What is formed during a thunderstorm. Thunderstorm - Thunderstorm Clouds and Lightning

Storm Always causes me admiration and feeling of respect for nature. It has something mysterious, but the most pleasant thing is to sit at home and look out the window, admiring element.

Why a thunderstorm takes place

Storm - Bright natural phenomenon in the atmosphere. At one time on our planet there is up to 2000 thunderstorms. B. atmospheric fronts When cold air masses displace warm. During the year in moderate breadthah occurs about 20 thunderstorms, and in the sites close to equatorAlmost half of the year falls on this phenomenon. Less frequent thunderstorms are found over the oceans.

Naming storm From a high white cloud, which is rapidly increasing. These clouds are gigid, the thickness of them may exceed 10 kilometers. The bottom is always flat, and when top part comes to stratosphere, it is flattened by taking the form anvil. Hurricane wind is a constant thunderstorm satellite, often forming thunderstorm Stroke - A sharp gust of wind. There have been cases when the squalls caused severe destruction. Before the emergence of thunderstorms, as a rule, very stuffy and hot. The heated air rushes up, more and higher, sometimes reaching a height of several kilometers. There it is cooled and can no longer hold back moisture. So clouds are formed, but the receipt of warm air does not stop, clouds are condensedithereby forming thunderstorm clouds.

Another thunderstorm companion - lightningextending in the atmosphere with speed of light. Therefore, we observe its outbreak at the time when the discharge itself comes. In the cloud of the molecule when driving will be drunk, which contributes to the appearance voltage. Discharge temperature over 25000 degrees, and it warms the air so much that it expands supersonic speed. So we hear thunder. Sometimes you can watch ball lightning - Fiery balls, whose nature still remains a mystery. There are often cases when such a ball, floating over the earth's surface, enters the room along with a draft.

Security measures

During the rampant of this element, it is necessary to adhere to the following security measures:

be as possible further from the windows;
do not approach to metal structures;
do not stay in open areas;
contraindicated to swim In reservoirs.

Rich

With advent satellites It became possible to observe atmospheric phenomena All over the globe. So it was established, which can rightly be considered a champion in the number of thunderstorms - tororo city in Uganda. Here in the year there are 260 Thunderstorm Days.

What is a thunderstorm? How dangerous is this element and what consequences threaten a man when a lightning discharge in his body gets? Questions seem to be simple. Everyone knows that it is dangerous, but it will be worth talking about the nature of this phenomenon and understand how to behave in different situations.

What is a thunderstorm: definition

Every day on the planet zipper sparkle more than 1500 seats. Many people are afraid, having heard the thunder. Some so fully and do not understand why this sound hears, what is his reason, as lightning is formed. What is a thunderstorm? During the manifestation of this element, rain is observed, a squall wind, sparkling with lightning, thunder thunder. Thunderstorm is an integral part natural phenomena. And it is customary to speak about a collective process.

At the same time, lightning is possible without thunderstorms. But the thunder necessarily accompanies this phenomenon. It becomes the result of an electric discharge and is essentially air fluctuations. During the discharge of zipper, the atmosphere around charged particles is much warmed, there is a sharp and rapid increase in pressure in certain place. This process is accompanied by a sound effect resembling an explosion. Then the air mass cools, the roar is heard again. Echo repeatedly reflected from clouds and land. As a result, a person hears the sound of thunder.

Under the lightning understand the strong discharge of electricity between two objects with different potentials. These are thunderclouds, then the process goes high in the atmosphere. Another option when the discharge occurs in the ground. It is believed that the average lightning length is 2.5 km. Scientists allocate three of them: linear, ball and vague.

The reasons

What is a thunderstorm and zipper? In order for the element to show its strength, certain circumstances should be formed. Electrification of clouds contributes to the appearance of lightning. Not every cloud has sufficient potential for the breakdown of the atmosphere layer in the air or towards the earth's surface. The thunderstorm cloud becomes when its sizes grow up to several kilometers. The lower edge is at the surface of the earth, the temperature is higher there than the top edge at a height of three kilometers. There are water particles freeze.

Air masses are constantly moving. Warm air rises up, cold - lowered. Movement and friction of particles contribute to their electrification. Different parts of the cloud are obtained different potential. When it reaches a critical value sufficient for a breakdown of the atmosphere layer, electrons rush into the channel formed - zipper is obtained. The current "flows" along the path of the smallest resistance. Air environment Inhomogeneous, so the outbreak visible to us and the glowing canal itself have branch.

This refers to a linear and blurry discharge. The nature of the ball lightning is not fully disclosed by scientists. This is essentially a clot of charged energy with high potential. Such a ball may behave unpredictable in different conditions ambient. In any case, such lightning is a serious threat to a person.

Effects

Answering the question of what a thunderstorm is not to emphasize all the attention only at the dangers of a high discharge of lightning. In addition, the element can cause other harm. Strong squalid wind able to knock down a man with legs, throw wood, damage the power lines, tilt vehicle, destroy the building entirely or partially. The abundance of water during shower can quickly flood lowland, and a large hail is able to break through even the roofs of houses. The umbrella will not be protected during such an element. You need to remember this and beware not to get injured or injury.

But anyway the greatest harness A person may cause an electric discharge in his body. Even if the lightning strikes nearby, the consequences of the impact of high current are capable of affecting health. A short-term loss of consciousness is far from the worst result in such a situation. The temperature at the point of exposure can instantly reach ten thousand degrees, and the rate of the discharge current is from ten to hundreds of thousands of amperes. Statistical data are such that every year from the blows of lightning die to three thousand people.

How to behave during the element

What is a thunderstorm in an open area? Trees tops are closer to the dangerous cloud. So, if the lightning strikes it in such a place, the first to hit exactly it. Hide under such shelter, especially if the tree is lonely in the field, it is not worth it, even when it goes heavy rain. It is better to get fucked than get the current discharge.

Deciduous trees are the best current conductors. Pine and fir have greater resistance, they are less susceptible to lightning. Standing in full growth should not. The closer to the surface of the Earth, the less danger. Ditch or spinning will be less dangerous Mozthan just plain.

In the thunderstorm should be on land. Water is dangerous in that he spends well electricity. Lightning hit even at the distance will affect a bathing person. It is better to look for refuge in the reservoir distance. It is believed that the conversation on a mobile phone can provoke lightning.

If a child is afraid of thunder thunder and lightning outbreaks in the night sky, adults should explain to him the essence of these phenomena. It is necessary to make it clear that this is a pattern, and a person cannot affect nature. If a child knows how to behave during a thunderstorm, it will be less susceptible to fear. After all, scares the unknown.

By choosing the right moment, you need to show him a lightning lighter and explain why it is intended. If there is no such protection nearby, you can be considered a suitable element of a high pillar, antenna, a tower or part of the building.

You can distract and calm the child. For example, reading children's thematic literature with him. Proverbs and riddles about thunder and lightning will help relieve tension and more calmly experience rainy weather during the element.

Thunderstorms, conditions of education and herds

Storm- This is a complex atmosphere, characterized by intensive clouds with the disclosure and multiple electrical discharges in the form of lightning.

Thunderstorms arise in cumulating rain clouds, which, in this case, are called thunderstorms. The area is good about developed cumulating rain clouds usually does not exceed

50 ... 100 km2. In the thunderstorm clouds, colossal energy was concentrated, the manifestations of which are always amazed by human imagination. The calculation of the s show that in the thunderstorm

cloud of small sizes (area of \u200b\u200babout 30 km2) during the condensation of the water vapor is distinguished by about 1.8 · 1013 heat calories. Approximately the same amount of heat (2 · 1013)

it is released when an atomic bomb of the middle caliber or explosion of 20,000 tons of trotyl. The amount of heat released during the condensation of water vapor in a well-developed varnish, occupying the area of \u200b\u200babout 100 km2, is equal to the amount of heat formed during the explosion hydrogen bombsThat is about 1000 times more than with the explosion of the atomic bomb, and is equivalent to the explosion of 20 million tons of TNT. All this tremendous thermal energy released in condensation processes, consumes to development in the Lake of ascending Tos,

which are maintained in suspended hundreds of thousands of tons of water. Ascending currents sometimes contribute to the development of thunderstorm clouds to the big hundred youth. The vertices of the clouds may break the tropopause and penetrate into the lower stratosphere. In moderate latitudes Ah thunderstorms, E clouds can develop d about 12 ... 14 km, in the Transcaucasia, the media of Asia and the Far East Oka - up to 15 ... 16 km, in India - up to 18 km, in Evat Orial Zone - up to 20 ... 21 km.

The thunder cloud continuously, the electricity, which is enough for

in order to ensure all the needs of the city A, having its population of 10 million people, for the whole time, while the thunderstorm lasts.

In the thunderstorm clouds, such hazardous phenomena, as a strong uhbularity, powerful vertical EUs, intensive icing, electrical discharges, degrees, hail, and storm sediments are the greatest threat to aviation. It should be noted that all fl and dangerous phenomena could observe simultaneously. Under the clouds, the danger prestitutes a flip of flip winds, reaching sometimes hurricane strength, tornado, storm sediments (rain, hail, snow charges), between clouds strong nis children and rising air flows, SD Vigi Wind.

To form a thunderstorm cloud, the following conditions are needed:

1. Vertically directed ascending oct of air (convection).

2. Large moisture content of the ear ( absolute humidity but> 13 g / m3 or excessive

water vapor e.\u003e 15 GPa).

3. Large positive energy instability and in the troposphere (up to 400 GPa). Vertical

t Emaper gradient γ \u003e 0.65 ° C / 100 m.

Conditionally the development of the thunderstorm cloud can be divided into three parts of Ads (Fig. 9.6).

