Invisible Holocaust

The policy conducted by China in East Turkestan is a genocide. But the inhabitants of Eastern Turkestan for some reason do not fall under the protection of the world community. All appeals aimed at the UN are ignored. 25 million inhabitants of Eastern Turkestan are currently on the verge of complete destruction. But the world "does not see" this desire.

One of the most ancient peoples on Earth was on the verge of complete destruction. East Turkestan's Uygur Turkestan are under China's protectorate now 250 years. The Chinese rename this land in Xinjiang, which means "conquered lands". And won the space, they began to exterminate the people. With the establishment of a communist regime in China, the pressure on the Eastern Turkestan intensified sharply. The open destruction of Uigur, protesting against the tough policy of state assimilation.

The number of Uigur who died from the hands of Chinese dictatorship, (executions, executions and forced abortions to reduce the number of Muslims) According to Amnesty International Report has reached terrifying scale:
1949-1952-CH. 2,800,000 thousand people;
1952-1957. 3,509,000 thousand people;
1958-1960s. 6,700,000 thousand people;
1961-1965. 13,300,000 thousand people.
Is it not a Holocaust?

"Cultural" destruction

Since 1949, Mao's communist regime, on the one hand, led the systematic ethnic cleansing and destroyed Muslims, on the other, the systematic settlement of their land by Chinese immigrants. The results of this campaign, such - if in 1953, 75% of Muslims and 6% of Chinese lived in the region, then in 1982 the number of Muslims decreased to 53%, and the Chinese increased to 40%. And in 1990, the population census showed that the number of Muslims decreased to 40%, and the Chinese increased to 53%. That is, the operation "Genocide" was successful.

Another "method" of assimilation is marriage by calculation. The authorities are practicing the violent marriages of Uigurs with the Chinese.
In addition, the government uses Muslims of East Turkestan as "experimental rabbits" in nuclear tests. For the first time, the tests in China were held in 1964, as a result of which the inhabitants in the next year about 20,000 children were born with congenital pathologies. Nuclear tests in East Turkestan took the lives of more than 210,000 Muslims. Thousands of Uigur became disabled, the number of oncological diseases increased dramatically.
China, starting in 1964, spent on the East Turkestan polygons of more than 50 atomic and hydrogen bombs.

Main reason - faith

The main reason why China destroys the people of Eastern Turkestan is religion. Communist China sees Islam by the only obstacle to establishing its absolute power in this region. Mao in the period from 1966 to 1976 applied all types of intimidation and pressure on the people, forcing Muslims to renounce faith. Mosques were settled, collective namaz were banned, courses were closed on the study of the Quran. The study of religion, as well as the teaching of religious knowledge was prohibited. But despite this, the Uygur people did not lose their Islamic identity.

On the continuing and today, the pressure on Muslims Turkestan is particularly negatively displayed on education. Universities are taught only in Chinese. But the opportunity to learn in such universities is only 20% of Islamic youth. In addition, Uigur educational institutions are poorly equipped. If the average Chinese school has a super-modern equipment, then the Uigur school lacks funds even for the purchase of textbooks.

Alphabet for 30 years in this region has changed 4 times. What is it how not the type of forced assimilation conducted in the region? Mao, despite the cultural revolution, did not touch the Chinese alphabet, and the Uygur alphabet changed Cyrillic. Soon, Cyrillic was replaced by Latin, and in order to prevent the buildings of the cultural bridge with Turkey, Uigur again returned the Arabic letters. Such a change in the alphabet change led to misunderstanding between generations. And modern Uigurs can no longer read their ancient books, join the culture of ancestors.

Caught arrests and forced abortions

The worst thing is, of course, unfortunate arrests. Power considers them the most effective means of reducing the number of Uygur population, which is a "potential threat to the current regime." Young people are forced to save from wheels in the mountains or desert. But they are catching and planting.

Since 1996, tens of thousands of Uigur are contained in the conclusion camps, where they are subjected to cruel torture. The court is nevertheless quickly and easy - either Katorga or shooting. But the most monstrous are forced abortions! Pregnant Uygurnoch is taken out of houses and abortions are made in unsanitary conditions.
Events that broke out in February 1997, in this regard, are indicative. On February 4, on the 27th of the month of the month, Ramadan Militia beat about 30 women gathered in the mosque and reading Quran by iron bits. Then they threw them into the chambers.

Residents of the quarter went to the central square, demanding them to free them. In response, 3 bodies tortured to the death of women were thrown under the feet of the protesters. People came to rage, began clashes with the authorities. For 3 days of riots, from February 4 to February 7, 200 inhabitants of East Turkestan were killed, more than 3,500 thousand people were placed in the camps. On February 8, in the Holiday of Uraza Bayram, China's Security Forces banned festive Namaz in mosques. This caused a new wave of protests and clashes, as a result of which, the number of prisoners from April to December 1997 with 58,000 people increased to 70,000 people.
About one hundred people from among youth were shot on the square, and 5,000 people, completely bare were put on display on the squares. The West did not have absorbed all this horror.

And where is the UN?

To terminate what is happening, it is necessary that the horrors of creating in East Turkestan heard the whole world. Only so you can achieve the adoption of international sanctions to terminate the genocide. But the inadmacy and invisibility observe the Uigurs for complete destruction.

The world community is responsible for the restoration of the peaceful coexistence of the Uigurs and the Chinese within one state. The UN, a member of the Security Council of which is China, more than half a century ignores this problem, as if it does not exist at all, as if the planned genocide of this Muslim people is not performed.
But it is the UN that can and should put pressure on the Chinese manual, with the requirement to solve this problem. The UN was created and exist for the sake of one goal - maintaining and strengthening international peace and security. Without a doubt that the international community, has the opportunity to restore the world in the region.

Naturally, China is entitled to the demands of non-interference in their national and economic interests. And the plan for coercion by the Chinese authorities to the world in East Turkestan and the cessation of Genocide Uigur should not be realized by pressure or force. The world community must convince the Communist China that the world in East Turkestan will only strengthen the prosperity, economic and social rise of the state. Respect for freedom of religion and national identity today is the basis for the existence of any civilized state.

Ensuring human living conditions to our Uigur brothers, the provision of rights to free their religion, the right to make religious worship, the right to maintain a unique culture - fair requirements and cannot be challenged in any state applying for the right to be called civilized

Our certificate

Uigur is one of the most ancient peoples on Earth. Modern languages \u200b\u200bof all Turkic peoples have developed on the basis of the Uygur language. Of any of their Turkic-speaking peoples living today on Earth, from Turkey and the Balkans to Yakutia and Altai, hearing Sigur speech, understand him and feel the origins of their own language. Uigurs are known on the political map of this region from the 3rd century BC. As one of the supports of the Hun power.

Uigurs had their statehood for 15 centuries. This people became the founder of the Turkic literature. Uygur literature, art and architecture are considered to be masterpieces of world culture, the people have become famous for its wellness, deep religiosity and modesty. Uigurs have true Islamic moral qualities, they are peaceful and compassionate, respectful to people of different religions, which is clearly seen from the entire history of the people. Uigurov never had conflicts on a racial or religious basis with other peoples living in this region.

