Dangerous natural phenomena (photo). Natural phenomena and their classification

Under dangerous natural phenomena, extreme climatic or meteorological phenomena occurring naturally in one or another point of the planet. In some regions, such hazardous phenomena can appear with a greater frequency and destructive strength than in others. Dangerous natural phenomena will grow into natural disasters when the infrastructure created by civilization is destroyed, and people themselves die.

1. Earthquake

Among all natural dangerous phenomena, the first place should be given to earthquakes. In places of breaks of the earth's crust, underground shocks occur, which cause oscillations of the surface of the earth with the release of giant energy. The emerging seismic waves are transmitted to very long distances, although these waves have the greatest devastating force in the epicenter of the earthquake. Due to the strong oscillations of the earth's surface, mass destruction of buildings occur.
Because the earthquakes occur quite a lot, and the surface of the Earth is quite densely built up, the total number of people in the entire history, which died precisely as a result of earthquakes, exceeds the number of all victims of other natural cataclysms and is calculated by many millions. For example, over the past decade all over the world, about 700 thousand people died of earthquakes. From the most destructive jolts instantly collapsed whole settlements. Japan is the country's most suffering from earthquakes, and one of the most catastrophic earthquakes occurred there in 2011. The epicenter of this earthquake was in the ocean near Honshu Island, the Richter scale the power of jolts reached 9.1 points. Powerful shocks and the resulting destructive tsunami disabled nuclear power plants in Fukushima, destroying three power units out of four. Radiation covered a significant territory around the station, making unsuitable densely populated territories, such valuable in Japan. The colossal power of the wave Tsunami turned into a mess that he could not destroy the earthquake. Only more than 16 thousand people were officially died, to which one more than 2,5 thousand, considered missing, can be ranked. Only in the current century, the devastating earthquakes occurred in the Indian Ocean, Iran, Chile, Haiti, Italy, Nepal.

2. Waves Tsunamis

A specific water disaster in the form of waves with tsunami often turns into numerous victims and catastrophic destruction. As a result of submarine earthquakes or shifts of tectonic plates in the ocean, very fast, but low-challenging waves that grow into huge as they approach the shores and access to shallow water. Most often, the tsunami occurs in areas with increased seismic activity. A huge mass of water, quickly impending ashore, demolides everything on his way, picks up and carries deep into the coast, and then takes it to the ocean with reverse current. People who are unable to feel like animals, danger, often do not notice the approach of the deadly wave, and when notice, it becomes too late.
Tsunami usually dies more people than from the earthquake that caused his earthquake (the last case in Japan). In 1971, there was also the most powerful tsunami from observed tsunami, the wave of which rose by 85 meters at a speed of about 700 km / h. But the most catastrophic turned out to be the tsunami observed in the Indian Ocean (the source - an earthquake near the coast of Indonesia), which took the lives of about 300 thousand people to a significant part of the Indian Ocean coast.

Solochi (in America this phenomenon is called a tornado) is called a fairly stable atmospheric whirlwind, most often arising in thunderstorm clouds. He is a visa ...

3. The eruption of the volcano

For its history, humanity has remembered a lot of catastrophic volcanic eruptions. When the pressure of the magma exceeds the strength of the earth's crust in the weakest places, which are volcanoes, it ends with an explosion and outpacing of the lava. But not so much dangerous by Lava, from which you can simply leave, as the hot pyroclastic gases from the mountain, pierced here and there with lightning, as well as a noticeable impact on the climate of the strongest eruptions.
Volcanologists are with half a thousand dangerous acting volcanoes, a few sleeping supervulkanov, not counting thousands of extinct. So, when an eruption of the Tambo volcano in Indonesia, two days the surrounding lands were shipped into darkness, 92 thousand inhabitants died, and the cooling felt even in Europe and America.
List of some strong volcanic eruptions:

