Sow the wind is cold or warm. Names winds

Designation of wind	Name	Direction
	Tramontana.	Northern. Strong, dry and cold, blowing from the north or northeast.
NNE	Tramontana GRECO.	North-Northeast. Strong, dry and cold, blowing from the north or northeast.
	GRECO.	Northeastern. Strong wind typical for the Mediterranean.
ENE.	Greco Levante.	East-northeast.
	Levante.	Oriental.
ESE.	Levante Scirocco.	East South-East.
	Scirocco.	Southeastern. Warm and wet wind blowing with Mediterranean Sea.
SSE	Ostro Scoricco.	Southeast.
	Ostro.	Southern, dry and warm wind.
SSW.	Ostro Libeccio.	South-South West.
	Libeccio.	Southwestern. Cold and wet wind.
WSW.	Ponente Libeccio.	West Southwest.
	Ponente.	West.
WNW.	Ponente Maestro.	West-Northwest.
	Maestro.	Northwestern.
NNW.	Tramontana Maestro.	North-North-West.

A complete collection of wind names here, in the wind dictionary - http://old.marin.ru/lib_wind_index_01.shtml

Information is taken on the site "Cloud Harbor"

Unfortunately, the site no longer exists and the link does not work accordingly.

"Over Canada the winds are evil", "over the window of the month. Under the wind window, "Hey, Barguzin, move the shaft!", "Night Marshmallow of the Ether", "Blizzard, Metelitsa", "Let the storm hit harder!", As well as "whirls are hostile" and Kamikaze, all not for the nights are remembered , the wind of change finally (I don't want to remember about Nord-West) - all this we know from songs and poems. Interestingly, there would be more poetry, if I used all possible wind names, and they are countless.

Literary criticians, of course, were calculated how much about each classic of the Russian literature of statements that implement the image of the wind. Many turns out - more than fifty. And there are still European literature. And Chinese poetry? And Japanese? An ordinary person costs a small set of different wind definitions. We all know about the blizzard, Buran, blizzards. From the language of the Indians, a hurricane came (in truth, there is another version, about the Turkic origin of the word, but the keach tribes and storms in Central America called "Huracan" - a single-legged God thunder and thunderstorms,

any weather and storms, and it is convincing). The Chinese word Di-Fyn - Big Wind - has become a famous typhoon. In childhood, tribute to travel books cannot but remember the Mistral - a strong, impetuous, cold and dry wind of the nordic directions, monsoons (very strong seasonal winds) and trade winds (oriental winds to the equator).

Oh, my dear, my incomparable lady,

Icebreaker my sadness, and my navigator looks south,

And, imagine that the star from the constellation swan

Immediately in the copper former looks mine.

Directly in the same window wind flies,

A monsoon, called the Passat, called in different places.

He flies and with an explicit smile, the letter leafs,

Unsent, because the addressee disappeared. (Visbor).

As a child's imagination, a samum description (poisoned heat) was affected - the fiery wind, the breath of death is hot, dry storms in deserts or sirocco - very dusty storm winds blowing out of the desert. And the one who read the paustovsky should remember Soyrang - according to the belief, the legendary, observed once a few hundred years, the hot night wind in Scotland.

Many remember from the mythology of Borea - the cold northern wind, in many areas of the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the deity of the Northern Wind in Greek mythology. Or marshmallow - warm and wet on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (Greece, Italy) and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. And also Aquilon is a cold northern in Rome and the corresponding deity. Less known to the Argest Dry Wind in Greece and, of course, a deity. And the wind happens, for example, white. This is a very good wind, probably, many love him: Dry and warm wind With good weather without precipitation. IN different countries he has different names: Tongara Puty, Levant, Marrene, Otan, Levconotos. And on Lake Seliger blows or idle, or married wind. There is, it turns out, the wind of France - Biz, Visa - North Wind in the mountainous regions of France, Italy, Switzerland. It plays a significant role in the formation of living conditions and is accompanied by a significant cooling.

There is a black Biz (Biz Noir, Biz Negro), there is twilight or brown. And what are the beautiful names of the winds from Arabs (travelers of marine and deserted) - Zobaa (in the deserted Egypt), Casca - in the southeastern shores of Arabia, Irifi - strong dust storm In Sahara and Morocco, sometimes bringing clouds of locusts to the Canary Islands. Kalem - very strong wind And the ocean surf from the western shores of North Africa with waves reaching a 6-meter height. Kalem is also observed in other places of ocean coasts - California and India. Khababai - on the shores of the Red Sea.

Even for sand storms There is no one name: Habub, Jana, Khava Janubi, famous Hamsin. And in the Spaniards, who have conquered the sea and oceans? Imberno, Abrego, Crypor, Stakes, Kolold, Los Brisotes de la Site Maria, Tempora, Pampper in Andes and on atlantic coastParamito in Colombia, Alisio on the Canary Islands, Cordonaso and Chubasco in Mexico. Of course, the hosts of the seas of the 18-19th centuries could not dare, and we know many English winds. But there are less well-known. Learning English Meet Idiom Dog Days - Dog Days - the period of weak winds and hot weather, often with thunderstorms. And in the ports of the United States and Canada, the workers called a storm with wet snow, slush and splashes of waves - Barber (scratched the skin, like a bad hairdresser). In Australia, there is a thunderstorm squall of drunk, or squilt bob.

