The extensive territory, lying to the east of the lower flow of Lena, the north of the Lowholds of Aldan and limited to the east mountains of the Pacific Water Separation, forms the country of Northeast Siberia. Its area (together with the country of the Arctic Ocean, which are part of the country) exceeds 1.5 million. kM 2. Within Northeastern Siberia, the eastern part of the Yakutsk ASSR and Western regions of the Magadan region are located.
Northeast Siberia is located in high latitudes and in the north is washed by the seas of the Northern Ocean. The extreme northern point of the mainland - Cape Holy nose - lies almost under 73 ° C. sh. (and Henrietta Island in the De Long Archipelago - even at 77 ° C. sh.); The most southern regions in the river basin of the MAI reaches 58 ° C. sh. Approximately half of the territory of the country lies the north of the polar circle.
Northeast Siberia is a country with a variety of and contrasting relief. It is within its limits, mountain ranges and plateaus are located, and in the north - flat lowland, stretching along the valleys of large rivers far to the south. This territory belongs to the Verkhokhanskaya-Chukotka region of Mesozoic folding. The main processes of folding formation took place here mainly in the second half of the Mesozoic, but the formation of modern relief is mainly due to the latest tectonic movements.
The climate of the country is harsh, sharply continental. Absolute temperature amplitudes are 100-105 °; In winter, frosts are up to -60 -68 °, and in the summer, the heat sometimes reaches 30-36 °. On the plains and in the low mountains of the country of precipitation falls a little, and in the extreme northern regions the annual number of them is as small as in the desert areas of Central Asia (100-150 mM.). Everywhere there is a permafrost of the Merzlot, which makes the soils to the depth of several hundred meters.
On the plains of the North-Eastern Siberia, zonality in the distribution of soils and vegetation cover is clearly expressed: the arctic desert zones (on the islands), mainland tundra and monotonous wetlands are distinguished.
For mountain areas, high-rise zonality is characteristic. Rarestone forests cover only the lower parts of the ridge slopes; The top of their border only in the south rises above 600-1000 m.. Therefore, significant areas are occupied by mountain tundra and thickets of shrubs - alder, low birch and cedar stabel.
The first information about the nature of the northeast was delivered in the middle of the XVII century. Earthners Ivan Ribrov, Ivan Yerastov and Mikhail Stadichin. At the end of the XIX century. The expeditions of A. Maidel and I. D. Chersky conducted reconnaissance studies of mountainous areas, and the northern islands were studied by A. A. Bungj and E. V. Tollya. However, information about the nature of the Northeast remained very incomplete up to research in Soviet times.
Expeditions S. V. Obruchev in 1926 and 1929-1930. Even the main features of the country's orography of the country even changed significantly: a black ridge of more than 1000 kM, Yukagir and Alasee Plateau, clarified the position of the origins of the Kolyma, etc. The discovery of large deposits of gold, and for the other metals caused the need for geological research. As a result of the works of Yu. A. Bilibina, S. S. Smirnova, experts of the farm, the northeastern geological governance and the Arctic Institute, the main features of the geological structure of the territory and are openly many mineral deposits, the development of the construction of workers, roads and the development of shipping On rivers.
Currently, on the basis of aerial photography materials, detailed topographic maps are drawn up and the main geomorphological features of Northeast Siberia are clarified. New scientific data obtained as a result of studies of modern glaciation, climate, rivers and eternal permafrost.
Northeast Siberia - the country is predominantly mountain; The lowlands occupy a little more than 20% of its area. Major Orographic Elements - Mountain Systems of Painted Rats Verkhoyansky and Kolyma Highlands - form convex to the south of 4000 arc kM. Inside it is located stretched parallel to the Verkhoyan system chain system khsky Range, tas-Hayacht Ridges, Tas-Kystabit (Sarychev), Momsky and etc.
Mountains of the Verkhoyansk system are separated from the ridge of a black low strip Jansky, Elginsky and Ohmyakon plane. Eastern are located Nersian Plateau and Verkhnekole Highlands, and in the south-east to the Verkhoyansky ridge adjoin the ridge Netta Daban and Judo-May Highlands.
The highest mountains are located in the south of the country. The average height of them - 1500-2000 m., however, in Verkhoyansky ridges, Tas-Kystabit, Santar Hayat. and khsky many tops rise above 2300-2800 m.and the highest of them - the mountain victory in the ridge Ulakhan Chistai - reaches 3147. m.. The middle-growing relief is replaced by alpine peaks, steep rocky slopes, deep river valleys, in the upper reaches of which the fibils and glaciers meet.
In the northern half of the country, the mountain ranges below and many of them are stretched close to the meridional direction. Along with low ridges ( Kharaulahsky, Selenshenhsky) There are flat crushing hills (row Polousy, Ulakhan-Sis) and plateaus (Alasee, Yukagir). The wide range of the sea coast of the Laptev and East-Siberian Sea is occupied by Jan-Indigir lowland, from which along the valleys of the Indigir, Alasey and Kolyma is far to the south of the Menitary Middle Indiandigir (Abyayskaya) and Kolyma lowland. Most of the islands of the Arctic Ocean also has predominantly plain relief.
Orographic Scheme of Northeast Siberia
Geological structure and development history
The territory of the current northeastern Siberia in Paleozoe and the first half of the Mesozoy was a plot of the Verkhoyansky-Chukotka geosynclinal marine pool. This is evidenced by the high capacity of Paleozoic and Mesozoic deposits, in some places reaching 20-22 thousand. m., and intensive manifestation of tectonic movements created in the second half of the Mesozoic folded structures of the country. Especially typical of the deposition of the so-called Verkhoyan complex, the power of which reaches 12-15 thousand. m.. It includes Perm, Triassic and Jurassic sandstones and clay slates, usually intensively deployed and tendered by young intrusions. In certain areas, terrigenous breeds are verseded with effusions and tuffs.
The most ancient structural elements are Kolyma and Olonian median arrays. The base is complicated by the Precambrian and Paleozoic sediments, and the coating of their Jurassic suits, in contrast to other areas, consist of weakly deployed carbonate rocks that are almost horizontally; Effushes play a prominent role.
The remaining tectonic elements of the country have a younger age, mostly Upperury (in the West) and Chalk (in the East). These include the Verkhoyansky folded zone and Netta-Dabansky anticlinorium, the Yansk and Indigir-Kolyn Synclinal zones, as well as the Tas-Hayakhtai and Momsky Anticlinorium. The extreme northeastern regions are part of the Anyu-Chukotka anticline, which is separated from the median arrays of the Olyasian tectonic depression filled with volcanogenic and territorial ingenious deposits. Mesozoic folding movements, as a result of which these structures were formed, were accompanied by tearing, outpouring of acidic and main rocks, intrusions with which a variety of mineralization (gold, tin, molybdenum) is associated.
