Most people when they create families, live their lives in a permanent place, i.e. in one city or country. The birth of a child already contributes to the adaptation of his body to surrounding climatic conditions, whether Siberia or the sea coast.
During our life, a small percentage of people so cares about their health, which is ready to change the place of their residence. Rather, not all this know, but the influence of the climate on human health takes place.
Alice bp found that there are 4 main ones climatic belts - It is equatorial, tropical, moderate and polar, and three transition - subequatorial, subtropical and subogenous. In the Russian Federation, moderate, arctic, subarctic and subtropical, who, in turn, also have separation, will also consider them in this article and learn the influence of the climate on the health of the population.
Adaptation to those or out of weather conditions determine the main cold and thermal receptors of each organism, the central nervous system. The most pronounced and active effect of the atmosphere, pressure, solar radiation and humidity have the most pronounced.
When the temperature regime increases, the person responds to it by the decline of the nervous system, the expansion of the vessels, decrease in pressure, decreases the process of metabolism, i.e., the body of a kind of "relaxes" and it is accustomed to it. The onset of the cold temperature regime is reflected in the return reactions.
The sun for each person is a landmark in space, a source of natural indispensable energy, it enriches and feeds the brain, affects all organs and is responsible for some reactions. Lot sun ray Especially necessary for people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, tuberculosis, rickets.The influence of the climate on human health has atmosphere pressurewhich has its own manifestation in the mountains and settlementslocated above 200-800 meters above sea level. Its raising acts on the body as an accelerator, that is, the metabolism is improved, the hemoglobin level increases, the blood circulation is accelerated, the lungs are cleaned at high speed, besides, antibodies are much faster fighting with an existing disease. But there are people who cannot adapt to the mountain climate and their condition is accompanied by weakness, dizziness, frequent heartbeat, loss of consciousness, depression.
The presence of a moderate amount of precipitation creates moisture, which is responsible for the heat transfer of the body, the thermoregulation in the body depends. Again, its increase in combination with a high air temperature leads to a slowdown and relaxation of the functioning of the internally, and the disadvantage to some acceleration. 
In Russia, for example, the coast of the Arctic Ocean in Siberia and all surrounding islands, in addition, Western Siberia and the Eastern European Plain harde the human body of a low air temperature, which does not exceed 0-4 ° C in summer, and in the winter it drops to -20 ° C - -40 ° C. There is though at least accelerates the metabolism and leads to the activity of nerve impulses in the body due to reinforced heat generation, but its as-low indicators are unnatural for humans.
Moreover, about 179 days a year in the Arctic and subarctic belts The sun does not appear at all, depriving the population of ultraviolet "feeding", the atmospheric pressure increases, the wind decreases and the polar night occurs, which often causes irritation, apathy, neurosis, other deviations of psyche, breaks a dream, even wounds can be found for a very long time.
However, such an influence of the climate on human health can be positive for people who have problems with metabolism, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. A short, wet and cool summer in the period of polar day activates physiological processes in the elderly.
Considering the climate ( read about) and human health residing in moderate belt Russia, clearly observed a change of seasons, a lot of heat and solar radiation Summer, moderate rainfall and cold snowy winter. This contributes to balancing, both the nervous system of the body, and in general, its activities, that is, it does not experience sharp drops of temperatures, ultraviolet starvation and actively leads the processes of its livelihoods.
Undoubtedly, everyone knows how connected by the marine climate and human health. Every year in the summer season to the coast of the Black, Azov and Caspian seas, masses of people go to the goal of rehabilitation. Total sun rays sea water and air, hot sand and pebbles, washed wind Truly have a positive impact on almost every person, especially with health problems.
You will be interested to learn about the influence of cold on the human body
People are constantly under the influence of the climate of the terrain where they live. The same weather regime has a certain impact on human health and well-being. Even if the latter is used to one, then the seasonal change of weather to some extent affects it.
Moreover, some individuals, which are scientifically called meteopaths, are very painfully perceived by metamorphoses occurring with weather.
The very concept of "climate" includes several phenomena: change of meteorological indicators, atmospheric electricity, solar radiation, landscape, etc. That is whole complex Factors have a certain impact on the body.
Influence of climate on human health
Separate elements affect the person in different ways. For example, high ambient temperature provokes an expansion of peripheral vessels, a decrease in blood pressure and rates of exchange processes, the blood is redistributed in the body.
But when there are low indicators on the thermometer, there is a reduction in peripheral vessels, the pressure increases, the pulse is studied, the blood flow increases and the rate of metabolic processes increases.
What effect are subject to surrounding factors:
- The nervous system at high temperatures reduces its activity, and at low, on the contrary, the excitability increases. Other organism systems act in a similar way. Basically, they depend on the reaction of metabolism, the circulatory and nervous system. However, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the body, as well as the degree, duration and speed of temperature drop. The role of human ability to acclimatization also plays the role: one is better, there are almost absent from others. In the course of life, people are developing conditional reflexes of thermoregulation, which in the future are responsible for the resistance of the body to the air temperature;
- Evalnamed and humidity. This factor affects the heat transfer that, accordingly, affects the thermoregulation of the body. Cold air movement cools the body hot - heats up;
- The wind irritates the thermistors on the skin. Depending on the strength of this phenomenon, it can cause negative or positive emotions;
- If the height of the terrain above sea level is 200 m and above, the indicators change barometric pressurethat the body responds to changes in blood circulation and the hyperventilation of the lungs. The higher the terrain, the stronger the reaction of the body. This increases the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood. Stay in the area with a pressure of 500-600 mm RT. Art., low temperatures, ultraviolet radiation provokes acceleration of the metabolic process, which is sometimes quite effective in the presence of pathological processes. Usually healthy people Do not react to minor vibrations of barometric pressure, but patients feel it as it is impossible.