• Vulcan varnishes (Iceland, 1783). As a result of the eruption, a third of the population of the island was died - 20 thousand inhabitants. The eruption was stretched for 8 months, during which trams of lava and liquid dirt were eructed from volcanic cracks. How never became active geysers. It was almost impossible to live on the island at that time. The harvest was destroyed, and even the fish disappeared, so the survivors have experienced hunger and suffered from unbearable living conditions. Perhaps this is the longest eruption in human history.
• Tambo Volcano (Indonesia, Fr. Sumbawa, 1815). When the volcano exploded, the sound of this explosion spread to 2 thousand kilometers. The ashes covered even the remote Islands of the archipelago, killed 70 thousand people died from eruption. But today, the Tambo is one of the highest mountains in Indonesia, preserving volcanic activity.
• Volcano Krakataau (Indonesia, 1883). 100 years after the Tamboro in Indonesia, another catastrophic eruption occurred, this time "demolished the roof" (literally) Krakatau volcano. After the catastrophic explosion, which destroyed the volcano himself, the frightening risks were heard for two more months. The atmosphere was thrown by a giant amount of rock, ashes and split gases. The eruption was followed by a powerful tsunami with a wave height of up to 40 meters. These two natural disasters were destroyed by 34,000 islanders along with the island itself.
• Santa Maria Volcano (Guatemala, 1902). After a 500-year-old hibernation in 1902, this volcano woke up again, starting the XX century since the catastrophic eruption itself, as a result of which a semi-kilometer crater was formed. In 1922, Santa Maria reiterated itself - this time the eruption itself was not too strong, but the cloud of fascinated gases and the ash brought death 5 thousand people.

4. Soloch

Environmental disasters have their own specifics - during them, not a single person may not die, but at the same time will be applied very significant ...

The tornado is a very impressive phenomenon of nature, especially in the United States, where it is called Tornado. This airflow shrewd in a spiral in a funnel. Small tornads resemble slender narrow poles, and gigantic tornadoes can resemble a mighty carousel as directed to the sky. The closer to the funnel, the speed of the wind is stronger, it begins to entail all the larger items, up to cars, cars and lung buildings. In the "Alley Tornado" of the United States often, whole urban quarters are subject to destruction, people are dying. The most powerful edges of the F5 category reach in the center of speed of about 500 km / h. The most annually suffers from Tornado Alabama.

There is a variety of fiery tornads, which sometimes occurs in the zone of mass fires. There, from the heat of the flame, powerful ascending flows are formed, which begin to spin in the spiral, as ordinary tornado, only this is filled with a flame. As a result, a powerful traction is formed near the surface of the Earth, from which the flame is growing even more and increments everything around. When in 1923, a catastrophic earthquake occurred in Tokyo, it caused mass fires that led to the formation of a fiery tornger rose by 60 meters. The post of fire was moved towards the square with fright people and a few minutes from 38 thousand people burned.

5. Sand storm

Such a phenomenon occurs in the sandy deserts when a strong wind rises. Sand, dust and soil particles rise to a fairly large height, forming a cloud, sharply reducing visibility. If an unprepared traveler falls into such a storm, he can perish from the sandy grains. Herodotus described the story as 525 years BC. e. In Sugar, the sandstorm was buried the 50,000th army buried alive. In Mongolia in 2008, 46 people died as a result of this phenomenon of nature, and two hundred people were previously the same fate.

Throughout the history of mankind, the strongest earthquakes have repeatedly applied to people with the colossal damage and were the cause of a huge number of victims among the population ...

6. Avalanches

Snowdate avalanches are periodically moving from snow-covered mountain peaks. From them especially often suffer mountaineers. During the First World War, up to 80 thousand people died in Tyrolean Alps from Avalani. In 1679, half a thousand people died in Norway from the snow. In 1886, a large catastrophe happened, as a result of which "white death" took 161 life. The records of Bulgarian monasteries are also mentioned about the human victims of snow avalanches.

7. Hurricanes

In the Atlantic they are called hurricanes, and in the Pacific Typhoon. These are huge atmospheric vortices, in the center of which are the strongest winds and sharply reduced pressure. A few years ago, a destructive hurricane "Katrin" swept over the United States, from which the state of Louisiana and located in the mouth of Mississippi densely populated New Orleans were particularly affected. 80% of the territory of the city turned out to be flooded, 1836 people died. Known destructive hurricanes were also:

• Hurricane Ike (2008). The vortex diameter was over 900 km, and in the center of his wind blew at a speed of 135 km / h. 14 o'clock that cyclone was moving through the United States, he managed to cause destruction of $ 30 billion.
• Hurricane Wilma (2005). This is the largest Atlantic cyclone in the entire history of meterans. The cyclone originated in the Atlantic several times went to the land. The magnitude of the damage caused to them was $ 20 billion, 62 people died.
• Typhoon Nina (1975). This Typhoon was able to break through the Chinese Dam Bankao, which led to the destruction of dams below the dam and catastrophic flood. Typhoon died to 230 thousand Chinese.

8. Tropical cyclones

These are the same hurricanes, but in tropical and subtropical waters, which are huge low-pressure atmospheric systems with winds and thunderstorms, in diameter frequently exceed a thousand kilometers. Near the surface of the Earth, the winds in the center of the cyclone can reach speeds of more than 200 km / h. Low pressure and wind cause the formation of coastal storm Nephane - when the coarse weights of water are ejected to the shore at high speed, all flushing on their path.

