"One of the most important international problems of the XXI century is the change in the general growth climate. Of particular concern causes a common rapid growth of the dynamics of cataclysms, which is observed in recent decades ..." - (from the report "On the problems and consequences of global climate change on earth. Effective ways to solve these problems ")
Rapid growing climatic events around the world indicate the urgent need to have knowledge to help survive in a particular extreme climate situation.
This memo contains information on how to increase both its chances of survival in the eruption of volcanoes and for the survival and uniting people nearby.
Despite the fact that often the eruption of volcanoes carry dramatic consequences, to survive in these conditions is still real, if you know how to act in this situation.
Very often, the activation of the volcano is accompanied by the following natural processes, which are a greater threat to people's lives:
- When the volcanic explosion, the so-called volcanic bombs are thrown out of the crater.
- In addition to Lava, there are also pyroclastic flows. This is a high speed mixture from ash, stones and gases of very high temperature.
- Unexpected floods, villages.
- Earthquake.
If the volcanic eruption found you at home or indoors:
- Close all windows, doors, ventilation channels and smoke dampers.
- If, besides you, there are people in the house (relatives, close, familiar or unfamiliar) - it is important to get together and act together. Keep calm and in no way into panic. It is important to remember that only composure, joint cohesive actions, much increase the chances of overcoming any challenges of nature.
- Move animals to closed rooms.
- Put vehicles in the garages.
- Fuely autonomous lighting and heat sources, water, food for several days.
- It is not recommended to hide in the basements, because there is a risk of being buried under the layer of dirt and ashes.
In the event that the volcanic eruption found you outside the house, then it is necessary:
Protect the head and other parts of the body from ash and stones. Pay special attention to the protection of the respiratory authorities, if possible, use the respirator or gas mask. Avoid burns will help you tight warm clothes. Try to keep the elevated places, avoiding the valleys and rivers. Help children and elderly people get to them.
Having survived the eruption, before entering the street, it is necessary to wear protective clothing and glasses that prevent burns. Be sure to protect the respiratory organs, for example, a gauze bandage.
It is not necessary immediately after the ashes falling out to get out of the catastrophe area by car, as it will be dismissed almost immediately.
Be careful to people who surround you. Help those who need it. Only simplifying joint efforts, you can overcome any cataclysms and their consequences. After all, acting together, we become stronger repeatedly. Assisting a person, we, thereby help themselves, after all, after a moment, we ourselves can need it. As stated in the book Anastasia new "Sensei":
"After all, human life is priceless ... it is necessary to appreciate human life, because you can be in his place. And maybe this person will someday saves your life. After all, it is possible that the trouble can happen to you and this person will be close to stretch your hand help and save you. After all, life is unpredictable and anything can happen in it, even the most incredible, the fact that you can't imagine ... "
Combining people - the key to the survival of mankind!
Wikipedia material - free encyclopedia
Eruption - The process of ejection by a volcano on the ground surface of split debris, ash, the outpouring of the magma, which, flying to the surface, becomes lava. The volcanic eruption can have a time period from several hours to many years.
Volcanic eruptions relate to geological emergency situations that can cause natural disasters. In some cases, it may even be the most terrible natural disaster.
Types of volcanic eruptions
Types of volcanic eruptions are usually called in honor of the famous volcanoes, on which a characteristic eruption is observed. Some volcanoes eruptions can have only one type over a certain period of activity, while others can demonstrate a whole sequence of types of eruptions. There are various classifications, among which are allocated common types.
Hawaiian type
Hawaiian type eruptions can occur along cracks and faults, as when the Mauna Loa volcano is eruption in Hawaii in 1950. They can also manifest themselves through the central Zhero, as when an eruption in Crater Kilauea Iki Volcano Kilauea (Hawaii) in 1959.
