Map of natural zones of the world. Natural zones sushi why natural zones exist

Natural zone - Territory with close temperatures and humidification conditions that define uniform soils, vegetation and animal peace. On the plains of the zone extend in the latitudinal direction, we naturally replacing each other from the poles to the equator. Often, significant distortions in the drawing of the zone make the relief and the ratio of sushi and the sea.

Arctic and Antarctic Desert . These are cold deserts with very low air temperatures in Arctic and Antarctica. In this zone, snow and ice remains almost all year round. In the very warm month - August - in the Arctic, the air temperature is close to 0 ° C. Free free of ice spaces are abandoned by eternal Merzlot. Very intense frosty weathering. Precipitation drops a little - from 100 to 400 mm per year in the form of snow. In this zone, up to 150 days a polar night lasts. Summer short and cold. Only 20 days, rarely 50 days a year air temperature exceeds 0 ° C. Soils are low, underdeveloped, stonysty, distributed raspecks of a roughly broken material. Less than half of the Arctic and Antarctic deserts are covered with scanty vegetation. It is devoid of trees and shrubs. Lichens, mosses, various algae, only some flowering plants are common here. Animal world is richer than floral. These are white bears, sands, polar owls, deer, seals, walruses. From birds there are penguins, gagags and many other birds, nesting on rocky shores and summer forming "bird markets". In the zone of the icy desert, fishery of marine animals is carried out, among the birds, Gaga is of particular interest, in the down of which nests are smelted. The collection of gagachy fluff is produced from abandoned nests for the production of clothing, which is worn by polar sailors and pilots. In the Ice Desert Antarctica there are Antarctic Oasis. These are free from the ice cover of the mainland coastal strip, an area of \u200b\u200bseveral tens to hundreds of square meters. kilometers. The organic world of oasis is very poor, there are lakes.

Tundra. This space lying within the parts of the Arctic and subarctic belts in the northern hemisphere, in the southern hemisphere of Tundra is common only on some islands. It is a territory with a predominance of moss-lichen vegetation, as well as low-spirited perennial herbs, shrubs and low shrubs. Shrub trunks and herbs roots are hidden in Mokhovaya and lichen turf.

The climate of the tundra is severe, the average temperature of July only in the south of the natural zone does not exceed + 11 ° C, the snow cover holds 7-9 months. The precipitation falls out 200-400 mm, and in some places up to 750 mm. The main reason for the champs of the tundra is low air temperatures in combination with high relative humidity, strong winds, a widespread multi-year permafrost. In the tundra there are also unfavorable conditions for the germination of seeds of wood plants on the Mokhovo-Lichetic Pockery. Plants in the tundra are pressed against the surface of the soil, forming densely intertwing shoots in the form of a pillow. In July, Tundra is covered with a carpet of flowering plants. In the tundra due to excessive moisturizing and many years of milling many swamps. On the warmed banks of rivers and lakes, you can meet poppies, dandelions, polar forget-me-not, pink flowers of the mint. According to prevailing vegetation in the tundra, 3 zones are distinguished: arctic tundra characterized by scanty vegetation due to the severity of the climate (in July + 6 ° C); mokhovo-lichen Tundra characterized by richer vegetation (except for mosses and lichens here are found here, Mattik, whining IVA), and shrub tundra Located in the south of the tundra zone and characterized by richer vegetation, which consists of overgrown Shrubs Willow, alder, which in places rise into human growth. In the areas of this subzone, the shrub is an important source of fuel. The soil of the tundra zone is predominantly tundrovo-gley, characterized by flunk (see "Soil"). She is not good. Frustrate soils with a low-power active layer are widespread. The animal world of the tundra is represented by the reindeer, lemming, sand, white partridge, and in the summer - many migratory birds. Shrub tundra is gradually moving into a timber tundra.

Lesotundra . This is a transition area between the tundra and the zone of the moderate belt. It is common in the northern hemisphere in North America and Eurasia. The climate is less severe than in the tundra: the average temperature of July here is + 10-14 ° C. Annual precipitation is 300-400 mm. The precipitation in the Festundra falls more than evaporates, therefore the forestandra is characterized by excessive moisture, it is one of the most wetrated natural zones. Snow covers holds more than six months. The flood on the rivers Forestandra usually happens in summer, since the rivers of this zone feed on her waters, and the snow becomes in the forest in the summer. Wood vegetation, which appears in this zone, is growing according to the valleys of rivers, as rivers have a spelling effect on the climate of this zone. Forest islands consist of birch, spruce, larch. Trees of low-spirits, seats naught to the ground. The area of \u200b\u200bforests increases in Festundra when moving along it to the south. In the interflies there are forests and rarefied forests. Thus, the Latstundra is an alternation of flavored shrub sites and a steady. Soil tundra (peat-bollard) or forest animal world of Fondra looks like an animal world of tundra. Here, also inhabit the sands, white partridges, polar owl and a wide variety of migratory waterfowl. Foreturdra has the main winter pastures of reindeer and hunting grounds.

Forest of moderate belt . This natural zone is located a temperate climatic belt and includes subzones. taiga, mixed and large forests, monsoon forests Moderate belt. Differences in climatic features contribute to the formation of vegetation characteristic of each subzone.

Taiga (Turk.). This zone of coniferous forests is located in the north of North America and in the north of Eurasia. The climate of the subzone from the marine to a sharp continental with a relatively warm summer (from 10 ° C to 20 ° C), and the temperature of the winter is lower than the more continental climate (from -10 ° C in the north of Europe to -50 ° C in northeastern Siberia). Many areas of Siberia are widespread a long-term permafrost. It is characteristic of subband excess moisturizing and, as a result, the wetlands of interfluve spaces. Distinguish two types of taiga: svetochvoy and topnoahvoy. Svetochkoy Taiga - This is the least demanding of soil-climatic conditions. Pine and larch forests, the Nehbid Croon of which passes the sun rays to the ground. Pines, possessing a branched root system, acquired the ability to use nutrients from lowland soils, which is used to secure soils. Such a feature allows these plants to grow in areas with many years of milling. The shrub tier of the Svetochvoy Taiga consists of Olchovenik, dwarf birches, polar berez, polar IV, berry shrubs. This type of taiga is distributed in Eastern Siberia. Darkness taiga - These are coniferous, consisting of numerous species of firing, fir, cedar. This taiga, in contrast to Svetochvoy, does not have an undergrowth, since its trees are tightly closed, and in these forests is quite afraid. The lower tier makes shrubs (lingonberry, blueberries, blueberries) and a thick fern. This type of taiga is distributed in the European part of Russia and in Western Siberia.

The soil of the taiga zone is podzolic. They contain little humus, but when applying fertilizers can provide a high harvest. In the Taiga of the Far East - acidic soils.

The animal world of the taiga zone is rich. There are numerous predators, which are valuable fishing animals: otter, cunning, sable, mink, caress. From large - wolves, bears, lynks, wolverines. In North America, in the taiga zone earlier there were bison and wapiti deer. Now they live only in reserves. Rich Taiga and Rodents, of which are the most typical beavers, ondatres, proteins, hares, chipmunks. The world of birds is distinguished by a large variety.