According to the last census of the population, which held in 2010, about 4 thousand Uigurs live in Russia. Basically, their ancestors fell into our country at the end of the XIX - the first half of the 20th century with very dramatic circumstances.

They were forced to escape from their native land into neighboring states. This people turned out to be a exchanged coin in a large geopolitical game, which two superpowers lead on the Eurasian continent: Russia and China. All attempts of Uigurs independently build their future dealt about the interests of more influential states.

Who are they?

Uigurs - Turkic-speaking people, the main part of which lives in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. This territory, located in the West of the PRC, is also called East Turkestan (Western Turkestan has previously called Central Asia).

According to official data, in China there are about 11 million Uigurs. Approximately 400 thousand representatives of this people inhabit other states. Of these, about 238 thousand people live in Kazakhstan, another 50 thousand - in Kyrgyzstan. They are in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Russia.

Uigurs are national minorities in all of the countries listed. But it was not always so. This ancient people at their long history created ten states, one of which is the Uygur Kaganat (VIII-IX century) - occupied a huge territory, stretching from the steppes of modern Kazakhstan to Korea.

In various historical monuments, the ethnonym "Uigur" meets since the beginning of our era. This people were formed as a result of mixing and assimilation of various Turkic and Mongolian tribes that were mastered in the oases of the desert Takla Makan.

Ancient story could not not affect culture. Already in the VI century, the Uigurs had their own writing, which many neighboring Turkic tribes borrowed, as well as Mongols and Manchuri. It was the Uygur alphabet that was used in the Golden Horde in the compilation of various documents, and so came in the state of thimurides.

Initially, the religion of Uigurov was shamanism, then the maniciance was spread among them - the syncretic teaching, which combines the traditions of early Christianity and Zoroastrianism. Some representatives of this people adopted Buddhism from the neighbors, but in the 10th century among the Uigurs began the spread of Islam, which quickly displaced all other religions.

Art and traditions of Uigurov

Living in the oases of the desert Takla Makan, through which the Great Silk Road from China to Europe was held, Uiguri engaged in trade, agriculture and animal husbandry. Despite the fact that the representatives of this people created monumental monuments of architecture, talented literary works, contributed to the musical culture of Asia, the traditional miniature painting of Uigurov is of particular interest.

This unique technique of fine art was adopted by many neighboring ethnic groups. Even Tabriz school miniatures, located in Iran, arose on the basis of traditional Uygur painting.

The difficult living conditions in the desert forced people to create peculiar communities, which are called "Ottump Ogoul", which is translated as "thirty jigitis". They are not necessarily 30. Just initially about so many families lived in each oasis. Members of such a community must take care of each other, help and maintain in any situations.

The long-lasting and winter evenings participants "Ottond Ogoul" were traditionally gathered together at the evenings of rest, which were called "Measherp". People have fun, sang, danced. Such a joint pastime was racified by the community members.

After the tragic events of 1997 in Kulje, the Chinese authorities officially banned meshrykapov, because they suspected the participants of these meetings in separatism.

Hostage "Big Game"

Almost all the history of Uigurov is the confrontation of the Grozny neighbors, the most militant of which were Chinese, Manchuars and Mongols. Two thousand years ago, the representatives of the Han Empire seized the territory of Eastern Turkestan to ensure the safety of their caravans sent by the Great Silk Road.

Chinese garrisons in the oases of Taklo-Makana appeared in the first century of our era. And at present, the Uigurs seek to gain state independence, they are not satisfied with the status of autonomy as part of the PRC.

However, most states, not wanting to quarrel with China, prefer not to mention this problem. It is possible that the Uygur question is specifically raised by Western media to embroil Russia with an influential Eastern neighbor. This is extremely harming the geopolitical interests of our country in Asia, especially considering the value that the Shanghai cooperation organization established in 2001 is attached.

In the process of struggle, the Uigurs have gained independence, then it was lost again. In 1760, the territory of Eastern Turkestan seized the troops of the Empire Qing. They created here the province of Xinjiang, which the folk riots and excitement were constantly disturbed. Official Beijing not only sent impressive troops on the lands of rebellious Uigurs, but also actively encouraged the relocation to Xinjiang Chinese, as well as Solons and representatives of the nationality of SIBO-related manchuram tribes.

The tactics of the Chinese government is simple: the PRC authorities strive to assimilate Uigurs, over time, turning them into part of the large ethnos of the Middle Kingdom, which united many peoples. Understanding this, the indigenous inhabitants of East Turkestan are desperately held by their religion and traditions - everything that distinguishes them from the Chinese. Therefore, marriages with inners among the Uigurs are often denied in the 21st century.

Fished in Central Asia and Russia

The next anti-Chinese uprising broke out in Xinjiang in 1864. The next 10 years on the territory of the province, the people of which announced the national sovereignty, existed an Islamic state of Yettishhar. Support to Uigur in their desire for independence was provided to Britain and Turkey - active participants in a large geopolitical game, which unfolded on Eurasia's expanses in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

However, Russia, who fought with Britain for influence in Asia in all possible ways, decided that good relations with China are more important than national self-determination of the Uygur tribes. The Russians even provided the grain of the advancing troops of General Tszo Zudtan, thereby helped the Chinese make a difficult transition through deserted lands.

The army of the Middle Krobrotal reached Uygur Bunchovshchikov, cutting them with whole families. Some rebels were able to run into neighboring states of Central Asia and Russia, fleeing the Chinese. So, at the end of the XIX century, the first Uigurs were in our country.

But this people did not leave attempts to fight for independence. In 1932, the rebellion broke out in Xinjiang again, as a result of which the East-Turkestan Islamic Republic was created. The USSR authorities even planned to officially recognize this state, but again the geopolitical interests took over. And the Chinese managed to return control over the rebellious province.

Another attempt to gain independence was the East-Turkestan Revolutionary Republic, which emerged in 1944. The Chinese were even forced to recognize the autonomy of Uigur under pressure from the world community. After creating the Communist Party in Xinjiang, Moscow planned to support like-minded people in their desire for national self-determination. But everything changed in 1949, when everyone became apparent to the victory of communists in the struggle for power in the Middle Kingdom. The USSR authorities once again decided that the Union with China is more important.

In the first half of the 20th century, many Uigurs were also forced to flee from their native places, fleeing from persecution. Some of them were in Russia.

Uigur is an ancient ethnos, since ancient times who lived in the north of China, the main place for their stay is Xinjiang, but they also live in Hunani, Beijing, Guangzhou and other places. Outside China, Uigurov is very small. Samulation "Uigur" means "cohesion", "Association". In the ancient Chinese historic chronicles there are different variations of the names of Uigurov: "Huihu", "Huiheh", "Uigur". The official name "Uigur" was adopted by the Government of Xinjiang Province in 1935.