This type is characterized by the outpouring of liquid, high-alignment basalt lava forming huge flat shield volcanoes. Pyriclastic material is practically absent. During the eruptions through the cracks, the lava fountains are thrown through faults in the rift zone of the volcano and spread down the slope of low power flows for tens of kilometers. When eruption through the central channel, the lava is thrown up a few hundred meters in the form of liquid pieces of type "cakes", creating shafts and splashing cones. This lava can accumulate in old craters, forming lava lakes.
For the first time [when?] Volcanoes of this type were described in Iceland (crab volcano in the north of Iceland, located in the rift zone).
Strombolian type
Strombolian type (from the Strombol volcano on the Lapar Islands to the north of Sicily) of eruptions is associated with a more viscous main lava, which is ejected by different borough explosions, forming relatively short and more powerful lava flows. In the explosions are formed slag cones and cigarettes of twisted volcanic bombs. Stromboli volcano regularly ejects bombs and pieces into the air charge (the last eruption March G.) of a split slag.
Plinic type
Plinic type (volcanic, vesuvian) eruptions received its name by the name of the Roman Scienting Pole of the Senior, who died in the eruption of Vesuviya in 79 n. E., who destroyed the three large Roman cities of Herculaneum, Staby and Pompeii.
A characteristic feature of this type of eruptions are powerful, often sudden explosions, accompanied by emissions of a huge amount of tephra, forming pumose and ash streams. Plynian eruptions are dangerous, as they occur suddenly, often without prior foresteaching events. Large eruptions of Plynian type, such as eruptions of Saint Helens volcano on May 18, 1980 or Pinaturoto eruption in the Philippines on June 15, 1991, can throw ashes and volcanic gases for tens of kilometers to the atmosphere. With Plinian type of eruptions, fast-lived pyroclastic flows often occur.
The grandiose explosion of the volcanic of Krakatau in the probe bargain between the islands of Sumatra and Java is also applied to this type of eruptions. The sound from the eruption was heard in 5014 km, and the volcanic ash column reached almost 100 kilometer heights. Huge waves were formed - tsunami, from 25 to 40 meters high, from which 40,000 people died in coastal areas. At the site of Krakatau Islands there was a giant caldera.
Pelian type
The Pelian type of eruptions is characterized by the formation of ambitious lavin or scoring clouds, as well as an increase in extrusion domes of extremely viscous lava. This type of eruptions received from the Mont-Pele volcano on the island of Martinique in the group of small Antille Islands, where on May 8, 1902, the vertex of the dreamed volcano was destroyed by an explosion, and a sparkled heavy cloud, Saint-Pierre with 28,000 inhabitants of St. Pierre . After the eruptions from Zherel got out the "needle" of a viscous magma, which achieved a height of 300 meters, soon collapsed. A similar eruption occurred on March 30, 1956 in Kamchatka, where the top of the unnamed volcano was destroyed by a grand explosion. The ash cloud rose to a height of 40 km, and on the slopes of the volcano, the fascinated avalanches were gone, which, molding snow, gave rise to powerful mud streams.
Gas or Freatic Type
Gas or Freatic type of eruptions (used also name Bandayshansky (Banday) Type), in which the solves of solid, ancient rocks are thrown into the air (the new magma is not erupted), due to either magmatic gases, or is associated with groundwater overwrites. Freatic activity is usually weak, but there are strong manifestations, such as an eruption of a volcanic Tala in the Philippines in 1965 and La Grand Soufriere on the island of Guadaluppa.
Middle type
The mining type of eruptions belong to volcanoes located under ice or glacier. Such eruptions can cause dangerous floods, laeraces and ball Lava. Only five eruptions of this type was observed to the present.
The eruption of ash flows
The eruption of ash streams were widespread in the near-geological past, but in the present were not observed by a person. To some extent, these eruptions should resemble scorching clouds or soldered avalanches. A magmatic melt comes to the surface, which, boiling, breaks down and the late lapilli pemzes, wreckage of volcanic glass, minerals, surrounded by a hot gas shell, are moving under a slope. A possible example of such eruses can be an eruption of 1912 in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kathmai volcano on Alaska, when the ash stream was resulted from numerous cracks, spreading about 25 km, down the valley, having a power of about 30 m. The valley was called "ten thousand smoke" from - For a large number of steam, allocated for a long time from the central part of the flow. The volume of ash streams can reach tens and hundreds of cubic kilometers, which indicates the rapid empty of the foci with the melt of the acidic composition.