Mixed Moderate Belt Forests . These are forests with different rocks of trees: coniferous-wide, finely pine. This area is located in the north of North America (on the border of the United States and Canada), and in Eurasia, forms a narrow strip between the taiga and the zone of deciduous forests. The zone of mixed forests is also found in Kamchatka and in the Far East. In the southern hemisphere, this forest area takes small territories in the south of South America and New Zealand.

The climate of the zone of mixed forests is marine or transient to the continental (towards the center of the mainland), the summer is warm, winter is moderately cold (in the marine climate with positive temperatures, and in a more continental climate to -10 ° C). Moisturizing here is sufficient. The annual amplitude of temperature fluctuations, as well as the annual precipitation vary from oceanic areas to the center of the mainland.

The variety of vegetation zone of mixed forests of the European part of Russia and the Far East is explained by differences in the climate. For example, in the Russian plain, where the sediments fall all year round due to the Western winds coming from the Atlantic, European spruce, oak, elm, fir, beech - coniferous-deciduous forests are distributed.

Soils in the zone of mixed forests are gray forest and turf-podzolic, and in the Far East brown forests.

The animal world is similar to the animal world of the taiga and the zone of large forests. It lives here, sable, bear.

Mixed forests have long been subjected to strong cutting and losses. They are best preserved in North America and in the Far East, and in Europe they cut down under agricultural land - field and pasture lands.

Wildlightened Forests of Moderate Climate . They occupy East of North America, Central Europe, and also form a high-rise zone in the Carpathians, Crimea and the Caucasus. In addition, individual decorators are found in the Far East of Russia, Chile, in New Zealand and in the center of Japan.

The climate is favorable for growing deciduous trees with a wide sheet plate. Here, moderately continental air masses bring precipitation from the oceans (from 400 to 600 mm) mainly in the warm season. The average temperature of January -8 ° -0 ° C, and July + 20-24 ° C.

Women, Grab, Elm, Maple, Lipa, ash grow in the forests. In the zone of broad forest forests of North America, there are species that are missing on other continents. These are American oaks. Trees with a powerful spreading crown prevail here, often accused by curly plants: grapes or ivy. Magnolias are south. For European wide forests, the most typical oak and beech.

The animal world of this natural zone is close to Taiga, but there are such animals such as black bears, wolves, minks, raccoons that are not characteristic of taiga. Many animals of broad forest Eurasia are protected, since the number of individuals is sharply reduced. These include animals such as bison, Ussuri tiger.

Soil under the broad forest forests are gray forest or brown forests. This zone is greatly mastered by man, forests on large areas are reduced, and the lands of rapida. In the true form of the zone of large forests, it was preserved only in uncomfortable areas for earthland and in reserves.

Forest-steppe . This natural zone is located within a moderate climatic belt and is a transition from the forest to the steppe, with alternating forest and steppe landscapes. It is common in the northern hemisphere: in Eurasia from the donutany lowland to Altai, then in Mongolia and the Far East; In North America, this zone is located in the north of the great plains and in the west of central plains.

The forest-steppe is naturally common inside the mainland between the forest areas, which are chosen here the most moistened sections, and the steppes zone.

The forest-steppe climate is moderately continental: winter snow, cold (from -5 ° C to -20 ° C), summer warm (+ 18 ° C to + 25 ° C). In different long-term zones, the forest-steppe varies in atmospheric precipitation (from 400 mm to 1000 mm). Moisturizing is somewhat lower enough, very large evaporation.

In forestry arrays, which are mixed with steppe, are more commonly encouraged (oak) and fine breeds of trees (birch), less often - coniferous. The soil of forest-steppe mainly gray forests, which alternate with chernozem. The nature of the forest-steppe zone is very much changed by the economic activity of man. In Europe and North America, the piping of the zone reaches 80%. Since in this zone are fertile soils, then wheat, corn, sunflower, sugar beet and other cultures are grown here. The animal world of the forest-steppe zone accommodates species characteristic of the forest and steppe zone.

Wosted West Siberian forest-steppe with numerous birch groves-oscillates (food). Sometimes they have an admixture of aspen. The area of \u200b\u200bindividual rings reaches 20-30 hectares. Numerous rods, alternating with the plots of steppes, create a characteristic landscape of southwestern Siberia.

Steppe . This is a landscape with a herbaceous type of vegetation, located in moderate and partially in the subtropical belt. In Eurasia, the steppe zone is extended in the latitudinal direction from the Black Sea to Transbaikalia; In North America, Cordillera so distributes air flows that the zone of insufficient moistening and together with it the steppe zone is located from the north to south along the eastern outskirts of this mountainous country. In the southern hemisphere, the steppe zone is located within the subtropical climate, in Australia and Argentina. Atmospheric precipitates (from 250 mm to 450 mm per year) are irregularly and insufficient to grow trees. Winter is cold, the average temperature is below 0 ° C, in some places to -30 °, a minor. Summer is moderately roast - + 20 ° C, + 24 ° C, frequent drought. Inner waters in the steppe are well developed, the river flow is small, often the river dry.

The impudent vegetation of the steppe is a thick herbal cover, but the undisturbed steppes around the world remained only in the reserves: all the steppes are rapping. Depending on the nature of vegetation, three subzones distinguish between steppes. They differ from each other with predominant vegetation. it meadow steppes (Mattik, Bonfire, Timofeevka), zlakovy And southern foln-cereal .

The soils of the steppes zone are chernozems - have a significant humorous horizon, thanks to which they are very fertile. This is one of the reasons for the strong deposit of the zone.

The animal world of steppes is rich and diverse, but he has changed a lot under the influence of man. Back in the XIX century, wild horses, tours, bison, roofing disappeared. Deer are pushed out in the forest, saigas - in the cereal steppes and semi-deserts. Now the main representatives of the animal world steppes are rodents. These are gopters, tushkans, hamsters, voles. Occasionally, drifts, streptags, larks and others are occasionally.

Steppes and partly forest-steppered and subtropical belts of North America are called prairiy . Currently, they are almost entirely unpaved. Some of the American prairies is a dry steppe and semi-desert.

The subtropical steppe on the plains of South America, located mainly in Argentina and Uruguay, is called pampo. . In the eastern regions, where precipitates, brought from the Atlantic Ocean, fall sufficient, and to the West, aridness increases. Most of the pampane dice territory, but in the West, a dry steppes with spiny shrubs used as pastures for livestock are still preserved.

Semi-desert and desert temperate belt . In the south, the steppes go in the semi-desert, and then in the desert. Semi-deserts and deserts are formed in dry climate conditions, where there is a long and hot warm period (+ 20-25 ° C, sometimes up to 50 ° C), strong evaporation, which is 5-7 times the amount of annual precipitation (up to 300 mm in year). Weak surface drain, poor development of inland waters, a lot of drying beds, vegetation is not closed, sandy soils are increasing in the afternoon, but quickly cool down cool at night, which contributes to physical weathering. Here the wind is very draining here. The deserts of the moderate belt differ from the deserts of other geographic belts with a colder winter (-7 ° C-15 ° C). The deserts and semi-deserts of a moderate belt in Eurasia from the Caspian lowland are spread to the northern radiation of Juanhe, and in North America - in the foothills and the Cordiller. In the southern hemisphere of the desert and the semi-deserts of a moderate belt only in Argentina, where they are found by torn areas in the inner parts and foothills. From the plants there are steppe picked, Ticacher, wormwood and the Solyanka, Camel Kolya, Agava, Scarlet. From animals - saigas, turtles, many reptiles. Soil here is light brown and brown desert, often saline. Under conditions of sharp fluctuations in temperature during the day with a small moisture on the surface of the desert, dark crust is formed - desert tan. It is sometimes called protective, as it protects rocks from rapid weathering and destruction.