Seasonal fluctuations in weather regime provoke a change in physiological functions. A nervous system, exchange processes, heat exchange, inland secretion gland reacts. A healthy person thanks to adaptive physiological mechanisms does not react to those, the patient is very sharply feels change.
In the field of medicine, there are several types of climates, which are capable of providing a certain physiological influence on the body using all their components.
Climate change on maritime: health benefits
Such conditions suggest humidified, fresh, saturated marine Solu air. The sea, his blue distance and slowly running waves always favorably affect the human nervous system.
The picturesque coast of the sea, especially the southern, reflected solar radiation, the absence of sudden temperature drops - these factors normalize all the functions of the body under the pathological process. The climate of the Crimea serves as a bright example. In addition, the braking and excitability processes in the CNS are balanced.
Against the background of such conditions different kinds Therapies have a deeper effect on the course of exchange and trophic processes. As a result, a pathological condition is eliminated. For example, the Crimea climate is perfect for health. In this case, the benefit will bring not only the patient, but also completely healthy people - they will increase adaptive functions.
Change of climate on mountain: effect on health
The exciting effect occurs when staying in highlands. This contributes to low barometric pressure on big height, sharp difference in day and night temperatures, fresh airas well as landscape. Elevated nervous system excitability stimulates the metabolic processes.
Low pressure enhances the hematopoietic functions of the bone marrow. These phenomena can be attributed to favorable stimuli. It is recommended to go to the mountains to those who need to stimulate sluggish pathological processes.
At the same time, an increase in the rate of metabolism balances nervous processes, which stimulates the immune system. As a result, the body strengthens the fight against existing diseases.
Impact of the climate of the moderate zone on human health
The conditions of steppes and forests are characterized by minor temperature fluctuations, moderate and stable humidity. These factors are good training for the body of healthy people. Patients are also encouraged to attend such a terrain, since the plant will not harm.
Medium strip is inherent clear changing seasons - winter, spring, summer and autumn. Turn weather conditions It is necessarily accompanied by a change in physiological reactions. Ultraviolet radiation here is sufficient, weather conditions are stable.
This allows you to use a climate for people with rather different pathologies. It is especially good, he will affect those who suffer from cardiovascular diseases.
Climate and health in desert
Hot air coated with scanty plains vegetation, hot dusty soil - these factors inherent in the desert climate provoke the overvoltage of adaptation reactions. For a patient, this provision is not always favorable.
For example, stable dry and hot weather leads to a problem of abundant sweating and a person can lose up to 10 liters of liquid per day. However, this method of dehydration occurring through the skin is used to treat people suffering from kidney disease.
Climate and human health in northern latitudes
Monotonous plains, places covered with forests, lakes, winter air, short, warm, wet summer - these factors are inherent in the northern locations. Stay here will be excellent training for the body, as it turns out to be a hardware.
When the heat generation increases, the speed of exchange processes occurs, regulatory regulators are activated nervous mechanisms respiratory and vascular system, and this, in turn, favorably affects physiological functions. It is recommended to be treated in these latitudes to many patients, especially elderly people.
What climate is better for health
Moving from one zone to another activates the human body, causes favorable emotions, but only on condition that he is healthy. Rest from work, life, air change, changing other surrounding factors - all this is well affected on physical and emotional state.
Almost invariably, a person is subject to the influence of the climate of the terrain where he lives. Over the years, the weather has already developed on the health and human health. Even if the person is already accustomed to the local climate, all the same, his body responds to the change of seasons, and some people in which climate variability affects even with small oscillations, can perceive it quite painfully. And in this case, the dependence of a person from climate becomes clear, which, when exposed to certain factors, can be more active or may be in the oppressed state.
Under the climate, it is necessary to mean not only the changes of meteorological factors, but also solar and earthly radiation, the electricity of the atmosphere, the terrain landscape and magnetic fields, that is, the entire complex of climate factors that can have a direct impact on the human body.
Organism
It has long been proven to the influence of the climate on human health. At high air temperature, peripheral vessels are expanding, blood pressure decreases, the blood is redistributed to the organism and the oppression of metabolism. At low temperatures, peripheral vessels are reduced, the blood pressure increases, the pulse is studied, and the metabolism and blood flow is enhanced.
- When fluctuating temperatures, changes in the human nervous system occur. So, at high temperatures there is a decrease in excitability, and at low - excitability increases. The reaction of the remaining organism systems directly depends on the reactions of nervous and blood Systemsas well as metabolism. But the reaction scheme may vary depending on the extent, the duration and speed of changes in the ambient temperature, and the personality of each person and the level of its acclimatization to certain conditions also plays a major role. Tesing all the processes of climate variability, the body generates thermostat reflexes that provide resistance to various temperature fluctuations.
- Air humidity, first of all, affects the heat transfer, which affects the thermoregulatory functions of the body. Aerial masses Can cool the human body if they are cold, and if they are hot, they, therefore, will heat the body. With the influence of the wind, the thermoreceptors of the skin are irritated, and the irritation can be pleasant, or cause negative sensations. At a height after 300-800 meters above sea level, a barometric pressure shift, a person can react with the hyperventilation of the lungs, as well as changes in the circulatory system. When the height increases, all these reactions acquire an even more pronounced nature, the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin increases in the blood. When a person is at a height with a pressure of 500-600 mm Hg. Art. In combination with low temperature and solar radiation, it enhances the metabolism process, which can beneficially affect certain pathological processes. Therefore, sick people are not recommended a sharp climate change and barometric pressure.
