When studying the vegetation cover of the Earth, it can be noted that there is division into zones in which certain representatives of the flora prevail. The same statement applies to the animal world. This is determined by the special climate conditions existing in each specific area. Based on these observations, divide on climatic zones. Consider them in more detail.
The equatorial zone, or inner tropical, includes a part of the sushi, which extends along the equator to the beginning of 10 ° YU. sh. and 10 ° С. sh. This zone is characterized by plenty of precipitation and high air temperature. Temperature oscillations are minor.
Then follows the external tropical zone. It is also characterized by a high temperature, but precipitation falls significantly less. Rainy periods are replaced by dry. All climatic zones have their own characteristic features of weather conditions.
Next comes the zone of subtropics or zone of trade winds. Here, the amount of precipitation is significantly reduced. The air in this zone is less wet. Because of the rising air flows, the weather is cloudless, and the fluctuations in the air temperature during the day are minor. Desert predominates in this climatic zone.
The ethesy zone is characterized by a sharp replacement of the rainy winter in summer with dry weather.
The zone of moderate climate is distinguished by a large amount of precipitation during the year. The climate in such areas may be warm, almost without frost or cold, but short winters. It depends on the proximity of the ocean.
But this is not all climatic zones presented on our planet.
The next is a zone of moderate latitudes for it is characterized by a small amount of precipitation, the minimum cold winter and warm summer.
The climatic zones of the Earth completes the last, polar or arctic zone. It is distinguished by small precipitation and very low air temperature.
The climatic signs of the following zones are pronounced: Tundrov, Forest, Festourprove, Steppe, Summer and Arctic.
Climatic zones affect the country's economy. They determine the vegetation world. For example, Russia is the largest earlier and supplier of valuable furs.
Thus, the climatic zone is a sign of one or another territory of the planet. It becomes a determining factor for the habitat of animals and growing certain types of plants. Each climatic zone corresponds to its climate, which depends on air and marine currents.
Climatic belts are solid or intermittent areas, which are located parallel to the latitudes of the planet. Among themselves, they differ in circulation of air flow and the amount of solar energy. The terrain, proximity to or is also important climate-forming factors.
According to the classification of the Soviet climatologist B. P. Alisov, there are seven main types of climate of the Earth: Equatorial, two tropical, two moderate and two polar (one in and hemispheres). In addition, Alisov highlighted six intermediate belts, three in each hemisphere: two subequatorial, two subtropical, as well as subarctic and subanctic.
Arctic and Antarctic climatic belt
Arctic and Antarctic climatic belt on world map
The polar region adjacent to the North Pole is called the Arctic. It includes the territory of the Arctic Ocean, the outskirts and Eurasia. The belt is represented by ice and, which are characterized by protracted harsh winters. The maximum summer temperature is + 5 ° C. Arctic ice affect the climate of the land as a whole, not letting it overheat.
Antarctic belt is located in the south of the planet. Under its influence is the nearby islands. On the mainland there is a pole of cold, so winter temperatures are on average - 60 ° C. Summer indicators are not raised above -20 ° C. The territory is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic desert. The mainland is almost completely covered with ice. Sushi plots are found only in the coastal zone.
Subarctic and subnutrctic climatic belt
Subarctic and subnutrctic climatic belt on world map
The subarctic zone includes Northern Canada, South of Greenland, Alaska, North Scandinavia, the northern regions of Siberia and the Far East. The average temperature of the winter temperature is -30 ° C. With the arrival of a short summer, the mark rises to + 20 ° C. In the north of this climatic belt dominates, which is characterized by high humidity, wetting and frequent winds. South is located in the Zone of Fundra. The soil has time to warm up for the summer, so shrubs and palpal shrubs grow here.
Within the South Ocean's Islands near Antarctica are within the sub-autoctic belt. The zone is susceptible to the seasonal influence of air masses. In winter, the Arctic air dominates here, and in the summer they come from a moderate belt. The average temperature in winter is -15 ° C. On the islands often storms, fogs and snowfalls. In the cold season, the entire water area is engaged in ice, but with the onset of summer they melt. Warm month indicators on average are -2 ° C. The climate is difficult to call a favorable. The plant world is represented by algae, lichen, mkhami and disintegration.