Uigurs speak Uygur, which refers to the Turkic language family, is confessing Islam. The places of their stay are mainly the areas of the South Xinjiang: Kashi, Hotan, Aksu, as well as the city of Urumchi and the Ilia District in Northern Xinjiang. According to the population of 1988, the number of Uiguri Xinjiang is 8,1394 million people, 47.45% of the total population of Xinjiang, in rural areas, the share of Uigurov - 84.47%, in the bills of urban villages 6.98%, in cities 8 , 55%.

The ancestors of the Uigurs and the evolution of development

The question of the origin of the Uygur nationality is quite complicated. It was attended by ancient peoples: Saki (East Iranian language group), Jacius, Qian (the tribes of the Ancient Netibetan language group, who lived on the northern spurs of Kunlun), finally, Hantsev who lived in the Turfan Wpadin. In the 40s of the 8th century, Uygur tribes, engaged in nomadic cattle breeding on the Mongolian plateau, migrated to the territory of the current Xinjiang. Three migration flows can be traced. In Xinjiang, migrants were assieved in the areas of Yangi, Gorohwan (Turfan) and Jimsar. Gradually, the Uigurs settled on the extensive expanses of the southern Xinjiang. It was the first stage in the formation of Uygur nationality on the basis of mixing with other ethnic groups, as well as an important period in the popularization of the Uygur language. In the wall painting of Baytzklik, cave temples, thousands of Buddhas have images of Uigurov. Uigurs of those times had obviously pronounced traits of the Mongoloid race. Today, the Uigurs, along with the black color of the hair and eye, have fallated faces and skin color characteristic of a mixed yellow-white race. Moreover, there are differences in the appearance of the Uigurs living in different areas. Uigurs living in the area of \u200b\u200bKashgar - a bunch of light skin and thick hair vegetation on the face, which brings them closer with a white race; Uigurov Hotana was dark skin, which brings together these Uigurs with Tibetans; Turfan Uigurs have the skin color is the same as Hantsevs living in Gansu and Qinghai. All this indicates that in the process of ethnic formation of the Uigurs, the mixing processes with other nationalities have experienced. The ancestors of the Uigurs on the blood also include Mongols, a large influx of which in Xinjiang had a place during the period of Chagatai and Yark Benth.

The ancestors of Uigurov were adherents of shamanism, zoroastrianism, manikes and Buddhism. The abundance of Buddhist cult facilities survived to this day: cave temples, monasteries and pagodas say that Buddhism occupied a dominant position among various beliefs. In the middle of the 10th century, the Islamism brought from Central Asia was distributed in Karakhan Khanna. Islamism first penetrated in a bunch. In the middle of the 16th century, during the existence of Yarkendian Khanate, Islamism displaced Buddhism and became the dominant religion in the areas of Turfan and Hami. So in Xinjiang, the historical change of religions occurred.

During the Yarkendian Khanate, Uigur lived mainly in the South Xinjiang - the area between Tianshhan and the Kunlun ridges. During the Dzhungarian Khanate, the Uigur began to settle in the Valley of the River or, where they swallowed virgin lands. But the number of motivated Uigurov was small. In general, until the beginning of the Board of the Zing Dynasty, the Uigur was mainly concentrated in South Xinjiang, and he already moved to other places. For example, the current Uygura living in Urumchi are descendants of those Uigurs, which in 1864 migrated here from Turfan here. At that time, a resident of Dihua (since 1955 Urumchi), Tomin (Hui by nationality) opposed the Qing Board and proclaimed the institution of an independent government. The residents of Turfan supported the rebels and sent them to help in Dichua armed detachment. After some time, the Kokandsky warlord Agub seized Dihua and Gunijn (now District G. Urumchi) and organized a recruit set in South Xinjiang to replenish their troops. Thus, Dihua migrated and settled for permanent residence a lot of Uigurs from South Xinjiang. In addition, in the years of the Republic of China (1911-1949), many Uigurs-merchants and workers moved to Northern Xinjiang. Until now, the number of Uigurs living in South Xinjiang is much larger than their number in Northern Xinjiang.

Political history Uigurov

At different periods of the history of Uigur, they created their local authority structures. But they all supported close relationship with the central government of the Chinese Empire.

At the beginning of the board of Dynasty, the Uygur ruler inherited the title of governor Gobi and created Uygur Kaganat. Kagani (Supreme Rules) were received from the hands of the Chinese emperor, a diploma of the appointment and state seal, in addition, one of the kagans was connected by the Matrimonial Union with the Tang Dynasty. The rulers of the Uygur Kaganat assisted the tanam in the ability of the internal turmoil among the tribes of Western territories and the protection of borders.

In the 10th century, three state entities existed in the territory of Western territories: the Garoker Khanate, the Karakhan Khanism and the state of Keria. All of them paid tribute to the emperors of the Sun Dynasty (960-1279) and Liao (907-1125). In the 16th - 17th centuries, there were close political and economic relations between Yarkend Khanate in Xinjiang and Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

In 1696, Hamiy Beck Abdul before others opposed the most dominated on the southern and northern spurs of Tianshan Dzhungarian administration and announced the recognition of the power of the Qing dynasty. The descendants of Abduli invariably received from the Chinese emperor, the diplomas about title and press, testifying to the recognition of their powers by the Central Government of China.

So gradually the soil was prepared for the inclusion of Western territories in the map of Chinese possessions. After in 1755, the Qing troops broke the troops of the Jungan Khanate, the process of recognizing the primacy of the Central Chinese government leaders of kingdoms in Western territories accelerated. Acting in the example of the Han dynasty, established in Western Territories, the position of the governor "Spirit", and the Dynasty of the Tan, established the military administrative districts in Ansi and Batin, the Qing Government established in 1762 the position of Ili General Governor - the highest military administrative rank in Western territories . As for the local authorities in the areas of residence of Uigurov, then the traditional feudal-bureaucratic system of Becks has been preserved here (Feodalov, who occupied the official posts, who were inherited by the Father to the Son), existed until the end of the Board of Qing Dynasty.

In the middle of the 19th century, the Chinese nation experienced a heavy crisis, class contradictions sharply aggravated. Against this background, the defects of the feudal-bureaucratic system of bess and the system of militarized governor, established in Xinjiang Chinese government, were obvious. The peasant uprisings, religious leaders, using the coming smutage, began to sermons for the "sacred war for Islam". The troops of the Central Asian Kokand Khanate (the feudal state created by Uzbeks in the 18th century in the Fergana Valley) were invaded in Xinjiang (the feudal state) under the guidance of Khan Aguba (1825 - 1877). Uzbeks captured porridge and the southern Xinjiang district. Tsarist Russia occupied Annino (Cults). For Xinjiang, confused times came. Only in 1877, under the pressure of the republished population and the strikes of the Qing troops, the interventionist government of Aguba, in the northern and southern regions of Xinjiang, the power of the Qing Government was restored again, which in 1884 declared Xinjiang by the Chinese province.

Uigur played an important role in resistance to external aggressors during the period of new history.