Occasionally in the ocean, waves of the tsunamis arise. They are very cunning - in the open ocean are completely invisible, but they should come close to the coastal shelf, G ...

9. Missile

Long rains are able to cause landslides. The soil swells, loses its stability and slides down, fascinating with him everything is on the surface of the earth. Most often landslides happen in the mountains. In 1920, the most destructive landslide took place in China, under which 180 thousand people were buried. Other examples:

• Being (Uganda, 2010). Due to the village flocks, 400 people died, and 200 thousand had to evacuate.
• Sichuan (China, 2008). Avalanches, landslides and village streams are caused by an 8-point earthquake, took 20 thousand lives.
• Leite (Philippines, 2006). The shower caused agricultural and landslide that 1100 people killed.
• Vargas (Venezuela, 1999). The village streams and landslides after a rainfall (for 3 days almost 1000 mm of precipitation fell) on the northern coast led to the death of almost 30 thousand people.

10. Ball lightning

We are accustomed to the usual linear lightning, accompanied by thunder, but the ball lightning are much more rare and mysterious. The nature of this phenomenon is an electric, but a more accurate description of the ball lightning, scientists can not yet. It is known that it can have different sizes and shapes, most often these are yellowish or reddish glowing spheres. For unknown reasons, ball lightning often ignore the laws of mechanics. Most often, they arise in front of a thunderstorm, although they may appear in absolutely clear weather, as well as indoors or in the cockpit. A luminous ball with light hissing hangs in the air, then it can start moving in an arbitrary direction. Over time, it seems to be compressed until it disappears or explodes with a crash. But the damage of ball lightning can bring very limited.

The classification of natural includes the main types of natural events of natural origin.

View of a natural emergency	Dangerous phenomena
Cosmogenic	Falling on the Earth asteroids, the collision of the earth with comets, cometary livne, the collision of the Earth with meteorites and barbed flows, magnetic storms
Geophysical	Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions
Geological (exogenous geological)	Landslides, villages, collaps, shivering, avalanche, slope wash, lesing breed drawdown, drawdown (collaps) of the earth's surface as a result of karst, abrasion, erosion, Kuruma, dust storm
Meteorological	Storms (9-11 points), hurricanes (12-15 points), tornado (tornado), squalls, vertical vortices (streams)
Hydrometeorological	Large hail, heavy rain (shower), heavy snowfall, strong ice, severe frost, strong blizzard, severe heat, strong fog, drought, sukhov, frost
Sea hydrological	Tropical cyclones (typhoons), tsunami, strong excitement (5 points or more), severe sea level fluctuations, strong crawls in ports, early ice cover or soldering, head of ice, intense ice drift, impassable (difficult ice), court icing, gap Coastal ice
Hydrological	High water levels, flood, rainwater floods, congestion and burgers, wind harnesses, low water levels, early iceboarding and premature appearance of ice on shipping water bodies and rivers, increasing the level of groundwater (flooding)
Natural fires	Forest fires, fireproof and breadfire fires, peat fires, underground fires flammable fossils

An analysis of the development of natural catastrophic phenomena on Earth shows that, despite scientific and technological progress, the security of people and technosphere from natural dangers does not increase. The number of victims in the world from devastating natural phenomena in recent years increases annually by 4.3%, and the victims are 8.6%. Economic losses grow on average by 6% per year. Currently, there is an understanding of the fact that natural disasters are a global problem, which is the source of deepest humanitarian shocks and are one of the most important factors determining the sustainable development of the economy. The main reasons for the preservation and aggravation of natural hazards can be the increase in anthropogenic impact on the environmental environment; irrational placement of objects of the economy; Requirements of people in potential natural danger zones; Insufficient efficiency and underdevelopment of environmental monitoring systems; Weakening of state systems of observation of natural processes and phenomena; the absence or poor state of hydrotechnical, anti-ridic, anti-erect and other protective engineering structures, as well as protective forests; insufficient volumes and low rates of seismic construction, strengthening buildings and structures in seismic areas; The absence or failure of cadastrals of potentially dangerous areas (regularly amplified, especially seismic, satellite, avalanchesta, landslide, tsunamasnaya, etc.).