The main use of semi-desert - pasture animal husbandry (camels, fine-sized sheep). Agriculture of drought-resistant crops is possible only in oases. The oasis (from the Greek name of several settlements in the Libyan desert) is the place of growing wood, shrub, and grassy vegetation in deserts and semi-deserts, in conditions of more abundant surface and soil moistening compared to neighboring areas and plots. The sizes of oasis are different: from ten to tens of thousands of kilometers. Oasis - Centers for concentration of the population, areas of intensive farming on irrigated lands (Nile Valley, Fergana Valley in Central Asia).

Desert and semi-desert subtropical and tropical belts . These are natural zones located in both hemispheres, on all continents along the tropical zones of high atmospheric pressure. Most often, the semi-desert subtropical belt is located in the transitional part of the desert to the mountain steppes in the form of a high-rise belt in the intramaterial parts of Cordiller and Anda America, in Western Asia, Australia and especially wide in Africa. The climate of the desert and the semi-desert of these climatic belts is hot: the average temperature in the summer rises to + 35 ° C, and in the coldest months it does not fall below + 10 ° C. Precipitation drops 50-200 mm, in semi-deserts up to 300 mm. Sometimes precipitates fall out in the form of short rainstones, and in some areas of precipitation may not fall out for several years in a row. With a lack of moisture, the edge of the weathering is very low.

Groundwater linked very deeply and can be partially salinated. In such conditions, only plants can dwell capable of carrying overheating and dehydration. They have a deep branched root system, small leaves or spines, which reduce evaporation from the surface of the sheet. In some plants, the leaves are published or covered with a wax chain, which protects them from sunlight. In semi-deserts of the subtropical belt, cereals are common, cacti appear. The number of cacti increases in the tropical belt, agaves, sand acacia grow, various lichens are spreading on the stones. A characteristic plant for the desert of Namib, located in the tropical belt of South Africa, is an amazing plant Velvigia, which has a short trunk, from the top of which two leaf sheets are departed. The age of Velvigia can reach 150 years. Soil - serous gravelly, gray-brown, they are very fertile, as thin layer of humus. Animal world deserts and semi-desert rich in reptiles, spiders, scorpions. There are camels, antelope, rodents are quite widespread. Agriculture in semi-deserts and deserts of subtropical and tropical belts is also possible only in oases.

Tighted forests . This natural zone is located within the subtropical belt of the Mediterranean type. These are mainly growing in the south of Europe, in the north of Africa, in the south-west and southeast of Australia. Separate fragments of these forests are found in California, in Chile (south of the Atakam desert). Tighted forests are growing under conditions of soft temperate warm climate with hot (+ 25 ° C) and dry summer and with cool and rainy winter. The average amount of precipitation is 400-600 mm per year with rare and short-lived snow cover. Rivers have mainly rain nutrition, and the flood falls on the winter months. In a rainy winter, herbs rarely grow rapidly.

The animal world is very exterminated, but characterized by herbivores and lodging forms, many birds of prey and reptiles. In the forests of Australia, you can meet the Bear Koala, who lives in the trees and leads a night-living lifestyle.

The territory of severe forests is well mastered and is largely changed by the economic activity of man. Large areas of forests are cut here, and their place was taken by plantations of oilseeds, gardens and pastures. Many tree species have solid wood, which is used as a building material, and oils, paints, medications (eucalyptus) are made of leaves. Large yields of olives, citrus fruits, grapes are removed from plantations of this zone.

Monsoon forest subtropical belt . This natural zone is located in the eastern parts of the mainland (China, Southeast of the United States, East of Australia, South Brazil). It is located in the conditions of the most wet, compared to other zones of the subtropical belt. The climate is characterized by the presence of a dry winter period and a wet summer. Annual precipitation is more evaporation. The maximum amount of precipitation falls in summer due to the influence of monsoons bringing moisture from the ocean. In the territory of monsoon forests, the inner waters are rich enough, there are shallow winds of fresh groundwater.

Here, high-seat mixed forests grow in red-vendible mixed forests, among which there are evergreens and leaf falls, dropping the foliage for dry season. The species composition of plants may vary depending on soil-ground conditions. Subtropical species of pines, magnolia, camphor laurel, camellia grow in the forests. On flooded coasts of Florida in the United States and on Missisypan lowland, forests of marsh cypress are common.

The zone of monsoon forests of the subtropical belt has already been mastered by a person. At the place of the forests of the forests are located field and pasture lands, rice, tea, citrus, wheat, corn and technical crops are grown here.

Forests of tropical and subequatorial belts . They are located along the East of Central America, on the Islands of the Caribbean, on the island of Madagascar, in the south-east of Asia, and in the northeast of Australia. Two seasons are clearly expressed here: Dry and wet. The existence of forests in a dry and hot tropical belt is possible only through precipitation, which bring monsions in summer from the oceans. In the subequatorial zone, sediments come in summer when equatorial air masses are dominated here. Depending on the degree of moisturizing among forests of tropical and subequatorial belts distinguish constantly wet and seasonal-wet (or variable-wet) forests. For seasonal wet forests, a relatively poor species composition of woody breeds is characterized, especially in Australia, where these forests consist of eucalyptus, ficuses, laurels. Often in seasonal wet forests are found areas where Tick, Sal grow. Very little in the forests of this group of palm trees. In its species diversity of the vegetable and animal world, constant wet forests are close to equatorial. There are many palm trees, evergreen oaks, tree fern. Many lian and epiphytes from orchid and fern. Soils located under the forests are mostly lard. During dry period (in winter), most deciduous trees do not dump the whole foliage, but some species remain completely naked.

Savannah . This natural zone is located mainly within the subsystem climate, although it is also within the limits of tropical and subtropical belts. In the climate of this zone, the change of the wet and dry season of the year is clearly expressed at consistently high temperatures (from + 15 ° C to + 32 ° C). As it removes from the equator, the period of the wet season from 8-9 months decreases to 2-3, and the precipitation is from 2000 to 250 mm per year.

For Savannan, the predominance of herbaceous cover is characterized, among which the high (up to 5 m) cereals are dominated. Among them, shrubs and single trees rarely grow. Herbal covers near borders with an equatorial belt are very thick and high, and borders with semi-deserts - rarefied. Such regularity is traced in the trees: the frequency increases towards the equator. Among the trees of Savannan, you can meet a variety of palm trees, umbrella acacias, tree cacti, eucalyptus, baobabs, stocking water.

Soil Savannon depend on the duration of the rainy season. Closer to equatorial forests, where the rainy season lasts up to 9 months, red ferrality soils are located. Closer to the border of the savannah and semi-desert are red-brown soils, and even closer to the border, where the rains fall out for 2-3 months, low-product soils are formed with a thin layer of humus.

