Constant winds in south america. The prevailing winds are seasonal. South America nature

The climate of South America is similar to the climate of other continents in tropical latitudes (Australia and Africa), although there are much less areas with a dry climate on it. In terms of annual rainfall, no continent can compete with South America. All these features are determined by many climate-forming factors.

Figure 1. Climatic zones of South America. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

A significant part of South America is located within the hot zone, where the sun is almost always at its zenith. The air temperatures are extremely high here. During the year, they vary from +22 to +28 C. To the south of the tropic itself, in a warm temperate zone, it is slightly colder: in the south in winter - up to + 12 ° C, and on the island of Tierra del Fuego, popular among tourists, the temperature drops to 0 ° WITH. There are also frosts in the mountains in winter.

Like other continents of tropical latitudes, constant winds prevail in South America.

Definition 1

Trade winds are steady, constant winds that occur as a result of sudden changes in atmospheric pressure in the earth's hemispheres, separated by the equator.

It is worth noting that, unlike the winds of Africa and Australia, the trade winds of South America bring the necessary precipitation to the mainland, as they form over the Atlantic Ocean, where the Guiana and Brazilian currents saturate the air with moisture. In addition, the lowland specificity of the relief of the eastern part of the specified continent helps the trade winds to quickly penetrate deep into all territories, up to the Andes. Therefore, on the entire surface of the flat areas, the action of stable winds is transformed into precipitation, which falls up to 3000 mm per year.

Climatic zones and climate types of South America

Mostly the entire territory of South America is located in the equatorial, tropical, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones. Only the south of the continent is located in the temperate zone. Unlike Australia, all these climatic zones systematically replace each other only and move in the direction south of the equator.

During the formation of climatic processes on the territory of the mainland, the following types of climate arose:

equatorial - humid and warm throughout the year;
subequatorial - warm with rather humid summers and dry winters;
tropical - continental in the west and center, marine - in the east;
subtropical - with dry summers and wet winters;
moderate - marine observed in the west, continental - in the east.

South America is famous for its high-mountainous Andes climate, which is extremely varied. The emergence of climatic zones of the mountainous plains directly depends on their geographical latitude and the height of a particular area above sea level.

The climate of South America is primarily influenced by:

the geographical position of a significant part of the continent at low latitudes (12 degrees and 56 degrees S);
the specificity of the configuration of the mainland - expansion in the equatorial-tropical latitudes and a slight narrowing in the temperate zone;
practically unexpressed dismemberment of the coastline.

Remark 1

The following types of air masses are actively involved in the circulation of the atmosphere on the territory of this continent: tropical, equatorial and moderate.

The schematic map of the climatic zoning of South America is quite multifaceted, since only the regions of the equatorial belt include the Amazonian, alpine and Pacific characteristics, and in the tropical belt one can observe the actions of the Atlantic, continental, Pacific and Atlantic leeward regions.

Features of the monsoon circulation

The length of South America, which has a small land size, does not allow the mainland to receive the necessary development of important continental anticyclones in winter, as a result of which there is practically no monsoon circulation in the southeast of the continent in temperate and subtropical latitudes.

With prolonged heating of a vast area of South America, the constant pressure over the widest part of the continent at the level of the earth's surface is often much lower than over the territories that are washed by the ocean.

The equatorial type of circulation with dense convection of air masses (as a result of convergence - the systematic convergence of the trade winds) and the subequatorial aspect with seasonal changes in tropical air masses (trade wind-monsoon type) are huge distribution. In the tropical zone in the east, you can regularly observe the trade winds of the southern hemisphere, and in temperate latitudes, intense westerly air transport almost always dominates.

Ocean currents system

The climate of South America is significantly influenced by ocean currents. Warm Brazilian and Guiana currents gradually increase the required moisture content of the trade winds, which as a result irrigate certain coasts. The inconsistent warm El Niño current off the western shores of famous Colombia greatly enhances the aridity of Patagonia's climate and contributes to the formation of the desert belt in the west of the continent.

The seasonal warm El Niño Current runs along the Pacific Northwest, with a water temperature of about 27 ° C. It is worth noting that this current develops periodically in the summer with the passage of other cyclones at the equator. Its effect is reflected in the humidification and heating of air masses, which eventually give moisture to all the western slopes of the Andes.

Remark 2

The high barrier of the Andes completely limits the expansion of Pacific air masses through the narrow edge of the western territories and the adjacent mountain slopes.