By the end of the chalk, Northeast Siberia was already consolidated, raised over the neighboring areas the territory. The processes of denunciation of mountain ranges in the conditions of the warm climate of the upper chalk and Paleogen led to the leveling of the relief and the formation of flat surfaces of the alignment, the remains of which are preserved in many ridges.
The formation of a modern mountain relief is due to differentiated tectonic raising of non-beam and quaternary time, the amplitude of which reached 1000-2000 m.. In the areas of the most intense raises, especially high ridges arose. Their stretch usually corresponds to the direction of mesozoic structures, i.e. is inherited; However, some ridges of Kolyma Highlands are distinguished by a sharp incompression of the strike of folded structures and modern mountainous arrays. Plots of the Cenozoic lowering are currently occupied by lowlands and intermountain brands, filled with strata of loose deposits.
In Pliocene, the climate was warm and wet. On the slopes then there are still low mountains, coniferous-decide forests were located, as part of which oaks, rabbits, wood, maple, gray walnut were found. California forms prevailed among conifers: West American Mountain Pine (Pinus Monticola), Spruce Volzova (Picea Wollosowiczii), Family representatives Taxodiaceae..
Early quirky raises were accompanied by a noticeable climate cooling. The forests that covered the southern regions of the country were mainly from dark rocks close to those who encountered in the North American Cordillera and the mountains of Japan. From the middle of the Quaternary Time, the glaciation began. Large valley glaciers appeared on continuing to climb the mountain ranges, and on the plains, where, according to D. M. Kolosov, the glaciation was embryonic, franchise fields were formed. In the extreme north - in the archipelago of the Novosibirsk islands and on the seaside lowlands - in the second half of the Quaternary time, the formation of permafrost and intravenous ice, the capacity of which in the cliffs of the North Ocean coast reaches 50-60 m..
Thus, the oleloculation of the northeast plains was passive. Most of the glaciers were low-lucrative education; They transferred a bit of loose material, and their exach effects poorly affected the relief.
Erosion valley in the lowland array of the Torah-SIS ridge. Photo O. Egorova
Significantly expressed traces of mining and valley glaciation in the outskirts of the mountain arrays, where the well-preserved forms of the glacial examination are found in the form of rims and the trigger valleys, often crossing the waterproof parts of the ridges. The length of the valley glaciers, descended in the middle-customer time from the western and southern slopes of the Verkhoyansky ridge to neighboring sites of the Central Lowland, reached 200-300 kM. According to the majority of researchers, in the Northeast Mountains there were three independent glaciations: the Middle-customs (Tobichian) and the Upper-quirky - Alginsky and Bohapchinsky.
Fossil flora of interglacial deposits indicates progressive increase in the country's severity and continentality of the country's climate. Already after the first glaciation in the forest vegetation, along with some North American species (for example, TsuG), Siberian coniferous trees appeared, including the Dauria larch now.
During the second interglacial, the epoch prevailed a mountain taiga, typical now for more southern regions of Yakutia; The vegetation of the time of the last glaciation, among which there were no darkened trees, had little differed in the species composition from modern. According to A. P. Vaskovsky, the firn line and the border of the forest went down at 400-500 in the mountains m. Below, and the northern forest spread limit was noticeably shifted to the south.
Main types relief
The main types of relief of the northeast Siberia form several distinct geomorphological tiers. The most important features of each of them are primarily associated with a plaster molding position due to the nature and intensity of the newest tectonic movements. However, the location of the country in high latitudes and its stern, sharply continental climate causes other than in more southern countries, the altitude limits of the propagation of the respective types of mountain relief. In addition, in their formation, the processes of nivation, solifluction and frosty weathering are greater importance. Also, there are also forms of permeable relief formation, and fresh traces of quarter glaciation are characteristic even for flatbed and areas with a low thermal terrain.
In accordance with the morphogenetic features within the country, the following types of relief are distinguished: accumulative plains, erosion-denudation plains, plateaus, lowlands, middle house and alpine alpine relief.
Accumulative plains It occupy areas of tectonic lowering and accumulation of loose quaternary sediments - alluvial, lake, sea and glacier. They are characterized by a weakly relief and minor fluctuations in relative heights. Forms are widespread here, obliged by their origin with permanent processes, large ice floats of loose sediments and the presence of powerful underground ice: thermocarbing hollows, permanent bugs, frosting cracks and polygons, and on sea coasts, intensively collapsing high ice breakdowns (for example, a well-known Ohiagossky Yar length more 70. kM).
The accumulative plains occupy the extensive spaces of Jan-Indigir, Mid-Independent and Kolyma lowland, some of the seas of the Northern Ocean seas ( Faddeevsky, Lyakhovsky, Earth Bung and etc.). Small sections of them are found in the decreases of the mountainous part of the country ( MOMO-SELENNYEKH AND SEMCHANS, Yanskoye and Elginsky Plateau).
Erosion denudation plains They are located at the foot of some northern ridges (Anyuskiy, Momsky, Kharaulakh, Kulara), on the peripheral sections of the poloous ridge, Ulakhan-Sis, Alase and Yukagir Plane, as well as on the island of the boiler. The height of their surface usually does not exceed 200 m.But near the slopes of some ridges reaches 400-500 m..
Unlike accumulative, these plains are composed of indigenous rocks of different ages; Pokrov loose sediments are usually low. Therefore, there are often crub-lousy placers, sites of narrow valleys with rocky slopes, low hills that are repaired by denudation processes, as well as spots-medallions, solid flow terraces and other forms associated with the processes of the permissible relief formation.
Pickene relief The most typically expressed in a wide band, separating the system of the Verkhoyansky ridge and the Cherka Range (Yanskoye, Alginsky, Oymyakan and Nesky Plateau). It is also characteristic of the Verkhnekolian Highlands, Yukagir and Alasee Plane, significant areas of which are covered with uppermason-frozen effusions that are almost horizontally. However, most flatbed are compiled in the folds of mesozoic sediments and is a deanitation surface surfaces that are currently at a height from 400 to 1200-1300 m.. In places above their surface, higher residual arrays are rising, typical, for example, for the trees of Adychi and especially Verkhnekoli Highlands, where numerous granite batroliths perform in the form of highly domestic sobes reproduced by denudation. Many areas of the area with a flat relief have a mountain character and flow in narrow rocky gorges.
Verkhnekolum Highlands. In the foreground - Lake Jack London. Photo B. Vazhenin
Lowland occupy areas subjected to quaternary raising moderate amplitudes (300-500 m.). They are mainly located on the outskirts of high ridges and dissected a thick network of deep (up to 200-300 m.) River valleys. For the lowland Northeast Siberia, the typical form of relief caused by the nivinal-solifluctional and glacial treatment, as well as the abundance of rocky placers and rocky vertices.
Mediterranean relief Particularly characteristic of most arrays of the System of the Verkhoyansky Range, Yudo-May Highlands, Cherka, Tas-Hayacht and Momsky Range. Significant areas are occupied by medium-road arrays also in Kolyma Highlands and Anyusky Range. Modern medieval mountains arose as a result of the newest raises of deanuding plains of alignment surfaces, the sections of which are preserved in places here and so far. Then at the Quaternary Mountain Time was subjected to an energetic erosion dismemberment of deep river valleys.