Very rich and diverse the animal world of Savannan, since the high herbal cover provides animals feed. Elephants, giraffes, hippos, zebras, who attract Lviv, Gien and other predators in turn. The world of birds of this zone is rich. Naks dwell here, ostriches are the largest birds on Earth, a secretary bird that hunts in small animals and reptiles. Many in savanna and termites.

Savannes are widespread in Africa, which occupy 40% of the mainland territory, in South America, Australia and India.

Highly harvested savannahs in South America, on the left bank of the Orinoco River, with dense, mainly cereal herbal cover, with separate specimens or groups of trees, are called Lianos (from Use. Of the numbers "plains"). Savannas of the Brazilian plateau, where the area of \u200b\u200bintensive animal husbandry is located, are called camposa .

Today, savannas play a very large role in man's economic life. Significant areas of this zone are placed, grain, cotton, peanuts, jute, sugar cane are grown here. In more dry places a developed animal husbandry. The rocks of many trees are used in the economy, since their wood does not rot in water. Human activity often leads to the desertification of Savann.

Wet equatorial forests . This natural zone is located in the conditions of the equatorial climate and partly subequatorial. These forests are common in Amazon's pools, Congo, on the Malacca Peninsula and the Stern Islands, as well as on other, smaller islands.

The climate is hot here and wet. All year round temperature + 24-28 ° C. Seasons are not expressed here. Wet equatorial forests are located within the low pressure area, where rising air flows are formed as a result of intensive heating and many precipitation falls (up to 1500 mm per year) throughout the year.

On the coasts, where the impact of the wind from the ocean, the precipitation falls even more (up to 10,000 mm). The preciputes fall uniform throughout the year. Such climatic conditions contribute to the development of the magnificent evergreen vegetation, although, strictly speaking, the trees have a change of leaves: some of them are reset every six months, others - after a completely arbitrary term, the third replacement of the leaves goes in parts. Periods of flowering are also vary, and even more randomly. The most frequent cycles of ten and fourteen months. Other plants can bloom once every ten years. But at the same time, plants of one species bloom at the same time so that they managed to pollinate each other. Plants of this zone are little branched.

The trees of wet equatorial forests have disc-shaped roots, large leathery leaves, the brilliant surface of which saves them from excessive evaporation and scorching rays of the Sun, from the blows of rain jets with strong rains. Many leaves end with elegant spike. This is a tiny drainage. In plants of the lower tier leaves, on the contrary, thin and gentle. The upper tier of equatorial forests form ficuses, palm trees. In South America in the upper tier, the saba grows, reaching the height of 80 m. Bananas, tree ferns grow in the lower tiers. Large plants are liaison. On the trees of equatorial forests, many orchids are epiphytes, sometimes the flowers are formed directly on the trunks. For example, cocoa wood flowers. The equatorial belt in the forest is so hot and humid that favorable conditions are created for the development of moss and algae, which fill the crown and hang from the branches. They are epiphyts. Flowers of trees in Crown can not be polled by the wind, because the air is almost immobile there. Consequently, they are pollinated by insects and small birds, which are embarrassed by a brightly painted by a wedge or sweet smell. The fruits of plants are also brightly painted. This allows them to solve the problem of transportation of seeds. Ripe fruits of many trees eaten birds, animals, seeds are not digested and together with the litter are far from the parent plant.

In the equatorial forests, many planting plants. This is primarily a liana. Life they begin on the ground in the form of a small bustle, and then, tightly shuffling the stem-giant, clogged up. The roots are in the soil, so the plant nutrition does not occur at the expense of the tree-giant, but sometimes the use of these trees to support these trees can lead the latter to oppression and death. "Robber" are some ficuses. Their seeds germinate on the crust of any tree, the roots are tightly wrapped with the trunk and bunches of this host tree, which begins to die. The trunk rotates, but the roots of the ficus became thick and dense and already able to keep themselves.

Equatorial forests are the birthplace of many valuable plants, such as oilseed palm, from the fruits of which palm oil is obtained. The wood of many trees is on the manufacture of furniture and exported in large quantities. This group includes an ebony tree, whose wood has black or dark green. Many plants of equatorial forests give valuable fruits, seeds, juice, boron, which are used in technique and medicine.

Equatorial forests of South America called selva . Selva is located on the periodically flooded territory of the Amazon River basin. Sometimes, describing wet equatorial forests, apply the name giley. , sometimes these forests are called jungle Although, strictly speaking, the jungle call the forest thickets of South and Southeast Asia, located within the sub-screen and tropical climate.

Lower zonality

The softening surface of the Earth Sun heats the unenochnakovo: the most heat gets the plots over which it is worth high. The farther from the equator, thus at a large angle of the rays reach the earth's surface and, therefore, less heat energy is accounted for by a unit of the square. Above the poles of the rays of the sun only slide over the ground. The climate depends on this: hot from the equator, harsh and cold in poles. With this, the main features of the distribution of vegetation and the animal world are associated. According to the peculiarities of the heat distribution, seven thermal belts are distinguished. In each hemisphere there is an eternal frost belt (around poles), cold, moderate. The hot belt from the equator is one on both hemisphere. Thermal belts are the basis of the division of the earth's surface on geographic areas: areas similar to the prevailing types of landscapes - natural-territorial complexes with community of climate, soil, vegetation and animal world.

At the equator and near it is the belt of wet equatorial and subequatorial forests (from Lat. Sub - under), north and south of him, replacing each other, stretching the belts of tropics and subtropics with forests, deserts and savannahs, a temperate belt with steppes, forest-steppes And forests, then extend the shallow spaces of the tundra, and finally, the poles are located polar deserts.

But the surface of the land sushi in different places receives not only a different amount of solar energy, but has many additional unlike conditions - for example, remoteness from the oceans, irregularity of the relief (mountain systems or plains) and, finally, unequal height above sea level. Each of their conditions strongly affects the natural features of the Earth.

Hot belt. The equator itself has practically no seasons, the whole year is wet and hot here. When removing from the equator, in the subequatorial zones, it is divided into more dry and more wet seasons. Here are savanna, gentlemen and mixed evergreen deciduous tropical forests. Near the tropics, the climate becomes more dry, the deserts and semi-deserts are located here. The most famous sugars, Namib and Kalahari in Africa, the Arabian desert and Tar in Eurasia, Atakam in South America, Victoria in Australia.

On the ground there are two moderate belts (in the northern and southern hemispheres). There is a clear change of seasons, which differ strongly among themselves. In the northern hemisphere to the northern border of the belt, coniferous forests are adjacent - taiga, replacing south of mixed and wide forests, and then forest-steppe and steppes. In the inner areas of the continents, where the effect of seas and oceans is almost no felt, even deserts can be (for example, Gobi Desert in Mongolia, Karakum in Central Asia).

Polar belts. The lack of heat leads to the fact that there are practically no forests in these zones, the soil is swallowed, the multi-year Merzlot occurs in some places. Poles, where the climate is the most severe, there are mainland ice (as in Antarctica) or sea ice (as in the Arctic). The vegetation is absent or represented by mkhami and lichens.