The relationship of South America with neighboring oceans is manifested mainly in the form of a large-scale influx of oceanic masses from the western hinterland of the Atlantic anticyclones, as a result of which the eastern movement prevails.

The specifics of the climate of South America

South America is located on both sides of the equator, but its main part is located in the southern hemisphere. The widest part of the continent adjoins the equator and the southern tropic; in temperate and subtropical latitudes lies its dissected and narrowed extremity.

Geographical location between 12 ° N. NS. and 56 ° S. NS. suggests a fairly high amount of dangerous solar radiation on virtually the entire surface of South America. The main part of it reaches 120-160 kcal / cm2 per year, and only in the extreme south this figure decreases to 80 kcal / cm2. The constant radiation balance of the entire earth's surface has a negative value in the winter season in an extremely small part of the continent. The key factor of climate formation in South America is its orography.

Air currents coming from the Atlantic Ocean quickly penetrate westward up to the mountainous plains of the Andes. In the west and north, the Andes barrier affects the movement of air currents from the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The currents of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans also play a significant role in the formation of the climate of South America.

Inland, close to the tropics, the climate is mostly arid, with a pronounced dry winter and humid summer air. In terms of the annual precipitation regime, the climate of South America is close to subequatorial, but differs from it in sudden jumps in temperature and smaller amounts of precipitation, as well as in the absence of the necessary moisture.

Climatic factors.

a. geographic location, configuration, dismemberment.

b. ocean currents

v. relief

Air circulation in July and January.

Distribution of temperatures, precipitation.

Climatic factors.

a. Geographical position, configuration, division of the continent.

Most of South America is located in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical zones. The southern tropic crosses the mainland where it begins to narrow. The mainland lies mainly in the southern hemisphere.

The position of the most extensive part of the continent in equatorial and tropical latitudes determines the receipt of a significant amount of solar radiation - 140-160 kcal / cm per year. Only south of 40 S lat. the total radiation is reduced to 80-120 kcal. The same factor mainly explains the high indicators of the radiation balance, reaching almost 60-85 kcal. Even in Patagonia, the radiation balance is about 40 kcal, i.e. it is in the same conditions as the south of the European part of Russia.

In equatorial latitudes, due to the high heating of the continent, throughout the year, there is a constant rise in air masses and the formation of an area of low pressure, where the trade wind air masses rush from the Atlantic. Hence the predominance of a powerful east-west transport in equatorial latitudes. In subtropical and temperate latitudes, the area of the continent decreases, and therefore, even in winter, continental anticyclones are almost not formed. But over both oceans, subtropical maxima are always very clearly expressed and serve as areas of outflow of trade wind air masses. The east of the continent in the tropical and subtropical zones is affected by the western periphery of the Atlantic highs. In the west, the influence of the eastern periphery of the Pacific anticyclone is strong, with a predominance of southerly air currents. In the circulation of temperate latitudes, where the size of the land is small, the west-east transfer of air masses is expressed with active cyclonic activity on the polar front.

b. Ocean currents.

The warm Brazilian current warms and increases the moisture content of the trade wind air masses that irrigate the eastern part of the Brazilian Highlands. The cold Falkland Current enhances the aridity of Patagonia lying on the ocean coast, and the cold Peruvian Current contributes significantly to the formation of a huge desert belt in the west of the mainland. v.Relief is an important factor in the formation of the climate.

The orographic features of South America contribute to the meridional transport of air masses over the mainland. The Andes, like the Himalayas, are the most important climatic division. The high barrier of the Andes, stretching along the entire western edge of the mainland, limits the influence of the Pacific Ocean. On the contrary, almost the entire continent is left to the influence of air masses coming from the Atlantic. Continental air masses are formed only in the southern summer in the Gran Chaco region (continental tropical air) and are poorly observed in the winter on the plains of Patagonia (continental air of temperate latitudes).

Air circulation.

July. In July, all baric systems are displaced To north. The northeastern trade wind, coming to the shores of the mainland from the southeastern periphery of the Azores maximum, consists of warm moist sea air masses. These winds and cyclonic rains on the tropical front are responsible for the summer rainy season in northern Colombia and Venezuela and in Guiana. Equatorial humid air from the Amazon spreads to Llanos. The latter is formed in the Amazon due to the Atlantic trade wind air masses. Intense inland convection causes daily afternoon showers associated with cooling of air masses in the high layers of the atmosphere. In the Eastern Amazon, the effect of the southeastern trade wind from the Brazilian Highlands manifests itself in a decrease in rainfall at this time of the year.