And it seems not at all poetic on sound, but it is possible that very glorious German names: Allerlegenvind - warm wind in the Alps, or Mohazagotl (beard goat) - in courts. Surely Bernsteinvind (amber wind) sounded in German poetry - the wind from the sea on the Baltic coast of the Kaliningrad region. In Japan, the wind has always been attached great importance. We are sad to us known to Kamikadze - the divine wind in the mythology of Japan. According to legend, he sowed Kubila's Squadger in 1281 - the grandson of Genghis Khan. But also other winds in Japan a lot: Croše - wind with snow, Matsukadze is a small breeze, autumn chiroto, cloudy yamas. And very good wind with excellent weather - Suzukadze. "The wind sounds" and in other languages. Lou, onions, cal - hot, dry, hot and very dusty wind from Himalayas to Delhi. (There are cases of lethargic sleep, leading to loss of memory).

Ajina-Chamole - Squalistic damn wind blowing in Tajikistan and turning trees with the root. Battikalo Kachchan - Warm Wind on about. Sri Lanka. (I got a nickname crazy, since it negatively acts on the state of some patients). Tan ha MB and L and - in Equatorial Africa and on Zanzibar, which is called violent. Akman, Tukman - strong snow Buran In Bashkiria, marking the transition to the spring. Indonesian winds of Tenggar and Panas Utara, Mexican (word Aztec) - Tehuantectero, Yakutsky Couture Tal, Afghan Bad and-Sad-O-Bistoz, Bengali Bayshak, Nigerian, bringing roofs of houses - Gadari, Hawaiian Workiu. Sorocyne chamal of the Persian Gulf. And wind in Russia? One snowstorm How many: Metelitsa, Veya, Vealeitsa, Blizzard, Kura, Borocho, and with her together - gym, Volokusch, Popolzich, Pieruha, diarrhea, drag. Nutrition, the boss - at the mouth of the Kolyma River.

Baby Wind - weak Kamchatsky wind. A middle-player is the northeast wind in the north blowing from high latitudes, on Yenisei it is called a recitation, freezing. Padar - a storm with snow and wind. Khvius, Khius, Hiuses, Fuz - a sharp north wind, accompanied by a strong frost. Church - Cruel Burane with Clear Sky and Strong Claus in Western Siberia.. Leothing - Southwest wind.

There are general names, for example, the famous Levan (Levant) - oriental wind on the Mediterranean, black and Azov seas (From Gibraltar to Kuban) or Garbium - Southern Sea Wind in Italy, as well as on the Black and Azov Seas. In the Yalta Bay, he whips a high wave and is able to throw a fisherman to the shore.

Do not hide from winds. I ended the wind, and you are alive.

And the wind, complaining and crying, shakes the forest and the country.

Not every pine separately, but completely all the tree

With all dear boundless, like body sailboats

On the stroit of ship bay. And it is not from dealting

Or from rage aimless, and to find words in longing

You are for the song Lullaby.

Boris Pasternak

The emergence of local winds is mainly due to the difference in temperature conditions over large water bruises (breeze) or mountains, their stretching relative to common circulation flows and the location of the mountain valleys (hair dryer, boron, mountain-valleys), as well as a change in total atmospheric circulation by local conditions (Samum , Sirocco, Hamsin). Some of them are essentially airborne currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are believed to local winds and give them their own names.

For example, only on Baikal due to the difference in water and sushi and sushi and the complex arrangement of the steep ridges with deep valleys are distinguished by at least 5 local winds: Barguzin - warm northeast, mountain - northwest wind, causing powerful storms, Sarma is a sudden Western Wind, reaching hurricane strength up to 80 m / s, Valley - South-West Kultuk and Southeast Slanek.

Afghan

Afghan - dry, leaning local wind, with dust, which blows in Central Asia. It has southwest character and blows in the upper reaches of Amudarya. Blows from a few days to several weeks. Early spring with rains. Very aggressive. In Afghanistan, Kara-Buran is called, which means the Black Storm or Bodie Shuravi - Soviet wind.

Barguzin

Barguzin - Mighty Baikal Wind, mentioned in the song "Nice Sea - sacred Baikal"Blows mainly in the central part of the lake from the Barguzin Valley across and along Baikal. This wind blows smoothly, with gradually increasing power, but its duration is visibly inferior to the rover. Usually precedes sustainable sunny weather.

Biza.

Biza (FR.BISE) is a cold and dry northern or northeast wind in the mountainous regions of France and Switzerland. Biza is similar to Boro.

Bora

Bohr (Ial. Bora from Greek. Boreas-Northern Wind) - Strong Prying cold windflying on the coast of the seas or large lakes from the mountain ranges separating the strongly cooled and more warm (especially seaside) surface from their foot. It is formed if the low mountain ranges separate the cold air above the dry air over the water. This wind is most dangerous in frosty weatherWhen at high speed (up to 40-60 m / s) rolls off the mountain ranges to not yet frozen sea or lake. Over the warm water surface, the temperature contrast between the flow of cold air and the warm sea is significantly increased, and the boards rate increases. A squalid wind brings a strong cooling, raises high waves, And the spray of water is accomplished on the body of ships. Sometimes from the windward side on the ship, the layer of ice is growing up to 4 meters thick, under the weight of which the ship can turn over and sink. Bora lasts from a few days before the week. Especially typical Bora on the Yugoslav Coast of the Adriatic Sea, Novorossiysk (Northeast Wind), on the West Slope of the Urals - East Kizelovskaya Bora and others. Special type of boras - Stock Wind in Antarctica and on the North Island of New Earth.

Breeze

Breeze (Franz. Brise is a light wind) - the local wind of a small speed, changing the direction twice a day. Arises on the shores of the seas, lakes, sometimes large rivers. During the day, the dryer is heated faster than water, and the lower one is installed above it. atmosphere pressure. Therefore, day breeze blows from the water area on the heated coast. Night (coastal) - from the coolest coast on a heated water. The breeze is well expressed in summer during sustainable anticyclonal weather, when the difference in the temperature of sushi and water is most significant. Breeze covers a layer of air a few hundred meters and on the seas is valid within a few tens of kilometers. In the era of sailing shipping, breezes used to start swimming.