Fig. 9.6. Stage of development of the thunderstorm

Stage I Stage– primary development - From the appearance of a cumulus cloud d about the beginning of livhed rainfall. In this stage, cumulus clouds gradually develop into the power of a but-cumulus, and then into cue-rain "bald", from which the precipitation begin to fall. The clouds are dominated by ascending flows, which are intensified from 2 ... 5 m / s in cumulus clouds

10 ... 15 m / s in powerful-cumulus. Upper border of cumulus clouds 1.5 ... 2.5 km, and powerful-cumulus -

4 ... 6 km. They consist of drops of water. In the Kuchevo Rain "Lysom", the cloud begins to be at the top of it, and it already consists of supercrowered drops, snowflakes and ice crysto alles. Ascending speeds in such clouds can reach

20 ... 25 m / s, and the top of the border - 7 ... 8 km. The transition from a cumulus cloud to a powerful-cucumber occurs pretty slowly, and from the powerful-cumulus to the cumulating-rain - very quickly (1 hour and less). The vertical speed of lifting the top of the clouds is on average equal to 1 m / s, and in certain cases it can retire 10 m / s. Interddes from the clouds there are downward air flows.

Stage II - Maxim Development- The thunderstorm about Laco from the Kuchevo Rain "Bald" develops into a cucco-rain "hairy". From the cloud of lingering raining precipitation. There are electrical discharges in the form of a lightning. Intensive ascending and descending air movements are observed in the thunderstorm cloud. Ascending ye streams reach maximum speeds of 30 ... 40 m / s and more. They prevail in front of the cloud. Sources B Sunrise in the eye in the postal cloud and linearly grows with a height, starting from the base, and reaches the maximum value at the preindant part of the cloud, after which the speed begins to linearly decrease to the top of the clouds. Due to the storm sediments, descending flows at a speed of 10 ... 15 m / s. NISX-dressed streams are most developed in the cloud. Feature of the vertical sweat of the clouds

it is their strong gusty. Gusts can merge ygat b 15 m / s and cause an airplane and to 2 when throwing overload g.and more. Inside the clouds forms a lot of vortices different sizewhich is the actuator of the YAT to the ima of a turbulence that causes a strong Baton Sun. Strong T URB, the ocendere is also observed above the upper boundary of the thunderclouds (Fig. 9.7).

Fig. 9.7. Air movement over in the rams of thunderstorm clouds

Over the dome-shaped vertex of cumulus-rain clouds, which does not have an anvil or falling out of anvil, in a layer of 200 ... 300 m from the clouds there are strong ascending sweat of the Oka. Dangerous T URB Ulent Nost b in this case is observed in close proximity to the cloud, in a layer of 50 ... 100 m. In the zone of ascending flows, the plane pulls up.

Over the flat vertex in the layer 200 ... 300 m is observed by the XIR NISX. Sun,

finding into anvil or flying near it, vert-oscillatory streams may be drawn into the cloud.

The external borders of the heap-rain clouds most often are hidden downward movements of the ear in Furiously with turbulence. When approaching clouds, the Boltanka Sun may appear on the removal, approximately equal to the diameter of the cloud.

Strong sunrise streams characteristic of cumulus-rain clouds, ways to hold large droplets of water in a suspended state, cat-Ore in the zone of negative UR \u200b\u200btemperatures are in a supercillary state, a very strong is a very strong Out of icing.

A greater danger to flights in thunderstorm clouds and under them is a hail.

Grada loss is not at every thunderstorm. Over Europe in flat places, the NAS and the loss of hail occurs once an average of 10 ... 15 cases. In the mountainous areas of thunderstorms with hail are more often.

Launch of large hail is a natural disaster. Sowing, fruit gardens, vineyards, domestic cattle on pastures suffer from him. Grad may break the lodge of the airfield on the station of airfields. In flight, with a populage in degrees, the fuselage is damaged, especially the percaleous sheathing of the stackers of helicopters, the glazing of the crew cockpit, the fairings of anthenium, and others, relatively fragility elements of the Sun design.

In the second stage great danger represent phenomena observed under

thunderstorms with clouds.

In the front of the thunderstorm about varnish, the dark twist is formed in the shaft of the broken varnishes, the cat Ore is called shkwalo gate . It arises on heights e

500 ... 600 m (may be lowered up to 50 m) at the boundary of the ascending flow in the cloud and downward flow outside the cloud. The squall gate has large speed and rotation and is extremely dangerous phenomenon. At high temperatures, a large wet and air and a strong unstable in Atmfer, the end of a squall gate can descend to the ground, forming a strong whirlwind with a lively vertical axis of rotation and diameter in

several tens of meters. Fl from the vortex is called cm Yerch . Solorals have a big destroyer. Their passage is associated with large cats astrophic destruction on Earth. Dust, the breakdown of different objects and even animals and people can rise up with these sweat and tolerates on significant distances.

Second dangerous area Under the thunderstorm clouds, it is observed in the rising and downstream air flows in the region of storm sediments. This is a zone shkvalov. The width does not exceed 500 m. In heights of the wallet, it is simple, it is up to 2 ... 3 km, its duration is a few minutes. In the earth, the squall manifests itself as a sharp strengthening of the wind, accompanied by a change in its direction by almost 180 °. The wind in the zone of Shkvalov can retire the strength of the hurricane (more than 29 m / s). The cluck is dangerous for raising ships in flight on low heights ah, as well as the active equipment and various light buildings located on the airfield.

III Stage- Stage destruction - Storm sediments, falling out from the thunderstorm cloud, oh the air and the underlying surface under the cloud. Therefore, weakens, and then stop the ascending sweat of the Oka. In this Art Aldi in the thunderstorm cloud, there is a downward sweat of Oki, which is blocked by this cloud. The destruction of the thunderstorm cloud usually begins with the bottom part and. The cloud is settling and expanding on the area. The speed of lowering the versh isa is 1 ... 1.5 m / s, sometimes 3 m / s. The lower boundary of the thunder cloud acquires a peculiar look - it becomes smiling. The top of the cloud is flat and consists of a fibrous clouds of a fiber station. On average tier to the thunderstorm cloud, high-cumulous varnish are adjacent, and in the lower - layered-cumulus clouds.

In the third stage in the thunderstorm cloud, all hazardous phenomena are observed, which x aspects for the second herd of AI, but as the clouds are deprived of the clouds decreased.

The entire period is developed by the thunderstorm cloud ranks 3 to 5 hours.

Guidelines, Documents hea prohibit before intention to enter the thunderstorm clouds in every work of the art of their development, as in the thunderstorm clouds and in the immediate closeness and from them the direct danger of the flight of flights represent:

Pusty ascending and descending sweat of the sweat of the ear with a large speed,

leading to sudden throwing Sun;

Intensive icing at all heights above zero isota Erma;

Electrical discharges in the form of a lightning;

Hail, ticking a mechanical damage to sun;

Strong atmospheric interference and violating radio communication;

Storm sediments with limited visibility;

Squalls and tornadoes;

Wind shifts in the surface layer.

The thunderstorm clouds in their composition are sia by Anno (Fig. 9.8). They consist of

drops of water, snowflakes and ice crysto alles. Usually on the lower boundary of the cloud T EMPERATURE OF AIR + 5 ° C ... + 10 ° C, and on the upper boundary, depending on the vert of the oscillate power of the cloud, it can be -40 ° C ... -65 ° C. This oh causes the indestructible structure of the cloud in its composition.

From the base of the cloud to the level of zero isotherm, the cloud consists of water droplets, from

the level of zero isota eerma to the level of isotherm -20 ° C - from the snowflakes and stroke of the weed droplets of water, which in this layer is exceeded; Erma -20 ° C level levels are prevailing already snowflakes and icy Cryst Alla.

With a thunderstorm in AT Mosper, the origin of Yat Eh ledctural discharges. For the occurrence of e-ledctic discharges, education in the thunder cloud of volumetric electrical charges is necessary. Such charges create a cloud element of OV - droplets and ice crystals as a result of electrification.

Fig. 9.8. Microstructure of the thunderstorm cloud

There are many (about 35) the theories of formation of volumetric electrical charges in cumulating rain clouds. Naibic Oer is common is the theory of education of electric charges in a thunderstorm cloud due to crushing drops and crystals.

Under the action of strong gusts of the values \u200b\u200bof dying streams, large drops, which were splashing at the bottom of the clouds, are sprayed. At this, there are electives to their electric riz. Small drops charge reluctantly and take up. Large drops with a positive charge of OM ON OST at the bottom of the cloud. In the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud, electrification occurs, apparently, due to the rhenium of the Crist of Allov and their splitting at the art. Small fragments charge smiling. Put it, large - from sparking. Large fragments are lowered down and enhance the tickle charge of the middle of the cloud. Small fragments charged positively remain in suspended state in the top and clouds.

But not only T AK can charge thunderstorm clouds. Cloud drops at their movement freeze and melt. Each of the processes also leads to electrification of cloud particles. Thus, electrification can occur during the following processes:

- with the brief contact of large and small droplets;

- when spraying droplets and crushing crystals into the result of E strong ascending and

nisx dubbed pots inside the cloud;

- for taking crystals.

As a result of electrification, drops and crystals and transfer them to air focus in the cloud are formed areas and with powerful volumetric charges. The average distribution of electric charges in the thunderstorm cloud is shown in Fig. 9.9.

Negative electric charges are focused mainly in the rear and middle part of the cloud from the lower border to isotherm -20 ° C, and positive charges - in front parts and clouds, where you have a powerful ascending oct of air, and you also need an Erma -20 ° FROM.

If the tension is an electric field between two volume charges in the cloud

or between the varnishes and the land, the merchants of the punching air potential (about

30000 V / cm), then happens electric discharge. Such discharges accompanied by a dazzling outbreak of light and rack the thunder, nazy lightning Mi. .

Thunder- the phenomenon of acoustic, its main reason is shock wave,

arising into the result of the rupture of the discharge channel.

In appearance and physical features Lightning is divided into a linear branched, flat and w surrend.

Fig. 9.9. Electrical structure of the thunderstorm cloud

Linear branched lightning- This is the most frequently observed giant spark discharge atmospheric electricity. Lightning length in the middle of the computers is 2 ... 3 km, and sometimes it may be more than 20 km and more. There are several branches from the main channel, so the linear zipper is similar to the appearance of the dry tree of the deciduous tree. The speed of lightning computers turns about 102 ... 103 km / s. The power of the current inside the channel of zipper of the order of Esykov thousands of Amp. Plasma temperature in zipper exceeds 10,000 ° C. Linear zipper is possible in the riot of a thunderstorm cloud, interface for the region of Akom and the Earth, interddes from d Vumya clouds.