In the 20s of the 1920s, the 19th century Uigur reflected the armed cohesives of the troops of Zhangira and Mohammed Yusup, who operated with the support of Kokand Khan; In the 1960s, the Uigurs was driven by the Russian Consul of Ili and Tarbagatatai districts and Russian merchants for the fact that they rudely trampled local laws and provoked incidents in which victims among the local population were; In the 70s, the Uigurs gave the intervention of the Troops of Agub-Khan and supported the Qing Forces in the restoration of China's power in Xinjiang. They also contributed to the return in 1881 in the Lono of the Motherland of the Kuldzhi from under the Occupation of the Russians. During the Republic of China, Uigur strongly fought against Pantürkism and Panislamism, defending the unity of the motherland and national cohesion. In the years of the People's Republic of China, in particular, after the formation of the Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous District, Uigurs act as an important stabilizing force in the political life of China and Xinjiang.

Social life and economics

Uigurs lead a settling lifestyle, their main occupation is agriculture. Most of the Uigurs live in rural areas. In the middle of the 17th century, Dzungary rose - one of the four Oirat tribes in Western Mongolia. Having established its domination in Xinjiang, Dzungara moved a part of the Uigurs who lived in South Xinjiang to the north, to the Urumchi area, forcing them to break the centenary lands. In the past, Uighurs were engaged in the cultivation of crops with an extensive way, without making fertilizers, without selecting the sowing material, without worrying about the restoration of the soil fertility, used for irrigation of water from Arykov in an unlimited quantity. But in these conditions, the Uygur peasants achieved considerable progress in crop production.

Uigurs live in oasises in the middle of the desert, their villages were formed as they settled without a certain plan. In addition to working in the village, the trees and shrubs around the dwelling certainly sit down, fruit growing and fruit farming were widespread. From grapes by drying in the open sky, they prepare raisins, from the apricots - dried fruit, and also dried the nucleoli of apricot bones. Products such as Hotan Peaches and Walnut, Pishan and Kargaly Grenades, Badan apricots, Atuusky figs, Kuchanskiy apricots, Turfian Beatchain grapes, Courly pears, melons grown in Fajabad, Megati and Shashani, Ili apples, sea buckthorn, etc. Xinjiang is an important area of \u200b\u200bcotton growing of the All-China meaning. Uigur - Excellent Masters for Cotton Growing. Living in an arid climate with a very insignificant amount of precipitation, Uigurs learned to build underground water pipes and carytic wells, the water in which comes from the rivers. For the years of national authorities, especially during the reform and open course (since 1978), the pleiad of young professionals grew up in Xinjiang, new trends came to the agricultural sector, new agro and zootechnics came, mechanization began to be widely implemented. All this led to a new rise in the agriculture of the region.

In the diet of Uygur peasants, the meat of fine horned cattle, dairy products and fruits prevail. Residents of cities will be hung on a craft field, are engaged in small trade. Crafts developed leather production, blacksmithing, food processing. Traders sell fruit, prepare kebabs, bake of cakes, pies and other varieties of traditional food. Uygur artisans are distinguished by great grace. Hotansk carpets and silk are in great demand, miniature daggers from Youngisar, embroidered tubets and copper products produced in porridge.

Folk customs

Modern Uigurs differ very much from their ancestors: "Huihu," who believed in Manichaean or Gahakhan Uigurov who believed in Buddhism. Today, the dominant religion is Islamism. At an early stage of spreading Islam, Uigur belonged to the Sufism sect, today the majority of the population are Sunnites, in addition, there are adherents of the "ICHAN" sect, which requires renunciation from worldly pleasures and wearing rosary.

Marriages are exclusively between the supporters of one faith, strictly relieves the issuance of a girl married an inner. There are marriages between relatives and early marriages. By tradition, the decisive factor when choosing a groom (bride) is the will of parents. Today, the truth is officially recognized by the right to marriage for love, but still it is believed that any decent bridegroom should be able to bring the bride's family rich to calm, otherwise he will be imposed by the underestimation of the virtues of the bride. Both among groom gifts and in the giving of the bride with an indispensable attribute is a peer rug. The act of marriage must be confirmed by the priest - ahun. The newlyweds eat a cake, operated in the water, where salt is added, the friends of the groom and the bride girlfriend perform dancing and songs. Today, the walking about the wedding continues one day, and before you walked at least three days. According to Uygur, in the event of the death of the elder brother, the widow does not remain in the family of her husband, and it can return to the parent home or marry another. But if the wife dies, the widower can marry the sidetrain. Uygura's divorce and re-marriage show greater tolerance, when divorced, the sides divide the property equally divided. However, the custom prohibits a married woman to submit on a divorce on their own initiative. Although recently, there are change.

The Uygur family is based on the marriage relationship of her husband and wives, children who have reached the age of majority and acquired families are separated from their parents. The youngest son continues to live in the house of parents to be someone to care for old men and conduct them on the last path. In addition, there is a custom according to which Son, if he is the only male child in the family, is not separated from his parents. At the birth of a child, the fever remains in bed for 40 days. The baby is put in the cradle, in which it is convenient to rock the child. To assign a newborn name, a special ceremony is satisfied, a male child at the age of 5-7 years is circumcised, and this operation is timed to an odd month of the spring or autumn season. Children of both sexes, as well as a wife in the event of the death of a husband have the right of inheritance, but the daughter can inherit the property in the amount of only half of the inheritance, relying to the Son. It must be said that these customs today are no longer so absolute as it was in the past. Uigur attach importance to maintain relationships with relatives. Relatives are divided into direct, close and distant. But in contact with indirect relatives, they resort to such names as "Father", "Mother", "Brother", "Sister", etc. Between relatives, it is customary to provide mutual support. The personal nomination consists of a name and patronymic, without a surname, but mentioned the name of the ancestor (grandfather). In the custom of Uigurs, to read the elderly and old, they are met with respect and accompany, inferior to the road. Welcoming each other, the Uigurs apply the palm of his right hand to the chest.

The funeral custom includes legends of the remains of the deceased land. The deadman put heads to the West, as a rule, for a period of no more than three days, and Ahun makes prayer over it. Before the burial, the corpse is wrapped with a white cloth into several layers: three layers for men and five layers for women, the relatives of the deceased bring the last sentences in the mosque, after which the mourning procession follows in the cemetery. The grave of the quadrangular shape, most often in the cave, the dead man put his head to the West, Ahong says the words of prayer, and after the entrance to the cave is lit. As a rule, the Cemetery is prohibited in the entrance to people of another faith.

Today, the Uigurs enjoys a generally accepted calendar, but the onset of some holidays is still determined by the old chossing. The beginning of the year in the Uygur calendar - the holiday Kurban, on Zhuzzizze, has a small new year. According to Muslim custom, one month should be devoted to the post. This month you can eat food only before sunrise and after sunset. The end of the Great Post falls on "Zhouzzi" ("Kayzzhajitz"). Now you can go well. After 70 days after Kajzhajitz, the New Year comes (Kurban), when the lamb is scored in each family, arrange a New Year's pirushka and go with congratulations to each other. In the period of spring solstice, Nouvezowzitzzi is celebrated - the arrival of spring. But this holiday does not apply to Muslim holidays, and in our time it is rare.