Garmathan

Garmatatan is a dry and sultry wind blowing on the Guinean in Africa and bringing red sugar dust.

Harmsil

Garmsil (Taj.Garmcell) - dry and hot wind type hairdryer blowing mainly in summer from the south and southeast in the foothills of the Copetdag and Western Tien Shan.

Mountain-valley winds

Mining and valley winds are formed in mountainous areas and change their direction twice a day. Air in different ways heats over the ridges of mountain ranges, slopes and bottom valleys. Day The wind blows up the valley and slopes, and at night, on the contrary, - from the mountains in the valley and down towards the plains. The speed of mining winds is low - about 10 m / s.

Marshmallow

Marshmallow (Greek έέφυρος, "Western") - the wind, dominant in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, starting from spring, and the greatest intensity reaching summer solstice. Here he, albeit warm, but often brings rain and even storms with him, while in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, the marshmallow is almost always a light, pleasant wind.

Mistral

On the Mediterranean coast of France, the cold north-western wind, forming like a Novorossiysk Bore, is called Mistral, and the like wind on the Caspian Sea coast in the Baku area is referred to north.

Pampero

Simoom

Samum is a sultry dry wind in the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Usually, the sands of the sands begin to "sing" before the flushing squall - hear the sound of the sands of the sand. Raised "clouds" of sand eclipse the sun. Samum arises with a strong warming of land and air in cyclones and mainly at Western and South-Western winds. The wind carries the sandy sand and dust and is sometimes accompanied by a thunderstorm. The air temperature can rise to +50 ° C, and relative humidity Suitable to 0%. The squall lasts from 20 minutes to 2-3 hours sometimes with a thunderstorm. With Samume, you should go to bed and tightly closed with clothing. In Algerian Sahara, it takes up to 40 times a year.

Sarma

On Lake Baikal Bora has local name - sarma. This wind is formed when the cold arctic air is turned through the coastal ridges. He is named after the Sarma River, through the valley of which the cold wind from Yakutia breaks through to Baikal. In 1912, this ice wind touched a huge barge from the towing and threw it on a rocky shore. As a result, more than 200 people died.

Sirocco

Sirocco (Italian. Scirocco is strong) - hot, dry, dusty south and southeastern wind from the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, which occurs in the front of the cyclone. Over the Mediterranean Sea, Sirocco is slightly enriched with moisture, but still dries landscapes coastal districts France, Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas. Most often blows in spring 2-3 days in a row, increasing the temperature to 35 ° C. Pulling the mountains, on their leeward slopes acquires the character of Four. The wind Sirocco brings to South Europe not only red and white dust from sugar, which falls with rains, painting them into a bloody or dairy color, but also suffocating heat.

Sukhove

Sukhov - the wind with a high temperature and low relative humidity of air in the steppes, semi-deserts and deserts is formed along the edges of the anticyclones and lasts several days, enhancing evaporation, scattering soil and plants. The speed of Sukhovy is usually moderate, relative humidity is small (less than 30%). Sukhove is characteristic of the steppe regions of Russia and Ukraine, in Kazakhstan and the Caspiani.

Tornado

Tornado (Spannado) - in North America strong atmospheric vortex Over the land, characterized extremely large repeatability, is formed as a result of the collision of the cold masses from the Arctic and warm masses from the Caribbean. Every year several hundred tornadoes are observed in the eastern part of the United States.

Foney

Feng (it. Fohn, from Lat. Favonius - warm western wind) - Dry, warm strong wind, impaired with high mountains in the valley. He is observed in all mountainous countries. The air flows through the ridge comb, rushes along a lever slope into the valley, and when lowering its temperature increases, and humidity decreases as a result of adiabatic heating - one degree every 100 m descent. The greater the height with which the fenas descends, the higher the temperature of the air brought by him. Four's speed can reach 20-25 m / s. In winter and in the spring, it causes a stormy melting of snow, giving avalanche, an evaporation with soil and vegetation cover increases, level mountain rivers. In the summer, his desicing breathing is detrimental for plants; Sometimes in the Transcaucasia Summer Fium leads to the fact that the foliages in the trees dries and falls. Usually lasts less than a day, occasionally up to 5 or more. The chaff is well expressed in the Alps, in the Caucasus, in the mountains of Central America.

Khamsin

Hamsin (Arab. Literally fifty) - dry, exhaustively hot wind of southern directions in the north-east of Africa and in the countries of the Middle East. The air temperature is often higher than 40 ° C, with the storm power of the wind Hamsin sometimes blows 50 days a year, usually in March-May. It occurs in the front parts of cyclones moving from the desert of North Africa, so Hamsin is saturated with sand and dust, which reduces visibility.

Chinuk

Chinook (English Chinook, from the name of the Indian tribe chinook) - South-West Feng on Eastern Slopes Rocky Gor. In Canada and the United States, as well as on the adjacent areas of Prairies. It is accompanied by very fast, sharp (sometimes 20-30 ° C) with an increase in air temperature, which contributes to the strengthened melting of snow, accelerate the ripening of fruits, etc. Chinook is observed in all seasons of the year, but especially in winter. Chinook is also called the wet southwest wind from the Pacific Ocean on the West Coast of the United States.