Flat Lightningit is a b esshumous reddish glow of any part of the cloud arising from the total effect large number Coronal discharges on cloud particles. Duration T Aka zipper for about 1 second. Flat zipper does not need to be mixed with a salary, when the clouds are illuminated by remote and directly invisible linear zipper.

Fireball- it is quite rare and mysterious phenomenon. It is a round luminous mass of the sizes with a fist, sometimes with watermelon and more. The nature of ball lightning is not fully disclosed. It is believed that this is a cluster of plasma, arising after about the diagnostic lightning.

When flying in a thunderstorm cloud or near it, lightning can occur in Sun.

This is possible in two cases:

- Supreme Arms will be on the way of lightning;

- Tensions of the electric field between the volume charge in the cloud and the volume charge of the sun is larger than the breakdown potential of the ear.

The result of lightning in the sun may occur:

- depressurization of the cabin;

- fire on the sun;

- blinding crew;

- Destruction on the sewing, separable children ale and radio equipment;

- magnetization of steel cores in devices, etc.

The likelihood of the lesion of the entire lightning age age with an increase in their mass and speed

flight. The most often affected by the lightning of the radioantennes, the wings, the stubcizer and the fuselage. It is significantly less likely to defeat T of scaling tanks, but ei cases usually have difficult consequences.

With thunderstorm discharges are closely related atmospheric radio intercoms(aTM FELIKI) . These are electromagnetic impulses that occur during the process of the thunder discharge. Space from the place of its occurrence, the atmospherics cause radio interference - especially on long waves. They create w minds and cracks in phones. The greater the tension of the electric field in a thunderstorm about varnish, the stronger the atmospheric glad of the Iopomehi.

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Geography Thunderstorms

At the same time on Earth there is about one and a half thousand thunderstorms, the average intensity of the discharges is estimated as 100 lightning per second. On the surface of the planet thunderstorms are unevenly distributed. Above the ocean of the thunderstorms is approximately ten times less than above the continents. In the tropical and equatorial zone (from 30 ° northern latitude Up to 30 ° southern latitude) concentrated about 78% of all lightning discharges. Maximum thunderstorm activity falls on Central Africa. In the polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctic and over the poles, the thunderstorms practically does not happen. The intensity of the thunderstorm follows the Sun: Maximum thunderstorms fall on the summer (in medium latitudes) and daytime afternoon hours. The minimum of registered thunderstorms falls before the sunrise. The thunderstorms also affect geographical features The terrain: strong thunder centers are located in the mountainous regions of Himalayas and Cordillere.

The average annual number of days with a thunderstorm in some cities of Russia:

City	Number of days with thunderstorms
Arkhangelsk	20
Astrakhan	14
Barnaul	32
Blagoveshchensk	28
Bryansk	28
Vladivostok.	13
Volgograd	21
Voronezh	26
Yekaterinburg	28
Irkutsk	15
Kazan.	28
Kaliningrad	18
Krasnoyarsk	24
Moscow	24
Murmansk	4
Nizhny Novgorod	28
Novosibirsk	20
Omsk	27
Orenburg	28
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky	1
Rostov-on-Don	31
Samara	25
St. Petersburg	16
Saratov	28
Sochi	50
Stavropol.	26
Syktyvkar	25
Tomsk	24
Ufa	31
Khabarovsk	25
Khanty-Mansiysk	20
Chelyabinsk	24
Chita	27
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	7
Yakutsk	12

Stages of development of the thunderstorm cloud

The necessary conditions for the emergence of a thunderstorm cloud is the presence of conditions for the development of convection or other mechanism creating ascending flows of moisture supply sufficient to form precipitation, and the presence of a structure in which part of the cloud particles is in a liquid state, and part is in ice. Convection, leading to the development of thunderstorms, arises in the following cases:

with uneven heating of the surface layer of air over different underlying surface. For example, over the aqueous surface and land due to differences in water and soil temperature. Over major cities, convection intensity is significantly higher than in the vicinity of the city.
when rifle or displaced warm air Cold on atmospheric fronts. Atmospheric convection on atmospheric fronts is significantly more intense and more often than with intramassay convection. Often, the frontal convection develops simultaneously with layered rain clouds and plated precipitates, which masks the resulting cumulating clouds.
when the air is lifted in the areas of mountain arrays. Even small hills on the ground lead to strengthening the formation of clouds (due to the forced convection). High mountains create particularly complex conditions for convection development and almost always increase its repeatability and intensity.

All thunderstorm clouds, regardless of their type, consistently pass the stages of a cumulus cloud, stage of a mature thunderstorm cloud and a decay stage.

Classification of thunderstorm clouds

In the 20th century, thunderstorms were classified in accordance with the conditions of formation: intramass, front or orographic. Currently, it is more customary to classify thunderstorms in accordance with the characteristics of the thunderstorms themselves, and these characteristics are mainly dependent on the meteorological environment in which the thunderstorm develops.
Basic prerequisite For the formation of thunderstorm clouds is the state of instability of the atmosphere, forming ascending flows. Depending on the magnitude and power of such streams, thunder clouds of various types are formed.

Single-unit

Single-sided cumulon (Cumulonimbus, CB) Clouds are developing on days with a weak wind in a small bary field. They are called still intramass or local. They consist of a convective cell with an upward flow in the central part, can reach thunderstorm and degree intensity and quickly collapse with precipitation. Sizes of such a cloud: transverse - 5-20 km, vertical - 8-12 km, lifespan - about 30 minutes, sometimes - up to 1 hour. There are no serious changes to the weather after the thunderstorm.
The formation of clouds begins with the occurrence of a cumulating cloud of good weather (Cumulus Humilis). Under favorable conditions, heaping clouds are rapidly growing both in the vertical and horizontal direction, while the ascending flows are almost all over the volume of the clouds and increase from 5 m / s to 15-20 m / s. Downward flows are very weak. The surrounding air actively penetrates the clouds due to the mixing on the border and the top of the cloud. The cloud goes into the middle cumulus stage (Cumulus Mediocris). The smallest water drops formed as a result of condensation in such a cloud merge into larger, which are carried out with powerful ascending flows up. The cloud is still homogeneous, consists of droplets of water held by the ascending flow - the precipitation does not fall out. In the top of the cloud, when the water particles hit in the zone negative temperatures Drops gradually begin to turn into ice crystals. The cloud goes into the stage of a powerful cumulus cloud (Cumulus congestus). The mixed composition of the cloud leads to the consolidation of cloud elements and the creation of conditions for precipitation and the formation of thunderstorms. Such a cloud is called cumulonimbus or (in a particular case) with a cumulonimbus Calvus. Vertical streams in it reach 25 m / s, and the level of the vertex reaches a height of 7-8 km.
Spaning precipitation particles cool ambient air, leading to further strengthening downstream. At the stage of maturity in the cloud are at the same time ascending, and downward air flows.
At the stage of decay in the cloud, descending flows predominate, which gradually covers all the cloud.

Multi-character cluster thunderstorms

This is the most common type of thunderstorm associated with mesoscale (having a scale of 10 to 1000 km) perturbations. Multi-character cluster consists of a group of thunderstorms moving as a single whole, although each cell in the cluster is at different stages of the development of the thunderstorm cloud. Thunderstorm cells that are in the stage of maturity are usually located in the central part of the cluster, and disintegrating cells with a leeward side of the cluster. They have transverse dimensions of 20-40 km, their vertices are often rising to the tropopause and penetrate the stratosphere. Multi-character cluster thunderstorms can give hail storm rains and relatively weak slurry impulses of the wind. Each individual cell in a multi-character cluster is in a mature state of about 20 minutes; The multi-character cluster itself can exist within a few hours. This type of thunderstorm is usually more intense than a union thunderstorm, but a lot of weaker superhythic thunderstorms.

Multi-tailed linear thunderstorms (Shkvalov lines)

Multi-tailed linear thunderstorms are a thunderstorm line with a long, well-developed front of the wind gusts on the front line of the front. Shkvalov line can be solid or contained bars. The approaching multi-tailed line looks like a dark wall of the clouds, usually covering the horizon from the west side (in the northern hemisphere). A large number of close-up ascending / descending air flows allows you to qualify this thunder complex as a multilateral, although its thunder structure is sharply different from a multi-character cluster thunderstorm. Shkvalov lines can give a large hail (with a diameter of more than 2 cm) and intense showers, but more they are known as systems that create strong downstream streams and wind shifts, dangerous for aviation. Shkwalov line is close by properties to the cold front, but is the local result of the thunderstorm activity. Often the Shkvalov line occurs ahead of the cold front. On radar pictures, this system resembles a curved bow (Bow Echo). This phenomenon Characteristic for North America, in Europe and European territory Russia is observed less often.

Superchair thunderstorms

Main article: Superchak

Superchake is the most highly organized thunderstorm cloud. Superchalter clouds are relatively rare, but represent the greatest threat to the health and life of a person and his property. Superchalter cloud is similar to union that both have one rising flow zone. The difference consists in the size of the supervision: the diameter of about 50 km, height - 10-15 km (often top border penetrates the stratosphere) with a single semicircular anvil. The speed of the ascending flow in the superhythic cloud is significantly higher than in other types of thunderclouds: up to 40-60 m / s. The main feature that distinguishes a superhylly cloud from clouds of other types is the presence of rotation. Rotating upstream stream in a superchalter cloud (in radar terminology called mesocyclone), creates extreme valid weather conditions, such as large hail (with a diameter of 2-5 cm, sometimes more), squalls at a speed of up to 40 m / s and severe devastating tornads. The surrounding conditions are the main factor in the formation of a superhythic cloud. Very strong convective air instability is necessary. The air temperature in the Earth (to thunderstorms) should be + 27 ... + 30 and higher, but the main necessary condition is the wind of the variable direction that causes the rotation. Such conditions are achieved when the wind shift in the middle troposphere. The precipitates formed in the ascending stream are transferred at the top level of the clouds with a strong stream in the zone of the downstream. Thus, the ascending and downstream zones are separated in space, which ensures the life of the cloud for a long period of time. Usually, weak rain is observed on the front edge of the superhighted cloud. Storm sediments fall close to the rising zone, and the strongest precipitation and large degrees fall northeast of the zone of the main ascending flow. The most dangerous conditions are observed not far from the zone of the main ascending flow (usually shifted to the back of the thunderstorm).