The height of the medium-sized arrays - from 800-1000 to 2000-2200 m., and only at the bottom of the deep-embedded valleys of marks drop sometimes to 300-400 m.. On the interfluve spaces, relatively gentle-shaped form of relief predominate, and the fluctuations of relative heights usually do not exceed 200-300 m.. The forms created by quaternary glaciers are widespread everywhere, as well as permissible and solifluction processes. The development and conservation of these forms contributes to a harsh climate, since, unlike the more southern mountainous countries, many medium-sided arrays of the Northeast are located above the upper boundary of wood vegetation, in the mountain tundra strip.
River valleys are quite varied. Most often it is deep, seats canyon-shaped gorges (the depth of the valley of the Indigirki reaches, for example, 1500 m.). However, the rover valleys usually have a wide flat bottom and less high slopes.
Alpine alpine relief associated with areas of the most intense quaternary raises, located at an altitude of more than 2000-2200 m.. These include the ridges of the highest ridges (Sugestar Hayat, Tas-Hayacht, the Cherki Tas-Kystabit Ridge. Ulakhan-Chistai), as well as the central regions of the Verkhoyansky Range. Due to the fact that the most significant role in the formation of the Alpine relief was played by the activities of Quaternary and modern glaciers, it is characterized by deep dismemberment and large amplitudes of heights, the predominance of narrow rocky ridges, as well as punctures, circus and other global form of relief.
Climate
Stern, sharply continental climate of Northeast Siberia is due to the fact that this country is located mainly within the Arctic and subarctic climatic belts, at considerable height above sea level and is isolated by mountain ranges from the effects of the seas of the Pacific.
Total solar radiation for the year even in the south does not exceed 80 kcal / See 2. Radiation values \u200b\u200bare strongly changed by season: in December and January they are close to 0, in July reach 12-16 kcal / See 2. For seven-eight months (from September - October to April), the radiation balance of the earth's surface is negative, and in June and July it is 6-8 kcal / See 2 .
The average annual temperatures are everywhere below - 10 °, and in the Novosibirsk Islands and in the highlands even - 15 -16 °. Such low temperatures are due to the large duration of winter (six to eight months) and its extreme severity.
Already in early October, the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure of the Asian anti-kilon begins to form over Northeast Siberia. Throughout the winter, very cold continental air prevails here, which is predominantly in the result of the transformation of the Arctic air mass transfers from the north. In conditions of poor weather, heavy dryness and low duration of the day of day, there is an intensive heating of the earth's surface. Therefore, for winter months, extremely low temperatures are characterized and lack of thaws. The average temperatures of January everywhere, with the exception of the northern lowlands, below -38, -40 °. The strongest frosts are in intermountain hollows, where the stroke and especially intensive air intake. It is in such places that Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, who are considered a pole of the Northern Hemisphere cold. The average temperatures of January here is48 -50 °; Some days of frost reaches -60 -65 ° (minimum temperature observed in Oymyakne, -69.8 °).
For mountain areas, winter temperature inversion is characterized in the lower layer of air: an increase in temperature with a height reaches 1,5-2 ° for every 100 m. lifting. For this reason, on the slopes is usually less cold than at the bottom of the interguric kitelin. In places this difference reaches 15-20 °. Such inversions are typical, for example, for the roofs of an indigracy, where the average January temperature in Agayakan, located at an altitude of 777 m., equal to -48 °, and in the mountains of Suuntar Hayat, at an altitude of 2063 m., rises to -29.5 °.
Mountain arrays in the north of Kolyma Highlands. Photo O. Egorova
During the cold period of the year, relatively few precipitation falls - from 30 to 100-150 mM.which is 15-25% of their annual sum. In intermountal slides, the power of snow cover usually does not exceed 25 (Verkhoyansk) - 30 cm (Oymyakon). It is approximately the same in the tundra zone, but on the mountain ranges of the southern half of the country, the thickness of the snow reaches 50-100 cm. The differences between the closed basins and the vertices of the mountain ranges and in relation to the wind mode. In the winter, very weak winds prevailed in the winter and often for several weeks in a row there is a calm weather. With particularly strong frosts near settlements and roads, there are so thick fogs that even in the afternoon in the houses have to light the light, and on the cars there are headlights. Unlike Kotlovin on tops and passes, there are often strong (up to 35-50 m / s) Winds and blizzards.
Spring is ubiquitous short, friendly, with a small amount of precipitation. Spring month here is only May (in the mountains - the beginning of June). At this time, the sun shines brightly, the daily air temperatures rise above 0 °, the snow quickly melts. True, at night in early May there are colds to -25, -30 °, but by the end of the month the maximum air temperatures are sometimes reached sometimes 26-28 °.
After a short spring comes a short, but relatively warm summer. Above the mainland of the country at this time there is a reduced pressure, and over the northern seas is higher. The Arctic Front, located near the northern coast, separates the masses of warm continental air and coarse air, which is forming above the surface of the seas of the Northern Ocean. The cyclones associated with this front are often breaking to the south, to the limits of seaside plains, causing a noticeable decrease in temperature and precipitation. Summer is the warmer in the intermountal lowering of the Yana Yang, Indigir and Kolyma. The average temperature of July is about 14-16 ° here, on some days it rises to 32-35 °, and the soil is heated to 40-50 °. However, at night it happens cold, and frosts are possible at any summer month. Therefore, the duration of the smokery period does not exceed 50-70 days, although the sum of positive average daily temperatures reaches 1200-1650 ° during the summer months. In the northern tundra areas and on the mountain ranges rising above the borders of woody vegetation, the summer is the cooler and average temperature of July below 10-12 °.
During the summer months, the main amount of precipitation falls (65-75% of the annual amount). Most of them come with air masses coming in July and August from the West, the North-West and the North. The greatest amount of precipitation falls on the ridges of Verkhoyansky and Church, where at altitudes 1000-2000 m. For summer months, their amount reaches 400-600 mM.; significantly less than them in the areas of the plain tundra (150-200 mM.). Very little precipitation in closed intermountains (Verkhoyansk - 80 mM., Oymyakon - 100 mM.Seymchan - 115 mM.), where, due to the dryness of air, high temperatures and significant evaporation, the vegetation of plants occurs in a noticeable lack of moisture in the soil.
The first snowfalls are possible at the end of August. September and the first half of October can be considered another autumn months. In September, it is often clear, warm and windless days, although the frosts are already ordinary at night. At the end of September, the average daily temperatures fall below 0 °, frosts at night in the north reach -15 -18 °, often sweatshirts.