Notes

Literature

• Meteorology and climatology. Leningrad, 1968 Author - Chromov S. P.
• Prok L.Z. Wind dictionary. - L.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1983. - 28,000 copies.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Watch what is "local winds" in other dictionaries:

Local winds - local air circulation Air flows of a small horizontal length (from hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers) arising from the local perturbation of a larger air flow under the influence of the singularities of the orography and ... ... Various dictionary

Winds in limited districts, released by their speed, repeatability, direction or other features. Under this common title united winds various origin: 1) Local circulation, independent of air flows ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Winds arising in any paragraph or a small area on local conditions, for example: Bora, Baku Nord, Hairdryer, and others. Samoilov K. I. Marigree. M. L.: State Military Marine Publishing House NKVMF Union SSR, 1941 ... Maritime Dictionary

Winds of forced convection - Local winds arising from mechanical perturbation of air flows by mining obstacles. For example, stock, boron, mountain Valley winds ... Various vocabulary

local Russian Geographical Terms - In the Siberian geographical literature and the numerous local geographical terms are available in the national lexicon, that is, words that express certain geographical concepts. In addition to the Russians, there are many terms in languages \u200b\u200b... ... Geographical names of Eastern Siberia

Russia is a large country, and there is where the winds are raised. Local winds are in every region of our country. We remembered the main.

Barguzin

Mighty eastern Baikal wind, a speed of 20m / s and a duration of only a few hours. Special power it reaches in autumn. Mainly blowing in the central part of the lake from the Barguzin Valley and along Baikal. There is a cassette of the flow of cold air from Daurgy steppes. Blowing smoothly, with gradually increasing power, usually precesses sustainable sunny weather.

Nice Sea - Sacred Baikal,
Nice ship - Omal Barrel.
Hey, Barguzin, stir the shaft,
Well done to swim nearby.

Bora

Bohr (Ial. Bora from Greek. Boreas-North Wind) continues from several days before the week. This is the wind of the Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik bay (blowing more than 40 days a year), the new land, the shores of Baikal, the Chukchi city of Pevek ("Yuzhak"), the wind of the western slope of the Urals. This is a strong gusty cold wind blowing on the coast of the seas or large lakes from the mountain ranges separating a strongly cooled and a warmer seaside surface with their foot. It is formed if the low mountain ranges separate the cold air above the dry air over the water. The warmer water and more contrast temperatures - the more powerful boron. The squalky wind brings a strong cooling, raises high waves, and the spray of water merges on the body of ships. Sometimes from the windward side on the ship, the layer of ice is growing up to 4 meters thick, under the weight of which the ship can turn over and sink. Before the appearance of the bords at the vertices of the mountains, it is possible to observe thick clouds, which residents of Novorossiysk call the "beard".

Yazak

The origin of the name "Yazak" is no doubt: Yazak is common name southern Winds in Russia. However, Yazach is distributed not only in the southern regions of the country, but also in the northern. So, Yazak is one of the most dangerous winds on Chukotka. He is dangerous with his suddenness and strength. For an hour, the wind can blow with a speed of 40 m / s, and the impulses can reach 60 - 80 m / s. Yuzhak carries almost all the snow, hesitates the shore, destroys the construction. It is dangerous for ships standing on the raid. The southeries also call the South-West and West Wind in Tiksi Bay. It also differs in force and represents a threat to shipping.

Breeze

Breeze (Franz. Brise is a light wind) - the local wind of a small speed, changing the direction twice a day. Arises on the shores of the seas, lakes, sometimes large rivers. During the day, the dryer is heated faster than water, and a lower atmospheric pressure is installed above it. Therefore, day breeze blows from the water area on the heated coast. Night - from the chilled coast on a heated water. The breeze is well expressed in summer during sustainable anticyclonal weather, when the difference in the temperature of sushi and water is most significant. Breeze blows a few hundred meters on land, and on the seas - within a few tens of kilometers. In the era of sailing shipping, breezes used to start swimming.

Sarma

The most powerful wind and Baikal, and Russia. This squalky wind is formed when the cold arctic air is turned through the coastal ridges. He is named by the Sarma River, through the valley of which the cold wind from breaks through Baikal. It appears as follows: Cold Arctic air from the ada film plateau, moving through the seaside ridge, falls into the Sarma Valley narrowing to the shores of Baikal, which is a natural aerodynamic tube, when leaving the wind turns into a hurricane. Residents of the village of Sarma have to tie roofs of houses to Earth. This wind is most frequent and fiction in autumn and in winter: in November - 10 days, in December - 13.

Before the advent of Sarma, layered cumulus clouds of the mushroom form appear, with sharply outlined borders, going to the peaks of the Primorsky Range near the Sarmin Gorge. Usually from the beginning of the concentration of such clouds until the first impulse of Sarma passes 2-3 hours. Last sign It is the discovery of the "gate" - the appearance of the lumen between the peaks of the mountains and the lower edge of the clouds.

Sukhove

Steppe wind with high temperature and low air humidity in steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. It is formed along the edges of the anticyclones and lasts several days, enhancing evaporation, scattering soil and plants. Sukhov is characteristic of the steppe regions of Russia and the Caspian district. It can pass - and put the entire harvest.

Mountain-valley winds

Practically ground breeze. Similarly, changes the directions 2 times. Air in different ways heats over the ridges of mountain ranges, slopes and bottom valleys. Day The wind blows up the valley and slopes, and at night, on the contrary, - from the mountains in the valley and down towards the plains. The speed of mining winds is low - about 10 m / s.

The wind is called the movement of the mass of air from the field of high atmospheric pressure into a low pressure region.