Physical characteristics of thunderstorm clouds

Airplane and radar studies show that a single thunder cell usually reaches a height of about 8-10 km and lives about 30 minutes. Isolated Thunderstorm usually consists of several cells located in various stages of development, and lasts about an hour. Large thunderstorms can reach tens of kilometers in diameter, their peak can reach the height of over 18 km, and they can last many hours.

Ascending and downstream

Ascending and descending flows in isolated thunderstorms usually have a diameter from 0.5 to 2.5 km and a height from 3 to 8 km. Sometimes the upstream diameter can reach 4 km. Near the surface of the Earth, the flows are usually incremented in diameter, and the speed in them drops compared with the above streams. The characteristic rate of the ascending flow lies in the range from 5 to 10 m / s and reaches 20 m / s at the top of large thunderstorms. Research aircraft flying through the thunderstorm cloud at an altitude of 10,000 m register the speed of ascending flows over 30 m / s. The strongest ascending flows are observed in organized thunderstorms.

Shkvala

In some thunderstorms there are intense descending air flows, creating the wind of the destructive force on the surface of the earth. Depending on the size, such descending flows are called squalls or microchkvals. A flurry with a diameter of more than 4 km can create a wind to 60 m / s. Microcquies have smaller sizes, but create wind speed up to 75 m / s. If the thunder generates a flurry is formed from enough warm and wet air, then the microclock will be accompanied by intense rainy rain. However, if the thunderstorm is formed from dry air, the precipitation can evaporate during the fallout (evaporated in the air of precipitation or Virga), and the microcrine will be dry. Downward air flows are a serious danger to airplanes, especially during takeoff or landing, as they create a wind near the ground with strong sudden changes in speed and directions.

Vertical development

In general, an active convective cloud will rise until it loses buoyancy. The loss of buoyancy is associated with the load created by the formated in the cloud environment with precipitation, or mixing with the surrounding dry cold air, or a combination of these two processes. The growth of the cloud can also be stopped by a layer of blocking inversion, that is, a layer where the air temperature grows with a height. Usually thunder clouds reach a height of about 10 km, but sometimes they reach heights of more than 20 km. When the moisture content and instability of the atmosphere is high, then with a favorable wind, the cloud can grow to the tropopause, a layer separating the trail from the stratosphere. The tropopause is characterized by a temperature remaining approximately constant with an increase in height and known as a high stability area. As soon as the upward stream begins to approach the stratosphere, it is pretty soon the air in the top of the cloud becomes colder and heavier than the surrounding air, and the height of the vertex stops. The height of the tropopause depends on the latitude of the terrain and the season of the year. It varies from 8 km in the polar regions up to 18 km and above near the equator.

When a cumulus convective cloud reaches the blocking layer of the inversion of the tropopause, it begins to spread to the side and forms the "anvil" characteristic of thunder clouds. The wind blowing at the height of the anvil usually demolides the cloudy material in the direction of the wind.

Turbulence

The aircraft flying through the thunderstorm cloud (it is forbidden to fly into the cue-rain clouds), it usually falls into the bolton, casting up, down and on the side under the action of turbulent cloud streams. Atmospheric turbulence creates a sense of discomfort for the crew of the aircraft and passengers and causes unwanted load on the aircraft. Turbulence is measured by different units, but it is more often determined in units G - acceleration of free fall (1g \u003d 9.8 m / s 2). A flurry in one G creates a turbulence dangerous to aircraft. At the top of the intensive thunderstorms registered vertical acceleration to three g.

Traffic

The speed and movement of the thunder cloud depends on the direction of the wind, first of all, the interaction of the ascending and descending flows of the clouds with carrier air flows in the middle layers of the atmosphere in which the thunderstorm develops. The speed of moving the isolated thunderstorm is usually about 20 km / h, but some thunderstorms move much faster. IN extreme situations The thunderstorm cloud can move with rates of 65-80 km / h - during the passage of active cold fronts. In most thunderstorms, as the old thunderstorms are scattered, new thunder cells appear consistently. With a weak wind, a separate cell during his life can go a very small way, less than two kilometers; However, in larger thunderstorms, new cells are launched by a downward flow arising from a mature cell, which creates an impression of rapid movement, which does not always coincide with the direction of the wind. In large multi-tone thunderstorms there is a pattern when the new cell is formed to the right in the direction of the airflow carrier in the northern hemisphere and to the left of the direction of the carrier flow in the southern hemisphere.

Energy

Energy that leads to a thunderstorm enclosed in hidden heat released when water steam is condensed and forms cloud drops. For each gram of water condensing in an atmosphere, approximately 600 calories of heat are released. When water drops freeze in the top of the cloud, it is additionally released about 80 calories per gram. The released hidden thermal energy is partially converted into kinetic energy ascending flow. The rough estimate of the total thunderstorm energy can be made on the basis of the total amount of water that fell in the form of precipitation from the cloud. Typical is the energy of about 100 million kilowatt-hours, which is equivalent to approximately nuclear charging In 20 kilotonne (though, this energy is allocated in a much greater space of space and for a much longer time). Large multi-tone thunderstorms can have energy and 10 and 100 times greater.

Weather phenomena under thunderstorms

Downward flows and squall fronts

The downstream flows in thunderstorms occur at altitudes, where the air temperature is lower than the temperature in the surrounding space, and this flow becomes even colder when it is started to melting ice particles of precipitation and evaporate cloud drops. The air in the downstream stream is not only more dense than the ambient air, but it also carries the horizontal moment of the amount of movement, different from the ambient air. If the downward flow occurs, for example, at an altitude of 10 km, it will reach the surface of the earth with a horizontal speed, significantly greater than the wind speed in the earth. At the Earth, this air is ending forward in front of a thunderstorm at a speed greater than the speed of the entire cloud. That is why the observer on Earth will feel the approach of thunderstorm in the flow of cold air even before the thunderstorm cloud will be over his head. The downward flow propagating on Earth forms a zone from a depth of 500 meters to 2 km with a clear difference between cold air flow and warm wet air, from which a thunderstorm is formed. The passage of such a squall front is easily determined by the amplification of wind and a sudden drop in temperature. In five minutes, the air temperature may decrease by 5 ° C or more. The squall forms a characteristic squall gate with a horizontal axis, a sharp drop in temperature and a change in the direction of the wind.

In extreme cases, the jumble front created by the downward flow can reach a speed exceeding 50 m / s, and brings destruction of homes and sowing. More often severe squalls occur when the organized thunderstorm line develops in conditions strong wind on medium heights. At the same time, people may think that these destruction is caused by Solochi. If there are no witnesses who have seen a characteristic funnel-shaped cloud, the cause of destruction can be determined by the nature of the destruction caused by the wind. In tornstrokes, there are a circular picture, and a thunderstorm flurry caused by a downward flow carries destruction mainly in one direction. Following the cold air, it is usually raining. In some cases, the rain drops are completely evaporated during the fall, which leads to dry thunderstorms. In the opposite situation, characteristic of strong multilateral and superhythic thunderstorms, there is a torrential rain with a hail, causing sudden floods.

Soloch

Tornado is a strong small-scale vortex under the thunderstorm clouds with approximately vertical, but often curved axis. From the periphery to the center of the tornadow there is a pressure drop of 100-200 GPa. Wind speed in tornadows can exceed 100 m / s, theoretically can reach the sound speed. In Russia, the tornadoes arise relatively rarely. The greatest repeatability of Sadoz is falling to the south of the European part of Russia.

Livni.

In small thunderstorms, a five-minute peak of intensive precipitation can exceed 120 mm / h, but the rest of the rest has an order of magnitude less intensity. The average thunderstorm gives about 2,000 cubic meters of precipitation, but a large thunderstorm can give ten times more. Large organized thunderstorms associated with mesoscale convective systems can create from 10 to 1000 million cubic meters of precipitation.

Electrical structure of the thunderstorm cloud

The distribution and movement of electrical charges inside and around the thunderstorm cloud is a complex continuously changing process. Nevertheless, you can present a generalized picture of the distribution of electrical charges at the stage of maturity of the cloud. The positive dipole structure dominates, in which the positive charge is in the top of the cloud, and the negative charge is under it inside the cloud. Based on the cloud and under it there is a lower positive charge. Atmospheric ions, moving under the action of an electric field, form the shielding layers on the cloud boundaries, masking the electrical structure of the cloud from the external observer. Measurements show that in various geographical conditions, the main negative outage of the thunderstorm cloud is located at altitudes with the ambient temperature from -5 to -17 ° C. The greater the speed of the ascending flow in the cloud, the larger height is the center of the negative charge. The density of the volume charge lies in the range of 1-10 CB / km³. There is a noticeable share of thunderstorms with an inverse structure of charges: - negative charge in the top of the cloud and a positive charge in the inside of the cloud, as well as with a complex structure with four and more zones of volume charges of different polarity.

Electrification mechanism

To explain the formation of the electrical structure of the thunderstorm cloud, many mechanisms were offered, and so far this area of \u200b\u200bscience is an area of \u200b\u200bactive studies. The main hypothesis is based on the fact that if larger and heavy cloud particles are charged mainly negatively, and more light small particles carry a positive charge, the spatial separation of volume charges occurs due to the fact that large particles fall at greater speed than small cloud components. This mechanism, in general, is consistent with laboratory experiments, which show a strong charge transmission in the interaction of ice camp particles (grooves - porous particles from frozen water droplets) or hay crystals in the presence of supercooled water droplets. The sign and value of the charge transmitted during contacts depend on the temperature of the ambient air and water the clouds, but also on the size of ice crystals, the speed of collision and other factors. Perhaps the action and other electrification mechanisms. When the value accumulated in the volume cloud electric charge It becomes quite large, between areas charged with the opposite sign, a lightning discharge occurs. The category may also occur between the cloud and the earth, the cloud and the neutral atmosphere, the cloud and the ionosphere. In a typical thunderstorm from two thirds to 100 percent of discharges, it is necessary to have intracetic discharges, interchalter discharges or discharges cloud - air. The remaining part is the discharge cloud. In recent years, it has become clear that lightning can be artificially initiated in the cloud, which under normal conditions does not go into the thunderstorm stage. In the clouds having electrification zones and creating electrical fields, lightning can be initiated by mountains, high-rise structures, airplanes or rockets, which are in the zone of strong electric fields.