- Seasonal oscillations, as a rule, cause a person to replace the activity of physiological functions, with a change in the reactions of the nervous system, the activity of the glands of the internal secretion, the metabolic processes and heat exchange. If a person is healthy, then such changes as, for example, a change in the pore threshold, it practically does not respond in connection with the adaptability to this organism. On the contrary, sick people can perceive it very painful, with a deterioration in the overall condition and exacerbation of diseases.
Doctors can compare this or that effect of the climate on human life, depending on its type. Also different types of climate can have a variety of physiological actions on humans.
Climate
- Marine climate, with fresh, wet, saturated sea salt by air, combined with blue dala and continuously running waves, in almost any case, has a beneficial effect on the nervous system. Beautiful shores, especially southern seas or oceans, where solar radiation is reflected, and there are no sharp fluctuations in temperature, contribute to the activation of a normal balance between the processes of excitation and braking in the nervous system, and also normalize the various physiological processes of the body, if pathological changes are present. As medical measures, these climatic conditions have an effect on trophic and metabolic processes, which contributes to the elimination of a painful state, and in the body of a healthy person they can strengthen adaptive physiological reactions.
- Mountain climate, low pressure, high height, sharp change in the temperature of the day and night, and fresh air can prove that the influence of the climate on human activity may acquire a stimulating nature. In such conditions, the excitability of the nervous system increases, the activation of psychological processes, and, consequently, labor productivity can grow. No wonder so many creative people are gaining inspiration in mountain settlements, with beautiful nature And fresh air.
- The desert climate is dry and hot air, hot dust, and causes adaptation processes to work in the enhanced mode, which is not a favorable factor. Dry and hot weather causes human fluid release, up to 10 liters per day.
- The climate of the North, with the monotony of plains, winter cold and boom, is considered a good hardware. The metabolism is increased due to increased heat generation. All organism systems stabilize.
Based on these data, it can be represented as a climate affects a person, and what consequences it can apply to our body.
For a long time, the essential role of climate in human life is proved. The life of humanity is determined mainly by the spatial limits of the surface. globe: Total area of \u200b\u200b510 million km., Of which more than 70% are occupied by the oceans and seas. Approximately 10% occupy eternal ice and other mainland squares for people.
It is necessary to do everything that is possible to accommodate living conditions on earth for normal habitat. At the same time, however, it is impossible not to be considered geographically, to change which is radically impossible.
There are many factors such as radiation, magnetic fields, cosmic radiation and static electricity; The importance of their effect on human health should not be taken into account.
In addition to the direct effects of weather factors, there is an indirect impact of the climate, since climatic conditions determine to some extent the nature of food consumed, sanitary methods, the design of residential buildings, institutions and industrial enterprises, influence the social and family structure, as well as the viability of not only insects, animals, but also a person.
It should be noted that this influence takes place not only in relation to the formation, but also the characteristics of the course of the disease.
The concept of "climate" includes a number of components, in a combination of human health in a number of cases, positively, and in some cases There may be negative effects. It is possible a lot of examples, when it is precisely a combination of individual climate elements that applied to human health.
Complex climatic characteristics - air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind mode, precipitation, the repeatability of weather classes - all this in aggregate affects human health. But the main thing is the degree of adaptation.
When studying geography of health, you should consider climate whims. It can be given a lot of examples of meteorological records, which directly or indirectly have an impact on the health of the population living in the territories, and, as a rule, it affected not immediately, but after certain periods. Let's give some examples.
It is clear to everyone, which can lead long periods of drought, especially in cases if the population does not turn out to be the public.
Increased humidity has a certain effect on the state of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs. Large average annual precipitation in Colombia (in South America) - 8922 mm. The rain was 24 hours. During this time, 990 mm of precipitation fell. However, the world record on the average annual amount of precipitation is 11684 mm - hold Hawaii.
In assessing the frequency of chronic diseases of the lungs, it is necessary to take into account the territory with various degrees of humidity, and we are talking not only about simultaneous observation, for example, in the US, in the state of Montana, on July 4, 1956, he passed the most heavy rain In the world, when 31.2 mm of precipitation fell in 1 min, and on July 22, 1947, 304.8 mm of precipitation fell in 47 min in Montana. But Chile is considered the most rainy in the world, it rains 325 days a year.
Fog, as you know, can simulate suspended particles emitted from pipes of enterprises, as well as by itself can affect the condition of the respiratory system. Most of all foggy days a year - on average 120 - noted on the island of Newfoundland, the impact of fog and smog on the health of the population is known.
IN cubic centimeter The air is usually contained from 200 to 10,000 positive and negative ions. Depending on the temperature, humidity, dusty of air, the concentration of ions can reach up to 5000 per 1 cm '. In such quantities, they affect the intensity of the heart, breathing, blood pressure and even on the metabolism.
It has been established that a large concentration of positive ions causes people a suffocation, dizziness, a decrease in total tone, fatigue and fainting; Increased concentration of negative ions acts on the body positively.
Low and high temperature The body transfers in different ways depending on the air saturation of moisture. Thus, at a temperature of 20's, the saturated air moving at a rate of 3 m / s seems to be as cool as the fixed air at 14's temperature. A sharp increase in humidity causes shortness of breath in sick people, the increase in heartbeat, defeat, apathy. In a normally ventilated room, a person feels good at such ratios between the temperature and humidity of the air: 20 and 80%; 28 and 60%; 30 and 44% 35 and 33%
It was noted that a decrease in atmospheric pressure by 10 - 12 mm Hg. Art. May lead to vascular catastrophes.