There are more than 30 dangerous natural phenomena and processes in Russia, among which the most devastating are floods, storm winds, shower, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, villages, snowy avalanches. Most of the social and economic losses are related to the destruction of buildings and structures due to insufficient reliability and security against dangerous natural impacts. The most frequent on the territory of Russia becomes natural catastrophic phenomena of an atmospheric nature - storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, squalls (28%), further go earthquakes (24%) and floods (19%). Dangerous geological processes, such as landslides and ribs make up 4%. The remaining natural catastrophes, among which forest fires have the greatest frequency, in the amount of 25%. The total annual economic damage to the development of 19 of the most dangerous processes in city territories in Russia is 10-12 billion rubles. in year.

From the geophysical emergency events of the earthquake are one of the most powerful, terrible and destructive phenomena of nature. They arise suddenly, predict the time and place of their appearance and especially prevent their development is extremely difficult, and most often impossible. In Russia, the zones of increased seismic hazards occupy about 40% of the total area, including 9% of the territory refer to 8-9-point zones. More than 20 million people live in seismically active zones (14% of the country's population).

Within the seismically dangerous districts of Russia there are 330 settlements, including 103 cities (Vladikavkaz, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, etc.). The most dangerous effects of earthquakes are the destruction of buildings and structures; fires; emissions of radioactive and emergency chemically hazardous substances due to the destruction (damage) of radiation and chemically hazardous objects; Transport accidents and disasters; Defeat and death of people.

A vivid example of the socitating economic consequences of strong seismic phenomena can serve as a Spary earthquake in Northern Armenia, which occurred on December 7, 1988. At the same time, the earthquake (magnitude 7.0) suffered 21 city and 342 villages; 277 schools were destroyed or were destroyed, 250 health facilities; More than 170 industrial enterprises have ceased to function; About 25 thousand people died, 19 thousand received varying degrees of injury and injury. Common economic losses amounted to $ 14 billion.

From geological emergency events is a greater danger due to the mass nature of distribution represent landslides and villages. The development of landslides is associated with displacements of large masses of rocks in the slopes under the influence of gravitational forces. Precipitation and earthquakes contribute to the formation of landslides. The Russian Federation annually creates from 6 to 15 emergencies related to the development of landslides. Opole-zni in the Volga region, Transbaikalia, in the Caucasus and Pre-Baikaz, Sakhalin and other regions are widespread. Especially strongly suffer from urbanized territories: 725 cities of Russia are subject to landslide phenomena. The villages are powerful streams saturated with solid materials, descending on mountain valleys at a huge speed. The formation of the sets is in withdrawal in the rains in the mountains, intense melting of snow and glaciers, as well as a breakthrough of bombing lakes. Selene processes are manifested by 8% of Russia and developing in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, in Kamchatka, the Northern Urals and the Kola Peninsula. Under the straight threat to the villages in Russia there are 13 cities and 42 more cities are located in potentially peasinally resorts. The unexpected nature of the development of landslides and the lads often leads to the complete destruction of buildings and structures, is accompanied by victims and large material losses. From hydrological emergency flood events can be one of the most common and dangerous natural phenomena. In Russia, the floods occupy the first place among natural disasters in frequency, distribution area, material damage and second place after earthquakes in the number of victims and specific material damage (damage coming to a unit of affected area). One strong flood covers the area of \u200b\u200bthe river basin about 200 thousand km2. On average, up to 20 cities over-20, it is addressed to 1 million inhabitants, and in 20 years, almost all the territory of the country is covered with serious floods.

On the territory of Russia annually comes from 40 to 68 crisis floods. The threat of flooding exists for 700 cities and tens of thousands of settlements, a large number of economic facilities.

With floods are associated annually significant material losses. In recent years, the two largest floods occurred in Yakutia on r. Lena. In 1998, 172 settlements were flooded here, 160 bridges were destroyed, 133 dams, 760 km of highways. General damage amounted to 1.3 billion rubles.

An even more destructive was flooding in 2001 during this flooding water in r. Lena rose to 17 m and flooded 10 administrative regions of Yakutia. Lensk was completely flooded. About 10,000 houses were under water, about 700 agricultural and more than 4,000 industrial facilities were injured, 43,000 people were resettled. General economic damage amounted to 5.9 billion rubles.

A significant role in increasing the frequency and destructive strength of flooding is the deforestation of forests, irrational management of agriculture and economic development of the understanding. The formation of flooding can lead incorrect implementation of flood protection measures, leading to the Damb breakthrough; destruction of artificial dam; Emergency recesses reservoirs. The aggravation of flooding problems in Russia is also associated with the progressive aging of the basic funds of water management, the placement of economic facilities and housing on the flooding territories. In this regard, the urgent task may be the development and implementation of effective measures to prevent floods and protect against them.