In the southern hemisphere, the southeastern trade wind from the northern periphery of the South Atlantic high pressure region approaches the northeastern bulge of Brazil. But, further, as a result of the strike of the coastline to the north-west, it only slides along the coast, without significantly affecting the climate.

The winds of the western periphery of the South Atlantic anticyclone, moving counterclockwise from northeast to southwest, consist of masses of warm tropical air and capture not only the coast of eastern Brazil, but, bypassing the central part of the highlands with a relatively high winter pressure, penetrate to the south - west inland to the eastern foothills of the Andes, where they come into contact with the air masses of temperate latitudes, forming a polar front.

The entire western coast, slopes of the Andes and intermontane plateaus from 30 S lat. to the equator in winter are under the influence of the eastern periphery of the Pacific maximum. The southerly and southeasterly winds are composed of masses of tropical sea air. These relatively cold and heavy masses are only saturated in the lower layers. The cold Peruvian Current runs in the same direction in these latitudes along the western coast of South America. These phenomena lead to a decrease in the relative humidity of the air. All west between 30 S. turns out to be sharply arid and abnormally cooled. But, north of the equator, where the southeastern trade wind, changing direction, turns into a southwestern monsoon, warm, moisture-saturated Pacific equatorial masses, approaching at an angle to the Andes, abundantly irrigate western Colombia, which receives precipitation and convective rains at these latitudes.

In temperate latitudes, the winter continental anticyclone in Patagonia is weakly expressed due to a sharp narrowing of the continent in temperate latitudes. Air masses of temperate latitudes come to the mainland and from the Pacific Ocean, where there is a constant westerly transport. This Pacific sea air brings huge amounts of rainfall to southern Chile in winter. Middle subtropical Chile also falls into the sphere of moderate circulation due to the displacement of the Pacific anticyclone to the north. Westerly and south-westerly winds irrigate the territory up to 30 S latitude. These rains have a frontal character with the interaction of temperate and tropical air masses.

Thus, in July, the northern edge of the mainland, the eastern coast of Brazil, the western Amazon, southern and central Chile, and western Colombia receive the most moisture.

In January all baric centers occupy their extreme southern position. The Azores anticyclone is as close as possible to the equator, causes the introduction of the North Atlantic sea air masses in the form of a northeastern trade wind, which penetrates into the area of reduced pressure over the Amazonian lowland and the lowland of Paraguay to the eastern slopes of the Andes, where it transforms over land into continental tropical air, also warm and wet. Rising currents of air saturated with moisture give daily rains. Corresponding to the standing of the sun at its zenith, precipitation maxima are observed twice - in spring and autumn.

Moist equatorial air from the northeast also captures the northern, northwestern and western parts of the Brazilian Highlands, including the Parana Basin and the Gran Chaco region, reaching La Plata, causing the summer rainy season here. The northern edge of the continent is experiencing a winter drought at this time of year, as humid equatorial air masses move south. The South Atlantic Anticyclone (its western periphery) irrigates the southeastern coast of Brazil (northeastern in July) and northeastern Argentina and has a monsoon character.

In temperate latitudes, the western transport of Pacific air masses occurs at higher latitudes than in winter and in a somewhat weakened form, although southern Chile also receives a large amount of precipitation in summer. But the plains of Patagonia remain in "dry shadow" throughout the year. The influence of the eastern periphery of the Pacific anticyclone with cold southerly winds in the west of the mainland already affects the subtropical middle of Chile, where dry weather sets in in summer. The entire central part of the west coast is characterized by a lack of rainfall - which is why the Atacama Desert is located here. North of the Gulf of Guayaquil, western Ecuador receives summer rains due to the penetration of equatorial masses from the north.

They, together with the southwestern equatorial monsoon, irrigate western Colombia in January.

THEREFORE, heavy rainfall in January is seen in the Amazon Lowland, but the east is more irrigated than in July. Abundant moisture in the east is experienced by the entire subequatorial belt of the southern hemisphere up to 20 0 S, while the north of the continent is arid. Summer-autumn frontal rains are typical for southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina, southern Chile, as well as western Colombia, are still the "wet corners" of the mainland, but central Chile is experiencing a dry period and, conversely, the coast of Ecuador is wet. Between 28-5 0 S in the west, there is practically no precipitation in summer and winter.