Hydroxplosive eruptions
Hydroxplosive eruptions occur in shallow conditions of the oceans and seas. They are distinguished by the formation of a large number of steam arising from the contact of a split magma and sea water.
Icelandic type
Icelandic type (from Iceland volcanoes) is characterized by emissions of very liquid basalt lava with a pyroclastic material content. As a rule, flat panel volcanoes form. The eruption occurs in the cracks. (Gekla, Iceland). The historical example of Icelandic type eruption was the eruption of varnishes in Iceland in 1782.
Type "Crack of Thunder"
This type was recorded when the volcano is eruption on Palma Island in 1915. Happens on dome volcanoes. On the cracks that begin to go from the magmatic focus, there is a lava, but not viscous. When the cracks reach the crater, exploration eruptions occur (with explosions). [ ]
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Excerpt that characterizes volcanic eruption
Whether they played in the ring, to the rope or ruble, were they talking about how now, Nikolai did not leave Sony and looked at her very new eyes. It seemed to him that he was now only for the first time, thanks to this cork mustache, quite recognized her. Sonya really had fun, lively and good, which never saw her Nikolai."So here is it, and I'm a fool!" He thought, looking at her shiny eyes and a happy, enthusiastic, from under the mustache, making smelters on the cheeks, a smile he did not see before.
"I'm not afraid of anything," Sonya said. - Can I now? - She got up. Sona was told where the barn, as she was silent to stand and listen, and filed a fur coat. She threw her on his head and looked at Nicholas.
"What is the beauty of this girl!" He thought. "And what I thought so far!"
Sonya reached the corridor to go to the barn. Nikolai hastily went to the front porch, saying that he was hot. Indeed, the house was stuffy from the crowded people.
There was the same fixed cold in the yard, the same month, just was still lighter. The light was so strong and stars on the snow was so much that he did not want to look at the sky, and the real stars were unnoticed. There was black and boring in the sky, there were fun on earth.
"Fool I, Fool! What was waiting so far? " I thought Nikolai and escaping on the porch, he went around the corner of the house along the path, which led to the rear porch. He knew that Sonya would go here. At half the road stood folded soothed firewood, they had snow, a shadow fell from them; Through them and with the side of them, intertwining, the shadows of old naked lip fell on the snow and the track. The track led to the barn. The chopped wall of the barn and the roof covered with snow, as carved from some kind of precious stone, glittered in the monthly light. A tree cracked in the garden, and again everything completely subsided. The chest seemed to breathe not by air, but some kind of young strength and joy.
From the maiden porch, legs were lit up on the steps, hid a ring on the latter, which was caused by snow, and the voice of an old girl said:
- Straight, right, here on the track, young lady. Just do not look around.
"I'm not afraid," Sony's voice answered, and on the track, towards Nicholas, they brought, whistled in thin shoes of Sony's legs.
Sonya walked into the fur coat. She was already two steps when he saw him; She saw him either not as she knew and what was always afraid of a little. He was in a female dress with confused hair and with a happy and new for Sony smile. Sonya quickly ran to him.
"Other, and the same", I thought Nikolai, looking at her face, all lit by lunar light. He made his arms under the coat, covered her head, hugged, pressed against himself and kissed her lips, over whom were the mustache and from which the burnt stopper smelled. Sonya in the middle of the lips kissed him and, having flowning small arms, took him for his cheeks on both sides.
"Sonya! ... Nicolas! ..." they just said. They ran to the barn and returned back each of their porch.
When everyone went back from Pelagei Danilovna, Natasha, always all seen and noticed, arranged so accommodation that Louise Ivanovna and she got to Sani with Dimmler, and Sonya sat with Nikolai and girls.