Moderate climatic belt
Moderate climatic belt on world map
In the zone of the moderate belt lies a quarter of the entire surface of the planet: North America, and. Its main feature is the clear severity of the seasons of the year. The predominant air masses give high humidity and low pressure. The average temperature of winter temperatures is 0 ° C. In the summer, the mark rises above fifteen degrees. The cyclones dominating in the northern part of the zone provoke snow and rains. Most of the precipitation falls in the form of a summer rain.
District territories are drought by droughts. represented by alternating forests and arid regions. In the north grows, the vegetable world of which is adapted to low temperatures and high humidity. Gradually, it replaces the zone of mixed wide forests. The steppe strip in the south is moving all the continents. The semi-desert zone and the desert covers the western part of North America and Asia.
Moderate climate is divided into the following subtypes:
- nautical;
- moderate continental;
- sharply continental;
- monsoon.
Subtropical climatic belt
Subtropical climatic belt on world map
In the zone of subtropics there is a part of the Black Sea coast, southwest and, south of northern and. In winter, the territory is under the influence of air moving from a moderate belt. The thermometer mark is rarely lowered below zero. In the summer, subtropical cyclones affect the climatic zone, which are well warmed by the Earth. In the eastern part of the mainland moist air dominates. Here is a long summer and soft winter without frost. Western coasts are characterized by arid summer and warm winter.
In the inner areas of the climatic zone of temperature is significantly higher. It is almost always worth clear weather. Most precipitation falls in a cold period when air masses are shifted to the side. Anticious forests with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs grow on the coasts. In the northern hemisphere, the zone of subtropical steppes comes to a shift, smoothly flowing into the desert. In the southern hemisphere, the steppes go into broad and leaf falling forests. Mountain areas are represented by woodlong zones.
In the subtropical climatic zone, the following climate subtypes are distinguished:
- subtropical oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate;
- subtropical intocontinental climate;
- subtropical monsonic climate;
- climate of high subtropical Nagrai.
Tropical climatic belt
Tropical climatic belt on world map
Tropical climatic belt covers separate territories at all except Antarctica. All year round over the oceans dominates the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure. Because of this, there is little precipitation in the climatic zone. Summer temperature indicators in both hemispheres exceed + 35 ° C. Medium winter temperatures are + 10 ° C. The average daily temperature fluctuate is felt in the depths of the continents.
Most of the time there is a clear arid weather. The bulk of sediments falls on the winter months. Significant temperature differences provoke dust storms. On the coasts, the climate is significantly softer: winter is warm, and the summer is soft and wet. Strong winds are practically absent, precipitation falls out calendar in summer. The dominant natural zones are rainforests, deserts and semi-deserts.
Tropical climatic belt includes the following climate subtypes:
- trade house climate;
- tropical dry climate;
- tropical monsoon climate;
- monsonic climate on tropical plateau.
Sub-screen climatic belt
Sub-screening climatic belt on world map
Sub-screen climatic belt affects both hemispheres of land. In the summer, the zone is influenced by equatorial wet winds. In winter, the trade winds dominate. The average annual temperature is + 28 ° C. Daily temperature differences are insignificant. Most of the precipitation falls in the warm season under the influence of summer monsoon. The closer to the equator, the rain is rude. In the summer, most rivers come out of the banks, and for the winter they completely dry.
The plant world is represented by monsoon mixed forests, and palpal. The foliage in the trees turns yellow and falls in the period of drought. With the arrival of the rain it is restored. On open spaces, the savannahs grow cereals and dispersion. The plant world adjusted under rain periods and drought. Some remote forest arrays have not yet been studied by a person.
Equatorial climatic belt
Equatorial climatic belt on world map
The belt is located on both sides of the equator. A constant stream of solar radiation forms a hot climate. On weather conditions, air masses coming from the equator are affected. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is only 3 ° C. Unlike other climatic belts, the equatorial climate remains almost unchanged all year. The temperature indicators are not lowered below + 27 ° C. Because of the abundant precipitation, high humidity, fogs and clouds are formed. Strong winds are practically absent, which positively affects the plant world.
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Russia is the largest state in Square, which is geographically located on the continent of Eurasia. The Russian Federation has a huge length from north to south and from west to east. Her climatic conditions are quite varied.
