Akimushkin Igor Ivanovich (1929-1993)
Born in Moscow in the family of an engineer. He graduated from the biological and soil faculty of Moscow State University (1952). Prints from 1956.
His first books for children appeared in 1961: "Traces of unprecedented animals" and "Tropod legends: stories about unicorns and Vasiliski."
For kids, Igor Ivanovich wrote a number of books using techniques that are characteristic of fairy tales and travel. This: "There was a protein", "there was a beaver", "lived hedgehog", "animals-builders", "Who flies without wings?", "Different beasts", "What a rabbit doesn't look like a hare" and etc.
For teenagers, Akimushkin wrote a book already a more complex genre - encyclopedic: "River animals and maritime", "entertaining biology", "disappeared world", "The tragedy of wild animals", etc.
The focus of Akimushkin is actual issues of development, preservation and study of the animal world, research behavior and animal psyche. They were written not only books for children and junior; But the scripts of popular science films. A number of works of Akimushkin are transferred to foreign languages. The most famous work is the book "The World of Animals".
"The World of Animals" is the most famous work of Igor Ivanovich Akimushkin, withstood several reprints. The enormous scientific material is summarized in them, a more modern scheme of the classification of the animal world, many diverse facts from the life of animals, birds, fish, insects and reptiles, beautiful illustrations, photos, funny stories and legends, cases of life and notes of a naturalist observer are used. Six volumes of the "animal world" of Igor Ivanovich Akimushkina, went out one after another for a decade - from 1971 to 1981. Their Publisher "Young Guard" in the popular series "Eureka". For ten years, readers managed to grow up and love these books for a rest. The first and second told about mammals, the third - about the birds, the fourth - about the fish, amphibians and reptiles, the fifth - about insects, the sixth - about pets.
The first book "The World of Animals" describes the seven mammalian detachments: about clutch, chascular, insectivorous, wool blocks, predatory, non-parckless and man-fighters.
Why are Australia before the arrival of a person inhabited only the silent and egg poles? Who is stronger: lion, tiger or bear? Secrets behind the needles - about incomprehensible cheats of heroes. Igor Akimushkin invites readers to make a fascinating journey with him to the kingdom of animals. In this book, the author tells about the world of mammals. The red thread across the entire book is the topic of human responsibility for the fate of the animals of our planet.
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The polls and males and females (with rare exceptions) are carried along a pair, or even two pairs of horns. The fact that the horns of them are hollow, that is, empty inside, it seems to not be in doubt, and, however, it is not quite like this: the horns are "planted" on the rods discovering from the frontal bone.
Form and size? Here, as writers said in the old days, "Feather falls out of the hands." Burgly, folded, faceted, smooth, twisted, bruised twisted, just straight - in general, all sorts. Length and width are also different: from miniature spills to huge rapies. Girth crops argali at the base, for example, about 50 centimeters.
The horns of grubies grow all his life, but never branch. They consist of a substance of epidermal origin, an excellent material for the manufacture of glue (the Chinese, as usual, make medicines from them). Strongly civilized hunters (for example, those who have discussed the fauna of Africa) use hollow horns for ... well, this question answered one African E. Hemingway: "Tell him that, according to customs of our tribe, we give horns the richest friends. Still tell me that this is a very exciting event and sometimes people with uncharged pistols are chased by some of our tribesmen. "
Some zoologists called animals called "horns". Horn - everyone. Horn all sorts: straight and sharp meter bayonets; curved like sabers, convoluted corkscrew; twisted in the "Horn Bariums"; Small, like hairpins, - a variety of great. Horn in females and males, less often in males. Some people call with the recent horns, many comlar at birth.
Why do you need horns? It would seem idle question: for defense and attack. Always thought so. But recently there were doubts.
If for defense, then why do the females who need a horn in this case, often not at all or are they small? Previously, it was understood that females with young protect the strong and horned males. But the males of many gerium and do not think to protect their females and children. If a predator is strong and fighting is useless, they usually surprise the first. But even if the predator is small and the horns could come in handy to drive it away, even the strange things were noticed at first glance: the male rushes not to help the female, but on her! When, for example, the Samoye Gazelle Thomson will wander and drive jackal from his cub and she will throw a chance for a predator, the male immediately rushes over her and makes turn back. What for? Yes, because it is afraid, as if she did not run away from his harem. This own - more precisely, sexual - instinct and suppresses the instinct of care for offspring in the male.
