

Climate type

Climate belt

average temperature

Mode and amount of precipitation atmosphere, mm

Circulation of the atmosphere

Territory

Moderate marine

Moderate

1000 mm during the year

Winds from west

Western parts of Eurasia and North America

Moderate continental

Moderate

400 millimeters during the year

Winds from west

Internal parts of the mainland

Moody monsoon

Moderate

Mostly during the summer monsoon

Eastern region Eurasia

Form climatic conditions Due to the impact of the following factors:

• features of the underlying surface
• number of solar radiation
• intensity Circulation of the atmosphere

Temperature regime in a specific climatic belt depends on two factors:

• Geographical latitude of the area (determining the angle of falling on the surface of the earth of the sun rays)
• Nearby Ocean

• Sea currents
• Features relief
• The nature of the prevailing winds

To determine more accurate climate characteristics, various indices, coefficients, factors are used. Among them are continentality, moisturizing, aridness.

Temperate zone

According to adopted characteristics Moderate belt can be divided into three main types by territority:

• moderate climate of oriental coasts
• moderate climate of Western coast
• continental moderate climate.

In this climatic belt, there are many cyclones forcing the weather to change dramatically and extract it snow, then rain. In addition, winds from the West are blowing here, which are reached all year round. Summer in this belt is quite warm (up to + 25 ° -28 ° C), winter winter (from + 5 ° C to -50 ° C). The average annual precipitation from 1000-3000 millimeters, and in central parts The mainland is no more than 100 millimeters.

Moderate belt latitude

Moderate climate is formed in the northern hemisphere. More than half of the square in the northern hemisphere occupies sushi, and in southern - almost 98% of the area is covered with seas. The belt is between 40-45 ° and 62-68 ° C.Sh. ( North hemisphere) and 42 ° and 58 ° Yu.Sh in the southern hemisphere. The climate in this belt is characterized by severe and frequent temperature changes, atmospheric pressure, wind directions. This is due to the high intensity of cyclones.

In general, this belt is climatic zoneIn which, throughout the year, the HC - moderate air masses dominate. During flight months, the invasion of TV is possible - tropical winds. This belt is also characterized by relatively low atmospheric pressure, intense frontal and cyclonic activities, large seasonal temperature differences. In winter, the instability of weather and climatic factors.

Climatic regions of a moderate belt - wind, precipitation

• On the coasts on the eastern side of the continents there are areas of the monsoon climate. It is characterized by the next seasonal change of air masses - warm and wet summer monsions, dry very cold winter monsoon. Summer drops 15-20 times more precipitationthan winter. The Canadian and Asian high pressure centers have a significant impact.
• A sharply continental climate is observed in the inner areas of North America and Eurasia. These areas are isolated from the seas and oceans, the winter cold, summer months are usually hot. Weather type - anticyclonal.
• On the west coasts prevailing the sea temperate climate. It is formed under the influence of the monsoon, which is formed over warm marine and oceanic currents. In the summer in this area, as a rule, a non-frown, precipitation is much, Winter is warm with large quantity dropping snow.
• Moderately continental climate is characterized by replacing each other with air masses, continental winds prevail. Cold winter, warm summer period. The invasion of tropical winds causes warming, the amount of precipitation is average, but in the summer they are usually greater than in the winter.
• The region of the continental climate is observed exclusively in the northern hemisphere. During the year, continental winds blow. In the southern part of the region, warmer, in North - cooler. The region is characterized by a small amount of precipitation. Exists eternal Frostwhich is supported steadily low temperatures and a small amount of snow.

Moderate climate on the west coasts

On the coasts of the mainland, temperate climate has pronounced marine climates. Sea air masses prevail throughout the year. There is such a climate on the coast Pacific Ocean And the coast of the Atlantic in Europe. Natural border that separates intocontinental districts from the coast with sea \u200b\u200bclimetare mountains Cordillera. Almost all the European coast (with the exception of Scandinavia) is fully open to entering the masses of moderate sea air.

Sea air is constantly transferred, this process is accompanied by high cloud. Unlike continental regions, Eurasia in the area there are prolonged spring. On the west coasts in this belt warm winters. The main factor affecting the climate in this area is the washing shores warm sea currents. The middle January temperature is plus, it changes (from north to south) from 0 to +6 degrees Celsius. At the same time, in Scandinavia, subject to the invasion of the Arctic winds, the temperature behes down to -25 degrees. During the invasions of tropical winds.