What is climatic belts?
The main characteristic of individual zones is climate - the interaction of temperature regime, humidity, air flows, solar intensity. The natural and territorial complexes have the character of latitudinal or sub-liaum strips, encircling the entire territory of the globe. They differ in climatic conditions, soil cover, relief features, representatives of flora and fauna. Climatic zoning is applied in Russia. The state is located in the following belts:
- arctic;
- subarctic;
- moderate;
- subtropical.
Territorial separation
The first belt covers the islands, as well as the coast of the Arctic Ocean. On the territory located from the Eastern European Plain and Western Siberia to 60 degrees of northern latitude dominates the subarctic climate. Most of Russia is located in a temperate belt. Which can be divided into:
- moderate continental,
- continental,
- abruptly continental
- monsoon.
The territory of the European part of Russia is located in a moderately continental climatic belt. Western Siberia and the territory of the Fortun Southeast of the Eastern European Plain are located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe continental climatic belt. The territory of Medium Siberia is a region of a sharp continental belt. For the Far East, the monsonic climate is characteristic.
The smallest is the territory located in the subtropical climatic belt. This is the Black Sea coast.
Remuneration of the territory of Russia
The climatic zones of Russia can be determined by using a special temperature map. The territory on the map is demarcated to regions that have similar natural conditions. For each area, the average annual minimum temperature range is characteristic. Also additionally, the dates of the first autumn and last spring frosts can be indicated.
The natural climatic zones of Russia are located in the temperature spectrum from minus five in the warmest regions up to minus sixty in the coldest. Determine the region in which the desired area is located, you can simply look at the card. Or, if it takes great accuracy, it is possible to calculate it yourself, having obtained the average temperature in the selected zone over the past ten or more years.
The zone of the eternal frost
The first climatic zone of Russia is the tundra or arctic and subarctic. It can be attributed to the majority of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Thus, the average annual temperatures prevail in its eastern part, reaching a minus forty-five degrees Celsius. 1 The climatic zone of Russia is characterized by very cold, long, minor winters and short relatively warm summer. This zone is characterized by a short smoking period. This condition has a huge impact on the development of flora. Dwarf trees and shrubs grow in this zone.
For growing crops of crops, this climate zone gives only a few warm summer months, during which the eternal Merzlot retreats and frees the small blocks of land for the landing for the most stubborn and ingenious agrarians. Nevertheless, the widespread spread of greenhouses, frost-resistant and early cultures makes it possible to obtain a harvest of almost all known vegetables and fruits even in these harsh conditions.
Taiga climatic zone of Russia
The extensive territory can be attributed to the second climatic zone. It is almost the entire territory located between the European part in the West and the Third Climatic Zone in the East, stretching along the entire coast. This zone is located from Karelia to Kamchatka. Winter temperatures are moderate. However, the territory located in the east of this zone has more severe winters. So, in Eastern Siberia, a low-drying gray winter period is accompanied by a decrease in air temperatures to a minus forty or forty-five degrees Celsius. The climatic zone of Russia 2 is characterized by very serious weather conditions. Increased dampness contributes to the soil coating by Mkhami. Soil is cold and wet. Near the reservoirs, the temperature of the soil is somewhat warmer, but this is not enough for the production of grain crops. Also, a complicating factor can be considered a strong freezing of the Earth in the winter.
Forest-steppe and steppe climatic zones of Russia
For climatic zones, three and four can be attributed to the most populated part of the country. This band is located all over the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions almost through the entire European part of Russia to the border with Kazakhstan and ends in the Altai Republic.
Also, the 3rd climatic zone of Russia seizes the Far Eastern region of the country along the entire east coast and includes parts of the regions. This is the Chukchi Autonomous District, Kamchatsky Territory, Magadan region, Khabarovsk region, Sakhalin region, Primorsk region and the Jewish Autonomous Region. The monsonic climate prevails in this area. Cold snowy winters are replaced by a cool and wet summer period. Characterized frequent fogs and typhoons.
Steppe - 4 climatic zone of Russia. Geographically includes the lower and middle Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Southern Urals. As well as the southern regions of Western and Eastern Siberia. This zone is characterized by minor winter and arid summer. In Central Russia, you can allocate the territory adjacent to the shores of Lake Baikal. Here, due to geographical factors, a peculiar temperature oasis was formed.