Eternal Merzlota and Being
The harsh climate of the country causes an intensive freezing of rocks and the continuous distribution of permafrost, which has a significant impact on the formation of landscapes. Northeast Siberia is distinguished by a very high power of permafrost, which in the northern and central regions in places is more than 500 m., and most mountain areas - from 200 to 400 m.. It is also characterized by very low temperatures of rocks of rocks. On the sole of a layer of annual fluctuations in temperatures located at a depth of 8-12 m., they rarely rise above -5 -8 °, and within the seaside plain -9 -10 °. The depth of the horizon of seasonal thawing ranges from 0.2-0.5 m. in the north to 1-1.5 m. on South.
At lowlands and underground ice, both singenetic, formed simultaneously with the accommodating rocks, and epigenetic, formed in rocks deferred previously were widespread. Singhenetic polygonal Items are especially characteristic of the country, which form the largest clusters of underground ice. In seaside lowlands, their power reaches 40-50 m., and on the big Lyakhov island - even 70-80 m.. Part of the ice of this type can be considered "fossil", since their formation began in the middle-customer time.
Underground ice have a significant impact on the formation of the relief, the river regime and the conditions of economic activity of the population. For example, the phenomena of the flow and drawdown of the soil are associated with the flow of ice melting, as well as the formation of thermocarted boiling.
The climatic conditions of the highest ridges of the country contribute to the formation of glaciers. Places here at an altitude of more than 2000-2500 m. drops to 700-1000 mm / year precipitation, most of them in solid form. The melting of snow occurs only for two year old months, characterized by the same significant closality, low temperatures (the average temperature of July is from 3 to 6-7 °) and frequent night frosts. In the ridges of Suuntar Hayat, Chersky, Tas-Hayacht, Kharaulakh and Roomorgan is known more than 650 glaciers with a total area of \u200b\u200bover 380 kM 2. The centers of the most significant glaciation are located in the ridge of Suuntar Hayat and Boraordah array. The snow line lies here high - at the marks from 2100 to 2600 m.What is explained by the predominance even at these heights of a fairly continental climate.
Most glaciers occupies the slopes of the North, North-West and Northeast Exposition. Among them are dominated by carriage and hanging. There are also firgoland laders and large snowballs. However, all the largest glaciers are valve; their languages \u200b\u200bdescend to height 1800-2100 m.. The maximum length of these glaciers reaches 6-7 kM, Area - 20 kM 2, and ice power - 100-150 m.. Almost all the outer-east glaciers are now in the stage of retreat.
Rivers and lakes
Northeast Siberia is dissected by a network of many rivers flowing towards the seas of Laptev and East Siberian. The largest ones - Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma - flow almost in the meridional direction from the south to the north. Slipping the mountain ranges in narrow deep valleys and taking numerous tributaries here, they, already in the form of multi-water flows, go to the northern lowlands, where the nature of the plain rivers acquire.
In terms of their regime, the majority of rivers of the country belong to the East Sibirsk type. They feed mainly due to the melting of snow cover at the beginning of summer and summer rains. Some role in the nutrition of rivers play groundwater and melting "eternal" snow and glaciers in the high mountains, as well as forehead, the number of which, according to O. N. Tolstikhin, exceeds 2700, and their total area is 5762 kM 2. More than 70% of the annual flow of rivers falls on three calendar summer months.
Introduction on the rivers of the tundra zone begins at the end of September - early October; Mountain rivers freeze in late October. In winter, nondes are formed in many rivers, and small rivers are freezing to the bottom. Even on such large rivers as Yana, Indigirik, Alazew and Kolyma, the stock during the winter is from 1 to 5% annual.
Iceshop begins in the last decade of May - early June. At this time, the highest water level is observed on most rivers. In some places (for example, in the lower reaches of Yana), the water rises sometimes at 15-16 m. above the winter level. During the half of the river, the rivers are intensively blocked their shores and clutter the trunks of trees forming numerous chains.
The largest river Northeast Siberia - Kolyma (Pool area - 643 thousand. kM 2, Length - 2129 kM) - begins in Verkhnekolomsky Highlands. Severally lower than the mouth of the river Corcodon Kolyma enters the limits of the kernel of lowland; The valley of it here is sharply expanding, the fall and the flow rate decreases, and the river gradually acquires the plain appearance. Near Nizhnekolimsk River width reaches 2-3 kMand the average annual consumption is 3900 m. 3 /sec (for the year Kolyma puts in the East Siberian Sea about 123 kM 3 waters). At the end of May, a high spring flood begins, but by the end of June the expenses of the river are reduced. Summer rains cause a number of less significant floods and provide a fairly high river level up to the beginning of the ice station. The distribution of the drain of the Kolyma in its lower reaches is: in the spring - 48%, in the summer - 36, in the fall - 11 and in winter - 5%.
The origins of the second major river - Indigirki. (Length - 1980 kM, pool area - over 360 thousand. kM 2) - located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Oymyakon Plateau. Crossing the chile ridge, it flows in deep (up to 1500-2000 m.) and a narrow valley with almost closed slopes; In line with indigirs, thresholds are often found here. Near the village of Cross Major, the river is located on the plain of the medium-endigir lowland, where it is broken down on the sleeves separated by the sandy islands. Below the village of Chokurdah begins Delta, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is about 7700. kM 2. In the nutrition of the river, the most prominent role is played by summer rains (78%), thale snow (17%), and ice waters in the upper reaches. Indigirka annually brings in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev about 57 kM 3 water (average annual consumption of it - 1800 m. 3 /sec). The main stock (about 85%) falls for the summer and spring.
Lake dancing Harius. Photo B. Vazhenin
Western areas of the country are drained to Yana (length - 1490 kM 2, the pool area is 238 thousand. kM 2). Her origins - the Dulgalah and Sartang rivers flow from the northern slope of the Verkhoyansky ridge. After their merger within the Yansk Plateau River flows in a wide valley with well-developed terraces. In the middle part of the current, where Yana crosses the spurs of the mountain ranges, the valley is narrowed, and thresholds appear in the row. The low-level Yana is located on the territory of the seaside lowland; When the Laptev River is pushed into the sea, forms a large delta (about 5200 area kM 2).
Yana belongs to the rivers of the Far Eastern type and is distinguished by a long summer flood, which is due to the gradual melting of the snow cover in the mountainous regions of its pool and the abundance of summer rains. The highest levels of water are observed in July and August. The average annual consumption is 1000 m. 3 /sec, and stock over the year over 31 kM 3, of which more than 80% falls for the summer and spring. Yana costs vary from 15 m. 3 /sec in winter to 9000. m. 3 /sec in the period of summer flood.
Most Lakes Northeast Siberia are located on the northern plains, indigracy and alasey pools. There are places where the area of \u200b\u200bthe lakes is not less than the area of \u200b\u200bthe sushi separating them. The abundance of lakes, which there are several tens of thousands, due to the small intersection of the relief of lowlands, difficult to flow conditions, the widespread spread of eternal permafrost. Most often, the lake occupy thermocarted basins or lowering in the floodplains and on the river islands. All of them differ in small sizes, flat shores, small depths (up to 4-7 m.). During the seven-eight months of the lake, the lakes are a powerful ice cover; Many of them in the middle of winter are freezing to the bottom.