Precautions during thunderstorms

Precautions are due to the fact that lightning beats mainly in higher items. This is because the electrical discharge goes along the path of least resistance, that is, on a shorter path.

During the thunderstorm, in no case cannot be:

be near power lines;
hide from rain under the trees (especially under high or lonely standing);
swim in reservoirs (since the head of the swimmer protrudes from the water, in addition, water, due to substances dissolved in it, has good electrical conductivity);
to be in the open space, in the "clean field", since in this case a person significantly protrudes over the surface;
climbing on the hill, including roofs of houses;
use metal objects;
be near the windows;
ride a bike and motorcycle.

Failure to follow these rules often leads to the death of people or obtaining burns and heavy injuries.

28 Kaliningrad 18 Krasnoyarsk 24 Moscow 24 Murmansk 4 Nizhny Novgorod 28 Novosibirsk 20 Omsk 27 Orenburg 28 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 1 Rostov-on-Don 31 Samara 25 St. Petersburg 16 Saratov 28 Sochi 50 Stavropol. 26 Syktyvkar 25 Tomsk 24 Ufa 31 Khabarovsk 25 Khanty-Mansiysk 20 Chelyabinsk 24 Chita 27 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 7 Yakutsk 12

Stages of development of the thunderstorm cloud

Stages of the development of a thunderstorm cloud.

with uneven heating of the surface layer of air over different underlying surface. For example, over the aqueous surface and land due to differences in water and soil temperature. Over major cities, convection intensity is significantly higher than in the vicinity of the city.
when climbing or displacing warm air is cold on atmospheric fronts. Atmospheric convection on atmospheric fronts is significantly more intense and more often than with intramassay convection. Often, the frontal convection develops simultaneously with layered rain clouds and plated precipitates, which masks the resulting cumulating clouds.
when the air is lifted in the areas of mountain arrays. Even small hills on the ground lead to strengthening the formation of clouds (due to the forced convection). High mountains create particularly complex conditions for convection development and almost always increase its repeatability and intensity.

All thunderstorm clouds, regardless of their type, consistently pass the stages of a cumulus cloud, stage of a mature thunderstorm cloud and a decay stage.

Classification of thunderstorm clouds

In the 20th century, thunderstorms were classified in accordance with the conditions of formation: intramass, front or orographic. Currently, it is more customary to classify thunderstorms in accordance with the characteristics of the thunderstorms themselves, and these characteristics are mainly dependent on the meteorological environment in which the thunderstorm develops.
The main prerequisite for the formation of thunderstorm clouds is the state of instability of the atmosphere forming ascending flows. Depending on the magnitude and power of such streams, thunder clouds of various types are formed.

Single-unit

Life cycle of a union cloud.

Single-sided cumulon (Cumulonimbus, CB) Clouds are developing on days with a weak wind in a small bary field. They are called still intramass or local. They consist of a convective cell with an upward flow in the central part, can reach thunderstorm and degree intensity and quickly collapse with precipitation. Sizes of such a cloud: transverse - 5-20 km, vertical - 8-12 km, lifespan - about 30 minutes, sometimes - up to 1 hour. There are no serious changes to the weather after the thunderstorm.
The formation of clouds begins with the occurrence of a cumulating cloud of good weather (Cumulus Humilis). Under favorable conditions, heaping clouds are rapidly growing both in the vertical and horizontal direction, while the ascending flows are almost all over the volume of the clouds and increase from 5 m / s to 15-20 m / s. Downward flows are very weak. The surrounding air actively penetrates the clouds due to the mixing on the border and the top of the cloud. The cloud goes into the middle cumulus stage (Cumulus Mediocris). The smallest water drops formed as a result of condensation in such a cloud merge into larger, which are carried out with powerful ascending flows up. The cloud is still homogeneous, consists of droplets of water held by the ascending flow - the precipitation does not fall out. In the upper part of the cloud, when the water particles hit in the zone of negative temperatures, the drops gradually begin to turn into ice crystals. The cloud goes into the stage of a powerful cumulus cloud (Cumulus congestus). The mixed composition of the cloud leads to the consolidation of cloud elements and the creation of conditions for precipitation and the formation of thunderstorms. Such a cloud is called cumulonimbus or (in a particular case) with a cumulonimbus Calvus. Vertical streams in it reach 25 m / s, and the level of the vertex reaches a height of 7-8 km.
The evaporating precipitation particles cools the ambient air, which leads to further enhancement of downward flows. At the stage of maturity in the cloud are at the same time ascending, and downward air flows.
At the stage of decay in the cloud, descending flows predominate, which gradually covers all the cloud.

Multi-character cluster thunderstorms

A diagram of a multi-tech thunder structure.

This is the most common type of thunderstorm associated with mesoscale (having a scale of 10 to 1000 km) perturbations. Multi-character cluster consists of a group of thunderstorms moving as a single whole, although each cell in the cluster is at different stages of the development of the thunderstorm cloud. Thunderstorm cells that are in the stage of maturity are usually located in the central part of the cluster, and disintegrating cells with a leeward side of the cluster. They have transverse dimensions of 20-40 km, their vertices are often rising to the tropopause and penetrate the stratosphere. Multi-character cluster thunderstorms can give hail, storm rains and relatively weak slurry gusts of the wind. Each individual cell in a multi-character cluster is in a mature state of about 20 minutes; The multi-character cluster itself can exist within a few hours. This type of thunderstorm is usually more intense than a union thunderstorm, but a lot of weaker superhythic thunderstorms.

Multi-tailed linear thunderstorms (Shkvalov lines)

Multi-tailed linear thunderstorms are a thunderstorm line with a long, well-developed front of the wind gusts on the front line of the front. Shkvalov line can be solid or contained bars. The approaching multi-tailed line looks like a dark wall of the clouds, usually covering the horizon from the west side (in the northern hemisphere). A large number of close-up ascending / descending air flows allows you to qualify this thunder complex as a multilateral, although its thunder structure is sharply different from a multi-character cluster thunderstorm. Shkvalov lines can give a large hail (with a diameter of more than 2 cm) and intense showers, but more they are known as systems that create strong downstream streams and wind shifts, dangerous for aviation. Shkwalov line is close by properties to the cold front, but is the local result of the thunderstorm activity. Often the Shkvalov line occurs ahead of the cold front. On radar pictures, this system resembles a curved bow (Bow Echo). This phenomenon is characteristic of North America, in Europe and the European territory of Russia there is less frequently.

Superchair thunderstorms

Vertical and horizontal structure of a superhylic cloud.

Superchake is the most highly organized thunderstorm cloud. Superchalter clouds are relatively rare, but represent the greatest threat to the health and life of a person and his property. Superchalter cloud is similar to union that both have one rising flow zone. The difference is the size of the supervision: the diameter of about 50 km, the height is 10-15 km (often the upper border penetrates into the stratosphere) with a single semicircular anvil. The speed of the ascending flow in the superhythic cloud is significantly higher than in other types of thunderclouds: up to 40-60 m / s. The main feature that distinguishes a superhylly cloud from clouds of other types is the presence of rotation. The rotating upstream stream in a supervocoic cloud (in radar terminology called mesocyclone), creates extreme weather phenomena, such as large hail (2-5 cm diameter, sometimes more), squalls at a speed of up to 40 m / s and severe devastating torn . The surrounding conditions are the main factor in the formation of a superhythic cloud. Very strong convective air instability is necessary. The air temperature in the Earth (to thunderstorms) should be + 27 ... + 30 and higher, but the main necessary condition is the wind of the variable direction that causes the rotation. Such conditions are achieved when the wind shift in the middle troposphere. The precipitates formed in the ascending stream are transferred at the top level of the clouds with a strong stream in the zone of the downstream. Thus, the ascending and downstream zones are separated in space, which ensures the life of the cloud for a long period of time. Usually, weak rain is observed on the front edge of the superhighted cloud. Storm sediments fall close to the rising zone, and the strongest precipitation and large degrees fall northeast of the zone of the main ascending flow. The most dangerous conditions are observed not far from the zone of the main ascending flow (usually shifted to the back of the thunderstorm).

Physical characteristics of thunderstorm clouds

Ascending and downstream

Shkvala

Vertical development

Turbulence

Traffic

The speed and movement of the thunder cloud depends on the direction of the wind, first of all, the interaction of the ascending and descending flows of the clouds with carrier air flows in the middle layers of the atmosphere in which the thunderstorm develops. The speed of moving the isolated thunderstorm is usually about 20 km / h, but some thunderstorms move much faster. In extreme situations, the thunder cloud can move with rates of 65-80 km / h - during the passage of active cold fronts. In most thunderstorms, as the old thunderstorms are scattered, new thunder cells appear consistently. With a weak wind, a separate cell during his life can go a very small way, less than two kilometers; However, in larger thunderstorms, new cells are launched by a downward flow arising from a mature cell, which creates an impression of rapid movement, which does not always coincide with the direction of the wind. In large multi-tone thunderstorms there is a pattern when the new cell is formed to the right in the direction of the airflow carrier in the northern hemisphere and to the left of the direction of the carrier flow in the southern hemisphere.

Energy

Energy that leads to a thunderstorm enclosed in hidden heat released when water steam is condensed and forms cloud drops. For each gram of water condensing in an atmosphere, approximately 600 calories of heat are released. When water drops freeze in the top of the cloud, it is additionally released about 80 calories per gram. The released hidden heat energy is partially converted into the kinetic energy of the rising stream. The rough estimate of the total thunderstorm energy can be made on the basis of the total amount of water that fell in the form of precipitation from the cloud. Typical is the energy of about 100 million kilowatt-hours, which is an approximate estimate is equivalent to a nuclear charge of 20 kilotons (however, this energy is allocated in a much greater space of space and for a much longer time). Large multi-tone thunderstorms can have energy and 10 and 100 times greater.