Suh-thermal climatic zone
This area is geographically located from the Eastern Pre-Bureau to the sublayer plateau. Also, the fifth climatic zone includes the districts of the Kulundy steppe and territory located in the Interguric Basins of Tuva and Transbaikalia. This area is characterized by a dry summer with a temperate temperature. Winter frosts are inhomogeneous throughout. In the eastern areas of the fifth zone, there are more severe winters.
Six-ninth climatic zones
Based on the map of the climatic zones of Russia, built on perennial observations and the analysis of temperature modes of various parts of the country, it can be said that the entire territory of the country is located in the temperature areas from the first ninth.
The climatic zones of Russia 6-9 include mainly the southwestern regions of the country. These natural complexes can be described as follows:
- 6-desert-steppe;
- 7-deserted;
- 8-foot-semi-desert;
- 9-mining.
The extension belt from the sixth to the ninth zone provides the most favorable conditions in Russia. The southern coastal region along the Caspian Sea can be attributed to the seven zone, and the very warm - six.
The south-eastern region of the Russian Plain and the part of the Caspian lowland are occupied by deserts and semi-deserts. These climatic zones of Russia are characterized by high summer temperatures and low in winter. A small amount of precipitation has an impact on climate dryness. For this zone, drought-resistant phlora representatives are characteristic.
In the area of \u200b\u200bthe desert and semi-desert, the area of \u200b\u200bVolga delta and Akhtuba floodplain occupies a special place. The giving moisture of the river turns the territory in the green oasis.
The warm soft climate of the Caucasus allows you to include this territory in the nine and eight zones. They can be described rather soft and warm in winter. The temperature regime of this period practically does not enter the negative temperature range. This factor contributes to a rich variety of vegetation.
In conclusion
The climatic zones of Russia are diverse. Knowledge of each of them is indispensable for everyday life and apply in a wide variety of industries. Those or other natural conditions impose certain limitations and during construction, and when using a particular equipment. When conducting economic activities, climatic conditions of zones are necessarily taken into account. The nature of Russia continuously challenges a person, trying to test his volitional and spiritual qualities. But, no doubt, whatever the conditions of the conditions, whatever danger, a person will always find a rational solution and a way out of a difficult situation, and the land will cover the sprouts of young plants, new buildings will appear, and nature will conquer a person.
The territory of the Russian Federation is large and located in several climatic belts. The north coast lies in the climate of the Arctic desert. Here is a very cold winter, where the temperature reaches -50 degrees Celsius. The weather is mostly cloud, precipitation drops a little, not more than 300 mm per year. Also in this zone, cold Arctic air masses are circulated all the time. Since precipitation does not have time to evaporate, there is a high level of humidity.
The south of the Arctic belt is subarctic. It covers the areas of the Polar Circle and Eastern Siberia. Winter in this area is cold, with frosts up to -40 degrees and arctic air masses. In the summer, the maximum temperature is +14 degrees. The amount of precipitation here is the average - about 600 mm per year.
Most of the Russian Federation lies in a temperate belt, but in different fields its type of climate was formed. The European part occupies a temperate climate. The average summer temperature is +22 degrees, and winter -18. The precipitation falls over the year about 800 mm. There are the influence of the Arctic and Atlantic cyclones. Humidity throughout the climatic region is different.
Continental climate
In Western Siberia, the region of the continental climate. Here is a meridal circulation of air masses. Winter here is cold, with an average temperature of -25 degrees. Summer warms up to +25 degrees. The precipitation happens a bit: from 300 to 600 mm per year. On the territory of Eastern Siberia and the mountainous terrain of Southern Siberia, the situation is completely different. Here is a reskokontinental climate and other weather conditions. The precipitation drops a bit, not more than 400 mm per year. Winter in this area is harsh and frost reaches -40 degrees. In summer there are high temperatures that reach +26 reach, but the warm season lasts a short time.
In the Far East zone of the monsoon climate. Here is dry and frosty winter with a temperature of -20-32 degrees. Snow drops a small amount. Summer wet with cool air. The average temperature is from +16 to +20 degrees. Here are a large amount of precipitation - more than 800 mm per year. The weather affects the monsoon and cyclones.