The wind is characterized by force (speed) and direction. The wind characteristic, depending on the force given in Table 1. The wind speed is determined by the magnitude of the baric gradient, i.e. The difference in the atmosphered pressure on the set distance unit is equal to 60 miles (1 ° latitude), towards the pressure drop. Therefore, the wind speed is the greater, the greater the Baric gradient.

Because of the rotation of the Earth, under the influence of the Coriolis force, the direction of the wind does not coincide with its vector of the Baric gradient, but deviates in the northern hemisphere to the right, in the southern left. In medium latitudes, the deviation can reach 60 °.

For the direction of the wind, the point of the horizon is taken, from where it blows (the wind blows into the compass). It is also customary to determine the direction of the zybi, and "from the compass", in the direction of the horizon, the sea currents and the flow of rivers.

The wind is not uniform in its structure. It can be inkjet (laminar) when air layers move without stirring, i.e. Their particles do not switch from the layer in the layer. Such air movement usually happens with weak winds. If the wind speed exceeds 4 m / s, then the air particles begin to move randomly, its layers are mixed and the air movement becomes turbulent. The higher the wind speed, the greater the turbulence, the greater the speed of the speed at the individual points of the air flow and the greater the wind becomes the wind, the squalls occur.

The squalry wind is characteristic not only by frequent and sharp fluctuations in speed, but also the strongest separate gusts lasting up to a few minutes. The wind, which dramatically increases its speed over a very short period of time on the background of a weak wind or a calm, is called a squall. Most often, the squalls are flown when passing powerful heap-rain clouds and are often accompanied by thunderstorms and shoes. The speed of the squalo wind reaches 20 m / s and more, and in separate gusts 30-40m / s. At the same time, unexpected wind turns to several rumbes can be observed.

The main cause of the squall is the interaction of the upward flux in the front of the heap-rain cloud and the downward air cooled by storm rain, in its rear part as a result there is a characteristic sexual shaft with a swirl under it, enhanced by the vortices of the adjacent air layers.

Vertical vortices in a thunderstorm cloud can form tornadoes. When the speed of such a vortex reaches 100m / s, the lower part of the clouds in the form of a funnel descends to the underlying surface (ground or water), towards a dust or water pole. Meeting with a lot is dangerous: possessing a big destructive power and spiral spirals, he can raise up everything that turns out on his way. The height of the tornger reaches more than 1000 meters, horizontal speed of 30-40 km / h. Therefore, at the sight of a tornado, it is necessary to determine the direction of its movement and immediately go aside.

Sometimes the tornado may form and without thunderstorm clouds. In this case, it is not born out of clouds, but on the surface of the earth or sea, often with a cloudless sky. It is a good weather tornado. They quickly destroy and practically safe. Often, their sucer can be quickly noted on a characteristic whistling sound, which is distributed when it moves, than to see.

Air, air masses are in permanent motionwhich constantly changes its speed and direction. But in global, planetary scale, this movement has a clearly pronounced pattern, which is determined by the total circulation of the atmosphere, depending on the distribution of atmospheric pressure in community areas globe - from the tropics to the polar zones.

In the Equatorial zone warm air Tropics rises up, which leads to formation on the border of the vetera troposphere, called antpassat. Antipassat spreads towards poles, respectively, north and south.

The cooled air masses of the antpassat are settled on the surface of the Earth, creating in subtropics increased pressure and wind, called the Passat, which rushes into the equatorial zone.

Under the action of Coriolis, the Passat of the Northern Hemisphere receive the northeastern direction, and the southern hemisphere (except for the northern part of the Indian Ocean, where seasonal monsoon winds are blowing) - the southeastern direction. The speed of trade winds is also constant and reaches 5-10 m / s.

In the equatorial zone, the trade winds weaken and rotate east. Therefore, between the trade winds of both hemispheres, a pole zone arises (in the Atlantic "Konsky latitude") characteristic of low pressure, thunderstorms and shoes, shoes. In the latitudes of 40-60 ° of both the plungers are dominated by the winds of Western Chetter. They are less stable (from NW to SW), but much stronger (10-15 m / s or 6-7 points). IN southern HemisphereWhere the Western winds are enveloped by the whole world ocean, lay the roads of sailing vessels for sailing from Europe to Australia and back to Europe Cape Varus of good pitue and meat horn. For its strength, repeatability (up to 50%) and frequent storms, these winds received the nickname "Brave Vesti", and latitudes are "rattling fortieth" and "roaring sixties".

In the saturated areas of both hemispheres, where the cold mass of the air of the top layers of the troposphere, forming the so-called polar maxima, prevail southeast and oriental winds.

Passat - the first in the category dominant winds. permanent in certain areas for a certain period of time. The speed and direction of the dominant winds is determined by many years of observations for each sea or the maritime area.

Another category of winds - local, which only in this place or several places of the globe, arise when changing thermal conditions for some time or under the influence of the terrain (the nature of the underlying surface)

The first type includes the following winds:

Breeze is formed under the influence of unequal heating of sushi and the sea. The region is essential for the formation of breezes is located in the coastal strip of the seas (about 30-40 km). At night, the wind blows from the shore to the sea (coastal breeze), and during the day, on the contrary, - from the sea to land. The sea breeze begins at about 10 am, and the coastal - after sunset. Breeze belongs to vertical development winds and at the height of several hundred meters blowing in reverse side. The intensity of the breeze depends on the weather. In the hot summer days, the sea breeze has moderate power to 4 points (4-7 m / s) coastal breeze is much weaker.

On land can also be observed breeze. At night, the surface of the earth there is a thrust of air from the field to the forest, and at the height of the crown of trees - from the forest to the field.