Temperature distribution.

In July the entire Amazonian lowland and the western part of the Brazilian Highlands are very hot, are mainly under the influence of equatorial air masses and lie within the + 25 0 isotherm. On the territory of subtropical and temperate latitudes, the deep penetration of sea air masses of temperate latitudes affects the rapid drop in temperatures, and the isotherms, following from east to west, change from + 18 0 at Asuncion to +2 0 in the south of Tierra del Fuego. But on the high plateaus of Patagonia, negative temperatures down to -5 0 are established. Invasions from the south of temperate air masses cause irregular frosts throughout the central and eastern Brazilian Highlands, in the Chaco and northern Argentina. In the southern Pampa, frosts can last for 2-3 months, in northeastern Patagonia - for 5-6 months, in the central - up to 9 months, and in the southwestern part it is possible even in summer, in winter the temperature sometimes drops to -30 ...

Cold air and sea currents from south to north along the western coast of South America cause the isotherms to sharply deviate to the north and compress them into a tight bundle in western Peru. For example, the July isotherm +20 0 from the latitude of Copiapo (27 0 S) rises along the coast almost to Guayaquil (5 0 S).

In the Andes, the temperature decreases with height, and frosts occur on the high plateaus not only in winter, but also in summer. At an altitude of 2000 m under 40 0 S in the Andes, an absolute minimum was observed - 40 0.

In january e the entire northern half of the mainland in the east to the Andes and 20 0 S lat. lies inside the isotherm +25 0. In the region of Gran Chaco, Mato Grosso and western Bolivia, on both sides of the tropic, a closed ring of the +28 0 isotherm forms.

Heating of the continent and in temperate latitudes causes a bend to the south in the steppes of Argentina and Patagonia, a decrease in temperature to +10 in the south of Tierra del Fuego.

An anomalous jump of isotherms to the north and their compression into a bundle on the west coast is observed.

Climatic zones and regions.

EQUATORIAL - constantly hot and humid climate includes the western part of the Amazonian Plain with the adjacent lower eastern slopes of the Andes. The large heating of the continent at these latitudes causes the development of baric depression and intramass ascending air currents, the Atlantic masses arriving here are transformed into equatorial ones. Moisture is evaporated by gilli forests and waters and returned to the ground in afternoon convective rains. A uniform course of temperatures and very small annual and daily amplitudes are typical. Precipitation decreases from June to October and increases in quantity on the mountain slopes.

SUBEQUATORIAL.

a) subequatorial seasonally humid climate forms north and south of the equatorial climate region and includes the lowlands and plains of Orinoco and Magdalena, coastal regions of Venezuela, the Guiana Highlands, most of the Brazilian Highlands, except for the east and south, and the east of the Amazon. It is characterized by the contrasts of the rainy and dry seasons, caused by the change of summer equatorial air masses to winter tropical ones. When approaching the equator, the long dry period gradually breaks up into two short ones, interspersed with long rainy ones.

b) the north is characterized by sharp dryness Venezuela and the northeastern Brazilian Highlands. The central parts of the latter have a very large amplitude of daily and especially extreme temperatures. With a significant annual amount of precipitation in the winter months, sometimes not a drop of rain falls.

v) the climate of the eastern slopes of the Guiana Highlands and the Guiana Lowland, although it is characterized by subequatorial circulation, is closer to the equatorial type in terms of precipitation and temperature regime. The rainy winter season is caused there by the action of the humid northeastern trade wind, the spring and summer - by the equatorial monsoon, while in the autumn a dry period is expressed due to the penetration of the southeastern trade wind.

TROPICAL BELT.

a) tropical trade wind humid climate the western periphery of oceanic anticyclones is characteristic of the east of the Brazilian Highlands. Abundant rainfall is due to both the Atlantic trade winds and cyclonic rains on the polar fronts, and the relief. The southern part of the highlands is characterized by winter invasions of cold air masses from the south, causing a drop in temperatures with small amplitudes.

b) T ropy continental seasonally humid climate the area of Gran Chaco. It is very similar to the climate of subequatorial monsoons, but differs from it in more different temperature ranges. Precipitation caused by g. transformed equatorial air masses and humid trade winds.

v) T ropy tradewind climate the eastern periphery of oceanic anticyclones (coastal desert climate or “garoua” climate) from 4 0 30 / to 28 0 S lat. in Peru and northern Chile. Sharply arid under the influence of the eastern periphery of the anticyclone and constant southeastern trade winds. Annual precipitation is less than 30 mm. Small annual amplitudes of relatively low temperatures and large diurnal, high relative air humidity and anomalous cooling of the coastal strip cause strong cloudiness in winter.