So not all come, but many. True, in sheep and American snowy goats, in the threat of a wolf attack, male always unite their efforts to reflect predators. Large bulls, buffaloes for example, do not graze and in front of the lions. It's right. But this is what's interesting: both buffaloes, and in the sheep, and in snowy goats, that is, those who are most actively acting by horns, they are not the best device. Either small, like a snowy goat, or too curved. And here would be needed straight, sharp, like swords.
But maybe the horns are necessary to combat relatives for females and territory? Indeed, males of gazelles, for example, and many other geriums times ten days old with each other. But they use horns with great care, not for applying injuries, but for the confrontation of ritual. Of course, it happens, and often when mortal wounds are applied to the side, in the most unprotected place. But it is rather an exception. Usually males before combating the rules that evolution laid into their instincts, get up in a specific position: head to the head. Here the blows are applied by the horns. Such a fencing, a better word and is not necessary, in the custom of the antelope. At the same time, some even get on his knees (Challenge Antelopes and Nilgau) and, straining forces, try to push out or pour an enemy. Challest antelope rests in this power struggle of the middle of the horns backwards, and Nilgaau - foreheads. Nilgaau, overwhelming the neck, try to pour the opponent. And all this standing on the knees!
By the way, the struggle with necks is one of the initial ritual forms. Just like bites. During the evolution in many species, it was replaced by fencing and confrontation with horn. Interestingly, the females and the young who have no horns or they are small, as a kind of attavism, a more ancient ritual struggle tactic has been preserved: bites, bumps legs, gripping the neck, hit his forehead in the side.
It was the rules of females that beat more often not in the forehead, but in the side. Males almost never: otherwise they would have killed each other in the first shocks. The ritual rules of struggle (of course, not consciously observed, and instinctive), developed for millions of years of evolution, are designed to protect the fighters from severe injuries and death in the skirmis. It is wonderful!
The duels of the rams at first glance are quite dangerous: they are running out and with a cod to the foreheads.
But this entertainment they can afford, because the horns, and neck, and the frontal bones they have durable and well withstand such punches. But the foreheads of Kozlov for Taran are not suitable. They fight, hitting horns from above, and therefore before the blow get up to the hind legs. You can't keep a goat in one aviary with a ram. The goat is arrogant, poorly counts his strength, and Baran has an armored skull. And if a ram, running out, hit the goat straight into the forehead, can kill, break him the neck or break through the skull.
In addition to certain rules of the struggle, restricting injury, all animals and the ranges also have special postures of subordination and pacification that allow weak to avoid fights. Thomson Gazelles are lying, with an elongated neck. Some have a drop on her knees. Therefore, the bull in the arena freezes and does not rush on Matador, when he standing on his knees at the morda of the bull, makes his tricks. Healthy animal instincts paralyzize his aggressiveness, and a man with a sword, disturbing the morality of nature, comes in this case as a sadist: the continuation of all is well known.
That's about the horns for all. Now about those who wears them on the head.
This is an extensive family. All in it are ruminants, all man-fictional: 128 species. They are divided differently and on a different number of subfaming. Take the unit for example, perhaps the least complex:
1. Bovy: 13 wild and domesticated types of bulls (buffalo, zebu, gaur, gayal, cooprey, bison, bison, yak, etc.); 9 species of African antihofa (Kudo, Nyala, Sitateung, Cannes, Bongo, etc.) and 2 types of Asian antelope (Nilgaau and four-year).
2. Duckers: the smallest of antelope, 17 species, all African.
3. Horse Antelope: Water Goats, Ridboki, Orixes, Bases, Sablerhey and Horsepie Antelopes, Cow Antelope (Topi, Congoni, GNU) - 24 species, all African, except Arabic Orix, almost exterminated.