Weather phenomena under thunderstorms

Downward flows and squall fronts

Skvalny front of a powerful thunderstorm.

In extreme cases, the jumble front created by the downward flow can reach a speed exceeding 50 m / s, and brings destruction of homes and sowing. More often, strong squalls occur when the organized thunderstorm line develops in conditions of strong wind in medium heights. At the same time, people may think that these destruction is caused by Solochi. If there are no witnesses who have seen a characteristic funnel-shaped cloud, the cause of destruction can be determined by the nature of the destruction caused by the wind. In tornstrokes, there are a circular picture, and a thunderstorm flurry caused by a downward flow carries destruction mainly in one direction. Following the cold air, it is usually raining. In some cases, the rain drops are completely evaporated during the fall, which leads to dry thunderstorms. In the opposite situation, characteristic of strong multilateral and superhythic thunderstorms, there is a torrential rain with a hail, causing sudden floods.

Soloch

Livni.

Electrical structure of the thunderstorm cloud

Structure of charges in thunderstorm clouds in different regions.

Electrification mechanism

To explain the formation of the electrical structure of the thunderstorm cloud, many mechanisms were offered, and so far this area of \u200b\u200bscience is an area of \u200b\u200bactive studies. The main hypothesis is based on the fact that if larger and heavy cloud particles are charged mainly negatively, and more light small particles carry a positive charge, the spatial separation of volume charges occurs due to the fact that large particles fall at greater speed than small cloud components. This mechanism, in general, is consistent with laboratory experiments, which show a strong charge transmission in the interaction of ice camp particles (grooves - porous particles from frozen water droplets) or hay crystals in the presence of supercooled water droplets. The sign and value of the charge transmitted during contacts depend on the temperature of the ambient air and water the clouds, but also on the size of ice crystals, the speed of collision and other factors. Perhaps the action and other electrification mechanisms. When the magnitude of accumulated in the cloud of the volume electric charge becomes quite large, between the areas charged by the opposite sign, the lightning discharge occurs. The category may also occur between the cloud and the earth, the cloud and the neutral atmosphere, the cloud and the ionosphere. In a typical thunderstorm from two thirds to 100 percent of discharges, it is necessary to have intracetic discharges, interchalter discharges or discharges cloud - air. The remaining part is the discharge cloud. In recent years, it has become clear that lightning can be artificially initiated in the cloud, which under normal conditions does not go into the thunderstorm stage. In the clouds having electrification zones and creating electrical fields, lightning can be initiated by mountains, high-rise structures, airplanes or rockets, which are in the zone of strong electric fields.

Precautions during thunderstorms

Precautions are due to the fact that lightning beats mainly in higher items. This is because the electrical discharge goes along the path of least resistance, that is, on a shorter path.

During the thunderstorm, in no case cannot be:

be near power lines;
hide from rain under the trees (especially under high or lonely standing);
swim in reservoirs (since the head of the swimmer protrudes from the water, in addition, water, due to substances dissolved in it, has good electrical conductivity);
to be in the open space, in the "clean field", since in this case a person significantly protrudes over the surface;
climbing on the hill, including roofs of houses;
use metal objects;
be near the windows;
ride a bike and motorcycle.

Failure to follow these rules often leads to the death of people or obtaining burns and heavy injuries.

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Notes

Links

Brownov P. I. // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 tons. (82 t. And 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.



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Weather forecast and diary

Trailer

Rostonic money did not recover in the continuation of the two years, which they stayed in the village.
Despite the fact that Nikolai Rostov, who firmly holding his intention, continued to be dark to serve in a blind shelf, spending relatively little money, the course of life in Otradnaya was such, and in particular Mitenka, it was going on that the debts were uncontrollable every year. The only help that was obviously resented to the old Count, it was a service, and he came to Petersburg to seek places; look for places and at the same time he said in last time Purify girls.
Shortly after the arrival of growth in St. Petersburg, Berg made a proposal of faith, and his proposal was made.
Despite the fact that in Moscow, Rostov belonged to the Higher Society, not knowing and not thinking about how they belonged to society, in St. Petersburg, the society was mixed and indefinite. In St. Petersburg, they were provincials, which did not descend the very people who, without asking them to which they belong to society, fed Rostov in Moscow.
Rostov in St. Petersburg lived as hospitably as in Moscow, and in their dinners there were a wide variety of persons: the neighbors on the pleasant, old poor landowners with daughters and Freonin, Pierre Lamb and Son of the county postman who served in St. Petersburg. From the men, Boris, Pierre, who having met on the street, dragged the old Graph, and Berg, who spent the old graff to himself, and Berg, who spent the whole days from Roshovaya, and rendered an older person to be intending to make an offer.
Berg no wonder showed his wounded hand in the Austerlitsky battle and kept the absolutely not necessary sword in the left. He so stubbornly and with such significance told everyone this event that everyone believed in the feasibility and dignity of this act, and Berg received two awards for Austerlitz.
In the Finnish war he managed to distinguish itself. He raised the splinter of the grenades, which the adjutant was killed near the commander-in-chief and raised the chief of this fragment. Just like after the Austerlitz, he so long stubbornly told everyone about this event that everyone believed too, that it was necessary to do this, and for Finland War Berg received two awards. In 19th, he was Captain Guard with orders and held some special favorable places in St. Petersburg.
Although some free-rope and smiled when they were told about the advantages of Berg, it was impossible to disagree that Berg was a good, brave officer, on an excellent account at the bosses, and a moral young man with a brilliant career ahead and even a solid position in society.
Four years ago, having met in the Moskovsky Theater's Parter with a comrade German, Berg pointed him to Faith Rostov and in German said: "Das Soll Mein Weib Werden", [she should be my wife,] and from that minute I decided to marry her. Now, in St. Petersburg, realizing the position of growth and its own, he decided that it was time, and made a proposal.
Berg's proposal was made first with an unfair perplexity for him. At first it was strange that the son of the Dark, Liflyandsky nobleman makes an offer to Rostova's decisive; But the main property of the nature of Berg consisted in such naive and good-natured egoism, which involuntarily Rostov thought that it would be good, if he himself was so firmly convinced that it was good and even very good. Moreover, the business of growth was very upset, which could not fail to know the groom, and most importantly, the faith was 24 years old, she went away everywhere, and, despite the fact that she was undoubtedly good and reasonable, so far no one has ever made any suggestions . Consent was given.
"You see," said Berg to his comrade, whom he called the friend just because he knew that all people had friends. "You see, I really realized all this, and I would not marry, if I would not have thought of everything, and for some reason it would be uncomfortable." Now, on the contrary, my papnyka and mamma are now provided, I made it a lease in the Ostsey Territory, and I can live in St. Petersburg at my salary, with its condition and at my accuracy. You can live well. I'm not married for money, I think it's ungolimated, but it is necessary that the wife brought his own, and her husband. I have a service - she has connections and small funds. This is in our time something means that is not? And most importantly, she is a beautiful, respectable girl and loves me ...
Berg blushed and smiled.
"And I love her, because she has a reasonable character - very good." Here is another sister - one last name, and completely different, and an unpleasant character, and there is no mind, and seek, you know? ... unpleasant ... And my bride ... Here you will come to us ... - continued Berg, he wanted to say dinner, but he thought And he said: "Drink tea", and, pushing him quickly, released a round, small ring of tobacco smoke, who personified his dreams of happiness.
Follow the first sense of a loss, excited in the parents of the Berg, in the family, the usual festive and joy in such cases, but the joy was not sincere, but external. In the feelings of relatively this wedding were noticeable confusion and specifically. As if they were conscientious now for the fact that they loved the faith little, and now so willingly sold her with her hands. The old graf was confused. He probably would not be able to call the fact that it was the cause of his confusion, and this reason was his money. He resolutely did not know that he had, as he had debts and that he would be able to give in the dowry faith. When daughters were born, each was scheduled for 300 souls in dowry; But one of these villages was sold, the other was laid and so expired, which was supposed to be sold, so it was impossible to give the estate. There was no money either.
Berg has been the fiance for more than a month and only the week remained before the wedding, and the Count has not yet decided a question about the dowry and did not talk about it with his wife. The graph then wanted to separate the faith Ryazan imbey, then wanted to sell the forest, then take money under the bill. A few days before the wedding, Berg entered early in the morning to the office to the count and with a pleasant smile, respectfully asked the future testing to declare him, which would be given for the Countess faith. The graph was so embarrassed at the same time a long-minded question, which said the first one, which came to his head.
- I love what I took care, I love, you will be satisfied ...
And he, praising Berg on the shoulder, got up, wanting to stop the conversation. But Berg, nicely smiling, explained that, if he won't know correctly, which would be given for faith, and would not get ahead although part of what was appointed to her, he would be forced to refuse.
- Because they judge, the graph, if I would now allow myself to marry, without having certain means to maintain my wife, I would do it ...
The conversation ended in that the graph, wanting to be generous and not exposed to the new requests, said that he betrays a bill of 80 thousand. Berg smiled meekly, kissed the count in the shoulder and said that he was very grateful, but he could not get in a new life in any way, without receiving 30 thousand. - at least 20 thousand, graph, - he added; - And the bill then only 60 thousand.
- Yes, yes, well, the graph spoke to the patter, "only I'm sorry, my friend, 20 thousand I will give a bill in addition to 80 thousand ladies. So then kiss me.