Ogurov architecture is marked by Arabic specificity. Outstanding architectural monuments are the tomb of Koji Affokoki (Kashi), the Mosque of the Etgarte, Minaret of Imina (Turfan). Residential buildings are built from wood and clay. The courtyard is applied by a globitate wall, the walls of the house are also made by global, which are the main supporting structures, wooden beams supporting the roof are put on the edges of the walls. In Hotan, the walls of the houses are built from clay, which is mixed with the added chip red. The roof of the house is placed flat, fruit dried on it, etc. In addition to a residential building in the courtyard there are grape trellis and a fruit garden, there is a door in the house, but there is no windows familiar to us, the light penetrates through the window in the ceiling. In the walls of the house, niches are made, where homemade utensils are stored, the bed replaces the globate laying (Kahn), covered with a mat or carpet, carpets are hung and on the walls. On cold days, the house is heated by heat emanating from the wall under which the fire is bred. Doors in the Uygur house never come to the West. Uigurs, living in modern stone-brick houses, use modern furniture, but still love to decorate the room with carpets.

Uygur cuisine is rich in diverse eats, cooked cookies, cooking, handling. The food is put in food, especially the spice "Parfyan Anis", in Uigur "Zijuan". The main breadfind is baked cakes from a fermented dough with added onions and butter. Popular drink is tea with milk. Uigur pilaf is widely known, grilled entirely lamb, sausage, pies, steam pies with filling, crispy rams, etc. The kebab from lamb, refilled by anise, salt and pepper, is considered the most lackless dish. The kebab cooked in Uygursky became a popular dish everywhere in China.

An integral part of the clothing of Uigur, both men and women, is a headdress, especially popular tubette, beautifully embroidered with gold or silver threads. Casual men's clothing is a long-grade Cheap, which sews with wide sleeves, without a collar and without fasteners. He is worn, fossy to the side and sweeping by the cut. Currently, the Uigurs, living in cities, began to dress in modern, men wear jackets and pants, women dresses. Choosing cosmetic creams and lipstick, Uigurki prefer products based on natural vegetable raw materials. Developed by one Xinjianskaya company paint for eyebrows of the Osman brand has been checking on quality and offered for sales in China and abroad.

Culture and art

The Uiguri culture is rooted in a deep past. At the time of Uygur Kaganat, Uigurs used the writing of Zhuni (Turkic Language Group). It was on "Zhuny" it was written by Stela "Moyanko". Later, there was a syllable writing in the source, which used the letters "Sutaven", wrote on it vertically from top to bottom, right to left. In the times of Chagatai Khanate, the Uigurs took over the Arabic alphabet, giving a writing that was called Oldugurian. Kashgorsk pronunciation was considered to be generally accepted. The alphabet has numbered the letters, wrote to the right left. In the 19th century switched to modern Uygur writing. In modern uigur, 8 vowels and 24 consonants. In the 11th century, the Uygur poet Yusup from the city of Balasaguni (Karakhan Khanate) published a didactic poem "Knowledge, giving happiness", the poet Apindeele wrote the idyllic poem "there is such a place." A love poem "Layla and Matine" and the poet of Poet Abdujem Nizari "Saddin" appeared in the Chagytian period. Modern Uygur fiction and poetry have been developed in the 20th century.

Colorfully dance and song creativity Uigurov. In the days of Yarkend Khanate, a musical suite "Twelve Mukamov" was created, which includes 340 fragments: ancient tunes, oral folk testes, music for dancing, etc. A particularly large scale is distinguished by Kesh flour, which includes 170 musical fragments and 72 works of instrumental music. They can be performed continuously within 24 hours. The musical instruments of the Uighurs include flute, pipe, sons, Balaman, Sator, Zhetszek, Dutar, Tambour, Zhevapa (Rod Balalyaki), Kalun and Yanzin. Impact tools include a leather coating drum and a metal drum. Uigurov dancing can be divided into two categories: dancing, accompanied by singing, and dancing to the music. Popular dance style "Sanem", which is distinguished by a free choice of movements, is performed as one dancer and in a pair, as well as a whole ensemble. "Syyan" is a cheerful dance, executed by an unlimited number of artists. In this dance, performers, raising hands up, make hands of turns and crawls in the tact with small dance steps, in addition, the shoulders of artists make characteristic movements so that the neck remains fixed. In addition, the circus numbers are popular: the circuit breakers on the steel cable suspended at high height, equilibristics with the wheel, etc. On the Uigurs - the rusties with admiration wrote another emperor Qianlong (Dean. Qing). In 1997, the Uygur Rattlerock - a leaving from Kashgar - Adil Ushur passed through the steel cable of the Yangtze River, writing a record in Guinness Book.

Beijing contributed to Islamism among the Uigurs, preparing for the Soviet invasion; In the 90s, China collided with mass resistance

Last week, Alexey Volynets wrote about the history of Uigur separatism until the end of World War II. Today, he tells how Uigurs tried to gain subjectness in the period from the middle of the twentieth century and at our day.

Uigur in Socialist China.

Initially, after coming to the power of the Chinese Communists, the situation in Xinjiang developed on the Soviet crossing of the construction of "national-cultural autonomy". Even the Uygur alphabet was officially translated from the Arab letters to Cyrillic on the development of scientists of the USSR. But soon Beijing corrected the course, in Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region (Suar) began to relocate the Chinese, this policy is still ongoing.

The number of ethnic hants living in Suar has grown from 4% in 1949 to 40% to the outcome of the 20th century.

Chinese colonization mainly conducted by military administrative methods. The divisions of the Chinese Communists entering Xinjiang since the beginning of the 1950s were reformed into the so-called "Xinjiang production and building building" (SPS) with a number of 200 thousand people - 13 agricultural and 3 working divisions began to master the virgin, to build roads and other infrastructure. Work in the fields of soldiers combined with combat training. Soon the Directive of the Central Committee of the CPC soldiers of the corps were allowed to marry, simulating the flow of women from the central regions of China. By the 1970s, this "Labor Army" increased to 700 thousand people, it was built in Xinjiang over 20 thousand new Chinese settlements.

All of these decades of the Chinese development, Suar did not work out without the skirmishes of Uigurs and Hantsev, most of these facts remain almost unknown by the total closedness of Maoist China. It is known about the unrest of 1962 in the or Kazakh autonomous area of \u200b\u200bXinjiang on the border with Soviet Kazakhstan. In Chinese official history, these events are referred to as the "nationalist insurgent". The avant-garde of the performance was workers in oil classes, among which there were many veterans of the Anti-Chinese uprising of the 1940s. During the suppression of the rebellion, more than 5 thousand people were put into the camps, from 60 to 100 thousand Uigurs and the Kazakhs fled across the border in the USSR. At the same time, Suar left and switched to the Soviet Union, most Russian officers who served in the Chinese army.

Among the few facts of ethnic clashes in Xinjiang, in 1967, in 1967 in the city of Shiecedza, the second largest in Suar, Uigur killed over hundreds and wounded over thousands of Hungibins, who came here from China to deepen the "cultural revolution" here .