A completely small strip of the Black Sea coast lies in the subtropical climate. Here warm air masses and high temperatures. Even in winter, plus temperature. Summer is not too roast, but long long. The average annual precipitation is 1000 mm.
Since the territory of the country is large, it is in several climatic belts. But even inside one zone there are climatic differences. Somewhere too cold and tightening winter, and somewhere long summer. The weather affects the movement of air masses from other climatic belts.
Subtropical climate
The narrow band of the Black Sea coast lies in the zone of subtropical climate. Here, the Caucasian Mountains serve as a natural barrier for cold air masses from the east, so heat is saved on the seashore. Even in winter, the air temperature does not fall below zero degrees Celsius. In the summer in the region: there is no crazy heat, and the heat continues relatively long, capturing the spring and autumn months. The sediments in the subtropics fall all year round, the total number of their number every year does not exceed 1000 millimeters. Favorable climatic conditions and the proximity of the Black Sea influenced the fact that many resorts appeared here: in Sochi, Tuapse, Anapa, Gelendzhik.
What areas of activity are a climatic factor
Some spheres of anthropogenic activity depend on climatic conditions. First of all, this is the resettlement of people, as they can select a new place of residence depending on the state of health. Some individuals are suitable only a certain type of climate.
When building residential buildings and industrial facilities, the type of climate is required. From this depends the choice of building materials and technologies. In addition, climate conditions are important in the position of communication systems to build protection from heat or frost. During the construction of auto and railways, climate information is required. In this regard, it will be clear which thickness to do the road surface, at what depth are underground water and whether they will wash the road, whether it is necessary to strengthen it and what methods. Of course, the key climate is in rural and farming. For mining of minerals, information on climatic indicators is required. When organizing the resort businesses, the climate is also important to know in what season and what kind of recreation can be organized.
Russia is a country that occupies a huge area. Many nations and ethnic groups live on its territory. But, in addition, it is still divided into various climatic zones. Depending on this, various flora and fauna shares in different territories of the country. What are Russia's climatic zones, for which criteria there is a division and what are the features of these zones - read all this in the article submitted.
Total number of climatic zones
Initially, it is necessary to understand how many climatic zones exists in general. So, in nature there are four of them (the countdown comes from the line of the equator):
- Tropical.
- Subtropical.
- Moderate.
- Polar
If we speak in general, the division into climatic zones occurs in accordance with the average surface temperature of the surface of the sunny beams. It should be noted that such zoning occurred on the basis of perennial observations and conclusions made by analytical data.
About climatic zones of Russia
What are the climatic zones of Russia? The territory of the country is very large, which allowed her to settle down in three of them. So, if we talk about the belts, then there are three of them in Russia - moderate, arctic and subarctic. However, the natural-climatic zones of Russia are divided into meridians, which in the territory of the state there are 4 relating to 20, 40, 60 and 80 meridians. That is, climatic zones exist four, the fifth is called special.
Table of natural climatic zones
There are 4 climatic zones in Russia. The table is presented for easier perception of information:
| Climatic zone | Territory | Features |
| 1st zone | South of the country (Astrakhan region, Krasnodar region, Stavropol Territory, Rostov region, Republic of Dagestan, Ingushetia, etc.) | Warm areas of the country, the winter temperature is located in the area of \u200b\u200b-9.5 ° C, in the summer it can rise to +30 ° C (maximum fixed in the past century - +45.5 ° C) |
| 2nd zone | This is the Primorsky Territory, as well as areas located in the West and the Northwest of the country | The zone is very similar to the 1st. Also, the average winter temperature is located in the region of -10 ° C, summer - approximately +25 ... + 30 ° С |
| 3rd zone | Areas of Siberia and the Far East, which are not included in the 4th zone | Winter temperatures are significantly colder, on average reaches -20 ...- 18 ° C. In summer, temperature indicators range in the range of +16 ... + 20 ° C. Windiness low, wind speed rarely exceeds 4 m / s |
| 4th zone | Northern Siberia, Far East, Yakutia | These areas are below the polar circle. Winter temperatures - in the area of \u200b\u200b-41 ° C, summer is close to 0 ° C. Windiness - no more than 1.5 m / s |
| Special zone | There are territories that are located for the polar circle, as well as Chukotka | The temperature of the winter is here in the area of \u200b\u200b-25 ° C, the wind speed in winter can reach 6.5 m / s |
Considering the climatic zones of Russia, it should be noted that most of the country is located in the Arctic and subarctic belts. Also, quite a few territories occupy a moderate strip. Subtropics are not so much, it is less than 5% of the total area of \u200b\u200bRussia.