In the summer of Scandinavia (Western coast), the temperature grows sharply. Compared with medium latitudes, the difference can be up to twenty degrees. On the Atlantic coast, the temperature anomaly is not so expressed - it is about 12 degrees. The middle July temperature is 16 degrees of heat. During the daytime, even on the warme days, the temperature almost never rises above 30 degrees.

Since frequent cyclones are characterized for this belt, the weather usually stands rainy and cloudy, most days are not sunny. Particularly large number of cloudy days on the western side of the North American coast. Cordillera block the path of cyclones, and they are forced to slow down.

The average annual precipitation on the mountain slopes is 2000-6000 millimeters, in the rest of the regions - 600-1000 millimeters.

Moderate climate on the eastern coasts

On the eastern coasts Continents in the winter prevail air flow From the North-West, in the summer - air masses from the south-east. The climate has monsoon properties.

In winter, a clear, but windy weather is observed on the coast. At the same time, in the southern areas of precipitation, very few, and Kamchatka and Sakhalin periodically enter the influence of powerful cyclones. It is the cyclones who play a crucial role in education in these areas of powerful snow covers, whose thickness in some areas can reach two meters.

Eastern North American coast is characterized by a climate with marine devils. It is expressed in the fact that winter precipitation is dominated. What swinging temperature modethen in these areas maximum temperature It is observed in August, (when the water temperature of the ocean reaches the maximum), and the minimum - in February.

Anticyclones in these areas have different traits. Azian, unlike Canadian, is quite sustainable. Canadian anticyclone is formed at a high distance from the shores and can be interrupted many times different cyclones.

The average temperature in the summer - 14-18 degrees Celsius, that is, the summer in these areas is quite warm. The North American coast is also characterized by very snowy winter - the thickness of the snow can reach two and a half meters. For these areas, a frequent ice is characterized, which appears by the exposure to the southern wind.

Moderate continental climate

Eurasia is part of the planet on which a moderately continental climate is pronounced most bright. The climate feature in these areas is an impressive temperature amplitude. It can reach 55-60 degrees. The sushi surface quickly cools quickly and intensively, such a phenomenon is called radiation heating. It can be so significant that the lower layers of continental air become colder than air of the Arctic.

On the formation of this type of climate big influence Remote geographical features continent. Europe, for example, in contrast to North America, is absolutely open, and air masses moving from the Atlantic are freely penetrated over long distances deep.

The average July temperature in Continental Eurasia is 19-22 degrees. In more arid areas, the temperature is slightly higher - 25-28 degrees Celsius. But the amount of precipitation in different areas is significantly different. So, on susceptible strong winds The slopes of the Alps per year falls 2000 millimeters of precipitation, and plain parts The mainland is only 300-800 millimeters.

In regions with moderate continental climat Most of the territories are occupied by the mountains. The largest of them are Cordillera, Sayan, Altai, Rocky Mountains, Carpathians and Alps.

- Types of climates (climatic belts) of Russia.

The overall characteristic of the climatic belts of the Earth.

Climatic belts differ from each other:

• degree of heating by the Sun;
• features of the circulation of the atmosphere;
• seasonal change of air masses.

Climatic belts differ significantly from each other, gradually replacing from the equator to the poles. However, the climate affects not only the latitude of land, but also the terrain, proximity to the sea, height above sea level.

In Russia and most countries of the world, the classification of climatic belts created by the famous Soviet climatologist is used B.P. Alisov In 1956.

According to this classification on globe There are four main climatic belts of the Earth and three transitions - with the prefix "sub" (lat. "Under"):

• Equatorial (1 belt);
• Subequatorial (2 belts - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Tropical (2 belts - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Subtropical (2 belts - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Moderate (2 belts - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Subogenous (2 belts - in southern subanctic, in northern subarctic);
• Polar (2 belts - in southern Antarctic, in the northern arctic);

Within these climatic belts, four types of climate of the Earth are distinguished:

• Continental,
• Oceanic,
• The climate of the Western shores,
• The climate of the eastern shores.