Natasha was 16 years old, and was 1809, the same, to whom she was four years ago, after her fingers considered Boris after she kissed him. Since then, she has never seen Boris. Before Sonya and the mother, when the conversation came about Boris, she speaking completely freely, as he was decided that everything that was before, was the childhood, which was not worth and talking, and which was forgotten. But in the very secret depth of her soul, the question of whether the obligation to Boris was a joke or an important bonding promise, tormented it.
Since Boris, in 1805, from Moscow went to the army, he did not see Rostov. Several times he was in Moscow, drove not far from Otradnaya, but never was in growth.
Natasha sometimes came to his head that he did not want to see her, and these guesses were confirmed by the sad tone, which senior assisted about him:
- In the current century, it does not remember old friends, "said the Countess, following the mention of Boris.
Anna Mikhailovna, recently, less frequently from growth, also kept herself as it was especially worthy, and every time enthusiastically and gratefully spoke about the merits of his son and about brilliant careeron which he was. When Rostov arrived in St. Petersburg, Boris came to them with a visit.
He went to them not without excitement. The memory of Natasha was the most poetic memory of Boris. But at the same time, he rode with the firm intention to make it clear to both her, and her native, that children's relationship between him and Natasha cannot be a commitment to nor for him. He had a brilliant position in society, thanks to intimacy with a shooter of a bellowed, a brilliant position in the service, thanks to the patronage of an important person, whose confidence he fully enjoyed, and he had nascent marriage plans on one of the richest brides in St. Petersburg, which could very easily . When Boris entered the living room of Rostov, Natasha was in his room. Having learned about his arrival, she painted almost ran into the living room, shining more than a gentle smile.
Boris remembered that Natasha in a short dress, with black, brilliant from under the curl eyes and with desperate, children's laughter, which he knew 4 years ago, and therefore, when a completely different Natasha was embarrassing, he was embarrassed, and his face expressed an enthusiastic surprise. This expression of his face was pleased with Natasha.
- What, do you know your little companion to Salunu? - said the Countess. Boris kissed Natasha's hand and said that he was surprised by the change in it.
- How you have so much!
"Still!", Answered Natasha's laughing eyes.
- And dad aged? She asked. Natasha sat down and, without joining Boris's conversation with Countess, silently examined his children's groom to the slightest details. He felt the severity of this stubborn, tender look and occasionally looked at her.
Unidir, Spurs, Tie, Boris's hairstyle, all this was the most fashionable and commene il faut [quite decent]. It now noticed Natasha. He sat a little bit on the chair beside the Countess, correcting right hand The pure, pouring glove on the left, spoke with a special, sophisticated support of the lips about the fun of the Higher Petersburg light and remembered the previous Moscow times and Moscow acquaintances. Not inadvertently, as Natasha felt, he mentioned, calling the highest aristocracy, about the ball of the envoy, on which he was, about invitations to Nn and to SS.
Natasha sat all the time silently, improving her at him. This look is more and more, and bothered, and confused Boris. He often looked around at Natasha and interrupted in stories. He promised no more than 10 minutes and stood up, crumpled. All the same curious, causing a few mocking eyes looked at him. After the first visit, Boris said to himself that Natasha for him was just as attractive for him, as before, but that he should not give up to this feeling, because marriage on her - a girl almost without a state, - would be the death of his career, and The resumption of the previous relationship without the purpose of marriage would be an illegal act. Boris decided to avoid meetings with Natasha, but, despite this decision, he came in a few days and began to ride often and spend the whole days from growth. It seemed to him that he needed to explain with Natasha, to tell her that all the old should be forgotten that, despite everything ... She could not be his wife that he had no condition, and she would never be given it for him. But he did not succeed and awkwardly began to start this explanation. Every day he was more and more confused. Natasha, according to the comment of Mother and Sony, seemed to be old in love with Boris. She sang him his favorite songs, showed him his album, forced him to write to him, did not allow him to remember him about the old, giving to understand how beautiful was new; And every day he lealed in the fog, without saying that he intended to say, he did not know what he did and for what he came, and what it would end. Boris stopped to be at Helene, daily received urchorized notes from her and still spent all days from growth.

One evening, when the old Countess, sighing and crechty, in the nightcake and blouse, without overhead books, and with one poor hair bundle, speaking from under the White, Crancor, caught on the rug earth bows Evening prayer, her door creaks, and in shoes on the boss, also in a blouse and in papilloirs, ran Natasha. The countess looked around and frowned. She finished her last prayer: "Does this coffin really be?" The prayer mood was destroyed. Natasha, red, lively, seeing his mother on prayer, suddenly stopped on his run, sat down and unwittingly narrowed his tongue, threatening his own. Noticing that the mother continued to prayer, she ran on a tiptoe to the bed, quickly sliding with one small leg about another, threw off his shoes and jumped to that Ore, for which the Countess was afraid, no matter how he was her coffin. This was tall, perch, with five all decreasing pillows. Natasha jumped up, drowned in Perina, turned over the wall and began to mess under the blanket, stacking, bending the knees to the chin, her legs, but a little heard laughing, closing her head, then looking at the mother. Countess finished prayer and with a strict face went to bed; But, seeing that Natasha is closed with his head, smiled at his good, weak smile.
"Well, well, well," said Mother.
- Mom, you can talk, yes? - said Hatasha. - Well, in the cut one time, well, and will be. - And she wrapped her mother's neck and kissed her under the chin. In the appeal with his mother Natasha showed the external rudeness of manners, but it was a bit and debris, that, no matter how her mother wrapped his hands, she always knew how to make her mother, neither hurt, neither unpleasant or embarrassing.
- Well, about what is now? - She said, setting around on the pillows and waiting until Natasha, also throwing two times through herself, did not lie with her next to one blanket, throwing his hands and taking a serious expression.
These night visits to Natasha, who committed before the return of the graph from the club, were one of the favorite pleasures of the mother and daughter.
- What about now? And I need to tell you ...
Natasha closed his mother's mouth hand.
"About Boris ... I know," she said seriously, "I then came." Do not say I know. No, tell me! - She let go of her hand. - Tell my mother. Is he mil?
- Natasha, you are 16 years old, I was married in yours. You say that Boria Mil. He is very nice, and I love him like a son, but what do you want? ... what do you think? You completely turned my head, I see it ...
Saying this, the Countess looked at her daughter. Natasha lay, straight and motionlessly looking forward to himself on one of the red wood sphinx cut on the corners of the bed, so the Countess saw only his daughter's face profile. The face was struck by the Council with its peculiarity of a serious and concentrated expression.
Natasha listened and wondered.
- Well, so what? - she said.
- You spoke to him completely, why? What do you want from him? You know that you can not marry him.
- From what? - Not a change of position, Natasha said.
- Because he is young, because he is poor, because he is relatives ... because you yourself do not love him.
- Why do you know?
- I know. This is not good, my friend.
"And if I want ..." Natasha said.
"Stop talking nonsense," said Countess.
- And if I want ...
- Natasha, I'm serious ...
Natasha did not give her to finish her, pulled a big hand of the Countess and kissed her on top, then in the palm, then turned again and began to kiss it into the bone of the top joint of the finger, then in the interval, then again in the bone, silent, saying: "January, February , March April May".
- Speak, Mom, what are you silent? Speak, "she said, looking at the mother, who looked at her daughter with a gentle glance and because of this contemplation, it seemed, I had forgotten everything she wanted to say.
- It is not suitable, my soul. Not everyone will understand your children's relationship, and to see him so close to you can damage you in the eyes of other young people who go to us, and, most importantly, it torments him in vain. He, maybe, found a party on his own, rich; And now he is crazy.
- Complete? - repeated Natasha.
- I'll tell you about myself. I had one cousin ...
- I know - Kirill Matveich, because he is an old man?
- It was not always an old man. But what, Natasha, I'll talk to Borea. He does not need to ride so often ...
- Why not, if he wants?
- Because I know that it will not end.
- Why do you know? No, mom, you do not tell him. What nonsense! - Natasha told the tone of a person who wants to take his property.
- Well, I will not marry, so let go, if he has fun and fun. - Natasha smiling glad to mother.
"Will not marry," she repeated.
- How is my friend?
- Yes, so. Well, it is very necessary that I will not marry, and ... so.
"So, so," said the Countess and, shaking with all his body, laughed with a good, unexpected old laugh.
"It is complete to laugh, stop," Natasha shouted, "the whole bed is shaking. A terribly, you look like me, the same laughter ... Wait ... - She grabbed both hands of the Countess, kissed on one bone of Mizinza - June, and continued to kiss July, August on the other hand. - Mom, and he is very in love? How about your eyes? Have you been so in love with you? And very nice, very, very nice! Just not quite in my taste - it is narrow such as the clock clock ... You do not understand? ... narrow, you know, gray, bright ...
- What are you lying! - said the Countess.
Natasha continued:
- Do you really not understand? Nicholya would understand ... Beggar - that blue, dark blue with red, and he is a four-body.
"You're kinking with him," said Countess laughing.
- No, he is Franson, I learned. It is nice, dark blue with red, how to express you ...
- Shtynushka, - the voice of the count from behind the door heard. - Are you awake? - Natasha jumped up barefoot, captured her shoes and ran into his room.
She could not fall asleep for a long time. She thought everything about the fact that no one could understand everything that she understood, and that there was in her.
"Sonya?" She thought, looking at the sleeping, curtailed cat with her huge oblique. "No, where to her! She is virtuous. She fell in love with Nicholya and nothing else wants to know anything else. Mom, and she does not understand. It's surprising how I am smart and how ... she is Mila, "she continued, saying to himself in the third face and imagining that it says about it is some very smart, the smartest and most good man... "Everything, everything in it is," this man continued, "smartly unusually, Mila and then good, unusually good, deft," swims, the rhodes go perfectly, and the voice! You can say an amazing voice! " She lost her favorite musical phrase from the Herubine Opera, rushed to bed, laughed at the joyful thought that she would now fall asleep, shouted the dunchers to put out the candle, and still Dunyha did not have time to get out of the room, as she had already moved to another, even a harsham of dreams where everything was as easy and fine, as in reality, but it was even better, because it was different.

The next day, the Countess, inviting Boris to himself, talked to him, and from that day he stopped to be in growth.