The vertical explanation is also associated with the amount of heat, but it only depends on the height above sea level. When climbing the mountains, climate change, soil type, vegetation and animal world are changing. Interestingly, even in hot countries you can find the landscapes of the tundra and even the icy desert. But in order to see it, you will have to climb high in the mountains. Thus, in the tropical and equatorial zones of South America and in Himalayas, landscapes are consistently changing from wet rain forests to the Alpine meadows and the zones of eternal glaciers and snow. It cannot be said that the high-height explanation completely repeats the latitudinal geographical zones, because in the mountains and on the plains, many conditions are not repeated. The most diverse spectrum of high-altitude belts at the equator, for example, on the highest peaks of Africa Kilimanjaro mountains, Kenya, Peak Margherita, in South America on the slopes of the Andes.

Natural zones

Among the natural zones are dedicated to some specific belt. For example, the zone of the Arctic and Antarctic Ice Deserts and the TundR zone are located in the Arctic and Antarctic belts; The Zone Fondres corresponds to subarctic and subnutrctic belts, and taiga, mixed and broad-sized forests - moderate. And such natural zones, like prairies, forest-steppe and steppes and semi-deserts, are common both in moderate and tropical and subtropical belts, having in them, of course, their features.

Natural zones, their climatic features, soil, vegetation and animal world of each mainland are described in chapter 10 and in the table "The mainland (reference information)." Here we will dwell only on the general traits of natural zones as the largest natural and territorial complexes.

Arctic and Antarctic Desert Area

The air temperatures are constantly very low, little precipitation. On rare free from ice areas of sushi - rocky deserts (in Antarctica they are called oasisami), scarce vegetation is represented by lichens and mkhami, the flowering plants are rare (in Antarctica only two species) is practically absent.

Zone TundR.

The TundR zone is distributed in the Arctic and subarctic belts, forms a bandwidth of 300-500 km, stretching along the northern coasts of Eurasia and North America and the islands of the Arctic Ocean. In the southern hemisphere, plots with tundra vegetation are found in some islands near Antarctica.
The climate is severe with strong winds, snow cover is holding up to 7-9 months, the long polar night is replaced by a short and wet summer (summer temperatures do not exceed 10 ° C). Precipitation drops a little 200-400 mm, mainly in solid form, but they do not have time to evaporate, and the abundance of lakes and swamps is characterized by the tundra, the abundance of lakes and swamps, which contributes to the ubiquitous eternal permafrost. The main distinguishing feature of the tundra is a bellure, the predominance of rarefied moss-lichen, places of herbal, cover; In southern parts with shrubs and shrubs of dwarf and sharpening forms. Soil - Tundrovo Gley.

Zone Forestandre and Starts

Forest zone

The forest area in the northern hemisphere includes taiga subzones, mixed and large forests and a subzone of moderate forests, in the southern hemisphere is represented only by the subzone of mixed and large forests. Some scientists consider these subzones with independent zones.
In the Taezhnaya subzone of the northern hemisphere, the climate varies from the marine to sharply continental. Summer warm (10-20 ° C, the severity of the winter increases with the removal from the ocean (in Eastern Siberia to -50 ° C), and the amount of precipitation decreases (from 600 to 200 mm). The amount of precipitation exceeds evaporation, and watersheds are often marshy, rivers Multi-ways. The poor in the species composition is dominated (of spruce and fir) and light-dual (from larch in Siberia, where multi-metered soils) of forests with admixture of fine breeds (birch, aspen) and pines, in the east of Eurasia - cedar. Soil podzolic and permanently -Tell.
The subzone of mixed and deciduous forests (sometimes two independent subzones are distinguished) is distributed mainly in the prophetic and transitional belts of the mainland. In the southern hemisphere, there are small areas, winter here is significantly warmer and snow cover is not formed everywhere. The coniferous-wide forests on the turf-podzolic soils are replaced in the inner parts of the continents of coniferous-petty and fine forests, and south (in North America) or west (in Europe) broad-sided oak, maple, linden, ash, beech and ram on gray forest Soils.

Forest-steppe

Forest-steppe - transitional natural zone of the northern hemisphere, with alternation of forest and steppe natural complexes. According to the nature of natural vegetation, forest-steppes with broad-sized and coniferous-petty forests and prairie are distinguished.

Prairie - subzone of the forest-steppe (sometimes considered as a steppe subzone) with abundant moisture, stretching along the eastern coasting rocky mountains in the United States and Canada with high-strength on chernozem-shaped soils. Natural vegetation here is practically not preserved. Similar landscapes are peculiar to subtropics of the eastern regions of South America and East Asia.

Steppe

This natural zone is distributed in the northern moderate or both subtropical geographical belts and is a flavored space with herbal vegetation. Wood vegetation to grow here, unlike the tundra, prevent no low temperatures, but the lack of moisture. Trees can grow only in river valleys (the so-called gallery forests), in large erosion forms, such as beams that collect water from surrounding intermane spaces. Now most of the zone of the dispenser, the subtropical belt develops irrigated agriculture and pasture cattle breeding. Erosion soil erosion is strongly developed on unpackable lands. Natural vegetation is represented by duffling and frost-resistant herbaceous plants with the domination of turf cereals (naked, tits, tonkonog). The soil is fertile - chernozem, dark brown and brown in moderate belt; Brown, gray brown, seeds salted in subtropical).
The subtropical steppe in South America (Argentina, Uruguay) is called Pamp (that is, the plain, the steppe in the language of the Indians of Kechua). Media .

Desert and semi-deserts

Savannah

Savannah is a natural zone commonly in the subequatorial belts, but is also found in tropical and even subtropicals. The main feature of the climate Savannan is a clear change of dry and rainy periods. The duration of the rainy period decreases when moving from the erectional regions (here it can last 8-9 months) to the tropical deserts (here the rainy season is 2-3 months). The savannah is characterized by thick and high grassy covers, standing separately or small groups of trees (acacia, baobab, eucalyptus) and the so-called gallery forests along the rivers. Soils of typical tropical savannah - red. In the deserted savannas herbal cover, red-brown red and soil. High-retarded savannahs in South America, on the left bank. Orinoco, call Lianos (from Isp. "Plain"). See also: .

Forest subtropics

Forest subtropics. The monsoon subtropical subzone is characteristic of the eastern outskirts of the continent, where the circulation of air masses varies on the ocean and continent are formed and there is a dry winter period and a wet summer with abundant monsoon rains, often with typhoons. Evergreen and leaf falls (dropping foliage in winter due to lack of moisture) with a large variety of tree species grow here on the red and yellow and yellow soils.
The Mediterranean subzone is characteristic of Western areas of continents (Mediterranean, California, Chile, South of Australia and Africa). The preciputes fall mainly in winter, summer is dry. Evergreen and broadf forests on brown and brown soils and brightest shrubs are well adapted to the summer drought, the plants of which have adapted to hot and dry conditions: they have a wax chain or omitting on the leaves, thick or dense leathery of the bark, ether scented essential oils. Cm: .

Rainforests

Heat sun, clean air and water - these are the main criteria of life on Earth. Numerous climatic belts led to the separation of the territory of all continents and water space on certain natural zones. Some of them, even separated by huge distances, are very similar, other unique.

Natural zones of the world: What is it?

Under this definition, a very large natural complexes should be understood (in other words, parts of the geographical belt of the Earth), which have similar, homogeneous climatic conditions. The main characteristic of natural zones is animal and vegetable world, which inhabits this territory. They are formed by the uneven distribution of moisture and heat on the planet.

Table "Natural Zones of the World"

This characteristic of the natural zones of the world is only a familiarization, because it is possible to tell every one of them a lot and long, all the information does not fit in the framework of the same table.