Arctic climate
To consider the climatic zones of Russia should be started with the Arctic climate. It is characteristic for special, as well as partially the 4th zone. They are placed here mostly arctic deserts, as well as tundra. The soil is almost not warming up, the sun's rays just slide on the surface, which does not allow flora to grow and develop. Fauna is also scarce, the reason is the lack of food. Winter occupies most of the time, and this is about 10 months. During the summer period, the soil does not have time to warm up, as the heat in the area of \u200b\u200b0- + 3 ° C is no more couple of weeks. In the time of the polar night, the temperature may drop to -60 ° C. The precipitation is practically absent, can only be in the form of snow.
Subarctic climate
Widespread in Russia. So, there are 4th zone there, as well as partially special and third. Winter is also long, cold, but less harsh. Summer is short, but the average temperature is above 5 degrees. Arctic cyclones cause strong wind, cloudy, there are precipitation, but non-messengers.
Temperate climate
The 3rd, as well as 2, the climatic zone of Russia belongs to the moderate climate. Covers most of the country. Seasons here are pronounced, there are spring, summer, autumn and winter. The temperature may vary from +30 ° C in the summer and up to -30 ° C in winter. For convenience, scientists this area of \u200b\u200bRussia is divided into 4:
- Moderate continental. Summer roast, winter cold. Natural zones can replace each other from steppes to taiga. Atlantic air masses prevail.
- Continental. The temperature ranges from -25 ° in winter to +25 ° C in the summer. A large amount of precipitation. Formed zone mainly Western air masses.
- Cropped continental. Small cloudiness, precipitation is also small. Summer the soil warmly warms up, in the winter deeply moderates.
- Marine, as well as monso climates. Characterized by strong winds, which are called monscons. The precipitation is abundant, there may be floods. Summer is not roast, the average air temperature is +15 ... + 20 ° C. Winters are very cold, the air temperature can be lowered to -40 ° C. In the seaside regions, winter and summer are smoothed more.
Subtropical climate
1 The climatic zone of Russia partially covers the small territory of the country in the field of Caucasian mountains. Summer is long, but not roast. In winter, the temperature does not fall below 0 ° C. Because of the proximity of the mountains of precipitation quite a lot, they are abundant.
There are no tropics and equatorial zone in Russia.
Road climatic zones
Few people know, but also there are also road-climatic zones of Russia. They are divided according to the features of road buildings for a specific territory (depending on temperature, precipitation and other climatic indicators). In this section, you can find 5 zones.
| Zone | Feature |
| 1 | These are cold tundra, the zone of permafrost. The road is held by the following settlements: De Kastri - Birobidzhan - Kansk - Carry Monchegorsk |
| 2 | For this zone, the forest is characterized, where the soil is very abundant moistened. Tomsk-Ustinov-Tula |
| 3 | Forest-steppe, soils are also very moistened. Turan - Omsk - Kuibyshev - Belgorod - Chisinau |
| 4 | The soils are not so moistened. The road passes through the cities of Volgograd - Buinaksk - Julf |
| 5 | These are deserted roads, arid soils, which are also distinguished by high salinity |
The benefits of separation on climatic zones
Why allocate the climatic zones of Russia? Table 1 and Table 2 indicate that they are quite a lot. All this exists for convenience. So, this separation is important for many areas of activity and knowledge. Most often such zoning is important:
- For tourist business, planning resorts.
- When building buildings, roads (including railways), designing communications.
- When assessing the possibility of residence in this territory of people.
- When planning mining, natural resources.
- When organizing agriculture, farming.
Well, in general, the knowledge of climatic zones helps many people improve life in various parts of the country. Data knowledge helps many optimize and master for accommodation, one or another territory. For example, cold areas require high costs, in a temperate climate, it is best to breed livestock and cultivate useful vegetation.
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