SUBTROPICAL BELT.

a) subtropical evenly humid and warm climate distributed in Uruguay, between the Parana-Uruguay and the eastern Pampa. In summer, humidification occurs due to moisture brought from the northeast by masses of Atlantic tropical air (monsoon winds), in the rest of the year, especially in autumn and spring, due to cyclonic rains on the polar fronts. Summers are hot, winters are mild, but invasions from the south of temperate air can cause a sharp drop in temperature and even snowfall.

b) subtropical continental arid climate to the west and south of the previous one, i.e. in the western and southwestern Pampa and in the Precordillera area up to 41 ° S lat. With distance from the Atlantic Ocean and closer to temperate latitudes, the amount of precipitation decreases, and it falls in the form of summer showers; the temperature amplitudes increase and frosts can be within five months,

with) subtropical Mediterranean »From 28 0 to 37 0 30 / S. with a pronounced seasonality, especially in the course of precipitation. In summer (from November to March) the region is captured by the eastern periphery of the Pacific anticyclone and is devoid of precipitation; in winter (May-August) it is included in the sphere of moderate circulation and is irrigated by cyclonic rains on the polar front. The Peruvian current causes low temperatures for a given latitude in the coastal zone, especially summer and low annual temperatures.

TEMPERATE ZONE.

a) temperate dry semi-desert climate dominates the plains and plateaus of Patagonia. It is characterized by an extremely small amount of precipitation, sharp temperature ranges, very strong westerly and southerly winds, causing temperatures to drop to -32 0 -35 0 in winter. The barrier of the Andes does not allow wet westerly winds to pass to the east, they do not come from the Atlantic due to westerly transport in these latitudes, while the flat relief is favorable for the invasion of cold southerly winds. Frosts last for six to seven months,

b) temperate oceanic cool and humid climate south of 42 0 30 / S. Throughout the year, westerly winds of moderate circulation, as well as from the southern periphery of the anticyclone and intense cyclonic activity, bring a huge amount of moisture to southern Chile, the fall of which is facilitated by the rise of sea air masses along the western slopes of the Andes ... The course of temperatures is very even, the amplitudes are small, but the absence of a warm current causes a lack of heat and summer temperatures for a given latitude are very low. Cold and rainy weather with strong westerly winds prevails.

In the Andes. According to the climatic regime, the outer slopes of the Andean system generally belong to neighboring regions, but taking into account the altitudinal zonality, there is a decrease in temperatures with altitude. The inner slopes of the Andean ridges and valleys are more arid and continental than the outer slopes. Ridge strips of high Sierras with eternal snow and ice have a high-altitude climate, dry in the center of the mainland and more humid in the north and especially in the south.

Features of glaciation

Despite the presence in South America of one of the most powerful mountain systems in the world with many peaks exceeding 6,000 m, modern glaciation on the mainland is relatively weak.

The Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru lie in equatorial and subequatorial latitudes, where average monthly temperatures at an altitude of 3000 m are +10 0, and heavy rainfall, although it occasionally falls in the form of snow, can maintain constant snow cover only at altitudes above 4600-4800 m Further to the south - in the Central Andes - winter temperatures decrease, but the continentality of the climate causes high summer and especially spring temperatures. Orographic isolation of the continent, fenced off by high ridges from the influence of humid air cause extreme dryness. Such a combination of climatic factors, despite the significant heights, cannot contribute to the development of glaciation and the snow border in Pune rises to the highest position in the world - 6000-6300 m.

Favorable conditions are created in the south - in the Chilean-Argentine Andes and especially in the Patagonian ones. Here the Andes reach great heights, which, together with the increasing moisture inflow to the south in the cyclones of the polar front, quickly reduce the snow line and give rise to valley glaciers. The ridges and peaks in Patagonia do not exceed 3500-4000 m, but in temperate latitudes at such an altitude, negative temperatures are observed during the whole year. Constant westerly winds bring a huge amount of moisture, and the mountains are covered with a thick layer of snow and ice, and the snow line goes down to 1200-1000 m.