They were compared, for each season separately, days with geomagnetic perturbations and without them with mortality from brain strokes. The calculation was made on one geomagnetic-perturbed and one geomagnetic-quiet day. The greatest number of deaths from the brain stroke falls on the winter and autumn seasons. In the summer, the biotropic effect of geomagnetic perturbation is expressed weaker.
Vascular diseases of the brain are the third cause of mortality after myocardium and cancer ischemia. These diseases are common in all countries of the world, the number of patients grows as the life expectancy of people increases.
Apoplex is striking women almost as often as men. The incidence and death rate from apoplexy depend on the physical and cultural environmental factors. Among the population aged from 58 to 64 years, the apoplexy is most often registered in Japan, on Taiwan Islands, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, in Portugal, Bulgaria, on. Malta, in Scotland and Chile. Less often apoplexy is found in Central America, in the Philippines and in Thailand.
There is regional differentiation within the same country. In Japan, for example, the maximum incidence is noted in the northern part of. Honshu, in the US-in southeastern states, and more often among blacks. This disease is more often striking the Japanese living in Japan than their countrymen that moved to Hawaii or in the United States. The inverse picture is observed under myocardial ischemia.
Medical geography makes it possible to deeper to know the patterns of the propagation of vascular diseases of the brain.
The temperature difference is another effective factor. The lowest temperature on Earth (with the exception of Antarctic stations) was noted in Greenland - 66,1's; The highest temperature in Europe (+50 ') was in Spain, in Seville; The highest temperature in South America (+48.9 ') was in Argentina, in the area of \u200b\u200bRyvadavia. At the same time, the highest temperature for Antarctica at the Esperance Polar Station + 14's. It is necessary to take into account that most sunny days In Sahara, the sun is shining there 4300 hours per year, that is, almost 12 hours daily. And it is not by chance that the smallest rainfall falling out in Africa in Sudan.
A person especially affects the change of temperatures. We are talking not about changing temperatures during the time of year, as, for example: the most a big difference Between the highest and lowest temperature - 101,7's - in Russia, in Verkhoyansk. But sometimes the temperature differences and pressure drops are in short period. Often it is associated with thunderstorms. There are many phenomena of nature for human life; Storms in the oceans and seas carry a lot of human lives: the highest sea \u200b\u200bwave - 34 m - was recorded in the Pacific Ocean. If a similar wave - circles collapsed ashore, it makes tremendous damage to the economy of coastal countries and is dangerous to live people.
Sudden large town Not only destroys crops, but also life is dangerous. It is believed that the largest hail that fell on Earth (one Grandina weighed 1.9 kg) was in Kazakhstan.
As you know, thunderstorm lightning also often find victims, considering that the most outgrowth days in the world (on average 242 days a year) in Uganda, in Campal, then the degree of risk becoming a victim of lightning there is the highest.
Information about the weather, which is currently published, still does not satisfy the needs of medicine, since it does not have many parameters and characteristics that are important for humans.
The value of the assessment of the climatogeographic conditions of human residence is that it is necessary to take into account not only the impact on its bodies, but also on the body of pathogens of disease. And under certain conditions, these influences may increase by stimulating the activity of microorganisms.
When evaluating the effect of meteorological conditions, some one or two components are usually taken into account, forgetting that the effect of wind, atmospheric pressure, temperature often creates such a combination of conditions that may be dangerous to human health.
It is believed that the weather-climatic conditions affect the person both directly and indirectly. And at the same time, conditionalflex influences should be taken into account. Where is the limit of adaptive capabilities to change the temperature? Why not only patients, but healthy people often respond to weather changes, not always extreme, but in some cases even comfortable?
Often the reaction is not only on the day of the weather shift, but also a few days before or after it. The so-called signal influences are manifested. The reasons for these phenomena are not yet completely clarified. However, when evaluating the weather characteristics, only its negative period is taken as the basis.
There is a problem to identify the medical and climatic characteristics of the territories where the person lives. To do this, it is necessary to establish links between meteorological indicators and physiological and pathological reactions occurring in the human body under the influence of weather.
Meteorological indicators should reflect the effect of weather per person. Based on the established links, meteorological indicators are selected, which in the best way reflecting the effect of weather per person and allowing to give comparative rating Effect of climate.
Calculation of data meteorological stations The average quadratic deviations and other statistical parameters, as well as the repeatability of a number of indicators, followed by their mapping on the territory under study, opens up the opportunity for medical and climatic and climatological forecasts and construct models of the possible influence of climate on the health of the population, taking into account the degree of acclimatization of the population and socio-economic conditions.
The cartographic method remains very effective. At the same time, a number of cards are drawn up: climate structure maps on the moment of moment for the year; the structure of the weather classes for the year; Structures of the weather classes for kagkdy month; The distributions of the average monthly values \u200b\u200bof the conditional air temperature and the intensity of excess heat in the human body and their average quadratic deviations. Along with this, the cards of the average monthly indexes of weather variability and their average quadratic deviations; Repeatability of periods of various durations with clear and rainy weather, as well as cards of meteorological conditions of climatotherapy and labor regimes.
Weather variability maps are very important for organizing preventive measures. It is known that pathological comes mainly in 1 - 2 days before the coming change of weather. The appearance of meteorological reactions can be envisaged and compile a medical prognosis in advance 1-3 days before the weather shift. In the Urals, a study was conducted, which showed that in ischemic heart disease and hypertension, the number of adverse outcomes can be reduced during the timely information about the forecast.