Vegetation and soil
In accordance with the harsh climatic conditions in the territory of Northeastern Siberia, landscapes of northwestern rare-resistant forests and tundra are dominated. Their distribution depends on the geographic latitude and height of the terrain above sea level.
In the extreme north, on the islands of the Arctic Ocean, prevail arctic desert With poor vegetation on primitive low-power arctic soils. South, on the mainland seaside plain, is located tundra zone - Arctic, Kochkar and Sustarichkova. It is formed outlandic tundra soils, also low-power. Only south of 69-70 ° C. sh. On the tundra plains of Jan-Indiigir and Kolyma lowlands in the valleys of rivers, the first groups of low-spirited and oppressed Daurry larch appear.
In more southern regions, in the Mid-Independent and Kolyma lowland, such armors are selected from the valleys for interfluries, forming that larch "Fires", then very monotonous rare-resistant low-bandite forests of the North-Needy appearance on guery-permanent taiga soils.
Rare-resistant larch forests The lower parts of the mountain slopes are usually occupied. Under the sparse cover low (up to 10 - 15 m.) larchs are located overgrown with low shrubs - birchs (skinny - Betula Exilis., shrub - B. fruticosa. and Middendorf - B. Middendorffii), Olchovenika Alnaster Fruticosus), Juniper Juniperus Sibirica, Rhododendrons Rhododendron Parvifolium. and R. adamsii), different IV (Salix Xerophila, S. Glauca, S. LANATA) - or the soil is covered with an almost solid carpet of moss and bushy lickers - chadney and zetrariy. Under rare-resistant forests, peculiar mountain taiga-native soils with an acidic reaction and without clear genetic horizons (with the exception of humus) prevail. The features of these soils are associated with shallow occurrence of permanent, low temperatures, weak evaporation, the development of permanent phenomena in the soil. In summer, such soils are experiencing temporary conjunction, which causes weak aeration and the appearance of signs of fluffy.
For the mountains of northeastern Siberia are characterized by low vertically, the propagation of wood species. The upper border of wood vegetation is located at an altitude of only 600-700 m.and in the extreme northern mountainous areas do not rise above 200-400 m.. Only in the most southern regions - in the upper reaches of Yana and Indigir, as well as in Judo-May Highlands - larch forests occasionally reach 1100-1400 m..
They differ sharply from monotonous edging mountain slopes that occupy the bottom of deep river valleys. Valley forests develop on well-drained alluvial soils and consist mainly of the fragrant poplar (Populus suaveolens)whose height reaches 25 m., and the thickness of the barrel - 40-50 cm, and chose (Chosenia Macrolepis)having direct high (up to 20 m.), but thin (20-30 cm) Barrel.
Above the mountain-taiga zone on the slopes are thick thickets of cedar staber (Pinus Pumila) or Olchovenik, gradually replacing the zone mountain tundraIn which there are small sections of the dying and cereal alpine meadows. Tundra takes about 30% of the area of \u200b\u200bmountain areas.
Combs of the highest arrays, where climatic conditions impede the existence of even the most unpretentious plants, are lifeless cold desert And covered with a solid cloak of stone placers and the scaldings over which rocky peaks rose.
Animal world
The fauna of Northeast Siberia is noticeably different from the fauna of the neighboring areas of Siberia. Eastern Lena disappear some ordinary animals for the Siberian taiga. There is no column, Siberian Capricorn, etc. Instead, mammals and birds close to widespread in North America appear in the mountains and on the plains. From 45 species of mammals living in the mountains of the Kolyma pool, more than half has a very close relationship with animals of Alaska. Such, for example, yellowochiye lemming (Lemmus Chrysogaster), bright wolf, huge Kolymsky elk Alces Americanus). In rivers there are some American fish (for example, Dalya - Dallia Pectoralis.Chukchan - Catostomus Catostomus). The presence in the Fauna of the North-East of North American animals is explained by the fact that in the middle of the quaternary time on the site of the current Bering Strait existed, the land was existed only in the urgent time.
Another characteristic feature of the country's fauna is the presence of steppe animals, in other places so far in the north not found. In the alpine rocky tundra, it is often possible to meet the Verkhoyansky black shock - Tarbagana (Marmota Camtschathica), and on dry glades of the mountain-taiga zone - the long-dead Kolyma Suslik (Citellus Undulatus Buxtoni). During the winter, which is ongoing at least seven-eight months, they are sleeping in their nonorants arranged in frozen soil. The nearest conifers of the black sturgeon, as well as the snow ram (OVIS Nivicola) Live in the mountains of Central Asia and Transbaikalia.
Studying the remnants of fossil animals found in the average hardest sediments of Northeastern Siberia, shows that the woolly rhino and the northern deer, the Musky Bull and Wolverine, Tarbagan and Spring - animals with a very continental climate, close to the modern climate of Central Asia, live here. . According to zogelographs, within ancient Beringia, which included in their composition the territory of the Northeast of the USSR, the formation of modern taiga fauna began. The basis for it was: 1) local species that adopted to the cold climate; 2) Migrants from North America and 3) from the mountains of Central Asia.
Among the mammals in the mountains, various small rodents and earthrooks are dominated; There are more than 20 species here. Of the predators are characterized by a large Bering Bear, Wolverine, East Siberian Lynx, Lescent, Beringian Fox, are also sable, caressing, ermine and East East East Siberian Wolf. Among the birds are typical stone deaf (Tetrao Urogalloides), Ryabchik (TetraStes Bonasia Kolymensis), Kedrovka Nucifraga CaryocataCtes), Tundry Kurropka (Lagopus Mutus), asian ash street HETERACTIS INCANA). In the summer, there are many waterfowl on the lakes: Turpa (Odemia Fusca), Gus-Gumenik ANSER FABALIS) and etc.
Snow rams. Photo O. Egorova
Natural resources
From the natural wealth of northeastern Siberia, minerals are of the greatest importance; Especially important ore deposits associated with mesozoic intrusive rocks.
In the mountains of the Jan-Kolyma region, which are part of the Pacific Metallineic Belt, are located famous gold-bearing areas - Verkhneindigir, Allah-Yun and Yansky. With a large tin-living province within the Ian-Indigir Member Members. The largest tops of Tin - Deputy, Ege-Khigh, Koster, Ilintas, etc. - are associated with Upper Magnaya and chalk granite intrusions; Many tin is found here in alluvial places. The deposits of polymetals, tungsten, mercury, molybdenum, antimony, cobalt, arsenic, stone coal and various building materials are also significant. In recent years, the prospects for the discovery of oil and gas fields have been identified in the intermountain declines and on seaside lowlands.