In the 60s and 1970s, several armed clashes between the Soviet and Chinese troops occurred at the border of Xinjiang and the Kazakh SSR. The most famous of them - fighting at Lake Jalanashkol in August 1969. Since the late 60s, the Central Asian Military District of the USSR was preparing to fight on the territory of Xinjiang, carefully studying potential opponents and allies in this territory.

Soviet soldiers in VRRME fighting at Lake Jalanashkol, August 1969. Photo: Armyman.info.

In 1980, a closed reference book for Soviet officers of the Central Asian district completely in the spirit of "oriental" descriptions of the XIX century gave the indigenous population such a characteristic:

"Uigurs is one of the most ancient peoples of Central Asia, have a rich and ancient culture ... national features are hospitality and politeness. However, the Uigurs are very flexible in handling people and not everyone who entered the house of Uygigu will find a warm welcome for himself.

Uigurs are very superstitious. They believe in conspiracies, witchcraft, talismans, in the existence of witches and houses. Concentrated and serious in everyday life, Uigur with the sounds of music and songs are enliven and hobby indulge in merry. Among the Uigur men, despite the fact that it is prohibited by Muslim law, smoking Anasi is widespread ... "

Military settlements

In the course of the delayed Soviet-Chinese political confrontation, Beijing was completely seriously considered the commissioning of Soviet troops to Afghanistan as the preparation of the Soviet annexation of Xinjiang. As a result, the number of Chinese troops in Suar has grown sharply, and by the beginning of the 80s, the Xinjiang production and construction corps counted over 2 million 250 thousand people, reaching one sixth population of Suar. The body produced a quarter of all products of the autonomous area, studying everything - from mining of minerals to growing cotton. The corps were agricultural, engineering and construction and even hydraulic divisions.

The corps is a huge socio-economic corporation, including individual cities, rural areas, many industrial industries and even two university. At the same time, the building spread across the whole Xinjiana remains almost completely Chinese - among its military personnel over 88% of hanies and less than 7% of the Uigurs.

Among the entire population of the region, only 40% of the Chinese and 45% of the Uigurs, but in the capital of Suar city of Urumchi Chinese 80%, and Uigurs are only 12%, and they basically live on the outskirts of their capital.

On the territory of Suar, the objects of the atomic sphere are also located - it is here at the bottom of the dried salted lake Lobnor near the Turfan desert there is a polygon where nuclear weapons are tested. In 1964, the first Chinese atomic bomb was blown here. In 1996, China last of the world powers conducted a nuclear test here before joining the moratorium on them.

Modern Xinjiang is an important part of the economy of the PRC. There are more than 3000 deposits of a wide variety of minerals - from coal and oil to gold and rare earth metals. Coal reserves in Xinjiang are estimated in two trillion tons, the estimated oil reserves are also impressive - 30 billion tons. There are almost all types of polymetallic ores and almost the entire Table of Mendeleev. According to forecasts of American economists, in the first half of the XXI century, Xinjiang will be one of the most attractive regions of Asia for world transnational companies. A fierce competition for the development of richest deposits may be operated here. Naturally, Beijing cannot leave such a promising and problem region without careful supervision.

Islamism from Beijing and the collapse of the USSR

The Chinese authorities, fearing the ethical and cultural proximity of the Uigurs with the Turkic peoples of the USSR, not only tightly closed the transparent border before the transparent border, but also transferred the Uigur alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin (all the Central Asian Republic of the USSR then used Cyrillic), and then, in the early 80s , generally officially returned the Arab alphabet. It was the third change of the Alphabet of the Uygur language in Suar.

Since the end of the 60s and until the end of the 80s, the entire policy of China was based on the open military-political confrontation from the USSR. Dan Xiaopin, even starting capitalist reforms, in relations with our country for a long time remained a champion of the stringent course for the confrontation. Therefore, especially after entering the Soviet troops to Afghanistan, the PRC authorities were quite seriously feared that Xinjiang will become the next battlefield. Official Beijing tried not only to protect the Uigurs from any Soviet influence, but also find allies among them against the Soviet expansion.

The Islamists have appeared possible by the possible allies of Beijing, which there were many among the Uigurs. Therefore, since the early 1980s, Suar softened religious policies. Earlier, especially in the years of the Maoist "cultural revolution", any religion, including the dominant in Suar Islam, was considered as hostile and subject to eradication. If in 1982, less than three thousand existing mosques and chapel homes remained in Xinjiang, then by the end of the decade, by the end of the decade, their number has grown more than four times.

Xinjiang Islamists have become for the Chinese intelligence agencies with a link with the Afghan opposition to the USSR. We know very little about it, but in reality, China supplied the Mujahideen weapons much more actively and generously than the United States and Saudi Arabia.

Official Beijing over the 80s closed his eyes to the fact that many of the Uigur joined in the CCP, including high-ranking suar functionaries, a mosque was regularly visited in violation of the Charter of the Communist Party. In 1987, the CPC Central Committee allowed to open the Xinjiang Islamic Academy in the region. As a result, the Islamic Renaissance occurred to the beginning of the 90s among the Uigurov Xinjiang.

In the early 1990s, the number of people acting mosques suar again doubled. This religious revival coincided with the collapse of the USSR and a surge of Islamism and Turkic nationalism in the post-Soviet Central Asian republics. It is important to remember that in these newly well-known states there was a rather big Uygur diaspora - only in Kazakhstan over a quarter of a million.

The appearance on the world of new states of Central Asia, close to Uiguras on culture and language, served as the indigenous population of Suar not only an infectious example of nationalism. The collapse of the USSR opened a huge Central Asian market for the Chinese economy. By the beginning of the 90s, Deng Xiaopin's reform was just given their first fruits, and only began to grow rapidly to develop business PRC rushed to establish a flow of goods Made in China to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan. It was Uigurs, due to language and cultural intimacy, became the main intermediaries in trade. Literally for several years in Xinjiang, a wealthy layer of the National Uygur bourgeoisie appeared, which grew up on the mediation between China's industry and the post-Soviet Central Asia markets.

A growing mixture of Islamic Renaissance, the celebration of close nationalism and the emergence of considerable, by local standards, Uygur capital gave an unexpected result for official Beijing. By the mid-1990s, Uigur was quite massively and clearly expressed their dissatisfaction with the Chinese.

"Liche 90s" with Chinese specifics

The beginning of the modern stage of the Uygur separatism, speaking under Islamist slogans, became events in the Kashgar district on April 5, 1990, where, as it was written in the official Chinese press, "armed counter-revolutionary uprising" broke out. For the first time after the events of 1989, Tiananmen Square in Beijing to suppress the riots of China's power were forced to resort to air transfer of troops. The operation also participated two "agrarian divisions" of the Xinjiang production and building building.

The rebellion was caused by the displacement of the popular Mullah, as well as the actions of police officers who follow the birth control - for traditional Islamic families, even the official resolution of three children (and not only one child, as the Chinese), was a strong stimulus.