Nikolai, no longer distinguished, rode exactly in the opposite way, and staring in this strange, the lunar light in Sonya, while I looked for everything with the change of light, from under the eyebrows and mustache, from which he already decided never Severe. He peered, and when I learned all the same and recalled, hearing this smell of a traffic jam, mixed with a sense of a kiss, he breathed frosty air to himself with a full breast and, looking at the outgoing land and a brilliant sky, he felt again in the magical kingdom.
- Sonya, are you good? - Occasionally asked him.
"Yes," Sonya answered. - And you?
In the middle of the road, Nikolai gave to hold the horses to the Kumor, ran for a minute to Sanya Natasha and became on withdrawal.
"Natasha," he told her a shop in French, "you know, I decided about Sony."
- Did you tell her? - asked Natasha, his whole suddenly seeking joy.
- Oh, what are you strange with these mustache and eyebrows, Natasha! Are you happy?
- I'm so glad, so glad! I'm angry with you. I did not tell you, but you did something bad. This is a heart, Nicolas. I'm so glad! I am a nasty, but I could have been one happy without Sony, "Natasha continued. "Now I'm so glad, well, run to her."
- No, wait, what are you funny! - said Nikolai, inspiring everything in her, and in his sister, too, finding something new, extraordinary and charmingly gentle, which he had never seen in it. - Natasha, something magical. BUT?
"Yes," she answered, "you did great."
"If I first saw her, what she was now," Nikolai thought, "I would have long asked what to do and would do everything that she would tell, and everything would be fine."
"So you're glad, and I did well?"
- Oh, so good! I recently quarreled for it. Mom said she catches you. How can I say? I almost walked from my mother. And no one will never allow anything wrong with it and think about it, because in it one good.
- So good? - Nikolai said, once again looking out on the expression of the face of the sister to find out, whether it was true, and hiding boots, he jumped off from the outlet and ran to his sleigh. All the same happy, smiling Circass, with a mustache and brilliant eyes, looking out of under the sable capping, was sitting there, and this Cherkees was Sonya, and this Sonya was probably his future, happy and loving wife.
Having arrived home and told the mother about how they spent the time at Mellyukov, the ladies went to her. Understanding, but not erasing cork mustache, they sat for a long time, talking about their happiness. They talked about how they would live married how their husbands would be friendly and how they would be happy.
On the Natasha Table stood back from the evening the crooked mirrors. - Only when will it all be? I'm afraid never ... it would be too good! - Natasha said getting up and approaching the mirrors.
"Sit, Natasha, maybe you will see him," Sonya said. Natasha lit candles and villages. "What I see with a mustache," Natasha said, who saw his face.
"No need to laugh, a lady," Dunyas said.
Natasha found with Sony and maid mirror; Her face took a serious expression, and she was silent. For a long time she was sitting, looking at a number of outgoing candles in the mirrors, suggesting (consistent with heard stories) What she sees a coffin, what he sees him, Prince Andrew, in this last, merging, vaguely square. But no matter how much it is ready to take the slightest stain for the image of a person or a coffin, she did not see anything. She often began to flash and moved away from the mirror.
- Why do others see, but I see nothing? - she said. - Well, you sit down, Sonya; Today, certainly you need, "she said. - Just for me ... I'm so scary now!
Sonya sat behind the mirror, arranged a position, and began to watch.
"So Sophia Alexandrovna will certainly see," the shovel said Dunyasha; - And you all laugh.
Sonya heard these words, and heard Natasha Shopot said:
- And I know that she will see; She saw last year.
Minutes three were all silent. "Be sure!" Natasha whispered and did not finish ... Suddenly Sonya was eliminated by the mirror that she kept, and closed her eyes with her hand.
- Ah, Natasha! - she said.
- Saw? Saw? What did you see? - screamed Natasha, supporting the mirror.
Sonya did not see anything, she had just wanted to wink through her eyes and get up when he had heard the voice of Natasha, who said "certainly" ... She did not want to deceive to Dunyash, nor Natasha, and it was hard to sit. She herself did not know how and as a result of which she had a scream when she closed her eyes hand.