Among the atmospheric dangerous processes occurring in Russia, hurricanes, cyclones, hail, tornado, strong shower, snowfall are the most destructive.

Traditional in Russia is such a disaster as a forest fire. Every year, on the territory of the country, there are from 10 to 30 thousand forest fires on an area from 0.5 to 2 million hectares.

Preliminary forecast of major hazards and threats to Russia at the beginning of the XXI century. Indicates that before 2010, destructive earthquakes in three seismological regions may occur: Kamchatka - Kuril Islands, Baikalia and the North Caucasus. In each of these regions, one destructive earthquake may occur. Without making preventive measures, tens of thousands of people's lives and the damage of about $ 10 billion is possible. Today it is impossible to exclude 3-5 man-made earthquakes, one destructive tsunami on the Pacific coast, one or two catastrophic floods, as well as increasing the number of forest and peat fires.

Natural phenomena are usual, sometimes even supernatural climatic and meteorological events occurring naturally in all corners of the planet. It may be familiar from childhood snow or rain, and maybe incredible devastating or earthquakes. If such events go away from a person and do not cause it material damage, they are considered not important. No one will sharpen on this attention. Otherwise, dangerous natural phenomena are considered by humanity as natural disasters.

Research and observation

Characteristic natural phenomena people began to study back in ancient times. However, it was possible to systematize these observations only in the 17th century, even a separate section of science (natural science), which studies these events was formed. However, despite many scientific discoveries, to this day, some natural phenomena and processes remain poorly studied. Most often, we see a consequence of a particular event, and the root causes can only guess and build various theories. The researchers of many countries work on the preparation of forecasts of occurrence, and most importantly, preventing their possible appearance or at least reduction of damage caused by natural phenomena. Nevertheless, despite all the destroying power of such processes, a person always remains a man and seeks to find something beautiful, sublime. What is the natural phenomenon most fascinating? They can be listed for a long time, but probably should be noted such as the eruption of the volcano, tornado, tsunami, are all beautiful, despite the destruction and chaos that remain after them.

Weather phenomena of nature

Natural phenomena characterize the weather with its seasonal changes. Every time of year has its own complex of events. For example, in the spring, the following snowy, flood, thunderstorms, clouds, wind are observed, thunderstorms, clouds. In the summer, the Sun gives the planet the abundance of heat, natural processes at this time are most favorable: clouds, warm wind, rain and, of course, rainbow; But they can be harsh: thunderstorms, hail. In the fall, the temperature is changed, the days are becoming cloudy, with rains. During this period, the following phenomena dominate: fog, leaf fall, frost, first snow. In winter, the plant world falls asleep, some animals are immersed in a hibernation. The most frequent natural phenomena are: icebelivery, blizzard, blizzard, snow, on the windows appear

All these events are ordinary for us, we have not paid attention to them for a long time. Now let's consider the processes that remind humanity that it is not a crown of everything, and the planet Earth just sheltered him for a while.

Dangerous natural phenomena

These are extreme and harsh climatic and meteorological processes that occur in all parts of the world, however, some regions are considered more vulnerable to a certain kind of events compared to others. Dangerous natural natural phenomena go to the discharge of disasters when the infrastructure is destroyed and people die. These losses are the main obstacles to human development. It is almost impossible to prevent such cataclysms, it remains only timely forecasting events in order to prevent victims and material damage.

However, the difficulty lies in the fact that dangerous natural natural phenomena can be held on different scales and at different times. In fact, each of them is unique in its own way, therefore, it is very difficult to predict it. For example, sudden floods and a tornado are though destructive, but short phenomena affecting relatively small territories. Other dangerous cataclysms, such as droughts, can develop very slowly, but are striking entire continents and the entire population. There are such disasters for several months, and sometimes years. In order to control and predict these events, some national hydrological and meteorological services and special specialized centers are entrusted with the tasks of studying hazardous geophysical phenomena. This includes volcanic eruptions, the transfer of ash in air, tsunami, radioactive, biological, chemical pollution, etc.

Now consider a little more detail some natural phenomena.

Drought

The main reason for such a cataclysm is the lack of precipitation. The drought is very different from other natural disasters with its slow development, often its beginning is hidden by various factors. In world history, even recorded cases when this disaster lasted for many years. The drought often has terrifying consequences: they first dry out the sources of water (streams, rivers, lakes, rods), many agricultural crops stop growing, then animals die, poor health and insufficient food become widespread realities.