A modern person cannot avoid the effect of the medium, even if it has been transformed by its activities. Weather or climate, landscape or season, rural lifestyle, growing urbanization, etc., is not indifferent factors for humans. Many of the tasks of modern bioclimatology and geography, nutrition and growth, genetics of health and pathology are associated with weather, water quality and soil and are the subject of medical and geographical environmental research.
Alexander Vasilyevich Chaklin, Health Geography.
Also in deep antiquity Our ancestors knew about the dependence of well-being and all the vital processes from the weather and other natural phenomena. First written evidence on the effect of natural climatic phenomena on health A person is known for a long time. In India, 4000 years ago they talked about the acquisition by plants medical properties From the rays of the sun, thunderstorms and rains. Tibetan medicine has still associated diseases with certain combinations of meteorological factors. Ancient Greek Medic Hippocrates (460-377 BC) wrote in their "aphorisms", in particular, that people behave differently in relation to the time of year: some are closer to the summer, others - by winter, and Diseases proceed differently (good or bad) at different times of the year, in different countries and living conditions.
The basis of the scientific direction in medicine on the influence of climatic factors on human health originated in the XVII century. In Russia, studying the influence of climate, seasons and weather per person began with the foundation of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (1725). In development theoretical foundations This science played a big role to play outstanding domestic scientists I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov and others. At the beginning of the XXI century, it was proved that the outbreak of western Nile fever in the Volgograd and Astrakhan region is related to abnormally warm winter. The heat of 2010 led to an unprecedented growth of this disease - 480 cases in Volgograd, Rostov, Voronezh and Astrakhan regions. There is also a gradual advancement of tick-borne encephalitis to the north, which is proved by the works of prof. N.K. Tokarevich (St. Petersburg Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology. Pasteur) in the Arkhangelsk region, and this phenomenon is also imposed with climatic changes.
The climate has a direct and indirect influence on a person. Direct influence is very diverse and is due to the immediate action of climatic factors on the human body and primarily on the conditions of heat transfer of it with the medium: to blood supply to the skin, respiratory, cardiovascular and sweeping system.
The human body, as a rule, affects not one isolated factor, and their totality, and the main action is not ordinary fluctuations. climatic conditionsAnd mostly their sudden changes. For any living organism, certain rhythms of vital activity of diverse frequency were established.
For some functions, the human body is characterized by a change in their seasons of the year. This concerns the body temperature, the intensity of metabolism, the circulatory system, the composition of blood cells and tissues. So, in the summer period, blood is redistributed from internal organs To skin cover, so blood pressure is lower than in winter.
Climatic factors affecting a person
Most of the physical factors of the external environment, in cooperation with which the human body evolved has an electromagnetic nature. It is well known that air refreshes the air near the rapid water: there is a lot of negative ions in it. For the same reason, people seem to be pure and refreshing air after a thunderstorm. On the contrary, the air in close rooms with an abundance of different kinds of electromagnetic devices is saturated with positive ions. Even a relatively short-term location in such a room leads to inhibition, drowsiness, dizziness and headaches. A similar picture is observed in windy weather, in dusty and wet days. Specialists in the field of environmental medicine believe that negative ions have a positive effect on human health, and positive - negatively.
Ultraviolet radiation
Among climatic factors are large biological significance It has a shortwave part of the solar spectrum - ultraviolet radiation (WFIC) (wavelength 295-400 nm).
Ultraviolet irradiation is a prerequisite for normal human life. It destroys microorganisms on the skin, warns Rahit, normalizes the exchange of minerals, increases the durability of the body to infectious diseases and other diseases. Special observations found that children received a sufficient amount of ultraviolet, ten times less susceptible to colds than children who did not receive a sufficient number of ultraviolet irradiation. With a lack of ultraviolet irradiation, phosphorous calcium exchange is disturbed, the sensitivity of the body is increased to infectious diseases and to a cold, there are functional disorders of the central nervous system, some chronic diseases are exacerbated, general physiological activity is reduced, and, consequently, human performance. Especially sensitive to "light hunger" children, in whom he leads to the development of Avitaminosis D (to Rachita).
The territory of the Russian Federation on the basis of perennial studies of the UV mode of its hygienic significance is divided into a number of zones in accordance with the level of WFIC entering the surface of the Earth. A person must be obtained for the year at least 45 "portions of the Sun", i.e. ERICTEME DOUBS OF WFICH. The north the locality is, the more you have to spend time to gain this rate. The UV deficiency zones are located north of 57.5 s.sh.
Temperature
Temperature is one of the important abiotic factors affecting all the physiological functions of all living organisms. The temperature on the earth's surface depends on geographic latitude and height above sea level, as well as the time of year. For a person in lightweight clothes, the air temperature is + 19 ... 20 ° C, without clothes - + 28 ... 31 ° C.
When the temperature parameters vary, the human body produces specific reactions to the device relative to each factor, that is, adapts.
How is the adaptation to temperature changes.The main cold and thermal skin receptors ensures the thermoregulation of the body. With different temperature effects, the signals into the central nervous system are not received by individual receptors, but from the whole areas of the skin, the so-called receptor fields, the dimensions of which are non-permanent and depend on body temperature and the environment.
The body temperature is more or less affected by the entire body (on all organs and systems). The ratio of the temperature of the external environment and body temperature determines the nature of the thermoregulation system.