The chain is a hot dry wind, which occurs when the wet air of mountain peaks is streamlined and heated with a warm leveled underlying surface of the mountain slope. On the Black Sea is observed at the coast of the Crimea and the Caucasus mostly in the spring.

Bora is a very strong wind, directed down the mountainside in areas where the mountain range borders with warm sea. Cold air at high speed rushes down to the sea, reaching the hurricane forces sometimes. In winter, when low temperatures Causes icing. It is observed in the area of \u200b\u200bNovorossiysk, off the coast of Dalmatia (the Adriatic Sea) and on the New Earth. In some mountainous areas, for example, in the Caucasus in the Leninakan area, or in Andes there is a phenomenon every day, when after sunset from the mountain peaks surrounding the valley, cold air masses are fixed. The gusts of the wind reaches such a force that heats the tents, and a sharp and strong decrease in temperature can lead to the supercooling of the body.

Baku Nord - the cold northern wind in the Baku zone blowing in the summer and winter, reaches a storm, and often hurricane strength (20-40 m / s) bring sand and dust from the shore.

Syrocco is a very warm and wet wind, nascent in Africa and blowing in the central part of the Mediterranean Sea, is accompanied by cloudiness and precipitation.

Seasonal winds are monsoons that carry continental character and arise as a result of a difference in atmospheric pressure with uneven heating of sushi and the sea in summer and winter.

Like other winds, the monsoons have a barical gradient, directed towards low pressure - in the summer to land, in winter at sea. Under the influence of Coriolis's strength in the northern hemisphere, the Summer Miss of the Pacific Ocean eastern coast Asia is rejected to the southeast, and in the Indian Ocean - to the southwest. These monsoons bring from the ocean to Far East cloudy weather, with frequent rains, dried and fog. On the south coast Asia at this time, the protracted and abundant rains are collapsed, which leads to frequent floods.

Winter monsions change their direction to the opposite. The Pacific Ocean is blowing from the North-West, and in Indian - from the northeast towards the ocean .. wind speed in monscons is uneven. Winter northeastern monsoon The northern hemispheres coincide with the trade winds, but their speed does not exceed 10 m / s. But the summer monsime of the Indian Ocean reaches the storm power. Changing monsoon - occurs in April-May and October-November.

Wind for weather prediction is no less important than clouds. Especially without wind, the weather cannot change. The wind is characterized by force and direction. Wind power can be determined by its impact on ground items and the sea surface. Table No. 1 shows signs of wind along a 12-point scale of Beaufort.

Western winds usually bring weather mitigation, i.e. In the summer it will be cooler, it may be raining. In winter, they are accompanied by abundant snowfalls, thaws. The North Wind will definitely bring the cold, whether there will be precipitation unknown. South wind Brings heat, i.e. In winter, a thaw with snow, in summer heat can be without precipitation. Eastern wind Less predictable, it can be cold and warm, one can say confidently. He will not bring large number precipitation is neither summer or winter.

Table №1

Score	Name Wind	Speed \u200b\u200bin m / s	Signs of wind		Pressure N / m 2
			On the ground	On water
0	Calm	0-0,5	Smoke rises up, flag weighs calmly	Mirror Sea	0
1	Quiet	0,6-1,7	Smoke slightly deviates, leaves rustle, the flame of the candle is weakly deviated	Small scaled waves without barishs appear	0,1
2	Easy	1,8-3,3	Thin branches are moving, the flag is weakly fluttered, the flame quickly swears	Short, well-pronounced waves, their crests begin to overturn, but the foam is not white, and the vitreous: ripples the surface of the water.	0,5
3	Weak	3,4-5,2	Small branches swing, flag fluttering	Short waves. Combs form a vitreous foam. Occasionally formed small whites lambs	2
4	Moderate	5,3-7,4	Swing big branches, flag draws up, dust rises	Waves become longer, plays are formed by "lamb"	4
5	Fresh	7,5-9,8	Small trunks swinging, whistles in the ears	All the sea is covered with "lamb"	6
6	Strong	9,9-12,4	Routing trees, hard tent	Food combustible heights, "lames" on the ridges of water.	11
7	Strong	12,5-15,2	Tents are broken, not bent big trees	Waves are prayer and produce destruction, wind breaks with white foam crest	17
8	Very strong	15,3-18,2	Thin envelopes break, the movement is hampered, big trees bent	The height and length of the waves increase markedly	25
9	Storm	18,3-21,5	Big trees break, roofs damage	High, hydraulic waves with long tipping ridges	35
10	Heavy storm	21,6-25,1	Running roofs, break down with the root of the trees	The whole surface of the sea becomes white from foam, rolled in an open ioron increase and take the character of the jokes	45
11	Hard storm	25,2-29	Big destruction occur	The height of the waves is so great that in the field of view the ships of the time are hidden behind them	64
12	Hurricane	More than 29.	Outlooking occur	Water dust, dried with ridges, significantly reduces visibility	St.74.

The air ocean is in continuous motion. It breeds on the globe all weather phenomena. The main cause of air movement is an unequal distribution of atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure remains always the same - it continuously changes: it increases, it is rare, it is rare, though rejecting more than 50 MB from its average value of 1013 MB (at sea level).

We will try to figure out why pressure changes and why it is not the same over different parts of the globe. The sun's rays are unenocomy heated the globe, as they fall at different angles on ground surface. Most of all the heat receives the equator, the least - the poles. therefore tropical belt Plays the role of a permanent heater of the atmosphere - here more heat is obtained from the Sun than is given to world space. Poles are permanent refrigerators, continuously giving heat, and they get it relatively small.