Consider more climatic belts of the Earth and their inherent climates.

Climatic belts and types of climate climates:

1. Equatorial climatic belt - Air temperature in this climatic belt is constant (+ 24-28 ° C). At sea, temperatures fluctuations can generally be less than 1 °. The annual precipitation amount is significant (up to 3000 mm), at the winding slopes of precipitation can fall out to 6000 mm.

2. Sub-screen climate - located between the equatorial and tropical main types of land climate. In the summer, equatorial air masses dominate this belt, and in winter - tropical. The amount of precipitation in summer is 1000-3000 mm. Middle summer temperature + 30 ° C. In winter, there is little precipitation average temperature + 14 ° C.

Subexvatorial I. equatorial belt. Left to right: Savannah (Tanzania), wet forest (South America)

3. Tropical climatic belt.In this type of climate, the mainland differ tropical climate and the ocean tropical climate.

• mainland tropical climates - Annual precipitation - 100-250 mm. Medium summer temperature + 35-40 ° C, winter + 10-15 ° C. Daily temperature fluctuations can reach 40 ° C.
• ocean tropical climates - Annual precipitation - up to 50 mm. Medium summer temperature + 20-27 ° C, winter + 10-15 ° C.

Tropical land belts. From left to right: deciduous forest (Costa Rica), Veld ( South Africa), desert (Namibia).

4. Subtropical climate - located between the tropical and moderate main types of climate of the Earth. In the summer, air tropical masses dominate, and air masses invade here in winter moderate breadthcarrying precipitation. For subtropical climate characteristic roast dry summer (from +30 to + 50 ° C) and relatively cold winter with precipitation, stable snow cover is not formed. Annual precipitation of about 500 mm.

• climate dry subtropics - Observed inside the continuity in subtropical latitudes. Summer roast (up to + 50 ° C) and winter is possible frosts up to -20 ° C. Annual precipitation - 120 mm and less.
• mediterranean climate - observed in the western parts of the mainland. Summer roast, without precipitation. Winter cool and rainy. The annual precipitation amount is 450-600 mm.
• subtropical climate of the eastern shores The mainland is monsoon. Winter comparatively with other climates subtropical belt Cold and dry, and summer roast (+ 25 ° C) and wet (800 mm).

Subtropical belts of land. From left to right: evergreen forest (Abkhazia), Prairie (Nebraska), Desert (Karakuma).

5. Moderate climatic belt. It is formed over the territories of moderate latitudes - from 40-45 ° Northern and southern latitude to the polar circles. Annual precipitation from 1000 mm to 3000 mm in the outskirts of the mainland and up to 100 mm in the inner areas. Temperature summer fluctuates from + 10 ° C to + 25-28 ° C. In winter - from + 4 ° C to -50 ° C. In this type of climate, distinguish sea Type Climate, continental and monsoon.

• sea moderate climate - Annual precipitation - from 500 mm to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm. Summer cool + 15-20 ° C, winter warm from + 5 ° C.
• continental moderate climate - Annual precipitation is about 400 mm. Summer warm (+ 17-26 ° C), and winter cold (-10-24 ° C) with stable multi-month snow cover.
• missual moderate climate - Annual precipitation is about 560 mm. Winter is clear and cold (-20-27 ° C), summer wet and rainy (-20-23 ° C).

Natural zones moderate belts Earth. From left to right: Taiga (Sayany), wide forest (Krasnoyarsk region), steppe (Stavropol), desert (Gobi).

6. Subolar climate - consists of subarctic and subnutrctic climatic belts. In summer, wet air masses come here from moderate latitude, so summer is cool (from +5 to + 10 ° C) and about 300 mm of precipitation falls (in the northeast of Yakutia 100 mm). In winter, the weather in this climate is influenced by the Arctic and Antarctic air masses, therefore there are long, cold winters, the temperature can reach and -50 ° C.
7. Polar type of climate - Arctic and Antarctic climatic belts. It is formed above 70 ° Northern and below 65 ° Southern latitudes. The air is very cooled, the snow cover does not melt all year. The precipitation falls very little, the air is saturated with small icy needles. Sundaying, they give in the amount of only 100 mm of precipitation per year. The average summer temperature is not higher than 0 ° C, winter - -20-40 ° C.