One zonal phenomenon should be noted that is characteristic of the highlands and on other continents in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical latitudes. On the firn fields one can observe the characteristic phenomenon of “repentant snows”. Under the combined ablative action of insolation, wind, rain, erosion of melt water and some other reasons, regular rows are formed, usually oriented from east to west. These firn pyramids are elongated and inclined towards the sun and have a height of up to 5-6 m. They resemble kneeling figures, hence the name.

Map of winds and currents of South America. Back.

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South America nature

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Climate Yu.A. Q1 1. What factors contribute to the formation of a warm, humid climate on the flat part of the continent of South America? a) relief b) prevailing winds - trade winds c) geographical position 2. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 16 °, t ° u = + 8 °, annual precipitation - from 100 mm to west and up to 1000 mm in the east: a) moderate b) subtropical c) tropical 3. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 24 °, t ° and = + 20 °, annual precipitation is more 1000 mm in the warm season: a) subequatorial b) subtropical c) tropical 4. Moisture is brought to most of South America from the ocean: a) Pacific b) Atlantic c) Indian 5. As a result of what type of atmospheric circulation the territory of South America receives the largest amount of atmospheric precipitation: a) Trade wind circulation of both the northern and southern hemispheres b) Western transport c) Southeast trade wind

B2 1. Moisture is brought to most of South America from the ocean: a) Pacific b) Atlantic c) Indian 2. As a result of what type of atmospheric circulation the territory of South America receives the greatest amount of atmospheric precipitation: a) Tradewind circulation of both the northern and southern hemispheres b) Western transport c) Southeast trade wind 3. What factors contribute to the formation of a warm, humid climate on the flat part of the South American continent? a) relief b) prevailing winds - trade winds c) geographical position 4. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 16 °, t ° u = + 8 °, annual precipitation - from 100 mm to west and up to 1000 mm in the east: a) moderate b) subtropical c) tropical 5. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 24 °, t ° u = + 20 °, annual precipitation is more 1000 mm in the warm season: a) subequatorial b) subtropical c) tropical

Answers South America Climate

Education local winds associated with the nature of the underlying surface (orography, type of surface - water or land) and temperature. Local winds of thermal origin include breezes. They are better expressed in cloudless anticyclonic weather and are especially often manifested on the western coasts of the tropics, where heated continents are washed by the waters of cold currents. We have grouped other local winds, depending on their properties and origin (temperature or type of landscape over which they form), into three groups: cold, mountain-valley and desert. The local names of the winds of Lake Baikal were cited separately.