There should be air movement between the heater and the refrigerator. We will conduct such experience. In two vessels (a and b) connected at the bottom and upstairs tubes, pour water to the level of the middle of the top tube and then one of the vessels (a) begin to heat up, and the other (b) squeeze ice. Water in the vessel will expand, and its level will become higher than in the vessel b; It will flow along the top tube from A in B. But then it turns out that general weight And the pressure on the bottom of the entire column of water in the vessel b is more than in a vessel A, and on the bottom tube, the water will begin to flow from the vessel b in A. so between the heater and the refrigerator will establish a circular circulation of water.

This experience shows that the flow is directed from the place with a stronger pressure of the water column to the place with a less powerful pressure. Upstairs more strong pressure Coincides with heat, and below - on the contrary, with cold. Let's see what is observed in the atmosphere. If you calculate the average atmospheric pressure at a level, for example, 10 km in the northern hemisphere, then the highest (for this level) pressure will turn out to be at the equator, the lowest on the pole, and the pressure along the parallels almost does not change.

Cards of air flow

Usually, pressure values \u200b\u200bfor this level are applied to the geographical map and for these values, the lines of the same pressure are carried out - isobaras (from the Greek words "from" - equal, "Barar" - gravity, weight). The average isobara at the level of 10 km pass almost exactly along the parallels: along the equator there is a strip of high pressure, and hence the pressure evenly decreases to the poles. Pole is located in the center of the lowest pressure. Thus, the pressure in the atmosphere above is distributed in the same way as in the upper parts of our vessels - it decreases from heat to cold.

If we look at the atmosphere medium pressure card for the earth's surface, we will no longer find a complete coincidence with the results of our experience. Indeed, the pressure is elevated in the pole, and at the equator - low, but in the interval between them, the pressure on average from the equator rises to the tropics, then drops to moderate latitudes and again increases to the poles. Isobaras are not at all here in latitudes, but closed around individual centers of high and low! Pressure. If we review daily pressure cards, then at all levels (and especially in the Earth) we will see an extremely volatile day of day by day - moving, formed and newly disappearing high and low pressure centers that are not subordinate to any visible orders and laws.

Let us now turn to air currents: do they confirm our experience? It turns out that almost in the entire thicker of the atmosphere, the wind direction is not at all from high pressure to low (perpendicular to isobram), but along the isobar: in the northern hemisphere they leave high pressure on the right, and low on the left (along the flow of flow), in southern Hemisphere - on the contrary. Only in the lower, surface layer of the atmosphere, the stream is deflected towards lower pressure, and it is those winds that we directly feel blowing at an angle to isobasram. The reason for this is the deflecting effect of the earth rotation.

Rejection

IN everyday life We notice the rotation Earth Only on the change of day and night. Meanwhile, the rotation of the globe around its axis has a deflecting effect on all moving bodies. This deflecting effect becomes noticeable only with very long inertia movements, without action too powerful driving force. This nature of movements can be attributed to the movement of air in the atmosphere, since pressure difference strength is very small and the air particle has to do a big way from the same area of \u200b\u200bthe globe to others.

All directions on Earth we are accustomed to determining on the sides of the horizon (south, north, etc.) and forget about the rotation of meridians and parallels together with the Earth. This is most clearly visible on the pole, around which the meridians rotate, like the needles around the axis of the wheel.

It is on the pole that the most highly deflecting force. Meridians here per day make a full revolution of 360 °. The closer to the equator, the less deflecting force. In the southern hemisphere, the deflecting force acts to the left, and not right.

Under the influence of deflecting force, the air flow moves along the isobar. Why? The continuously active deflecting force could reject the wind farther and further to the right (in the northern hemisphere). But when the wind deviates from the isobar to the right, it begins to blow from low pressure to the high pressure of the current pressure and this force returns it to the previous direction along the isobar.

The main flow of the ocean

Air can not move directly from high pressure to low due to deflecting power. Therefore, the exchange of heat and cold between various parts The globe is complicated.

Less than all deflecting force near the equator: Therefore, there is less and the difference in pressure that are quickly leveling flows directed almost directly from high pressure to low. Approximately with a latitude of 25 - 30 ° deflecting force is so large that such direct streams become impossible. Near the tropics at the top, the accumulation of air masses, which comes relatively free from the equator, but not able to move on to the poles.

This accumulation of air masses creates high-pressure bands along the tropics in the layer of five and more kilometers thick. Surplusing to the top of air is balanced by continuous air outflow in the lower layers, from the high pressure band to the equator, where the wind blows at an angle to isobram. This lower wind is called the Passat. So there is a circulation system between the equator and the tropics, similar to the scheme of our experience: Upstairs the flow from heat to cold, below - from the cold to heat.

Between the tropics and the pole, the pressure in almost all layers falls to the pole and the wind blows from the west to the east, forming a huge circular vortex around the north pole. It is because of this direction of the flow, our weather almost always comes from the West. No wonder People's sign says: "The Thamets (clouds) at sunset will rain." This western flow resembles a rapid mountain river with vortices and whirlwinds. Only during the folding of all winds affects the predominance of the western wind; In fact, the winds are constantly changing.

In the overall western stream, they move together with the stream and circular vortices associated with moving areas of reduced and increased pressure disappear. In the northern hemisphere, the air moves around the center reduced pressure against the direction of rotation of the clockwise (in the southern hemisphere the direction of rotation inverse); Such a vortex is called cyclone. The vortex rotating in the opposite direction around the center of high pressure is called an anticyclone.

These moving vortices arise due to the instability of the upper western flow. When the flow upstairs deviates from the isobar, the air begins to move through the isobara or from high pressure to low, or from low to high. But in this case, on the side where air comes, the total mass of the atmosphere increases and the pressure is growing at the bottom, and on the side, from where the air flows out, the pressure below decreases. These are these pressure changes and lead to the formation of cyclones and anticyclones.