Polar climatic belts of the Earth. From left to right: arctic desert (Greenland), Tundra (Yakutia), Lesotundra (Hibin).

A more clearly characteristic of the climates of the Earth is presented in the table.

Characteristics of climatic belts of the Earth. Table.

Note: Dear visitors, hyphens in long words The table is supplied for the convenience of mobile users - otherwise the words are not transferred and the table does not fit into the screen. Thank you for understanding!

Climate type	Climate belt	Middle temperature, ° С			Circulation of the atmosphere	Territory
		january	july
Equatorial	Equatorial			During a year. 2000.	In the region of low atmospheric pressure, warm and wet equatorial air masses are formed	Equatorial areas of Africa, South America and Oceania

Climate type	Climate belt	Middle temperature, ° С		Mode and number atmospheric oyphans, mm	Circulation of the atmosphere	Territory
		january	july
Tropical monsoon	SubcEvato-Rial			Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 2000		South I. Southeast Asia, Western and Central Africa, Northern Australia

Climate type	Climate belt	Middle temperature, ° С		Mode and Number of atmospheric precipitation, mm	Circulation of the atmosphere	Territory
		january	july
Mediterranean	Subtropical			Advantageous in winter, 500	Summer - anti-cyclones with high atmospheric pressure; Winter - cycle-nic	Mediterranean, South coast Crimea, South Africa, Southwestern Australia, Western Cali-Foresty

Climate type	Climate belt	Middle temperature, ° С		Mode and Number of atmospheric precipitation, mm	Circulation of the atmosphere	Territory
		january	july
Arctic (Antarctic)	Arctic (Antark-ticial)			During the year, 100	Anticyclones prevail	Waterlife of the Arctic Ocean and Mainland Antarctica

Types of climates (climatic belts) of Russia:

• Arctic: t January -24 ... -30, t summer + 2 ... + 5. Precipitation - 200-300 mm.
• Subarctic: (up to 60 degrees S.Sh.). T summer + 4 ... + 12. Precipitation 200-400 mm.
• Moderately continental: t January -4 ... -20, t July + 12 ... + 24. Precipitation 500-800 mm.
• Continental climate: t January -15 ... -25, July + 15 ... + 26. Sedips 200-600 mm.

A moderate climatic belt is present on all continents of land, except Antarctica. In the southern and northern hemisphere, they have some features. In general, temperate climate is 25% of the earth's surface. Distinctive feature This climate is that it is inherent in all seasons, and four seasons are clearly traced. Basic - this is a hot summer and frosty winterTransition - Spring and Autumn.

Changing seasons

In winter, the air temperature drops significantly below the zero of degrees, on average -20 degrees Celsius, and the minimum is lowered to -50. Sedips fall out in the form of snow and cover the ground with a thick layer, which in different countries keeps from a few weeks to several months. There are many cyclones.

Summer in moderate climate is quite roast - the temperature is more than +20 degrees Celsius, and in some places and +35 degrees. The average annual precipitation rate in different regions Various from 500 to 2000 millimeters, which depends on the remoteness from the seas and oceans. Quite a lot of rains falls in summer, sometimes up to 750 mm per season. In transition seasons, minus and positive temperatures can be held different times. In some territories more heat, and in others - coolness. In some regions, autumn is rainy enough.

In a moderate climatic belt, a thermal energy with other latitudes occurs during the year. Also carried out the transfer of water vapor from the world's ocean to land. It's enough here a large number of reservoirs inside the mainland.

Subtypes of moderate climates

By virtue of the influence of some climatic factors, such subspecies of a moderate belt were formed:

• sea - summer is not very roast with plenty of precipitation, and soft winter;
• musson - weather mode depends on the circulation of air masses, namely monsoon;
• transition from marine to continental;
• cut-continental - winter harsh and cold, and the summer is short and not particularly roast.

Features of moderate climates

In conditions of moderate climate, various natural zones are formed, but most often it is, as well as broader, mixed. Sometimes there is a steppe. Animal world Presented according to individuals for forests and steppes.

Thus, temperate climate covers most Eurasia and North America, in Australia, Africa and South America Posted by several foci. This is a very special climatic belt, it is distinguished by the fact that all seasons are pronounced in it.