Drag on one of the rivers of Verkhnekolomsky Highlands. Photo K. Kosmatchev
Large rivers of northeastern Siberia at a high distance of shipping. The total length of the currently exploited waterways is about 6000 kM (From them in the Kolyma pool - 3580 kM, Yana - 1280 kM, Indigirki - 1120 km). The most significant drawbacks of rivers as a message route - short (only three months) the navigation period, as well as the abundance of thresholds and focate. Hydropower resources here are also significant (indigist - 6 million. kw, Yana - 3 million. kw), But the use of them is difficult as a result of extremely large fluctuations in water rivers for the season of the year, freezing in winter and the abundance of intrawriter ice. Engineering and geological conditions of the construction of structures on permafrost are complex. Currently, the first Kolyma HPP is being built in the upper reaches of Kolyma.
Unlike other countries, Siberia, high-quality wood reserves here are relatively small, as forests are usually rare, and their performance is low. The average stock of wood in the forests of even the most developed southeastern districts - not more than 50-80 m. 3 /h..
The harsh climate limits the possibility of developing agriculture. In the tundra zone, where the sum of the average daily temperatures above 10 °, even in the south barely reaches 600 °, only radishes can be grown, salad, spinach and onions on the feather. The south is also cultivated by turnips, tours, cabbage, potatoes. In particularly favorable conditions, mainly on the gentle slopes of the southern exposition, you can sow early oats. Conditions are more favorable for animal husbandry. Significant squares of the placenta and mountain tundra are good deer pastures, and the meadows of river valleys serve as a feed base for cattle and horses.
Until the Great October Revolution, Northeast Siberia was the most backward margin of Russia. The development of its natural wealth and comprehensive development began only in the conditions of a socialist society. Widely unfolded exploration works led to the discovery of the Kolyma and Yana ungs in the upper reaches of the ore deposits and the emergence of numerous government and major workers here. A good highway roads were laid through the mountain ranges, and boats and steamers appeared on large rivers. The mining industry is currently the basis of the economy and gives the country a lot of valuable metals.
Agriculture has reached certain success. Indigirki and Kolyma Sauchomes created in the upper reaches satisfy part of the needs of the population in fresh vegetables, milk and meat. In the Yakut collective farms of the northern and mountainous areas, reindeer herding, fur fishing and fisheries, giving significant commercial products. Some mountainous areas also developed horse breeding.
,Eternal Merzlot of Northeast Siberia
On the planet, the eternal Merzlotus applies mainly in polar and indoor areas, in high-mountainous areas of moderate and even tropical latitudes. The permafrost accounts for about $ 25 $% of all sushi.
It has its own nature of distribution and is divided into three zones:
- Solid Eternal Merzlot;
- Eternal Merzlota with Islands of Maulant Soils;
- Marzlot Islands among melt breeds.
Definition 1.
Eternal Frost - This is part of the cryolitozone, which is characterized by the absence of periodic pulling.
A clear definition of the word "Merzlott" does not have it possible to use this concept in different values. Take into account the presence of permafrost is necessary in construction, geological exploration in the northern regions. Although it creates a lot of problems, but there is also benefit. On the one hand, it interferes in the development of northern deposits, and on the other hand, it cements rocks, giving them strength.
Under the conditions of the harsh climate of Northeast Siberia, rock rocks are greatly free, and the eternal Merzlotus spreads everywhere. The power of permafrost within the northeastern Siberia is very large and is more than $ 500 $ M in the northern and central regions. In mountainous areas, it comes to $ 400 m. Thick rocks also have very low temperatures, for example, at a depth of $ 8 $ - $ 12 $ M, the temperature rarely rises above - $ 5 $, - $ 8 $ degrees.
The distribution areas of permafrost coincide with the areas of a sharp continental climate with cold and low-snowy winter.
Note 1.
Construction work in the Eternal Merzlot zone go with a thorough account of the properties of frozen soils. In the summer, the ground in the districts of permafrost can draw away from several centimeters to several tens of centimeters.
Underground ice - syngenetic and epigenetic and epigenetic are widespread on lowlands. The first formed simultaneously with the rocks of them accommodating, and the formation of the second is associated with rocks deferred earlier. Large accumulations of underground ice form syngenetic ice. Their power on seaside lowlands reaches $ 40 $ - $ 50 $ m.
The formation of a piece of ice of this type began in the middle-customer time, so they can be considered "fossil". The melting of underground ice can cause the formation of thermocarted kotlovin. More than $ 650 $ glaciers are known in the ridges of Suuntar Hayat, Chersky, Tas-Hayacht, etc. In the Suntar-Hayat Ridge and in the Boraordah array there are centers of glaciation. Glaciers are mainly occupied by the northern, northwestern, northeastern slopes. Carry glaciers and hanging glaciers prevail. Lockers are found franchise, as well as large snowballs. The glaciers of this physico-geographical country are in the stage of retreat.
Features of Nature-Eastern Siberia
The climatic conditions of this territory contribute to the predominance of landscapes such as Northea rack-resistant forests and tundras, the distribution of which depends on the geographical position and height of the terrain. The poor vegetation of the Arctic deserts were formed on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. In the Primorskaya Plain there is an arctic, kochkaya zone, shrub tundra. The first groups of Daurry larch appear only on Jan-Indiigir and Kolyma lowlands. The lower parts of the mountain slopes are engaged by rare-resistant larch forests, under the cover of which there are thickets of low shrubs - birch of shrub, Olkhovnik, juniper, various Yves. For rare-resistant forests, mountain taiga-merrous soils are characterized, in which genetic horizons are very poorly pronounced, and the soil reaction is acidic.
Cause of these features:
- Shallow slotting;
- Low temperatures;
- Weak evaporation;
- Development in the soil of permanent phenomena.
Distribution of woody rocks in the mountains of Northeast Siberia has low vertical limits.
At an altitude of only $ 600 $ - $ 700 $ m is the border of distribution Wood vegetation.And only in the heads of Yana and Indigirki, which are southern areas - larch forests reach $ 1,100 - $ 1400 $. Forests occupying the bottom of deep river valleys are sharply different from the editorial mountain slopes. They grow on well-drained alluvial soils and are presented in the primary fragrant poplar. The height of the poplar reaches $ 25 m, and the thickness of the barrel - $ 40 $ - $ 50, see the thick thickets of Olchovenika are located above the mountain-taiga zone, which gradually comes to a mountain tundra zone, which occupies $ 30 $% area. The cold and lifeless desert is on the ridges of the highest arrays. Stone placers and screaming, as a cloak cover these arrays, over which rocky vertices rise.
Animal world Northeast Siberia differs from neighboring territories. There is no, for example, speakers, Siberian Capricorn, but mammals and birds appear. In the mountains of the Kolyma pool, there are $ 45 $ species of mammals having close relationship with animals of Alaska - yellowochiye lemming, a bright wolf, Kolyma elk. There are American fish, for example, Dalya, Choundan.
Note 2.