Air flows, moving around cyclone and anticyclone centers, transfer heat from low latitudes To high and cold - from high to low. This is how the tropics and poles are exchanged with warmth and cold. These flows replace each other, creating all the well-known sharp changes in temperature.

Cyclones, Anticyclones and Fronts

Cyclones are areas of the advantage of cloudy weather with precipitation, anticyclones - clear dry weather. As we already know, in the lowest layer atmosphere, winds are blowing at an angle to isobram and air flows from high pressure to low. It flocks to the center of the cyclone and goes up here. In Anticyclone, on the contrary: below the air spreads from the center the greatest pressure, And the air flowing at the top is descended from above.

When the air in the cyclone rises and turns out to be under less pressure of the atmosphere, it expands, and its temperature decreases. With a decrease in the temperature of the water vapor, which is contained in the air, begins to condense, i.e., move into water. Small water drops forming clouds appear in the air. In the anticyclone, when lowering the air is compressed and heated, and all cloud drops evaporate. Such is the main reason for various weather in cyclones and anticyclones.

But it would be wrong to think that in the entire region of the cyclone, the sky completely tightened with clouds and go continuous rains. If you look at the cyclone from above, from outer spaceIt turns out that cloudy in its zone is distributed mainly in the form of elongated stripes that converge in the central part of the cyclone.

The length of these strips reaches thousands, and the width is hundreds of kilometers. The distribution of the subject shows that the air is not raised in the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe cyclone, but in the relatively narrow zones. These zones are of particular importance for the formation of the weather. They are not accidentally referred to as atmospheric fronts, as, like military fronts, are depicted on the weather map of Linie. Along such a line, there is a sharp contrast of temperature - here the land immediately nearby are areas of both warm and cold air. Above from the ground, the border between the warm and cold air represents an almost horizontal surface, inclined at a very low angle to the earth's surface: the cold air in the form of a wedge is located under this surface, and warm air is above it. Where the front surface is lowered to the Earth, the front line is located.

The front may remain immobile only under one condition: if the mass of warm and cold air flows, as if gliding along its surface, either in the same or in opposite directions. If the air flow is directed from warm air to the cold, the front moves in this direction, the warm air displaces and replaces the cold. Such a front is called warm, as it brings with me always warming. Warm air moves faster than cold and is forced to go up the inclined front surface; It as if climbs on the back of the retreating cold air. The upstream air is cooled, it is formed in it whole system The clouds, of which in the zone of up to 300-400 km falling rain or snow. Characteristic feature These clouds are very homogeneous, reminiscent of a veil and only in the zone of precipitation under them are low torn clouds of bad weather. The warm front gives the most stable and prolonged rainy weather, since the width of the zone of its precipitation is the greatest.

Have you ever observed, how does the bad weather come? It is worth a clear day, and here the Saoh's horizon appear low-challenging thin cigarette clouds. They gradually spread throughout the sky. The sun shines almost still brightly, and the sky remains blue, although it has lost a little purity of its painting. Following the centered clouds, the transparent veil of the peristo-layered clouds is competing, the sun continues to shine, but the sky has become whoresal. The veil is compacted, the sun shines both through the oil paper, the sky is white and the horizon even is grayish: it is highly clouded cloudy, the front surface above us dropped even lower. Now the most implanting person will notice that the weather is worse. But the first fall rare drops rain. Cold wet wind blows. The sun is hidden behind a smooth gray waterproof clouds. Rain is strengthened; Under the vests of layered rain clouds, scraps and clubs of low ruin-rain clouds are carried. It is raining A few hours, and then stops, the air warms: the warm front passed.

If the air flow is directed from cold air to heat, then, on the contrary, the cold air displaces warm. Such a front brings coolness and is called cold. Standing lower layers The air from the top under the influence of friction about the earth surface leads to the fact that the front "protrudes" forward and the upper layers are collapsed down: cold front Acquires the shape of a rolled shaft. The warm air displaced upwards quickly climbs and forms the ridge of dark clouds - cue-rain clouds, of which thunderstorms of rainfall fall out in summer, sometimes with a hail, in winter - a squally snowfall. Over higher parts of the front surface, warm air rises more smoothly: there are often clouds and precipitates, similar to the clouds of bad weather and chained precipitations of the warm front.

The cold front does not prevent his arrival in contrast to warm. It is rare when high-tech clouds are formed in front of it in the form of lentils or grains. Usually, the horizon appears a solid ridge of dark clouds with snow-white vertices. This ridge is quickly approaching, stretching from one edge of the sky to another. The bottom ripped surface of this ridge becomes a prominent, followed by a merging dark wall of the rain. Blowing thunder, zipper, wind gusts, and shower with a hail banked along the roofs. The rain becomes covered, then gradually weakens, stops, cloudy breaks.

Quickly cold: the cold front passed

The most sharp fronts are expressed in cyclones, since here the lower flowing streams bring cold and warm air masses, increase the temperature differences between them. In anticyclones, on the contrary, spreading streams weaken temperature contrasts, and therefore the fronts almost never pass through the centers of anticyclones.

Cyclones with fronts and anticyclones continuously occur in the atmosphere, are transferred to the overall air flow (mainly from the west to the East), disappear and occur again. They define the capricious variability of the weather, which was said at the beginning of this article. Sometimes for a whole month or even the season through some area continuously, cyclones are moving with fronts with fronts, precipitation falls out, it is rainy weather. Then comes the prevalence of anticyclones and is established clear dry weather.