4. Gazelles: Impala, Dick-Dicks, Oribi, Beira, Guernecus (Giraffe Gazelle), Gazelle Thomson, Jaran, Dzerien - 37 mostly African and partly Asian species.
5. Goat: goats, rams, sulfas, mountain, saigas, Takins, Musky bulls - 26 mostly Asian, European, partly North American and African species.
In South America, there are no wild breaks, as well as in Australia.
So, about bulls. But before you start, a little distract for one needed clarification. It concerns the word "an antilope", which is rather literary and every way than zoological in a strict scientific sense. In general, antilopes are usually called such slores that are not bulls, non-rams and not a goat. The average growth of the antelope is referred to as gels, and the smallest - fumes.
Big Kudu inhabit in Africa - from Ethiopia to Angola and the River Zambezi in the south. Small curd occurs only in Somalia and in the east of Africa.
Big Kudu inhabit in Africa - from Ethiopia to Angola and the River Zambezi in the south.
Small curd occurs only in Somalia and in the east of Africa.
"The beast is like is a horse, terrible and invincible, between the ears of hersing the horn is great, the body of His Copperiano, in the rose of you, to you. It is fashionable to do not hesitate, lives 532 years. And, he throws his horn to open the sea and the worm increases from it; And on that happens the beast of the unicorn. And the old beast happens without horns is not strong, or dying and dying. "
So the Russians of Azbukovnikov told about the unicorn, too, "literary" told, because the prototype of the unicorn, as it turns out, was ... Bull.
Archaeologists, producing excavations on the site of the ancient cities of the Middle East, found Assyrian and Babelle bas-reliefs and writing, of which it turned out that the Head Word "Reen", translated by the Greek Bible as compilations as "Unicorn", actually marked the wild bull of the tour, quite cough.
Royal, or dwarf, antelope - the most tiny of antelope: height only 25 - 30 centimeters. Jumping it is great - almost three meters long. Royal Antelopes in West Africa (Liberia, Nigeria) live. The second, somewhat larger view - in Nigeria and Cameroon.
So, the tour. He's growth (in the withers) to two meters, weighing a ton! Mashy black, cows and calves - redheads. But you can argue about the color ... Remember the epics: "Wrapped the Good Tour wrapped around," where the nasties go nine tours "... There were no ancestors of the rankton, to confuse black with red! And yet, it is customary to be considered black, or rather, "he was black," where the short "was" thoroughly deprives us of finding the true truth.
For the bulls are now there are no longer. They were destroyed. And although it happened quite recently, the tour thoroughly forgot everywhere. He remained in the epics, proverbs, some of the old rites (for example, in the Holy Dressed on the tour) and in the names of the places and lastings: Turovo, tours, tours of the log, to the turon, Turzz, tours. Canton Uri in Switzerland, whose citizen was called Stavrogin Dostoevsky, also owes the name of the wilderbob: "Urus" in Latin, "Ur" in Germany - Tour names.
But still the statement that the bull was black, it has serious grounds. Different images of the tour reached us, and the best of them is the famous Augsburg picture. It was found in the English Zoologist Smith in the bench. She was drawn at the beginning of the XVI century by some Polish artist (and just about three hundred years ago disappeared from the face of the land tour). This one goes out, the "posthumous" portrait (he disappeared, only a copy was preserved, which Smith made) portrayed the tour of black - it is necessary to think, not for mourning.
But, of course, whatever it is, the image cannot serve quite serious evidence, because artists and in all centuries were very inclined in their works for different liberties (Assyrian and Babelle bas-reliefs, for example, on which tours of alternates, and horses "twin ": They have only two legs).
Proof in another. In 1921, German Zoologists brothers Lutz and Heinz Heck, who travelers in the search for "talkers" bulls and cows (and finding suitable), began a wonderful experiment: they decided to revive the tour of the reverse crossing.
In the "restored" tours, everything like extinct: black suit, big sharp horns. And the cows and calves of the beggar - it means that genetics have achieved the most difficult: sexual and age-related dimorphism, that is, different coloring and appearance of females, males and the cubs. Finally: "Restored" tour so similar to the figure pictures depicted on the Augsburg, which seems to be painted with it.