The peculiarity of the animal world is that there are steppe animals in their composition, which are so far in the north anywhere else - Verkhoyanchi shrinking, long-tailed Kolyma Suslik. The remains of fossil animals show that in the middle-customer period woolly rhino, reindeer, musky bull, wolverine, sandshades lived here. Scientists believe that at a quaternary period in the territory of Northeast Siberia, the formation of modern taiga fauna began. From modern mammals, small rodents and earthroops are dominated by more than $ 20 $ species. Large predators are represented by the Beringian Bear, Wolverine, East East Lynx, Lescent, Beringian Fox, Sable, Lask, Mornosttay, East Siberian Wolf. Birds - Stone Core, Ryabchik, Keedrovka, Asian asian ulit. In the summer, a lot of waterfowl.
Anthropogenic impact on nature
Construction work, geological surveys, development of minerals, grazing deer and frequent summer fires, have a large anthropogenic effect on the nature of northeastern Siberia. Tundra and Fierotoundra are good natural pastures for deer grazing, the main feed for which serves deer moss - a bush lichen-brained. Only stocks are restored for $ 5 $ - $ 7 $ 7 years. The pasture fund, thanks to anthropogenic effects, is quickly reduced. Naturally, it is necessary to strict observance of the grazing load. With the development of the territory there was a rapid change in natural landscapes and a reduction in the number of flora and the fauna of Northeast Siberia. The nature of this territory is fragile and rasament and with human activities are dying whole natural complexes.
Development of loose deposits, for example, leads to complete destruction of river floods. It is in the floodplains that focuses the largest variety of plants and animals. Within Northeast Siberia, only one reserve has been created - Magadan. In addition to him, there are several complex and industry-wide reserves and monuments of nature. Among them are the security zone of the mammoth fauna.
The region has unique geographic objects, one of which are the world's largest monstering Ulakhan-Taryn, Yakut mountain steppes. Specialists propose to create a number of other reserved places here - the Boraordah Natural Park, for example, with the left-owned stuff pools and the mountain victory. It is proposed to create as a biosphere central-yakutsky reserve, where the Chukotka Snow Baran has been preserved, where there are places of the Wild Reinde, which is the only major population in all of the northeast.
Eastern Siberia is part of Siberia, which includes the Asian territory of Russia from the Yenisei in the west to waterproof ridges going along the Pacific Ocean in the East. This region is characterized by a harsh climate, limited by Flora and fauna, and incredibly rich natural resources. Consider what belongs to Eastern Siberia, where its borders are located, what are the features of the climate and wildlife.
Geographical position of Eastern Siberia
Eastern and Western Siberia occupy almost two thirds of Russia. Eastern Siberia Square - 7.2 million km. Most occupied by the taiga-medium-grained plate locale, which replaced in the north of the tundra lowlands, in the south and east - the high mountain ranges of Western and Eastern Sayan, the mountains of Transbaikalia and Jan-Colmki region. The largest rivers of Russia - Yenisei and Lena flow here.
Fig. 1. Eastern Siberia occupies an impressive area
Within eastern Siberia, the Krasnoyarsk and Trans-Baikal Territory, Irkutsk Region, Republic of Buryatia, Yakutia, Tuva are located.
The largest city of Eastern Siberia - Krasnoyarsk; Large cities - Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita, Yakutsk, Norilsk.
Thanks to the high length, Eastern Siberia includes several natural zones: arctic deserts, taiga, mixed forests and even dry steppes. Wetted tundra areas can be attributed to this list, but they are quite a bit, and they are usually found within lowlands on flat, weakly developed interfluids.
On the territory of Eastern Siberia, there are three time zones - Krasnoyarsk time, Irkutsk time and Yakut time.
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Climate
Eastern Siberia lies in moderate and cold belts. Depending on where a particular area of \u200b\u200bEastern Siberia is located, the following climate varieties distinguish:
- the climate of the south of Eastern Siberia extracontinental (Barguzin morphoclimatic area);
- moderately continental (Nazarovsky and Krasnoyarsk-Canine morphoclimatic areas);
- sharply continental (Angaro-Lengsky and Selenginsky morphoclimatic areas);
- foothore-steppe, steppe (Koybalsky and Urik Morphoclimatic Areas).
The precipitation falls less than in the western regions of Russia, the power of snow cover is usually small, in the north the eternal permafrost of the eternal Merzlot.
Winter in the northern regions is long and cold, the temperature reaches -40-50 ° C. Summer is warm, in the south is roast. July in Eastern Siberia places warmer than in the same latitudes of the European part of Russia, and the sunny days are more.
Fig. 2. Winter in Eastern Siberia
The amplitude of the oscillations of summer and winter temperatures reaches 40-65 ° C, and in Eastern Yakutia - 100 ° C.
Resources
One of the most important characteristics of Eastern Siberia is the presence of a huge amount of resources. About half of all forests of Russia is concentrated here. The main amount of wood reserves constitutes valuable coniferous rocks: larch, spruce, ordinary, fir, Siberian cedar.
In Eastern Siberia, there is about 70% of stone and brown coal. This region is rich in ore deposits:
- iron ores of Korshunovsky and Abakan fields, Angaro-Pit region;
- copper-nickel ores of Norilsk;
- altai Polymetals;
- boxites of Eastern Sayan.
In Eastern Siberia is the oldest Bodaybinsk gold deposit in the Irkutsk region. A significant amount of Russian oil is mined in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Eastern Siberia is rich in non-metallic fossils, among which mica, graphite, building materials, salts. There is also the largest diamond deposit on the border of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Yakutia.
Fig. 3. Diamonds of Yakutia
Nature
The prevailing type of vegetation is Taiga. The East Siberian Taiga extends from the frontiers of Lesotandra in the north to the border with Mongolia in the south, on space about 5,000 thousand square meters. km., From which 3,455 thousand square meters. km occupied coniferous forests.
The soil and vegetation of the Taiga zone of Eastern Siberia are developing in more favorable conditions than in the tundra and forest tundra zones. The relief of Bo-more crossed than in the neighboring West Siberia, rocky rocks are formed on indigenous rocks, often low-power soils.
For the preservation of nature in its original form on the territory of Eastern Siberia, many reserves, national and natural parks are open.
Barguzinsky Reserve is the oldest reserve of Russia. It was founded even before the 1917 revolution to preserve and increasing the number of sable. At the time of creation, there were only 20-30 pieces of sable, at present - 1-2 individuals per 1 sq. M. km.
What did we know?
In grade 8, geography discloses the topic dedicated to Eastern Siberia. It covers an incredibly large area, and its length from north to south is about 3 thousand km. Briefly about Eastern Siberia, we can say the following: this is a region with a harsh climate, not too diverse fauna and flora and with large reserves of natural resources.
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The nature of Eastern Siberia is very raw, in this edge everything is interconnected. Eastern Siberia resources are inexhaustible. Picturesque mountain ranges with rocky peaks. There are impassable areas: forests and swamps; Very extensive steppes. In winter, big frosts, and in summer hot days as in the desert.