Tropical cyclones

These natural phenomena are areas of very low atmospheric pressure over subtropical and tropical waters, forming a colossal rotating thunderstorm system and winds in size in hundreds (sometimes in thousands) kilometers in diameter. The velocity wind speed in the tropical cyclone zone can reach two hundred kilometers per hour and even more. The interaction of low pressure and wind-caused waves often leads to the occurrence of coastal storm power - this is a huge amount of waters emitted ashore with a colossal force and high speed, which are all flushed on their way.

Air pollution

These natural phenomena arise as a result of harmful gases in the air or particles of substances generated as a result of cataclysms (eruption of volcanoes, fires) and human activity (works of industrial enterprises, vehicles, etc.). Moch and smoke appear as a result of fires on undeveloped lands and forestry arrays, as well as burning residues of crops and logging; In addition, due to the formation of volcanic ash. These infamicating elements have very serious consequences for the human body. As a result of such cataclysms, visibility is reduced, there are interruptions in the operation of road and air transport.

Deserted locust

Similar natural phenomena make serious damage in Asia, in the Middle East, in Africa and in the southern part of the European continent. When environmental and weather conditions favors the reproduction of these insects, they focus, as a rule, in small territories. However, with an increase in the number, the locust ceases to be an individual creature and turns into a single living organism. Mall groups formed huge flocks moving in search of feed. The length of such a jamb can reach tens of kilometers. During the day, he can overcome the distance to two hundred kilometers, attaching all the vegetation on his way. So, one ton of locusts (this is a small part of the flock) can eat so much food as much as ten elephants or 2500 people eat. These insects create a threat to millions of cattle breeders and farmers living in easily anosecable environmental conditions.

Short term storm flood and flood

Data may occur anywhere after heavy rainfall. Any floods of rivers are vulnerable to floods, and strong storms cause sudden floods. In addition, short-term floods are sometimes observed after drought periods, when very abundant rains fall on a solid and dry surface, through which the aqueous stream cannot leak into the ground. These natural events are characterized by a variety of types: from stormy small floods and to a powerful layer of water, which covers huge areas. They can be caused by tornadoes, strong thunderstorms, monscons, internal and tropical cyclones (their strength can be increased as a result of the impact of the warm current of el-niño), melting snow and ice reasons. In coastal areas, as a result of a tsunami, cyclone or lifting of water levels in rivers, due to unusually high tides, storm hill are often leading to floods. The reason for the flooding of huge territories below the barrier dam is often becoming a flood on rivers, which is caused by melting snow.

Other dangerous natural phenomena

1. Seleva (mud) stream or landslide.

5. Lightning.

6. Extreme temperatures.

7. Tornado.

10. Fires on undeveloped lands or in forests.

11. Heavy snow and rain.

12. Strong winds.

Grishin Denis.

Natural disasters threaten the inhabitants of our planet from the beginning of civilization. Somewhere to a greater extent, elsewhere less. 100% security does not exist anywhere. Natural disasters can bring tremendous damage. In recent years, the number of earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters is constantly growing. In my abstract, I want to consider dangerous natural processes in Russia.

Download:

Preview:

Administration of the city of Nizhny Novgorod

Municipal budgetary educational institution

secondary school № 148

Scientific Society of Students

Dangerous natural phenomena in Russia

Performed: Grishin Denis,

student 6A class

Leader:

Sinyagina Marina Evgenievna,

geography teacher

nizhny Novgorod

27.12.2011

PLAN

P.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Dangerous Natural Phenomena (Natural Emergencies).

1.1. The concept of emergency situations.

1.2. Geographic disaster disasters.

1.3. Fichial disasters of meteorological nature.

1.4. Fighhygenic disasters of a hydrological nature.

1.5. Road fires.

Chapter 2. Fichial disasters in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Chapter 3. Measures of the fight against natural disasters.

Conclusion

Literature

Applications

Introduction

In my abstract, I want to consider dangerous natural processes.

Natural disasters threaten the inhabitants of our planet from the beginning of civilization. Somewhere to a greater extent, elsewhere less. 100% security does not exist anywhere. Natural disasters can bring tremendous damage.

Emergencies of a natural nature (natural disasters) in recent years have a tendency to increase. The actions of volcanoes (Kamchatka) are activated, cases of earthquakes (Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuriles, Transbaikalia, South Caucasus) are rapidly, their destructive power increases. Almost regular steel floods (Far East, Caspian Lowland, Southern Urals, Siberia), frequently landslide along the rivers of the mountain areas. Out, snow drifts, storms, hurricanes and tornadoes annually visit Russia.