But even in the last century, even some serious naturalists did not believe that there was such a bull on Earth. Everything that the ancients talked about him was attributed to the bison. Even V. I. Dal, the words "tour" and "bison" identifies, although it could not do that, because by the time he was his famous dictionary, French Anat and Paleontologist Georges Kuvier already proved that there was no time long-legged Large bull - tour.
Duckers - they are probably seventeen species - are found throughout Africa south of Sudan. Growth in shoulders from different types from 35 to 50 centimeters, and the weight OI is 5 to 65 kilograms. Everyone, except for a gray ducker, whose females are usually rules, both sexes are small horns.
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The family of slores belongs to 140 species, varying from the 5-kilogram dictik to 1000 kilogram bison. An important difference is the horns: there are almost always one pair (an exception is the genus of four-crude antelope), and the length can be from 2 cm to 1.5 meters. In some species, the horns are available only in males, but most of them are found in both sexes. These are bone structures, firmly associated with the skull. Unlike deer and vilorerh, the rods have never branched the horns.
The largest representative of the family - Gaur (height in the withers to 2.2 m and weighing more tons), and the smallest - dwarf cell (weighs no more than 3 kg and a height with a large domestic cat).
The bulk of the rods live in open areas. African savannahs are for many species perfect living space. There are also species living in highland or forests.
Digestive system
Most family members are herbivores, although some antelopes can eat animal food. Like other ruminants, the variety have a four-dimensional stomach, which allows them to digest herbal food, such as herbs that cannot be used as food by many other animals. Such food contains a lot of cellulose, and not all animals are able to digest it. However, the digestive system of ruminant animals, which are all the gerium, is able to digest such food.
Rog
The horns are attached to the discovering frontal bone. The length and width are different (girth of the horns of the Arhara, for example, is 50 cm). The horns of the rod grow all their lives, but never branch. Consist of a substance of epidermal origin. Mostly the horns are used by males in skirmishes with relatives.
Evolution
In historical terms, a breakdown is a relatively young group of animals. The most ancient fossils, which can be attributed to the trust with confidence, is genus Eotragus. (eng.)russian from Miocene. These animals were reminded of modern crochet coarse, there were no more roe and had very little horns. During myocene, this genus was divided, and in Pleistocene all important lines of modern solutions were already presented. In Pleistocene, the partitions were migrated by the natural bridge existing then
general characteristics
The family of slores belongs to 140 species, varying from the 5-kilogram dictik to 1000 kilogram bison. An important difference is the horns: there are almost always one pair (an exception is the genus of four-crude antelope), and the length can be from 2 cm to 1.5 meters. In some species, the horns are available only in males, but most of them are found in both sexes. These are bone structures, firmly associated with the skull. Unlike deer and vilorerh, the rods have never branched the horns. The largest representative of the family - Gaur (height in the withers to 2.2 m and weighing more tons), and the smallest - dwarf cell (weighs no more than 3 kg and a height with a large domestic cat).
The bulk of the rods live in open areas. African savannahs are for many species perfect living space. There are also species living in highland or forests.
Digestive system
Most family members are herbivores, although some antelopes can eat animal food. Like other ruminants, the variety have a four-dimensional stomach, which allows them to digest herbal food, such as herbs that cannot be used as food by many other animals. Such food contains a lot of cellulose, and not all animals are able to digest it. However, the digestive system of ruminant animals, which are all the gerium, is able to digest such food.
Rog
The horns are attached to the discovering frontal bone. The length and width are different (the girth of the Arhara horns for example is 50 cm). The horns of the rod grow all their lives, but never branch. Consist of a substance of epidermal origin. Mostly the horns are used by males in skirmishes with relatives.
Evolution
In historical terms, a relatively young group of animals. The most ancient fossils, which can be attributed to the trust with confidence, is genus Eotragus. (en: Eotragus) from Miocene. These animals were reminded of modern crochet coarse, there were no more roe and had very little horns. During myocene, this genus was divided, and in Pleistocene all important lines of modern solutions were already presented. In Pleistocene, the partitions migrated to the natural bridge from Eurasia existing then the natural bridge in North America. In South America and Australia, partitions naturally did not make their way, but domesticated species today exist in almost all countries of the world.