- Did you see him? - asked Natasha, grabbing her hand.
- Yes. Wait ... I ... I saw him, "Sonya said unwittingly, not knowing who I intelled to Natasha under his word: His - Nikolai or him - Andrei.
"But why should I not say that I saw? After all, they see others! And who can catch me in the fact that I saw or did not see? " flashed in Sony's head.
"Yes, I saw him," she said.
- How? How? Is it worth it or lies?
"No, I saw ... that was nothing, suddenly I see that he lies."
- Andrei lies? He is sick? - frightened with his eyes looking at the girlfriend, asked Natasha.
- No, on the contrary, - on the contrary, a fun face, and he turned to me - and at that moment as she said, it seemed to her that she had seen what she said.
- Well, then, Sonya? ...
- here I did not consider something blue and red ...
- Sonya! When will he return? When I see him! My God, as I am afraid for him and for myself, and for everything I'm scared ... - Natasha spoke, and not answering a word on Sony's comfort, lay down in bed and long after put out the candle, with open eyes, lay motionlessly on Bed and looked at the frosty, moonlight through the frozen windows.
Soon after the shield, Nikolai declared her mother about his love for Sona and the hard decision to marry her. The Countess, who has long noticed what was happening between Sonya and Nikolai, and who was waiting for this explanation, silently listened to his words and told the Son that he could marry comers; But that neither she nor father will give him a blessing for such a marriage. For the first time, Nikolai felt that the mother is dissatisfied with them that despite all her love for him, she will not give way to him. She, cold and without looking at his son, sent her husband; And when he came, the Countess wanted briefly and coldly in the presence of Nicholas to tell him what's the matter, but I could not stand it: I cried with tears of annoyance and left the room. The old Graf began to hesitate to strangle Nicholas and ask him to abandon his intention. Nikolay answered that he could not change his word, and his father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon reapped his speech and went to the Countess. With all collisions with the son, the count did not leave the consciousness of his ulibency in front of him for the disorder of cases, and therefore he could not be angry with his son for refusing to marry a rich bride and for choosing a unprecedented Sony - he just recalled the fact that If things were not upset, it was impossible for Nicholas to wish the best wife than Sonya; And that only one he is guilty of the disorder with his mitten and with his insurmountable habits.
Mantle temperature - thousands of degrees: closer to the kernel the temperature is more, closer to the shell - less. Due to the temperature difference, the mantle substance is mixed: hot masses rise up, and cold - lowered (just as boiling water in a saucepan or kettle, but only happens in thousands of times slower). Mantle, though heating to huge temperatures, but because of the tremendous pressure in the center of the Earth, it is not liquid, but viscous - as very thick resin. The lithosphere is as if swimming in a viscous mantle, slightly plunged into her under the weight of its weight.
Reaching the soles of the lithosphere, the coal mass of the mantle is moving horizontally along the solid lithosphere, but then, the cooling, it is again lowered in the direction of the center of the Earth. While the mantle moves along the lithosphere, together with it, the pieces of the lithospheric plate are moving, and some parts of the stone mosaic face and enclosed on each other.
A part of the plate, which turned out to be the bottom (on which another plate was glanced), gradually plunges into the mantle and starts to melt. This produces magma - the thick mass of molten rocks with gases and water vapor. Magma is easier than the surrounding rocks, so it slowly rises to the surface and accumulates in the so-called magmatic foci, which are most often along the slab collision line. Magma is more liquid than mantle, but still quite thick; Translated from the Greek "Magma" means "thick paste" or "dough".
The behavior of a gross magma in a magmatic focus is really like yeast dough: Magma increases in volume, it takes all the free space and rises from the depths of the earth to cracks, thoroughly break into the will. As the dough lifts the cover of the pan and follows the edge, and the magma breaks through the earth's bark in the weakest places and breaks onto the surface. This is the eruption of the volcano.