Flora and Fauna Eastern Siberia
Trees in Eastern Siberia Most different: pine, cedar, spruce, fir, but the most common tree here is a larch (in Eastern Siberia, there are two types - Dauria and Siberian larch). A person who has little in the taiga is hardly distinguished by these two types of each other.
Protein is the most important fur view in the animal world of Eastern Siberia. A resident of the mountains of this area is a black-wave or Kamchatka Summer. In the forests of Eastern Siberia, Asian Forest Mouse, Siberian Red and Red and Gray Wheels. Tuvine Beaver needs security and listed in the Red Book of Russia.
In Altai and Yenisei in the areas of South-Eastern Siberia, this kind of Asian long-dead Suslik is distributed. American Suskslik lives in the northeast. In the taiga part, a very rare animal is considered forest lemming, alpine Siberian voles and several other species. Of the bats there are some water night and northern leather.
In Eastern Siberia 10 insect species. Such as a Siberian cat, Daurgy hedgehog. Several species of earthquakes, one of them are tiny and flat-blade burlack.
Of the large animals of the East Siberian Taiga, the brown bear is most common, lynx, elk. There are foxes - red or svetox. Small predators - columns, forest ferret; Badger, Ermine, Lask (in the south). Sable and reindeer are considered numerous. Many different rodents are protein (main hunting object), hare-white, flying, miserable rodents. Some places are preserved roeble and beavers.
Northeast Siberia
Stern climate and permafrost. The temperature in the winter reaches up to -60 ...- 68 degrees, and in the summer the heat reaches 30-36. In the extreme north, the Arctic deserts with poor vegetation are dominated. The south is the tundra zone. Lady forests occupy the lower parts of the mountain slopes.
The fauna of Northeast Siberia is different from the fauna of other areas of Siberia. Mammals and birds close to common animals in North America appear in the mountains and on the plains. This is explained by the fact that earlier the place of Bering Strait was sushi.
Fauna is rich in steppe animals, which are not found anywhere in the north. In the alpine stony tundra, you can meet the Verkhoyansky black shock, and in the glades of the mountain-taiga zone of the long-boring saccia. Among mammals in the mountains are inhabited by various rodents and earthrooks (more than 20 species).
From predators - Beringian Bear, East Siberian Lynx, Lescent, Sable, Ermine. Among the birds are common ruffle, cedridge, Ryabchik. In the summer, Turvan, Gus-Gumenik and others (waterfowl) meet on the lakes.
Routing
Topic number 57: "Nature of the North of Eastern Siberia"
Organizational stage (Writing date, topics, filling the magazine and accounting attendance).
Stage checking homework
Stage of learning new knowledge
East and West, North, South Siberia
More beautiful not to find
Descendants and peers by our
The endless paths are laid there.
It is so simple eye
And you do not see the rich depths of her.
Siberia, Siberia - Pearl of Russia
More beautiful than the edge there is nothing.
Features of Nature-Eastern Siberia Students are characterized by independently, using the physical map of Russia and the map of large natural territories placed in the Atlas.
Questions and tasks:
Name the borders of the North-Eastern Siberia of the natural territory in the north, west, south and east.
5. What is minerals are rich in Mesozoic Folding Mountains?
Rud's mineral deposits are connected with trappers, and iron ore and diamonds are connected with the camberlite tubes. Interestingly, the opening of diamonds in the Siberian platform is an example of a brilliant confirmation of the scientific forecast. Such a forecast was made by V.S. Sobolev in 1937 on the basis of a comparison of the geology of Siberian and African platforms. The search for diamonds were started in 1940, and in 1947 the first diamonds were found in the placers, and in 1954 the first camberl tubes. A feature of the Mountain North-Eastern Siberia is the formation of places of gold deposits. Moting are placed in terraces, valleys and river rivers. They were formed due to the erosion of granite magmatic rocks. Gold ordinary satellite of tin deposits, cobalt, arsenic and other ores. Especially rich in Eastern Siberia Stone Coal. Their stocks make up almost 70% of all-Russian. Here are three giant coal-eyed basin - Lensky, Tungusky, Kansko - Achinsky. Metal minerals are of great importance. In the area of \u200b\u200bNorilsk, copper - nickel deposits are being developed. In the south-west of the district, large deposits of iron are explored.
6. The climate characteristics of the North of Eastern Siberia?
On the territory of Northeast Siberia acts . Almost all northeastern Siberia lies within and climatic belts. The average temperature is below -10 °.
Northeast Siberia can be divided into 3 climatic zones.
7. Name the reasons that explain why in the territory of Northeast Siberia, stretching from the north to the south for 2000 km and from the west to the East of more than 3000 km, was formed a sharply continental climate with a very cold winter, the warmest summer and a small amount precipitation compared to other areas of our country on the same latitudes.
Climate-forming factors are called: the northern geographical position, the effect of the Arctic, the remoteness from the Atlantic Ocean, the significant absolute heights of the terrain, the strong cooling of the mainland in winter, which contributes to the development of sustainable anticyclones. The Siberian anticyclone is characterized by stable, very cold, clear, solar, and severe, dry and windless weather in winter.
8. Where are the lowest air temperatures?
The lowest air temperatures are observed in the inner areas of North-Eastern Siberia, in poorly ventilated intergurged basins, where cold air is stirred and is particularly getting out. It is in such places located Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. For intermountain, Kotlovin is characterized by winter temperature inversion in the lower layer of air. Inverters there is an increase in air temperature with a height of 2 ° for every 100 m. For this reason, the mountain slopes are less cold than in the hoods, sometimes this difference is 15 - 20 ° C.
9. Features of many years of milling in the territory of the North of Eastern Siberia?
Consequence of a sharp continentality of the climate of a long-term Merzlota, which is almost universally distributed in Eastern Siberia. The power of the eternal layer in many places exceeds hundreds of meters, for example, in the pool of the vilyu, it reaches 600 m, and in the extreme south is 5-10 m. In the summer, the upper horizon of the Merzlla Toles thaws in the north of 20-40 cm, in the south of the territory - a few meters . In turn, the long-term permafrost is the cause of the lap of the plains, has a great influence on the inland water regime, on the development of landscapes. Merzlota cools the soil and it slows down the soil process. The long-term permafrost is a consequence of climatic conditions, in another case, the reason that determines the development of other components (water, soil, vegetation) and the phenomena of nature (forge).
At long-term marzlot, plants can grow only with a surface root system, such as larch.
10. Features of the natural zone tundra
11. Features of Nature of Yakutia
12. Features of the Eastern Esibirsk Taiga
13. Which parts can be divided by the territory of the North of Eastern Siberia
Medium Siberia and Northeast Siberia
14. Name the main features of the nature of the North of Eastern Siberia
Sharply continental climate
Plain area raised above sea level
Here is the northernmost point of Asia- Cape Chelyuskin
4.Tep of home task information and assessments of students
Homework: §52, answer questions and tasks
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