December 31, on the eve of the new 1810, Le Reveillon [Night Dinner] was the ball in Ekaterininsky Velmazby. On the ball should have been a diplomatic corps and sovereign.
In the English embankment, the famous house of Velmazby was glowing in an innovation. The illuminated entrance with the red cloth stood the police, and not some gendarmes, but a police officer at the entrance and dozens of police officers. Crews drove away, and everyone approached new with red lacquers and with lackeys in feathers on hats. Men in uniforms, stars and ribbons came out of the carriage; The ladies in the atlas and the mountains were carefully gone along the noisy postponed the footnings, and hurriedly and silently passed through the closed entrance.
Almost every time a new crew approached, a shop was running in the crowd and the caps were filmed.
- Sovereign? ... No, Minister ... Prince ... Messenger ... Do not you see feathers? ... - said from the crowd. One of the crowd, dressed better than others, seemed to know everyone, and called the name of the most significant nobles of that time.
Already one third of the guests arrived at this ball, and in the growth, owing to be on this ball, there were still hurried dressing of dressing.
There were many people and preparations for this ball in the family of growth, many fears that the invitation would not be received, the dress will not be ready, and everything is not necessary.
Together with Rostov, the Perona, a friend and a relative of the Countess, thin and yellow Frealin of the Old Yard, leading provincial growth in the highest Petersburg light.
At 10 o'clock in the evening, Rostov should have come for Freillan to the Tauride Garden; Meanwhile, there were already ten minutes already, and the ladies were not dressed.
Natasha went to the first big ball in his life. She stood on this day at 8 am and all day was in feverish alarm and activities. All the forces of her, from the morning, were directed to them all: she, mom, Sonya was dressed as it is impossible. Sonya and the Countess were charged with her. The countess should have been Masaka velvet dress, on them two white smoke dresses on pink, silk cases with roses in the corsight. The hair should have been combed A la Grecque [in Greek].
All the essential has already been done: legs, hands, neck, ears were already especially thoroughly, on ballroom, washed, scented and frown; The shoes were already silk, openwork stockings and white satin shoes with bows; The hairstyles were almost over. Sonya finished dressing, Countess, too; But Natasha, having troubles behind everyone, lagged behind. She was still sitting in front of the mirror in a pentuar's slender shoulders. Sonya, already dressed, stood in the middle of the room and, pressing to his pain with a small finger, pushed the last squeezed under the ribbon.
"Not so, not so, Sonya," Natasha said, turning his head from hairstyles and grabbing his hair with his hands, who did not sleep to let the maid holding them. - Not so bow, come here. - Sonya sat down. Natasha pole ribbon otherwise.
- Let me, the lady, it is impossible, - said the maid that kept Natasha's hair.
- Ah, my God, well, after! So, Sonya.
- Will you soon? - I heard the voice of the Countess, - Ten now.
- Now. - Are you ready, mom?
- Only current clatter.
"Don't do without me," Natasha shouted: "You will not be able!"
- Yes, ten.
It was decided on the ball to be in half the eleventh, and it was necessary to get dressed and call back to the Tauride Garden.
After finishing the hairstyle, Natasha in a short skirt, from which the ball shoes visited, and in the maternal blouse, ran to the Son, looked at it and then ran to the mother. Turning her head, she was joining the current, and, barely having time to kiss her gray hair, again ran to the girls who stood her skirt.
The case was behind the Natashina skirt, which was too long; She was laid two girls, biting hurried threads. Third, with pins in lips and teeth, ran from the Countess to Sona; The fourth kept on a high hand raised all the smoke dress.
- Maurusha, rather, Golubushka!
- Give thimble from there, the lady.
- Should I finally? - said the count, entering out of the door. - Here you are spirits. Perona was already waiting.
"Ready, young lady," said the maid, with two fingers lifting the lifted smoke dress and blowing something and shook out, expressing this gesture to the consciousness of the air and purity that she kept.
Natasha began to wear a dress.
"Now, now, do not go, Dad," she shouted the father, who opened the door, was still from under the cheeks skirt, which closed her face. Sonya slammed the door. A minute later, the count was let. It was in blue trick, stockings and shoes, sacred and fertilized.
- Ah, dad, how good you are, charm! - Natasha said, standing in the middle of the room and paint the folds of the haze.
"Let me, the lady, let me," the girl said, standing on his knees, leaving the dress and on one side of the mouth to another turning the pins into another.
- Your will! - with despair in his voice, Sonya cried, loyaded the dress Natasha, - Your Will, again!
Natasha moved away to look at the trummers. The dress was long.
"To her God, madam, nothing long," said Mawrush, who climbed the floor for the young lady.
- Well, long, so notice, we notice in one minute, "said the decisive Duny, removing the needle from the header on the chest and again on the floor being taken for work.
At this time, shy, quiet steps, the Countess in his current and velvet dress entered.
- UU! My beauty! - shouted the count, "best of all of you! ..." he wanted to hug her, but she shook himself, so as not to bend.
"Mom, more on the side," Natasha said. "I am repolo, and rushed forward, and the girls who stuck, who did not have time to rush behind her, tear off the slick slice.
- Oh my God! What is it? I'm not to blame for her ...
"Nothing, notice, will not see," Dunyas said.
- Beauty, cracker is mine! - said from the door of the nanny. - And sonyushka, well, beautiful! ...
A quarter of the eleventh finally got into the carriage and went. But I also needed to come to the Tauride Garden.
Perona was already ready. Despite her old age and urgentness, she had exactly the same thing that in growth, although not with such a hurry (for her it was the usual business), but also it was scented, washed away, the old, ugly body, also diligently washed behind the ears And even, and just like the growth, the old maid enthusiastically admired the outfit of his Mrs. when she was in a yellow dress with a cipher entered the living room. Peron praised growth toilets.
Rostov praised her taste and toilet, and, taking hairstyles and dresses, at eleven o'clock flooded in carriages and went.

Natasha in the morning of this day did not have a minute of freedom, and never had time to think about what she had to.
In the cheese, cold air, in the cramped and incomplete darkness of the coiled carriage, she brought himself for the first time to vividly what awaits her there, on the ball, in the illuminated halls - music, flowers, dancing, sovereign, the whole brilliant youth of St. Petersburg. The fact that she was expected was so beautiful that she did not even believe that it would be: so it was unlikely with the impression of a cold, grindness and darkness of the carriage. She understood everything that she expects, only when, having passed on the Red SUKN entrance, she entered the seni, took off a fur coat and went close to the mother between the colors along the lighted stairs. Only then she remembered how she had to keep herself on the ball and tried to take the majestic manner, which she considered the necessary for the girl on the ball. But fortunately, she felt her eyes scattered: she did not see anything clearly, her pulse scored her a hundred times a minute, and the blood began to knock her heart. She could not accept the manner that would make it ridiculous, and walked, having silent from excitement and trying to just hide him. And this one was the very manner that most went to her. Ahead and behind them, as quietly talking and also in ballroom dresses, included guests. The stairs mirrors reflected ladies in white, blue, pink dresses, with diamonds and pearls in open hands and necks.
Natasha looked in the mirror and could not distinguish him from others. Everything was mixed in one brilliant procession. At the entrance to the first room, a uniform rumble of votes, steps, greetings - stunned Natasha; Light and shine even more blinded it. The owner and the hostess, already half an hour standing at the entrance door and the same words that were the same: "Charme De Vous Voir", [in admiration that I see you,] I also met the growth with Peron.
Two girls in white dresses, with the same roses in black hair, wildly sat down, but the hostess stopped her longest look at Natasha thin. She looked at her, and she smiled at her especially in addition to her master smile. Looking at her, the hostess remembered, maybe his golden, irrevocative time, and his first ball. The owner also spent the eyes of Natasha and asked the count, who his daughter?
- Charmante! [Adorable!] - he said, kissing the tips of his fingers.
In the hall stood guests, kneading at the entrance door, waiting for the sovereign. Countess fit in the first rows of this crowd. Natasha heard and felt that several votes asked about her and looked at her. She understood that she liked the topics that paid attention to her, and this observation somewhat calmed her somewhat.
"There are the same as we, there are worse us," she thought.
Peronskaya called the Countess of the most significant persons for the ball.
"This is the Dutch feel, see, gray," Pearon said, pointing to an old man with a silver gray curly, abundant hair, surrounded by the ladies whom he forced something to laugh.
"But she, the queen of St. Petersburg, Countess Shumuhai," she said, pointing to the part of Helen.
- How good! Marya Antonovna will not give way; See how young and old and old are seen behind it. And good, and smart ... They say the prince ... crazy about her. But these two, though non-good, and even more surrounded.
She pointed out to the lady held across the hall with a very ugly daughter.
"This is a millionaire bride," Pereronaya said. - And here is the groom.
"This is Brother's Brother - Anatole Kuragin," she said, pointing to Kavaleargard's handsome, who passed by them, from the height of the head raised through the ladies looking somewhere. - How good! is not it? They say, marry him on this rich. . And your Cusin, Drubetskaya, is also very see. They say millions. - How, this is the French Messenger himself, - she answered the crankure to the Council's question, who is. - See how the king is some. All the same, Mila, very miles of the French. No mile for society. And here and she! No, all the best of all our marry is Antonovna! And just just dressed. Charm! - And this, thick, in glasses, Pharmal World, said Peronskaya, pointing to Bezuhov. - With my wife, then place it: then the jester pea!

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What is formed during a thunderstorm. Thunderstorm - Thunderstorm Clouds and Lightning

Why a thunderstorm takes place

Security measures

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What is a thunderstorm: definition

The reasons

Effects

How to behave during the element

Thunderstorms, conditions of education and herds

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Geography Thunderstorms

Stages of development of the thunderstorm cloud

Classification of thunderstorm clouds

Single-unit

Multi-character cluster thunderstorms

Multi-tailed linear thunderstorms (Shkvalov lines)

Superchair thunderstorms

Physical characteristics of thunderstorm clouds

Ascending and downstream

Shkvala

Vertical development

Turbulence

Traffic

Energy

Weather phenomena under thunderstorms

Downward flows and squall fronts

Soloch

Livni.

Electrical structure of the thunderstorm cloud

Electrification mechanism

Precautions during thunderstorms

Stages of development of the thunderstorm cloud

Classification of thunderstorm clouds

Single-unit

Multi-character cluster thunderstorms

Multi-tailed linear thunderstorms (Shkvalov lines)

Superchair thunderstorms

Physical characteristics of thunderstorm clouds

Ascending and downstream

Shkvala

Vertical development

Turbulence

Traffic

Energy

Weather phenomena under thunderstorms

Downward flows and squall fronts

Soloch

Livni.

Electrical structure of the thunderstorm cloud

Electrification mechanism

Precautions during thunderstorms

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