Natural zones of moderate climatic belt

1. Taiga. Excelves all the other natural zones of the world on the occupied area on land (27% of the territory of all forests of the planet). It is characterized by very low winter temperatures. Deciduous trees do not stand them, so taiga is coniferous thick forests (mainly pine, spruce, fir, larch). Very large territories of Taiga in Canada and Russia are occupied by the eternal Merzlot.

2. Mixed forests. Characterized to a greater extent for the northern hemisphere of the Earth. It is a kind of border between the taiga and the broadstone. They are more resistant to cold and long winters. Breed trees: oak, maple, poplar, linden, as well as rowan, alder, birch, pine, spruce. As the table "Natural zones of the world" shows the soil in the zone of mixed forests gray, do not differ in high fertility, but are still suitable for growing plants.

3. Wide forests. They are not adapted to harsh winters, are deciduous. It is occupied by most of Western Europe, the south of the Far East, North of China and Japan. Suitable for them is the sea climate or moderately continental with hot summer and quite warm in winter. As the table "Natural zones of the world" shows, the temperature in them does not fall below -8 ° C, even in the cold season. The soil is fertile, rich in humus. The following types of trees are characteristic: ash, chestnut, oak, ram, beech, maple, elm. Very rich forests mammals (hoofs, rodents, predators), birds, including commercial.

4. Moderate deserts and semi-deserts. Their main distinctive feature is almost complete absence of vegetation and a meager animal world. Natural zones of this character are quite a lot, they are located mainly in the tropics. Moderate deserts are in Eurasia, and they are characterized by sharp differences of temperatures at the time of year. Animals are mainly replicated.

Arctic deserts and semi-deserts

They are huge areas of land covered with snow and ice. The map of natural zones of Mozynamine shows that they are located in North America, Antarctica, Greenland and the northern tip of the Eurasian mainland. In fact, it is lifeless places, and white bears, walruses and seals, sands and lemmings, penguins (in Antarctica) live on the coast. Where the earth is free from ice, you can see lichens and mosses.

Wet equatorial forests

The second name is the rain forests. They are located mainly in South America, as well as in Africa, Australia and in the Large Stern Islands area. The main condition for their formation is constant and very high humidity (more than 2000 mm of precipitation per year) and a hot climate (20 ° C and higher). They are very rich in vegetation, the forest consists of several tiers and is impassable, dense jungle, which have become a house for more than 2/3 of all types of creatures living on our planet. These rainforests are superior to all other natural zones of the world. Trees remain evergrees, changing the foliage gradually and partly. Surprisingly, the soil of wet forests contain little humus.

Natural zones of equatorial and subtropical climatic belts

1. Variable-wet forests, they differ from the rain because the precipitation is dropped there only in the rainy season, and in the period of the coming droughts of the trees are forced to dump the foliage. Animal and vegetable world is also very diverse and rich in species.

2. Savannas and gentlemen. They appear where moisture is usually not enough to grow variable wet forests. Their development occurs in the depths of the mainland, where tropical and equatorial air masses dominate, and the rainy season continues less than six months. They occupy a significant part of the territory of sub-screen Africa, the internal areas of South America, partly Industan and Australia. More information about the location reflects the map of the natural zones of the world (photo).

Tighted forests

This climatic zone is considered the most suitable for people. Trestle and evergreen forests are located along the marine and oceanic coasts. The precipitate is not so abundant, but the leaves retain moisture due to the dense leathery (oaks, eucalyptus), which prevents their fallout. In some trees and plants, they are upgraded into spines.

Steppes and forest site

For them, almost complete lack of wood vegetation is characterized, this is due to the poor level of precipitation. But the soil are the most fertile (chernozem), and therefore are actively used by a person for agriculture. Steppes occupy large territories in North America and Eurasia. The prevailing number of inhabitants - reptiles, rodents and birds. Plants adapted to the lack of moisture and most often manage to make their life cycle in the short spring period when the steppe is covered with a thick row of greenery.

Tundra and Fierotundra

In this zone, the breath of the Arctic and Antarctic, the climate becomes more severe, and even coniferous species of trees can not withstand it. Moisture in excess, but no heat, which leads to the fear of very extensive territories. There is no trees in the tundra at all, the plant world is mainly represented by mkhami and lichens. It is believed that this is the most unstable and fragile ecosystem. In connection with the active development of gas and oil fields, it is on the verge of an ecological catastrophe.

All natural zones of the world are very interesting, whether it seems at first glance an absolutely lifeless desert, endless arctic ice or millennial rain forests with a boiling life inside.

The desert is a natural zone characterized by the practical absence of flora and fauna. Split sand, stony, clay, salt marsh desert. Arctic and Antarctic landscapes are called snow deserts. The largest sandy desert of the Earth - Sahara (from the ancient Arabic As-Sahra - "Desert, Desert Steppe") - covers an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 8 million square meters. km.

The deserts are located in a moderate belt of the northern hemisphere, subtropical and tropical belts of the Northern and South Hemispheres. During the year in the desert it falls less than 200 mm, and in some areas less than 50 mm. The soil desert is poorly developed, the content of water-soluble salts in them exceeds the content of organic substances. Vegetable cover is usually less than 50% of the soil surface, and may be completely absent over several kilometers.

Due to the infertility of soils and lack of moisture, the animal and vegetable worlds are quite poor. In such conditions, only the most persistent representatives of flora and fauna survive. Of the plants are mostly dismissed spiky shrubs, from animals - reptiles (snakes, lizards) and small rodents. The vegetation covers of subtropical deserts of North America and Australia are more diverse, and there are almost no sites, deprived of vegetation. There are no blind acacia and eucalyptus here.

Life in deserts focuses mainly near oasis - places with thick vegetation and reservoirs, as well as in the valleys of rivers. In oases, deciduous trees are common: Turanny Toplas, Jesa, Willow, Karagach, and in the valleys of rivers - palm trees, olendra.

Arctic and antarctic deserts are located behind the polar circles. Plant and animal worlds there are also quite poor, from here and comparison with the sandy deserts of the tropics. From plants there are mosses and lichens, and from animals of cold-resistant reindeer, sands, lemmings and other rodents. In the polar deserts, the permafrost of the permafrost, the snow cover does not usually go away throughout the year.

(savannah)

Forest-steppe (savanna) - extensive spaces in a tropical belt covered with herbal vegetation with rarely scattered trees and shrubs. Typical for monsoon tropical climate with a sharp division of the year on dry and rainy seasons.

Savanns - stewardless places peculiar to more elevated tropical countries with a dry continental climate. Unlike real steppes (as well as the North American prairies), savanna, except herbs, also contain shrubs and trees, sometimes growing with whole forest, such as in the so-called "Campos Cerrados" of Brazil. The herbal vegetation Savannan consists of the advantage of high (up to 1 meter) of dry and tinnormous cereals growing commonly by turns. Dernovines of other perennial herbs and semi-stares are mixed with cereals, and in raw places flooded in the spring, also various representatives of the Cyperaceae family.