Local winds	Wind description
Cold local winds:
Blizzard	cold piercing wind of storm force in Canada and Alaska (analogous to a blizzard in Siberia).
Bora (Greek "boreas" - north wind)	strong, gusty wind blowing mainly in the winter months from mountain ranges on the coast of the seas. Occurs when a cold wind (high pressure) sweeps over a ridge and displaces warmer, less dense air (low pressure) on the other side. In winter, it causes a strong cold snap. It happens in the north-west of the Adriatic coast. The Black Sea (near Novorossiysk), on Baikal. The wind speed in bora can reach 60 m / s, its duration is several days, sometimes up to a week.
	dry, cold, north or north-east wind in the mountainous regions of France and Switzerland
Borasco, burraska (Spanish "borasco" - small bora)	a strong storm with a thunderstorm over the Mediterranean Sea.
	a small intense vortex in Antarctica.
	cold north wind in Spain.
	cold wind from Siberia, bringing sharp cold snaps, frosts and snowstorms to Kazakhstan and the deserts of Central Asia.
	sea breeze softening the heat on the northern coast of Africa.
	cold northeasterly wind blowing over the lower part of the Danube lowland.
Levantine	East strong, humid wind, accompanied by cloudy weather and rains in the cold half-year over the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
	cold north wind over the coast of China.
Mistral	the invasion of a cold strong and dry wind from the polar regions of Europe along the Rhone river valley on the coast of the Gulf of Lyon in France from Montpellier to Toulon in the winter-spring period (February, March).
Meltemi	northern summer wind in the Aegean Sea.
	cold north wind in Japan, blowing from the polar regions of Asia.
	bora-type wind only in the Baku region (Azerbaijan).
Northser, norther (English "norther" - north)	strong cold and dry winter (November - April) northerly wind blowing from Canada to the USA, Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico, up to the northern part of South America. It is accompanied by a rapid cooling, often with showers, snowfalls, ice.
	cold southerly storm wind in Argentina. Accompanied by rain and thunderstorms. Then the cooling rate reaches 30 ° C per day, atmospheric pressure rises sharply, cloudiness dissipates.
	strong winter wind in Siberia, raising snow from the surface, resulting in reduced visibility to 2-5 m.
Mountain-valley winds: hair dryers (bornan, breva, talwind, helm, chinook, garmsil) - warm, dry, gusty winds that cross the ridges and blow from the mountains along the slope into the valley, last less than a day. In different mountainous regions, the fohn winds have their own local names.
	breeze in the Swiss Alps, blowing from the valley of the river. Drans to the middle of Lake Geneva.
	daytime valley wind combined with a breeze on Lake Como (Northern Italy).
Garmsil	strong dry and very hot (up to 43 ° C and above) wind on the northern slopes of the Kopetdag and the lower parts of the Western Tien Shan.
	pleasant valley wind in Germany.
Chinook (or Shinuk)	a dry and warm southwest wind on the eastern slopes of the North American Rockies, which can cause very large fluctuations in temperature, especially in winter. There is a known case when in January in less than a day the air temperature increased by 50 °: from -31 ° to + 19 °. Therefore, the Chinook is called the "snow eater" or "snow eater".
Desert winds: samum, sirocco, khamsin, khabub - dry, very hot dusty or sandy winds.
	dry hot west or south-west wind in the deserts of the North. Africa and Arabia, flies in a whirlwind, closes the sun and sky, rages for 15-20 minutes.
	dry, hot, strong wind of the southern points blowing to the Mediterranean countries (France, Italy, the Balkans) from the deserts of North Africa and Arabia; lasts several hours, sometimes days.
	exhausting hot and dusty wind blowing over Gibraltar and southeast Spain,
	it is a wind with high temperature and low air humidity in steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, it forms along the edges of anticyclones and lasts for several days, increasing evaporation, drying up the soil and plants. It predominates in the steppe regions of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Caspian region.
	dust or sandstorm in northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Khamsin (or "fifty diary")	hot storm wind in Egypt blowing from Arabia for up to 50 days in a row.
Harmattan	the local name for the northeastern trade wind blowing from the Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea; brings dust, high temperatures and low humidity.
	analogue of khamsin in Central Africa.
Eblis ("dusty devil")	a sudden rise of heated air on a windless day in the form of a vortex, carrying sand and other objects (plants, small animals) to a very high altitude.
Other local winds:
	dusty south or south-west wind blowing from Afghanistan along the valleys of the Amu Darya, Syrdarya, Vakhsh. It oppresses vegetation, covers the fields with sand and dust, removes the fertile soil layer. In early spring, it is accompanied by downpours and cold snaps until frost, destroys cotton seedlings. In winter, it is sometimes accompanied by sleet and leads to frostbite and death of cattle caught on the plains.
	strong wind from the Caspian, bringing flood surges to the lower reaches of the Volga.
	the southeast trade wind in the Pacific Ocean (for example, off the islands of Tonga).
Cordonaso	strong southerly winds along the western coast of Mexico.
	the sea breeze blowing from the Pacific Ocean on the Chilean coast is especially strong in the afternoon in Valparaiso, which is why port work is even being suspended. Its antipode - the coastal breeze - is called terrap.
Probe (sondo)	strong northerly or westerly dry and hot wind such as foehn on the eastern slopes of the Andes (Argentina). Depressing effect on people.
	prevails in the eastern Mediterranean, warm, brings rains and storms (lighter in the western Mediterranean)
	tailwind on rivers and lakes.
Tornado (Spanish: Tornado)	a very strong atmospheric vortex over land in North America, characterized by high repetition, formed as a result of the collision of cold masses from the Arctic and warm masses from the Caribbean.
	One of the most dangerous winds in Chukotka. The strongest constant wind in the world, its usual speed is 40 m / s, gusts up to 80 m / s.
Winds of Baikal:
Verkhovik, or hangara	north wind overpowering other winds.
Barguzin	northeastern storm wind blowing in the central part of the lake from the Barguzin Valley across and along Baikal
	local southwest storm wind carrying cloudy weather.
Harahaikha	autumn-winter northwest wind.
	southeastern storm wind blowing from the valley of the river. Goloustnoy.
	cold strong chilling winter wind blowing along the river valley. Sarma.

_______________

Sourse of information: Romashova T.V. Geography in figures and facts: Textbook / - Tomsk: 2008.

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