According to genetics, the time of separation of ruminants ( Ruminantia.) on breaks ( Bovidae.) and giraffes ( Giraffidae.) Dated age 28.7 million years ago (oligocene).
Classification
Greavers are currently divided into eight subfaming:
- Subfamily AEPYCEROTINAE. - Imphala
- Subfamily Alcelaphinae. - Bubals, or Cow Antelope
- Subfamily Antilopinae. - real antelope
- Subfamily Bovinae. - Bulls and vintage antelope
- Subfamily Caprinae. - Goat
- Subfamily Cephalophinae. - Duckers
- Subfamily Hippotraginae. - Saberlohery Antelope
- Subfamily Reduncinae. - Water goats
Also, this family includes fossil childbirth:
- † Pachytragus.
see also
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Trailer
- Sonya? do you sleep? Mum? She whispered. Nobody answered. Natasha slowly and carefully stood up, crossed and stepped up with a gentle and flexible barefoot feet on a dirty cold floor. Skipped the floorboard. She, quickly dealt with her legs, ran like a kitten, a few steps and took the door to the cold bracket.It seemed to her that he was heavy, evenly hitting, knocking in all the walls of the hut: It was fighting her who had been misfortune from fear, from horror and love the tearing heart.
She opened the door, crossed the threshold and stepped on the crude, cold land Seine. Clasp the cold refresh her. She fell as bass foot of the sleeping man, stepped over him and opened the door to the hut, where Prince Andrew was lying. This was dark. In the back corner of the bed, on which there was something, on the bench stood by a silent candle with a big mushroom.
Natasha in the morning, when she was told about the wound and the presence of Prince Andrei, decided that she had to see him. She did not know why it should have had, but she knew that the date would be painfully, and even more so she was convinced that it was necessary.
The whole day she lived only the hope that at night she would take him. But now, when this minute came, there was a horror of what she would see. How was he dismissed? What remained from him? Whether he was, what was this incomplete moan adjutant? Yes, he was like that. He was in her imagination personification of this terrible moan. When she saw the obscure mass in the corner and took his knees raised under the blanket behind his shoulders, she presented to himself some terrible body and stopped in horror. But the insurmountable force attracted her forward. She cautiously stepped down one step, the other and found himself in the middle of a small cluttered hut. In the hives under the images, another person lay on the shops (it was Timokhin), and two more people were lying on the floor (these were the doctor and valer).
Camnediner raised and whispered something. Timokhin, suffering from pain in the wounded leg, did not sleep and looked at all her eyes on a strange phenomenon of a girl in a thigh shirt, a jacket and eternal sepper. Sleepy and frightened words of the Camperiner; "What do you need, why?" - Only forced Natasha rather to approach and what was in the corner. No matter how scared, nor unlike the human body was, she had to see him. She passed by Camnediner: the Naggorn Mushroom Candle fell, and she clearly saw the lying on his hands on the blanket of Prince Andrew, that she always saw him.
He was the same as always; But the inflamed color of his face, brilliant eyes, aspiring enthusiastically at her, and in particular the tender children's neck, who protruded from the postponed collar of the shirt, gave him a special, innocent, childish appearance, which, however, she never seen in Prince Andrei. She approached him and quick, flexible, young movement was kneeling.
He smiled and handed her hand.
For Prince Andrew passed seven days from the time he woke up on the dressing point of the Borodino field. All this time, he was almost in unreasonable. The hot condition and inflammation of the intestines, which were damaged, according to the doctor who had rushed with the wounded, had to carry it. But on the seventh day he gladly ate a bit of bread with tea, and the doctor noticed that the total heat decreased. Prince Andrei in the morning came into consciousness. The first night after the departure from Moscow was quite warm, and Prince Andrei was left for an overnight chairs; But in Mytishchi, the wounded himself demanded that he would be taken out and to give him tea. The pain caused to him carrying to the hut made Prince Andrei wander to moan and lose again consciousness. When he was laid on a hiking bed, he lay for a long time with her eyes closed without movement. Then he opened them and whispered softly: "What about tea?" The doctor struck the doctor for the small detail of life. He felt the pulse and, to his surprise and displeasure, noticed that the pulse was better. Doctor noticed to displeasure to his doctor because he was convinced of his experience that the prince of Andrei could not live and that he would not die now, he would only die several times after. With the prince of Andrey, his regiment of Timokhina with a red spout, wounded in the same Borodino battle, was brought with Prince Andrew. The doctor was driving, Camper Prince, his kucher and two twins.