Shrubs grow up in savannas sometimes with large thickets, occupying the area in many square meters. Trees Savannan usually low; The highest of them are not higher than our fruit trees, for which they are very similar to their curves stems and branches. Trees and shrubs are sometimes soaked with liaans and finish with epiphyts. Lukovichny, tuberous and fleshy plants in Savannas, especially in South America, there are not many. Lichenniki, mosses and algae are extremely rare in Savannah, only on stones and trees.

The overall appearance of Savannes is different, which depends on the one hand, from the height of vegetation cover, and on the other hand, from the relative number of cereals, other perennial herbs, semi-stares, shrubs and trees; For example, Brazilian Savana ("Campos Cerrados") are actually light, rare forests, where you can walk freely and ride in any direction; The soil in such forests is covered with vegetable herbaceous (and semi-stammer) cover of 0.5 m and even 1 meter high. In the savannahs of other countries, the trees do not grow completely or are extremely rare and there are very low. Herbaceous cover is also sometimes very low, even pressed against the ground.

The special shape of Savannes is the so-called Liańnessee of Venezuela, where trees are or completely absent, or found in a limited number, with the exception of only raw places where palm trees (Mauritia Flexuosa, Corypha Inermis) and other plants form whole forests (however, these forests do not belong to savannah); There are sometimes single Rhopala copies of Rhopala (trees from the ProteaCeaE family) and other trees; Sometimes cereals in them form covers in human growth; Between the cereals, complex, legumes, licable, and others are growing, and others. Many bays on the rainy time of the year are flooded with the spills of the Orinoco River.

Savannan vegetation is generally adapted to a dry continental climate and to periodic droughts, which is in many savannas for the whole months. Grands and other herbs rarely form creeping shoots, and usually grow by turns. The leaves of the cereals are narrow, dry, tough, volosters or covered with a wax. In cereals and dies, young leaves remain rolled into the tube. In the trees, the leaves of the shallow, the hairstone, shiny ("lacquered") or covered with a waxy chalk. Savannan vegetation has a sharply pronounced xerophytic character. Many species contain a large number of essential oils, especially the types of family of verbena, licable and peaceful South America. Especially peculiar growth of some perennial herbs, half-workers (and shrubs), namely, the main part of them in the ground (probably stem and roots), greatly grow into an incorrectly dormantly rich body, from which then numerous unbranched or Weakwell siblings. On a dry season, the vegetation of Savannan freezes; Savannes are yellowing, and dried plants are often subjected to fires, due to which the bark trees are usually laid. With the beginning of the rains of Savannah come to life, covered with fresh greens and making numerous various flowers.

Savannes are peculiar to South America, but in other countries it is possible to indicate many places, very similar in the nature of their vegetation on the savanna. Such, for example, the so-called Campine in the Congo (in Africa); In South Africa, some places are dressed in floral cover, consisting primarily of cereals (Danthonia, Panicum, Eragrostis), from other perennial herbs, semi-stares and trees (Acacia Horrida), so that such places are reminded from the Prairie of North America, and Savannah South America; Similar places are found in Angola.

Eucalyptus forests of Australia are quite similar to the "Campos Cerratos" of Brazilians; They are also bright and before the rare (the trees are far away from the other and are not closed with crowns), that they are easy to walk and even ride in any direction; The soil in such forests on the rainy season is covered by a green thicket, consisting mainly of cereals; At dry season, the soil is exposed.

The fauna of the forest-steppes is represented mainly by herbivores (giraffes, zebras, antilopes, elephants and rhino), which are able to make transitions over long distances in search of food. Of the predators are spread lions, cheetahs and hyenas.

Steppes - more or less smooth dry flamespaces covered with abundant herbal vegetation. Spaces are smooth and flawless, but wet, not called the steppe. They form or swampy meadows, or, in the Far North, - Tundra. Spaces with very rare vegetation, which does not form a herbaceous cover, but consists of separate, far from each other scattered bushes, are called deserts. The deserts are not sharply different from the steppe, and are often mixed between themselves.

Hilly or mountainous countries are not called the steppe. But they can exactly be flavored and can feed the same flora and fauna like smooth steppes. Therefore, you can talk about steppe mountains and steppe slopes as opposed to covered with forests mountains and forest slopes. The stepma is, first of all, an anti-flask space, regardless of the relief.

Steppes are characteristic of special climatic relations and special flora and fauna. The steppes are especially developed in southern Russia, and the purely Russian word steppe passed into all foreign languages. The distribution on the earth's surface of the steppe spaces is undoubtedly affected by the climate. On the whole globe of space with a very hot and dry climate represent the desert. Territory with a less hot climate and with a large number of annual precipitations are covered with part or solid steps. Spaces with a more humid climate, moderate or warm, covered with forests.

Typical steppes represent a smooth or hollow-fat country, completely devoid of forests, with the exception of the river valleys. The soil is a black soil, which is most often on the thicker of forest clay with a significant content of lime. This black soap in the northern strip of steppe reaches the greatest power and obesity, as it contains sometimes up to 16% humus. To the south of the black soil, the humus is plowing, is made lighter and goes into brown soils, and then completely go to no.

Vegetation consists mainly of cereals growing by small bumps, between which naked soil is visible. Most of all are common types of naughty, especially-durable peristyle. It covers often completely large spaces and its silky white censens gives the steppe some special conversion view. On a very obese steppes, a special kind of pick-up, which differs much large sizes is developing. On the dry fruitful steppes grows smaller kick. After kinds of Kovyl, the most important role is played by the Cyper or Tipper. He meets everywhere in the steppe, but a special role plays east of the Ural Mountains. Cypsum represents a wonderful sheep food.

It is more or less thick in the natural state, it is commonly difficult to reach, coniferous concubos with swampy soil with brudro and windscreen. The northern border of Taiga coincides with the north border of forests. The southern border passes in the European part of Russia from the Finnish bay in the northeast to the Urals, envelopes it from the south and coincides further, in Siberia, with the northern border of steppes to the Ob River. East Taiga captures mountainous spaces from Altai to Amur and Ussuri region. The extreme seed-east of Siberia has no forests. In Kamchatka Taiga takes two small islands north of Petropavlovsk.

Major Taiga Wood Breeds: spruce, European and Siberian pine, larch, fir, cedar. In Siberia, the same breeds, with the exception of European ate. In Eastern Siberia, larch Dawa, and highly on the mountains cedar slate. In the Taiga of the Far East, new conifers appear: Fir, Ayanskaya fir, Manchurian cedar, and on Sakhalin - Tis. In European Russia, Taiga moves south into coniferous forests with an admixture of large breeds (oak and others), which in all of Siberia are absent, but appear again on Amur. In the taiga there are from hardwood only birch, aspen, rowan, cherry, alder and willow. From large breeds in the taiga only linden comes across, and only in European taiga and sometimes - in Western Siberia to the Yenisei River. Pretty large linden island is available in Altai, along the western slope of Kuznetsky Alatau.

Relatively recently (until the mid-90s of the XIX century), the Taiga and the urnal spaces of Siberia were completely not investigated and considered unsuitable for settlement and, in particular, for agricultural colonization. It was assumed that the taiga and urmanans consist more or less complete from the mountainous or swampy spaces covered with a dense forest. It was believed that these lands were uncomfortable for agriculture both by soil and climatic conditions (the extreme severity of the climate, excess of moisture) and the difficulty of clearing the forest under the land.