In subsequent years, there have repeatedly occurred with the police, attacks of police sites, explosions of trains and buses. In 1995, the authorities announced the discovery of a large weapon warehouse. In the spring of 1996, the central newspaper Suar Xinjiang Siboo wrote that since February there were five serious social explosions on the territory of Xinjiang, as a result of the authorities of 2773 people were arrested for involvement in terrorist activities, more than 2.7 tons of explosives were found and 31 000 units of ammunition. According to information from the Uygur oppositionists themselves, the real number of arrested exceeded 10 thousand people, more than a thousand were killed during clashes with police and troops.

Debris of one of the buses blown up in Beijing in 1997. Photo: Greg Baker / AP

One of the most loud collisions during this period lasts from 2 to 8 February 1996. The reason was the arrest of the police of the group of Uygur youth in an illegal charter house. The result of mass performances against these arrests was 120 killed by the police and over 2500 arrested Uigurs.

On February 12, 1996, the local press reported on the explosion of the train. The government immediately announced that this terrorist attack was held by the United Revolutionary Front - an emigrant Uygur organization, which was based then in Kazakhstan. In May, the Uygur terrorist tried to kill Imam's Mosque of Kashgar, who collaborated with the Chinese authorities. The terrorist was shot by the police, the further consequence found out that he had been sent from five years to her parents to study at the underground madrasa, where the Jesma of Islamism and Panyurkism were instilled in Uigur children.

By the end of 1996, terrorists shot a number of high-ranking officials of the Uygur nationality accused of collaboration with China. Official data are classified, but it is believed that in 1996, about 500 police officers and security authorities died in Suar.

In early 1997, the Chinese authorities sentenced to death and shot several dozen Uigurs arrested a year earlier on separatism. Information about these executions caused excitement and pogroms of Chinese immigrants in a number of Xinjiang cities, the most fierce in the city of Yining at the border with Kazakhstan. China was even forced to officially inform Kazakhstan's authorities on large-scale movements of troops in the region. The city includes 30 thousand Chinese soldiers with the support of tanks and armored vehicles. According to Uigur activists, 90% of local families were arrested from one to three people.

Red against green

In response to the violence of the CPC Central Committee, announced the close relations of separatism with "illegal religious activities" and began a campaign to reduce Islamic influence in Suar.

The Communist Party recognized that control over many home cells in the villages of Xinjiana was lost. It turned out that the game was penetrated by Islamists: 25% of the Communist Party in Xinjiang confessed Islam, and in the villages their number reached 40%.

To begin with, the government tightened legislation regulating religious activities. In Xinjiang, a third of all China's current mosques were located, for several years the authorities reduced their number by 20%. Special attention was paid to control over religious education - only in 1997. 105 illegal madrasas were closed in Suar.

In parallel, a complete reorganization of the PDA low-voltage pieces was carried out in Xinjiang. Party Guide released a special provision for the Signjiang Committee of the Party, which prohibits the participation of PDA members in religious activities, as well as the distribution of books and other materials of a religious nature. In the event of a detection of such facts, such members of the PDA must be automatically treated as accomplices of terrorists.

China's authorities very hard restricted the contacts of their Muslims with foreign uniforms - reduced the number of those who are allowed to go on Hajj to Mecca, now only the elderly can go there from China. At the same time, the person who received permission to Hajj in Mecca, the Sauar party authorities officially offer to replace pilgrimage to a free excursion to Beijing.

The PRC authorities additionally transferred several army divisions into Suar and significantly increased the number of security authorities in the region, up to the fact that in certain areas during the exacerbation of the situation, the number of security officials exceeded the local Uygur population.

For several years, China's special services arrested, killed or forced to run abroad the most active leaders of separatists and Islamists. According to the statements of the Uygur oppositionists operating outside of China, the PRC special services created a whole network of the Uygur underground controlled by him, provoking splits in the separatist environment and disadvantageous stocks for them.

Since 1999, a decrease in the intensity of anti-Chinese speeches of Uigurov began, especially in their extreme forms. At the end of 2005, the Chinese authorities stated with satisfaction that this year there was not a single terrorist attack on the territory of Suar.

Economic struggle with separatism

The impressive growth of the Chinese economy, with all its costs, has been beneficial on Xinjiang. By the beginning of the XXI century, Suar stopped considered the underdeveloped and poor region. In the list of 31 provinces and autonomous formations of China, Motherland Uigurov stands at a twelfth place in terms of GDP per capita. Beijing actively contributes to the growth of SUAR welfare - a free economic zone and trade with the CIS countries turned Urumchi and other cities in the region to prosperous industrial and commerce centers.

The growth of the economy and, accordingly, the international influence of China ensured the political isolation of Uygur separatists. In the 90s, the various political organizations of the Uigurs were unhindered and practically opened in the Asian republics of the former USSR. The diaspora and the weakness of local statehood gave Uygur separatists a reliable and convenient base near the Borders of the PRC. The underground Xinjiang managed to hold a number of attempted Chinese diplomats and expropriation of Chinese businessmen. For example, in 2000, several Chinese officials killed in the capital of Kyrgyzstan and collaborated with the Chinese authorities of the head of the Uigur community. In the same year, in the center of Alma-Ata, the Uigurs armed with automata from Xinjiang successfully robbed banks and arranged a fight with the police and military of Kazakhstan. In 2002, in Bishkek, members of the underground "organization of the liberation of Eastern Turkestan" shot Consul PRC.

But by the beginning of the XXI century, the situation radically changed - the authorities of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan not only strengthened their police apparatus, but are increasingly followed in the Beijing Farvater. In addition, their interests and goals of the PRC in the fight against the Islamist underground completely coincide. As a result, over the past decade, many of these republics have passed a lot of trials of varying degrees of closures against Uygur organizations and activists. As a result, Xinjiang oppositionists on the territory of the post-Soviet Central Asia also found themselves in a deep underground.

Mutual deadlock

Despite the progress, the existing objectively ethnic tension between the hangers and the Uigurs cannot be reduced. The demographic pressure of the Chinese and the alienation of two peoples constantly provoke ethnic explosions on the territory of Xinjiang.

The most famous outside of China, the riots in Urumchi 2009 were the mass collision. The reason was the teaching, which occurred very far from Xinjiang - in the south of China, in the rich and industrialized Province of Guangdong. In the city of Shaoguan at the factory Early Light International, the world's largest producer of children's toys, introduced the quota for employees from Xinjiang. The event was held within the framework of the large program of the Chinese authorities, in which since 2008, 200 thousand young Uigurs was attracted to work in the developed seaside province of China. So, in the factory among 20 thousand Chinese, approximately 800 young Uigurs appeared.

The conflict did not make himself wait long. Due to the limited official information, several versions appeared, differing depending on the ethnic sympathies of the source - whether the Uigurs made group rape in the factory dormitories, whether only harassment towards Chinese workers took place. Either, according to the Uigurs themselves, there was no violence from their side at all - just two Chinese chickens frightened the brutal dances and loud songs of young Uigurov.

All this resulted in a mass brawl, to stop the conflict, the intervention of 400 police officers took. The struggling parties tried to finish opponents even in ambulance machines. According to official data, two Uigurs were killed and over hundreds of bitten.