Environmental temperature advantage below body temperature. As a result, there is a heat exchange between the medium and the human body, the heat is constantly due to its body surface and through the respiratory tract to the surrounding space. This process is customary to call heat transfer. The formation of heat in the human body as a result of oxidative processes is called heat generation. In a state of rest with normal well-being, the magnitude of heat generation is equal to the magnitude of heat transfer. In a hot or cold climate, with physical exertion of the body, diseases, stress, etc. Heat formation and heat transfer levels may vary.
How is the adaptation to low temperatures.The conditions under which the human body adapts to cold may be different (for example, work in unheated rooms, refrigeration plants, in winter street). In this case, the action of the cold is not constant, but alternating with normal for the human body temperature regime. Adaptation in such conditions is not expressed. In the first days, reacting to a low temperature, heat generation increases uneconomically, the heat transfer is still not limited enough. After adaptation, heat generation processes become more intense, and the heat transfer is reduced.
Otherwise, adaptation is taken to the living conditions in northern latitudes, where not only low temperaturesBut also inherent in these lathe lighting mode and solar radiation levels.
What happens in the human body during cooling.Due to the irritation of cold receptors, reflector reactions are changed, regulating heat conservation: blood vessels are narrowed, which reduces the organism heat transfer. It is important that the processes of heat generation and heat transfer were balanced. The predominance of heat transfer over heat generation leads to a decrease in body temperature and impaired body functions. At the body temperature of 35 ° C, there is a violation of the psyche. A further decrease in temperature slows down blood circulation, metabolism, and at temperatures below 25 ° C stops breathing.
One of the factors of the intensification of energy processes is lipid exchange. For example, the polar researchers in which the metabolism is slowed down under conditions of low air temperature, take into account the need to compensate for energy costs. Their diet differ high energy value (calorie). The residents of the northern regions have a more intense metabolism. The bulk of their diet is proteins and fats. Therefore, in their blood, the fatty acid content is increased, and the sugar level is somewhat low.
In people who adapt to the wet, cold climate and the oxygen deficiency of the North, also increased gas exchange, high cholesterol content in blood serum and mineralization of the skeleton bones, a more thickened layer of subcutaneous fat (performing the function of the heat insulator).
However, not all people are equally capable of adapting. In particular, in some people in the conditions of the North, protective mechanisms and adaptive restructuring of the body can cause disadaptation - whole line pathological changes, called "polar disease". One of the most important factors that ensure the adaptation of a person to the conditions of the Far North is the need of an organism in ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which increases the stability of the body to various infections.
Adaptation to exposure high temperatures. Tropical conditions can provide bad influence on the human body. Negative effects may be the result of aggressive environmental factors, such as ultraviolet irradiation, extreme heat, sharp temperature shifts and tropical storms. For weather-sensitive people, the exposition to the tropical conditions of the medium increases the risk of acute diseases, including ischemic heart disease, asthmatic seizures and kidney stones. Negative effects can be enhanced by a sudden climate change, for example, when traveling by air.
High temperatures can affect the human body in artificial and natural conditions. In the first case, it is in mind the work in the rooms with high temperatures, alternating with the stay in a comfortable temperature.
High temperature medium excites thermal receptors whose pulses include reflex reactions aimed at improving heat transfer. At the same time, the skin vessels expand, the flow of blood along the vessels is accelerated, the thermal conductivity of peripheral tissues increases 5-6 times. If this is not enough to maintain the thermal equilibrium, the skin temperature increases and the reflex sweating begins - the most effective way to recover heat ( the greatest number Sweat glands on the skin of the hands, face, armpits). At the indigenous inhabitants of the south, the average body weight is less than that of the inhabitants of the North, the subcutaneous fat is not very developed. The morphological and physiological features of populations living in high temperature and lack of moisture (in deserts and semi-deserts, areas adjacent to them) are particularly pronounced. For example, the Aborigines of Central Africa, South India and other regions with a hot dry climate have long thin limbs, a small mass of the body.
Intensive sweating during the residence of a person in a hot climate leads to a decrease in the amount of water in the body. To compensate for the loss of water, it is necessary to increase its consumption. The local population is more adapted to these conditions than people who came from a temperate zone. Aboriginal has twice-three less than the daily need for water, as well as in proteins and fats, as they have a high energy potential, and enhances thirst. Since as a result of intensive floating plasma in the blood plasma decreases the content of ascorbic acid and other water-soluble vitamins, carbohydrates are dominant in the dating of the local population, which increase the endurance of the body, and vitamins that allow them to be carried out physical work During a long time.
From which factors depends on the perception of temperature.The temperature of the wind is most sensitively enhanced. With strong wind, cold days seem even colder, and hot - even hotter. Humidity affects the body's perception. With elevated humidity, the air temperature seems lower than in reality, and with reduced humidity - on the contrary.
The perception of temperature is individually. One people like cold frosty winterAnd the other is warm and dry. It depends on the physiological and psychological features A person, as well as the emotional perception of the climate, in which his childhood passed.
Impact of the mountain climate on the human body
One of the difficult in environmental attitude Human residence is a high mountain. The main abiotic factors affecting in this case on the body are changes in partial pressure of atmospheric gases, in particular oxygen, lowering average daily temperature, Enhance solar radiation. Some cities are located at a considerable height above sea level: Mexico City - 2277 m, Addis Ababa - about 2000 m. At high altitude there are many rural villages in the Caucasus, in the Himalayas, on the Pamir and other places. In general, tens of millions of people live in the conditions of highlands. Populations of people have long been living under these conditions have a number of adaptive adaptations. Thus, in the blood of Indians of Peruvian Andes (living and operating at an altitude of about 4000 meters), an increased hemoglobin content and the number of erythrocytes are observed (up to 8 × 10 12 in 1 liter of blood).