The volcanic eruption occurs due to the degassing of the magma. The degassing process is known to everyone: if you carefully open a bottle with a carbonated drink (lemonade, coca-cola, kvass or champagne), chims appears from the bottle, and sometimes foam is gas from the drink (that is, it is degassing) . If a bottle with champagne is shampins before opening or heat, then a powerful jet will break out of it, and it is impossible to keep this process. And if the bottle is loosely closed, then this jet can embroider a plug of bottle.
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A volcano erupt, mainly forces Magma, or rather, the process of its degassing. Often there is a similar process of loss of gases in everyday life (when a bottle with mineral water or lemonade is a bit shake, and after discovering, and with champagne it will even open itself). So, Magma, being under strong breed pressure, especially in those places where the globe is "loosely closed", breaks out from under the ground, knocking out the conditional "tube" of the volcano. Gases that stand out, begin to glow and explode. Magma, which loses its gases, turns into Lava. Gradually, the pressure at the magma's education site is reduced, which entails the eruption stop. Zhero Volcano closes the chilled lava.
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While most of my friends and acquaintances are dreaming from our Novosibirsk to Moscow, St. Petersburg and other "European" cities, I fly to the country of volcanoes, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Always dreamed of seeing the eruption, experience new sensations. And for a start, it would be nice to figure out the very essence of this phenomenon.
The process of awakening the volcano
Speaking by a simple and unscientific language, the eruption is the release of stones, ashes and magma from the volcano cone to the surface. Often there is a wave of earthquakes. Residents of the Far East managed to get used to such a life. The reason for this is geological processes in the depths of the Earth.
The spectacle is really beautiful, but also this is the most dangerous and destructive natural disaster. For clarity, I recommend to watch the feature film "Pompeii", or once again feel the scouts depicted on the whole famous picture.
Types of volcanoes in activity
Pretty conditionally allocate:
- Existing ones.
- Sleeping.
- Extinct.
In Russia, a bright example of an active volcano is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which raged the last time some 5 years ago. By the way, the highest point of Europe - Mount Elbrus - is considered sleeping. However, many scientists believe that he is about to wake up, probably in our century, then the scale of the disaster will be very terrible.
Supervolkan america as a threat to the entire planet
Separately, I want to talk about the Yellowstone Calder in the United States. Scientists from all over the world are seriously concerned about this "monster" capable of changing the climatic conditions of the Earth. Unlike conventional volcanoes, this is a huge depression. And if the explosion happens, then otherwise you won't call it as an apocalypse. No other catastrophe that fell into the age of mankind does not compare with this. It is encouraging only that the last time this volcano scolded several millions of years ago. I want to believe, contrary to the opinions of all scientists, that as much time our house will be safe.
Let's live here and now, do not think about the bad thing that is getting better. I wish everyone more travel, admire the mountains and peacefully sleeping volcanoes.
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I remember, in childhood I always hated chemistry. But who of us did not like in their time laboratory work? So, when we are finally tired of omitting a litmus paper into a solution of soda, the teacher finally came up with something more interesting and showed us a real (well, almost) volcanic eruption. Then I interested me this process.
The process of eruption of the volcano and its consequences
Inside our planet, very strong pressure and high temperatures. A hot magma, finding the weakest places in the earth's crust, erupts outward and becomes lava, gradually solidified. So the volcanic eruption occurs.
In the pictures, everything is colorful, although the consequences are very sad. Despite the fact that there are approximately 20 active volcanoes throughout the planet, they suggest fear of humanity. Contrary to the common stereotype that the main danger is the fire, this is not the only disaster to which every eruption leads. Do not forget about smoke and ashes, poisonous gases, acid rains, climate change, etc. If you speak very highly, the volcanoes are easily threatened by the existence of humanity as such.
The most powerful eruptions
The eruption of the volcano always leads to very sad consequences, but there are cases especially terrifying.