To a great regret, the construction of multi-storey houses continues in the areas of periodic flooding, which increases the concentration of the population, underground communications are laid, dangerous production is functioning. All this leads to the fact that the usual forthese flood places cause more and more catastrophic consequences.

In recent years, the number of earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters is constantly growing.

The purpose of my abstract is the study of natural emergencies.

The task of my work is the study of dangerous natural processes (natural emergencies) and disaster protection measures.

1. Natural Emergency Concept

1.1. Private emergencies -the situation on a certain territory or water area as a result of the emergence of a source of natural emergencies, which may entail or entail human sacrifices, damage to the health of people or the environment, significant losses and violation of the living conditions of people.

Natural emergencies are distinguished by the nature of the source and scale.

Also in themselves emergency situations are very diverse. Therefore, based on the causes (conditions) of the occurrence, they are divided into groups:

1) dangerous geophysical phenomena;

2) dangerous geological phenomena;

3) hazardous meteorological phenomena;

4) marine hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena;

5) hazardous hydrological phenomena;

6) Natural fires.

Below I want to consider these types of natural emergencies in more detail.

1.2. Natural disasters of geophysical nature

Natural disasters associated with geological natural phenomena are divided into disasters caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Earthquake - These are underground shocks and oscillations of the earth's surface, caused mainly by geophysical reasons.

In the bowels of the earth, complex processes are constantly occur. Under the action of deep tectonic forces, stresses arise, the layers of earth rocks are deformed, compressed into the folds and with the onset of critical overloads are shifted and rushes, forming faults of the earth's crust. The gap is made by an instantaneous impetus or a series of impetus having a hit character. During the earthquake, the energy is discharged that has accumulated in depths. The energy elected at the depth is transmitted by elastic waves in the thickness of the earth's crust and reaches the surface of the Earth, where destruction occurs.

Two main seismic belts are known: Mediterranean-Asian and Pacific.

The main parameters characterizing the earthquake are their intensity and the depth of the focus. The intensity of the manifestation of the earthquake on the surface of the Earth is estimated in points (seeTable 1 in applications).

Earthquakes are also classified due to their occurrence. They may occur as a result of tectonic and volcanic manifestations, collaps (mountain blows, landslides) and, finally, as a result of human activity (filling the reservoir, water injection in well).

Considerable interest is the classification of earthquakes not only by balletness, but also in numbers (frequency of repeatability) during the year on our planet.

Volcanic activity

arises as a result of constant active processes occurring in the depths of the Earth. After all, the inside is constantly in a preheated state. In tectonic processes, cracks are formed in the earth's crust. Magma rushes on them to the surface. The process is accompanied by the release of water vapors and gases that create huge pressure, eliminating obstacles in their path. When entering the surface, part of the magma turns into a slag, and the other part is poured in the form of lava. From the vapors and gases thrown into the atmosphere, volcanic rocks, referred to as Tefra, are highlighted.

According to the degree of activity, volcanoes are classified on valid, dormant and extinct. The current belongs to those who were erupted in historical time. Furious, on the contrary, did not erupt. Dormants are characterized by the fact that they periodically show themselves, but it does not reach the eruption.

The most dangerous phenomena, accompanying the eruption of volcanoes, is lava flows, pension of tephra, volcanic mud streams, volcanic floods, scorching volcanic cloud and volcanic gases.

Lava flow - These are molten rocks with a temperature of 900 - 1000 °. The flow rate depends on the slope of the volcano cone, the degree of viscosity of the lava and its quantity. The speed range is quite wide: from several centimeters to several kilometers per hour. In some and most dangerous cases, it comes to 100 km, but more often than 1 km / h.

The Phone consists of fragments of frozen lava. The largest is called volcanic bombs, those that the beds - volcanic sand, and the smallest - ashes.

Mud threads - These are powerful ashes on the slopes of the volcano, which are in an unstable position. When new portions of the ashes fall on them, they slide down the slope

Volcanic floods. When melting glaciers during eruptions can very quickly form a huge amount of water, which leads to floods.

The scorching volcanic cloud is a mixture of hot gases and tephra. The affecting effect is due to the occurrence of a shock wave (strong wind), propagating at a speed of up to 40 km / h, and the heat shaft with a temperature of up to 1000 °.

Volcanic gases. The eruption is always accompanied by the release of gases in a mixture with water vapors - a mixture of sulfur and sulfuric oxides, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in a gaseous condition, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in large concentrations.

Classification of volcanoes It is made under the conditions of their occurrence and by nature of the activity. According to the first sign, four types differ.