It is known that at the stage of long-term acclimatization, the number of erythrocytes and the content of hemoglobin, increasing the oxygen capacity of blood, is growing (the erythrocyte dry substance contains up to 95% hemoglobin). The increase in the concentration of red blood cells begins with 2-3 days and can increase by 40-50% by the 4th week of staying in the mountains (reducing up to 8 million / mm 3, while the residents of the plains are 4.5-5 million / mm 3). This is due to an increase in the secretion of hormones - erythropoethines in the red bone marrow. It is less known that at the stage of long-term adaptation, in addition to a typical adult hemoglobin (HBA), embryonic hemoglobin (HBF) appears, capable of attaching O 2 at a lower partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air: young erythrocytes have a higher level of energy exchange. The high-altitude adaptation is also caused by the growth of leukocytes, the maximum of which (+ 40%) is achieved about the 40th day of stay in the mountains.
But not every person who fell into the conditions of the mountain climate can overcome the influence of these factors. It depends on its physiological features and body training. If the adaptation did not occur, in humans, due to the fall in the partial pressure of oxygen, the so-called mountain disease develops. Her hypoxia causes - a lack of oxygen in the tissues of the body. In the case of a sudden movement (aircraft) of a person in high-mountainous areas (over 3000 meters) develops acute form Mountain sickness: shortness of breath, weakness, healing of heartbeat, dizziness, headache, oppressed state. Further perspective of man in such conditions can lead to his death. For the prevention of acute mountainous disease, the one who plans to carry out a tour in the mountains must pass a medical examination and special training.
Ambient temperature and life
In the early stages historical Development Temperature factor playing important role In choosing people's settlement sites. When a person learned to carve fire, some independence from the negative effects of the medium appeared. But despite this, the temperature factor retains its value to this day. This is evidenced by the dependence of the population density on the average annual temperature of a particular geographical area. An important indicator is a seasonal difference. Minimum seasonal temperature fluctuations in tropical zones Very favorable for life. IN northern regions Population increases mainly by increasing cities, where there are conditions for partial isolation of a person from unfavorable environmental influences.
Effect on human environmental factors
All environmental factors act on living organisms in different ways. Some of them provide them with life, others - harm, others can be indifferent to them. Environment factors, in one way or another affecting the body, are called environmental factors. By origin and nature of the impact, environmental factors are divided into abiotic, biotic and anthropic.
It has long been known as important for patient fresh air, a warm climate, pure water. Often a person to cure, just change the climate, live in a mountain or countryside, near the forest or the sea. With the discovery of B. modern medicine effective drugs Natural factors have not lost their health significance.
Violation of natural equilibrium leads to the unbalancement of a holistic system "Man - Environment". Air pollution, water, soil, food, noise loads, stressful situations as a result of the accelerated rhythm of life, are negatively reflected on human health both physical and mental.
The problem of the relationship between humans and nature, harmony between society and the environment has always been relevant. Most gerontologists (scientists who work on the problem of longevity), biologists, ecologists and doctors-clinicians believe that the human body can and should function normally more than 100 years. Health, biological and moral perfection of each person largely depends on the state of the social and natural environment of his life. The complex effect of vital components should form optimal environmental conditions For human existence.
The biological future of humanity depends, first of all, on how much it will be able to save the main natural parameters, which provide a full life - a certain gas composition of the atmosphere, purity of fresh and sea water, soil, flora and fauna, favorable thermal regime in the biosphere, low radiation background on the ground.
Natural and climatic conditions and health
Human health largely depends on weather conditions. For example, in winter, people are more often ill, pulmonary diseases, influenza, angina.
The diseases associated with weather conditions are primarily overheating and supercooling. Overheating and thermal blows occur in summer with hot weatherless weather. Flu, colds, Query Upper respiratory tract, as a rule, arise in the autumn-winter period of the year. Some physical factors (atmospheric pressure, humidity, air movement, oxygen concentration, the degree of indignation of the magnetic field of the Earth, the level of contamination of the atmosphere) is not only a direct impact on the human body. Separately, or in combination, they may aggravate the flow of existing diseases, prepare certain conditions for the reproduction of pathogens of infectious diseases. So, B. cold period years due to the extreme variability of weather are sharpened cardiovascular diseases - Hypertensive disease, angina, myocardial infarction. Intestinal infections (abdominal typhoid, dysentery) affect people in the hot season. In children under the year, the largest number of lung inflammation is registered in January - April.
In people with disorders of the functions of the nervous vegetative system or chronic diseases, the adaptation to changing weather factors is difficult. Some patients are so much sensitive to weather changes, which can serve as peculiar biological barometers, unmistakably predicting the weather for several. Studies conducted by the Siberian Branch of the Academy Medical Sciences The Russian Federation has shown that 60-65% of weather suffering from cardiovascular diseases are sensitive to fluctuations in weather factors, especially in spring and autumn, with significant fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, air temperature and changes in the geomagnetic field of the Earth. In the invasion of air fronts, causing a contrasting change of weather, crises are more often observed in hypertension, the state of patients with atherosclerosis of the brain vessels are deteriorating, cardiovascular disasters grow.
In the era of urbanization and industrialization, people most of their lives are carried out in the room. The longer the body is isolated from external climatic factors and is located in a comfortable subcomformer conditions of the microclimate of the room, the more decreased its adaptive reactions to the constantly changing weather parameters, including thermoregulation processes are weakened. As a result, the dynamic equilibrium between the human body is disturbed and external environment, Complications arise in people with cardiovascular pathology - crises, myocardial infarction, brainstorms. Therefore, it is necessary to organize a modern weather forecast, as a method for preventing cardiovascular disasters.