Sometimes the attempts of land removal under the settlement in the outskirts of the taiga almost always ended the failure: either the plots were not settled, or the migrants argued on them moved to more comfortable places. On the question of the population of taiga spaces, serious attention was drawn only in 1893 - 1895, when in general the activities in the settlement of Siberia were put more widely. It was considered impossible to leave such huge land spaces without attention, which condemns Taiga.

Soil conditions in many places Taiga are fairly favorable for agriculture. Such obstacles as an excess of moisture and severe climate are largely eliminated under the influence of settlement and culture. In view of this, in many Taiga areas, work on the formation of migration sites, which gave very satisfactory results in general, were opened.

Forestandra - transitional type of the landscape, in which the palpal alternate with shrub or typical tundra. Forestandrs are located a strip from 30 to 300 km wide throughout North America and from the Kola Peninsula to Indigir's pool.

The amount of atmospheric precipitation in the forest tundra is small (200-350 mm), however, due to the volatile and low temperatures, the moisture evaporates very slowly. The result is the presence of a large number of lakes and swamps that occupy up to 60% of the area of \u200b\u200bthis natural zone. The average air temperatures on the territory of Fondra in July are 10-12 ° C, and in January from -10 ° to -40 ° C. The soil here is peat-gley, peat-marsh, and under the rubelles - gleyevo-podzolic.

The vegetation of forest tundra varies depending on the longitude. Fresh birchs, polar willows are the most common in the trees in the zone Tundra zones, pool willows, fir, fir and larchs. Mossi and lichen are also common, as well as small shrubs.

In the fauna of Festundra, lemming, northern deer, sands, white and tundry, polar owl partridges and a wide variety of migratory, waterfowl and small, emitting in shrubs, birds, predominates.

The tundra includes the spaces with the perplexed soil, not filled with marine or river waters. By the nature of the surface of the tundra can be rocky, clay, sandy, peat, kochkarny or swampy. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe tundra, as the space is difficult to accomplish right only for the swampy tundra, where the merzlot can disappear by the end of the summer. In the tundra of European Russia, a thawing layer reaches about 35 cm in the peat, about 132 cm on clay, about 159 cm in the sand. In the swampy places with a standing water of the Merzlota descends by the middle of the summer depending on the amount of water and impurities of solid plant residues on The depth of about 52 is 66 cm.

After very frosty and low-snow winters and in the cold summer of the Merzlot, of course, closer to the surface, whereas after the winters of soft and snowy and the warm summer of the Merzlota is lowered. In addition, on even places, a slim layer thinner than on the slopes where the permons can even disappear completely. On the Kola Peninsula, on the canine and along the coast of the Czech lip of the Northern Arctic Ocean to the Timan grocery, Tundra peat-bug art.

The surface of the tundra consists here from large, embroider about 12 - 14 m and a width of up to 10 - 15 m isolated, cool-boki, extremely dense peat, frozen inside, bugrov. The gaps between the fights, about 2 - 5 m wide, are occupied by a very water, hard-to-reach marsh, "ersays" of Samoyedov. The vegetation on the shoots consists of various lichen and moss, usually with cloudberry on the slopes. The body of the bulb is made from moss and small tundra shrubs that can sometimes even prevail.

Peat-buggy tundra moves south or closer to rivers, where there are already forests, sphagnum peatlands with cranberries, cloudberry, gonogol, bugberry, birch erynik. Safagna peatlands are very far away in the forest area. To the east of the Timan ridge, peat bugs and eres are already found rarely and only in small sections in places of low, where water climbs. In the north-east of European Russia and Siberia, the following types of tundra are developed.

Peat tundra. Peat layer, consisting of moss and tundra shrub, solid but thin. The surface is dressed, mainly, a carpet from a beagle, but sometimes there are sometimes in the abundance of cloudberries and other small shrubs. This type, developed on more even places, is in great spread especially between the Timan and Pechor rivers.

The bald, the fractured tundra is very common in places that do not represent the conditions for stiring water and the available wind of the wind blowing the snow and the drainage soil, which is covered by cracks. These cracks of the soil are divided into small (with a plate, with a wheel and larger) platforms, completely devoid of vegetation, so the frozen clay or frozen sand protrude. Such platforms are separated from each other with strips of small, custodia sitting in cracks, cereals and stamps.

Herbal and handicraft tundra develops where the soil is more fertile. Lichens and MAs retreat on the background or disappear perfectly, and the shrubs are dominant.

Kocher tundra. Embroidered kokes up to 30 cm consist of a fluffy with mshami, degrading and tundra shrubs. The gaps between the bumps are occupied by mkhami and degrading, and the gray-haired depletions also dressed and the tops of the old, dead pencils.

The swampy tundra covers large spaces in Siberia, where different sources and cereals are dominated in the swamps. The swampy spaces occupy how already noticed, and the gaps between the fights in peat-buggy tundra.
Stony tundra is developed at the outputs of rocky rocks (for example, mountain hibins on the Kola Peninsula, Kaninsky and Timan Stones, Northern Urals, Mountains of Eastern Siberia). Stony tundra is dressed with lichens and tundra shrubs.

The plants characteristic of the tundra are a beagle or lichens, which give the surfaces of the tundra light gray color. Other plants, preferably small, spinning to the soil of the shrub, are commonly spots on the background of the bells. In the southern parts of the tundra and closer to the rivers, where the islands of forests are already beginning to appear, there is a large spread of birch erynik and some willows, about 0.7 - 8 m.

My small homeland is the Republic of Mari El. This is the edge of lakes and pine forests. It is at the junction of forest and forest-steppe natural zones. But, except for her there are many other natural zones. Each corner of the Earth in its own unique climate, relief, animal and floral world. And each mainland has its own natural zones. I'll tell you about it more detailed. :)

What is natural zones

These are natural complexes with similar soils, flora and fauna, temperature modes. The names of natural zones are determined by the type of vegetation, for example, subtropical forest. Typically, natural zones are widely stretched from west to east. They do not have clear boundaries and they smoothly move one to another. The main natural zones are as follows:

• arctic desert;
• taiga;
• tundra;
• mixed forest;
• steppes;
• desert;
• subtropical forest;
• savanna and palpal;
• tropical seasonal wet forest;
• tropical constantly wet forest.

Founder natural zonality, as a science, is rightfully considered to be a Russian geologist and soil scientist V. V. Dokuchaev. He determined the zonality, as the law of nature, is equally manifested on land and at sea, in the mountains and on the plains.

Reason for the formation of natural zones

The cause of a wide variety of zones is the energy of the Sun, which warms the earth unevenly. So, within one natural zone, it can be seen that it is part of it, which is closer to the ocean, is more moistened than its continental part. The reason lies in the ratio of solar heat and moisture. Thus, some continents have a wet climate, while others are arid. In subtropics, excessive moisturizing leads to the formation of the marshes, and the lack of moisture in the hot tropical belt is the cause of the formation of deserts.

Features of the natural zones of the mainland

We found out that the earth, having a shape of a ball, heated with the sun out of the sun. Those areas where the sun should be highly warmed all stronger, and where the rays slide over the surface - more cooler and even cold. And although plants and animals of different continents are similar, climate and relief impose their imprint. There are continents with animal species inherent only ( endemics). In Australia, it is wall-building, kangaroo, koala, wigs. And in the Arctic - a polar bear.