- Vesuvius. It seems to me that only little children did not hear about Vesuvius - the volcano, which erased the face of Pompeii. During his weaker eruption, attention died - Attention! - 4000 people. During the most powerful - 26000.
- Undwen. Another "Furgent Mountain" is located in Japan. Interestingly, the eruption itself did not lead to numerous victims, but the tsunami entailed, which destroyed 15,000 people.
- Krakataau. This volcano is located on the island in Indonesia. In 1883, there were 4 explosions with a capacity of 200 thousand times more than an explosion in Hiroshima. Residents of this and neighboring islands died. The total number of victims is 40,000.
The result is only one. Volcanoes, despite their neglence, easily conclude a threat to life of a huge number of people, and there are those who threaten the existence of all mankind.
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Mysterious phenomena occur on our amazing planet, which sometimes it is very difficult to predict. Of course, I was lucky to live in Ukraine, where natural cataclysms are practically not found. But there are places that are increasingly attacking natural disasters, such as Japan, USA and others. One of these catastrophic phenomena is the volcanic eruption.
Previously, I could not understand how the volcanic eruption occurs, but, watching the consequences and destruction on TV, always empathized, I wanted to help at least something. But, unfortunately, the only thing that can be done is to study, understand the strength of nature, to warn about the distress so that losses and destruction are minimal.
How does the volcanic eruption occurs
First of all, I tried to identify the main questions:
- how to form volcanoes;
- results volcanic activity;
- however regular eastern.
To understand what the volcano is, it is necessary to determine the cause of its education
How volcanoes are formed
The reason for the occurrence of volcanoes is hidden in the depths of the Earth. Accumulated there Heat meltedthe substance of the earth's core. In those places where the pressure begins to weaken, the hot masses become liquid and form magmu, That is, the breed that is melted and is saturated with gases. Magma makes itself to the earth's surface. Volcano is the place where magma and gases come to the surface. At the top of the volcano there is a crater similar in shape on a funnel.
Results of volcanic activity
Lava It is the main thing sign of eruption. But there are others, such as parking avalanche. This is a huge cloud of dust, black in the afternoon, and at night luminous red. Beep under it avalanche from hot blocks, sand and dust moves with a huge speed. A very dangerous result of volcanic activities are mud threads. Water from the crater is mixed with soil, sand, stones and turns into dirt. Mud flows rushed to the foot of the volcano with a huge speed, flushing everything in their path.
How regular is spelled out
Volcanoes can be valid, sleeping and extinct, depending on how they are erupted. Volcano, which is constantly erupting, called acting. Those volcanoes that are not active, but may wake up at any time, called sleeping. The same volcanoes that thousands of years have not shown themselves, are extinct.
Unfortunately, not in our power to change natural disasters, but knowing their features, we will be able to protect and prevent terrible destruction and death of people.
VOLCANO- It is a geological formation that arises above the channels and cracks in the earth's crust, on which molten rocks (lava), ashes, hot gases, water pairs and rocks are erupted onto the earth's surface,. The current, asleep and extinct volcanoes, and in shape - Central, sprinkled from the central outlet, and the cracks whose devices have the form of gaping cracks and a number of small cones. The main parts of the volcanic apparatus: a magmatic hearth (in the earth's crust or upper mantle); Zherlo - the output channel by which the magma rises to the surface; cone - elevation on the surface of the Earth from the volcanic emission products; Crater - deepening on the surface of the volcano cone. Modern volcanoes are located along large faults and tectonically moving areas. On the territory of Russia, actively operating volcanoes are: Klyuchevskaya Nacca and Avachinskaya Sopka (Kamchatka). The danger to humans represent the flow of magma (lava), the fall of the stones and ashes thrown out of the crater and the ashes, mud streams and sudden stormy floods. The volcanic eruption may be accompanied by an earthquake.
How to prepare for the eruption of the volcano
· Watch for a warning about a possible volcanic eruption.
· You will save your life if you leave a dangerous territory in a timely manner.
· When you receive a warning about the ashes of the ash, close all windows, doors and smoke valves.
· Put cars in garages.