Characteristics of the family of slores.
Sizes from small to large. So, NEOTRAGUS PYGMAEUS has a height of the withers about 25 cm and a mass of 2-3 kg, and the bison is height in the withers to 200 cm and a mass of up to 1000 kg. Total addition from light and slim to severe and massive. The limbs are usually high. Males, and many species and females have a couple of unreasonable horns (the Tetracerus has two pairs). The horns are permanent incommensuble bone outgrowths of the frontal bones covered outside the horny case of epidermal origin. Horn growth, in contrast to deer, comes from its foundation. Thus, the top of the horns represents the most old part of it. It is characterized by periodic strengthening and slowing down the growth of horns, as a result of which peculiar rings are formed on its horny surface. The form of horns is extremely diverse - from completely straight, long and thin to short, thick and very curved or spirally twisted. 
If the direction of bend or twist the horns occurs inside, towards the horn of the opposite side, then such horns are called homonimous, if the right horn is rolled or bent to the right, and left left - heteronim. In cross-section, the horns are round, oval or triangular. On the surface of them there are often protrusions, transverse folds and rings or longitudinal ribs.
The color is very diverse - from white to almost black. "Oh, usually without sharp color patterns. Many types on the chains have a white field -" Mirror ". In the skin, there are usually a lot of specific glands: pre-chassis, interrelated, palas, interpal etc. Nipples 1-2 pairs.
Fingers on the limbs of 4 (rarely 2), but the side (II and V) is strongly shortened and, although they have small hoofs, when walking on a solid, usually do not touch it. Only proximal and distal parts are preserved from the fad bones of the side fingers.
Lob's bones are strongly developed in the skull. Dumpy bones shifted back. In the lacrimal bone, the facial part is developed with a pocket for the pre-primary gland or without it. Usually there is only one hole of the lacrimal channel. Etmoid holes are missing or developed weakly. Skull bones are very pneumatized. The intercelion bone is usually relatively small, the maxillary is very large. Sometimes the second estranged in the lower, and occasionally and in the upper jaws do not develop or fall out early. Picky teeth are hypselodontic and tetselephaned (quadillate).
The stomach is complex, clearly divided into 4 departments: scar, grid, book and schuch. The bubble is usually available. Placenta polycotic ice.
Widespread over the globe. The restored area covers Africa (without Madagascar), Europe (except British O-GBI), north goes to the south of the Scandinavian P-Ova, Finnish Bay, the Upper Volga, Samara Luke and the South of Urals. Behind the Urals, the south of Western Siberia and most of the Central and Eastern Siberia and the Far East are included in the area. In the south-east and south of Asia, the area covers the entire southern part of the Asian mainland with most adjacent islands. In the new world, the area occupies most of North America south to California, Florida and Northern Mexico, the Arctic Archipelago, the North and East Coast of Greenland. As a result of non-harmony fishery or for other reasons, the halves of most species were significantly reduced.
They live in a wide variety of places - from dense forests to steppes, semi-deserts and deserts on the plains, in the foothills and high in the mountains - above almost all the other mammals (up to 5500 m above sea level). However, the greatest number of species inhabited open spaces. Holded herds, sometimes very large - up to several thousand heads. Significantly less often meet small groups or one. Feed plants, mainly herbs.
Most species are polygamas, although there are monogama. The males of some rods during the breeding period have a harem of females. In the inhabitants of the tropics, as a rule, there is no seasonality in reproduction. The duration of pregnancy is 4-11 months. In litter from one to 4-5 young.
Many types of slores are essential as commercial animals from which meat and skin are obtained. A number of species served as the leaders of the main domestic animals.
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