Almost every person, surviving up to a certain age, surviving the next stress or recovering from illness, suddenly begins to feel the dependence of its condition and mood from changing environmental factors. It is usually concluded that the weather acts on health. At the same time, other people with random health, great confidence in their abilities and opportunities, do not represent how such minorities from their point of view are factors such as atmospheric pressure, geomagnetic perturbations, gravitational anomalies in the solar system to act per person. Moreover, the group of opponents of the influence of geophysical factors per person often includes physics and geophysics.
The main arguments of skeptics are rather controversial physical calculations of the energy significance of the electromagnetic field of the Earth, as well as changes in its gravitational field under the action of the forces of the attraction of the Sun and the planets of the solar system. This states that in the cities of industrial electromagnetic fields Many times more powerful, and the value of the change in the gravitational field, which constitutes the figure with the eight zeros after the comma, does not have any physical meaning. Such an alternative point of view on the influence of solar, geophysical and weather factors on human health, for example, geophysics.
Organized in some geographic zones Russian medical and weather constraint shows that therapeutic and preventive measures in days with unfavorable types of weather dramatically reduce the number of meteoropic reactions in cardiovascular patients. The study on the adaptation of the body to adverse environmental conditions, conducted in various climatic zones of Russia, made it possible to develop a system for calculating and evaluating weather conditions taking into account, seasonal oscillations and variability of the main geliometeorological factors. The nature and accuracy of the correlation bonds characterizing the meteotropic reactions of the human body are established.
Climate change as a threat to the health of the population of the Earth
The report of the intergovernmental group on climate change confirmed the existence large number Actual data indicating the impact of the global climate on human health. Impermanence and climate change leads to death and diseases as a result of natural disasters, such as periods strong heat, Flooding and drought. In addition, many serious diseases are extremely sensitive to changing the temperatures and precipitation modes. These diseases include transmissible diseases, such as malaria and dengue, as well as nutritional failure and diarrhea, which are other leading causes of death. Climate change also contributes to the growth of the global burden of disease, and it is expected that in the future this trend will be exacerbated.
The impact of climate change on human health is not uniform worldwide. It is believed that the population of developing countries, especially small island states, arid and high-altitude zones, as well as densely populated coastal areas is particularly vulnerable.
Fortunately, many of the hazards for health can be avoided due to existing health programs and events. Consistent actions to strengthen the basic elements of health systems and the stimulation of healthy development systems can strengthen the health of the population now, as well as to reduce the vulnerability before climate change in the future.
WHO Strategy for Health Protection from the Impact of Changing Climate
The World Health Organization (WHO) supports Member States in protecting public health from the impact of a changing climate and represents the health sector within universal UN response to this global problem. Currently, WHO is developing global strategy, which is a comprehensive program of international response measures aimed at protecting health from the impact of a changing climate. This strategy is carried out by WHO and partners in the health sector in coordination with the activities of the UN and other partner organizations.
The role of WHO as part of the UN response to climate change.Healthcare professionals are a clear role in protecting the health and well-being of people from the impact of a changing climate. WHO presents this community on international Level and contributes to the response measures of the entire UN system system by providing the Conference of the UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) of Special Health Care, participation in Nairobi Working program UNFCCC on the impact, vulnerability and adaptation, as well as working with other specialized organizations and programs, such as WMO, UNEP and UNDP, on capacity-building projects and implementation.
Healthy development management.Many solutions affecting climate change have also direct consequences for human health. WHO draws attention to the so-called "win-win" situations in which due to the choice of sustainable development paths can at the same time reduce our impact on global climate and improve the health of the population, for example, by reducing the level of pollution atmospheric air and air indoors.
Strengthening health systems.Since 2000, WHO conducted 9 seminars for intersectoral government partners in order to inform them about the consequences of climate change and the exchange of experience in assessing the climate-related hazards for health and approaches to them. This series of seminars was focused on particularly sensitive and vulnerable to climate change countries within WHO regions. Each seminar has become an important forum not only to raise awareness, but also to familiarize themselves with the positions of Member States regarding approaches to additional health hazards arising from climate change. These seminars allowed the countries to understand and critically evaluate the vulnerability of health at the national and regional level, as well as determine strengths and the need for capacity building, information and resources. This ensures a reliable basis for future protective actions.
Health and climate - Pilot GEF project for adaptation.WHO is a partner of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in the new approach management project in conditions of changing and increasingly non-permanent climate. This project finances the Global Ecological Fund (GEF). The project is carried out in seven countries located in different parts of the world, in which various manifestations of health vulnerabilities are observed before climatic conditions.
Creating partnerships to improve.To protect health from the impact of a changing climate, a wide partnership is needed, in the center of which are health services related to other stakeholders. WHO regional and country bureaus provide close connections with health sectors in member states that adopt primary protection measures from the impact on the health of the changing and non-permanent climate. The program also includes long-term cooperation with research organizations in the field of health, as well as with the UN system institutions, international and national organizations dealing with mitigation of the impact of a changing climate and adapt to it.
Actual data and information for action.Since 1990, WHO publishes reports with a description and evaluation of actual data regarding the health concerns related to climate change and its impermanence. Currently, the program is increasingly focused on ensuring access to this information for the most vulnerable countries, creating technical resources For assessments of health vulnerability, as well as determining and supporting the protection of the population within their national context.
Loading...