· Place animals in closed rooms. Z.
· Burst sources of lighting and heat with autonomous food, water, food for 3 - 5 days.
How to act during volcanic eruption
Protect body and heads from stones and ash.
The eruption of volcanoes may be accompanied by a stormy flood, selete flows, floodings, so avoid the banks of rivers and valleys near volcanoes, try to keep the elevated places so as not to get into the flooding zone or the selete flow.
How to act after the volcanic eruption
Close the molar bandage mouth and nose to eliminate the breath of the ashes.
Put the protective glasses and clothing to eliminate burns.
Do not attempt by car after the ashes falling out - this will lead to its failure.
With a forced ride on volcanic ashes, it is necessary to regularly clean the cooling surfaces of the radiator, drench the windshield with water to remove the ashes, but do not use the "janitors", since it is possible to scratch the glass. During the peplopad, even at noon can be very dark, lead the car slowly and carefully.
Clean the roof from the ashes of the house to eliminate it overload and destruction.
If you find yourself in an open area in the dropsy zone of volcanic bombs, in no case can not be rotated and run away, instead you should look in the direction of the source of danger. Watch the flying bombs and shy away from them only if you are sure that they are flying right on you. Volcanic bombs do not explode when they hit
Really amazing spectacle - volcanic eruption. But what is the volcano? How does the volcanic eruption occurs? Why are some of them with different periodicity spew the huge flows of lava, and others are sleeping peacefully for centuries?
What is a volcano?
Externally, the volcano resembles a mountain. There is a geological spill inside it. In the science of the volcano, it is customary to call the formation of a geological rock located on the surface of the Earth. Through it, a magma is erupted outside, which is very hot down. It was Magma that subsequently forms volcanic gases and stones as well as Lava. Most of the volcanoes on Earth formed several centuries ago. Today, new volcanoes appear on the planet. But it happens much less often than before.
How are volcanoes formed?
If you briefly explain the essence of the formation of the volcano, it will look like this. Under the terrestrial crust is a special layer under strong pressure consisting of molten rocks, and is called magma. If there are suddenly in the earth's crust, the cracks are beginning to occur, hills are formed on the surface of the Earth. Through them, it turns out a magma under strong pressure. On the surface of the Earth, it begins to disintegrate on the hot lava, which then freezes, forcing the volcanic mountain becomes more and more. The volcano appeared becomes so vulnerable on the surface that he erupts with a high frequency on the surface of volcanic gases.
What is the volcano?
In order to understand how Magma is eructed, you need to know from which the volcano consists of. Its main components are: volcanic focus, ventilation and crater. What is the focus of the volcano? This is the place where Magma is formed. But do not everyone know what a train is and a volcanic crater? Zherle called a special channel, which combines the hearth with the surface of the earth. The crater is called a small recess in the form of a bowl on the surface of the volcano. Its size can reach several kilometers.
What is the volcanic eruption?
Magma is constantly under strong pressure. Therefore, there is a cloud of gases at any time. Gradually, they pushed the hot magma to the surface of the earth through the vulcan zero. That is why eruption occurs. However, one small description of the eruption process is not enough. To see this spectacle, you can use the video, watching which you need to find out from which the volcano consists of. Similarly, on the video, you can find out which volcanoes do not happen at the present time and how volcanoes look like that today are valid.
What are hazardous volcanoes?
Existing volcanoes are dangerous for a number of reasons. Sleeping volcano itself is very dangerous. At any time he can "wake up" and start erupting the streams of lava, spreading into a lot of kilometers. Therefore, you should not settle close to these volcanoes. In the case of an erupting volcano on the island, such a dangerous phenomenon as tsunami may occur.
Despite its danger, volcanoes can serve humanity a good service.
How are volcanoes?
- During the eruption, a large amount of metals appear that can be applied in industry.
- The volcano creates the stroke rocks that can be used for construction.
- Pumice, which appears due to eruption, is used for industrial purposes, as well as in the production of stationery and toothpaste.
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