Information, photos and video frames of a mass brawl, supplemented by various rumors, instantly spread online and social networks of China. After a few days in Xinjiang began demonstrations of protest perturbed Uigurs. On July 5, 2009, the first clashes of Uigurs and local Chinese have occurred in the capital of Suar Urumchi. A prominent part of the launched on both sides amounted to students of the Kashgar Pedagogical Institute. According to the Chinese authorities, 197 people died during the fights and pogroms (less than fifty Uygurs, the rest of Hans) and about two thousand were injured.

Uigur people are quite ancient. They are the indigenous population of East Turkestan, now Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region of China. They speak their - Uigur, religion - Islam Sunni sense. Refers to Europeanoids with a slight mongoloid admixture.

Uigur is one of the oldest Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia with a centuries-old history and a rich original culture, which has played an important role in its historical destinies.

The pedigree of this nation goes deep into the ages and millennia. The first mentions of Uigurs are found in the ancient Turkish inscriptions, in ancient Chinese chronicles, long before our era called "Ohhold", "Hunnes", "Huegu", "Gavguy" (BSEM, 1956, T.44, p.59).

The ancestors of Uigur were nomadic tribes of Eastern Turkestan, in the III century. BC e. - III-IV centuries. n. e. I played an important role in the tribal union of the Huns. The first references to Uigurs in written sources belong to the III century of our era.

Settlement in the modern world and the number

The total number is approximately 10 million people. Of these, more than 9 million live in East Turkestan / Suar, as well as in the major cities of the eastern part of China. A small enclave of Uigur numbers about 7 thousand people, there is also a Hunan province, in the south-east of the PRC, where they live for several centuries.

The Uygur community, abroad, the total number of about 500 thousand, is presented in many countries, but the main part lives in the republics of Central Asia, the number of Central Asian community is approximately ~ 350 thousand of them in the Republic of Kazakhstan ~ 250 thousand, in the Kyrgyz Republic ~ 60 thousand, in Uzbekistan ~ 50 thousand, in Turkmenistan ~ 3 thousand.

The large Uygur diaspora exists in the Turkish republic about 40 thousand, as well as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ~ 30 thousand. Also Uigur communities are available in Pakistan, UAE, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Great Britain, Sweden, Canada, USA, Japan, Australia. Uygur Anklava can be found in such cities of the world as Sydney, Beijing, Shanghai, Mecca, Almaty, Bishkek, Munich.

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The Uygur communities are peculiar to traditional self-organization in the form of Malya, at the head of which are elected ears of Zhigit Besha. Usually, all communities are included in the Uygur public organizations that unite the organization of which, in turn, is the World Uygur Congress.

History

In the III-IV centuries. Uigur was part of the union, which in the Chinese dynasty chronicles was called Gaogui (letters. "High Trucks"). In V c. In Chinese sources there is a new name for this union - body (Tegg "Tools"). A significant group of tribes of the body migrated to the West, in the steppes of Kazakhstan and Southeast Europe. The remaining in the Central Asian steppes were subordinate to the Turks and became part of their state.

The main lands of the body were then in the Jungaria and Semirchye. But in 605, after the treacherous beating of Western Chiran-kagan, several hundred leadership of the body, the leader of Uigurov led the tribes in the Hangai Mountains, where they created a separate group called by Chinese historically "nine tribes" (current-cuz-ceps).

From 630, after the fall of the first Turkic kaganate, cue-cubes act as a significant political force, the leadership within which was established for ten Tribes of Uiguri led by the genlacan. In the V-VIII centuries. Uigur was part of the kaganate of the buzz and then the Turkic kaganate.

The process of ethnic consolidation of Uigurov ended in the VIII century. After the collapse of the Turkic kaganate and the formation of the Uygur early-designer state (Uigur Kaganat) on the r. Orhon. The head of Kaganata stood kagans from the Uygur kind of Yaglakar (Kit. Yao-Luo-Ko; 745-795). It was at that moment that the official religion was recognized by maniken. In 795, the Ediz's tribe came to power (795-840), which also took the name of Yangakar.

Gumilev considers this episode by the coming to power of the Manichaeian theocracy: ... In 795, the reception of one of the nobles of Kutlug was erected on the throne, on the terms of the restriction of power.

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"Velmazbi, officials and others reported:" You, heavenly king, sit after the sleeves on the precious throne, and the assistant must get the ability to control the measure of the measure from the sea and the mountain: ... laws and commands must be given: should hope for heavenly mercy and favor . In other words, Khan had a performeal and judicial authority, and the policy was taken under the control of heavenly mercy, "that is, Manicheev. The union tribes turned into theocracy.

In 840, the power in Kaganate returned to the Yangakan tribe for 7 years. In the 840s, due to complex domestic political and economic reasons, as well as the external invasion of the ancient Kyrgyz, the state of Uigurov was broken.

The division was previously united

Some Uigurov moved to the East Turkestan and the western part of Gansu, where three independent states were created - with centers in Gansu near the modern city of Zhanj, in the Turfansky Oasis and Kashgar.

The Karakhany state in Kashgar and the Uygur state of the Turfan hidikuts of Kochov Turfov existed more than 400 years.

Here, the Uigurs gradually assimilated the local, mainly Iranian-Iranoharo-speaking population, giving him his tongue and culture and, in turn, having moved the traditions of oasis agriculture and some types of remorse. During this period, among the Uigurs of Turgun, Komul, the religion of which was maniciance and shamanism, buddhism was spread, then Christianity (Non -toriance). In the same historical period, starting from the X century, among the Uigurs of Kashgar, Yarkdend, Hotana is distributed Islam, to the XVI century. Putting out other religions throughout Eastern Turkestan.

With the adoption of Islam Arabic graphics, an oldgur letter was supplanted.

By this time, the formation of a modern Uygur Ethnic Sheet with Newugurian. Political and administrative disconnectness in the period of 15-16 centuries. As well as a number of other reasons led to the fact that the ethnonym "Uigur" began to use little, and was soon displaced by religious self-consciousness. Uigurs called themselves primarily "Muslims", as well as in the region of origin - Kashkarlyk (Kashkhet), Khotanlyk (Khothanets), etc. or by the nature of the occupation - Taranches (farmer).

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In the XVII-XVIII centuries. In East Turkestan, there was a state of Uigurov, which in 1760 was captured by the Manchurian rulers of China. National oppression and cruel exploitation caused numerous Uigur's uprisings against Manchuro-Qing, and later the Khomintan enslavers. In 1921, at the congress of representatives of Uigur in Tashkent, the ancient self-confusion "Uigur" was restored as nationwide.

With the destruction of the last Uygur statehood, in 1949, and with the formation of the Xinjian-Uygur Autonomous District in 1955, the PRC authorities conduct a targeted policy on Uigur assimilation, primarily by mass relocation to SUAR Ethnic Hanters and an artificial restriction of the fertility of the indigenous population.

In general, achievements in the field of enlightenment and health care, cultural development, complicated by the demographic, ethnic and religious policies of the Chinese government. The big problem is the rise in the Wigters of Islamic Extremism and the cruelty of repression by the state. Do not love Uigur not only in China, in Kazakhstan, the indigenous population does not dink them.