1) Volcanoes in subduction areas or oceanic plate under mainland zones. Due to the thermal concentration in depths.

2) Volcanoes in rhythic zones. They arise due to the weakening of the earth's crust and the border with the border between the crust and mantle of the Earth. The formation of volcanoes is associated with tectonic phenomena.

3) Volcanoes in large fault zones. In many places, the earth's crust has breakdowns (faults). There is a slow accumulation of tectonic forces that can turn into a sudden seismic explosion with volcanic manifestations.

4) Volcanoes zones "hot spots". In separate areas, "hot spots" are formed under the oceanic bottom in the earth's crust, which focuses especially high thermal energy. In these places, rock rocks are melted and in the form of basalt lava overlook the surface.

By the nature of the activities of volcanoes are divided into five types (see.Table 2)

1.3. Geological disasters of geological nature

The disasters of geological nature can be attributed to landslides, villages, snow avalanches, collaborations, earth-surface drawdowns as a result of karst phenomena.

Landslides - This is a sliding displacement of masses of rocks down the slope under the influence of gravity. They are formed in various breeds as a result of a violation of their equilibrium or weakening of strength. Caused both natural and artificial (anthropogenic) reasons. Natural belongs: an increase in the slopes of the slopes, to remove their bases by marine and river waters, seismic shocks. Artificial are the destruction of slopes by road recesses, excessive removal of the soil, cutting down forest, unreasonable management of agriculture on the slopes. According to international statistics, up to 80% of modern landslides are associated with human activity. They are at any time of the year, but most of the spring-summer period.

Stolzni classifiedscales of phenomenon, the speed of movement and activity, the mechanism of the process, power and the place of education.

The scale of landslides are classified for large, medium and small-scale.

Large causes, as a rule, natural causes and are formed along the slopes of hundreds of meters. Their thickness reaches 10 - 20 or more than meters. The landslide body often retains its monolith.

Middle and small-scale have smaller sizes and are characteristic of anthropogenic processes.

Scale is often characterized by the area involved in the process. The speed of movement is very diverse.

The landslide activity is divided into active and inactive. The main factors here are the rocks of the slopes and the presence of moisture. Depending on the amount of moisture, they are divided into dry, weakly wet, wet and very wet.

According to the mechanism of the process, it is divided: on the shear landslides, extrusion, viscosetic, hydrodynamic removal, sudden ignition. Often have signs of a combined mechanism.

At the place of education, they are divided into mountainous, underwater, adjacent and artificial earthworks (catlings, canals, breed dumps).

Sel (village stream)

Stormy mud or mud-stone stream consisting of a mixture of water and rocks of rocks, suddenly occurring in the pools of small mountain rivers. It is characterized by a sharp rise in water level, wave motion, short-term action (on average from one to three hours), a significant erosion-accumulative destructive effect.

Direct reasons for the origin of the seama are shower, intense melting of snow, breakthrough of water bodies, less often an earthquake, volcanic eruptions.

All sites on the mechanism of origin are divided into three types: erosion, breakthrough and rolling-landslide.

In case of erosion first, the water flow is saturated with a debrid material due to a flushing and erosion of the adjacent soil and then a sealer wave is already being formed.

With rolling-landslide, a mass breakdowns to saturated rocks (including snow and ice). Flow saturation in this case is close to the maximum.

In recent years, technogenic factors have been added to the natural reasons for the formation of the villages: violation of the rules and norms of the operation of mining enterprises, explosions when laying roads and the construction of other structures, the rod of the forest, the incorrect management of agricultural workers and the impairment of soil and vegetation cover.

When the dealer moves, it is a solid flow of dirt, stones and water. Based on the main factors of the occurrence of satmes are classified as follows;

Zonal manifestation. The main factor of formation are climatic conditions (precipitation). They wear zonal character. The gathering is systematically. Movement paths are relatively constant;

Regional manifestation. The main factor of formation is geological processes. The gathering occurs episodically, and the path of movement is inconsistent;

Anthropogenic. This is the result of man's economic activity. Take place where the greatest load on the mountain landscape. New village pools are formed. The descent is episodic.

Snow avalanches - Lowering from the slopes of the mountains under the influence of gravity of snow masses.

The snow accumulating on the slopes of the mountains, under the influence of the severity and weakening of structural connections inside the snowy stratum, slides or crepts from the slope. Starting your movement, he quickly gains speed, exciting all new snow masses, stones and other items along the way. The movement continues to more gentle areas or the bottom of the valley, where it is braked and stops.

Avalanche formation occurs within avalanche focus. Avalanche focus is a plot of slope and his foot, within which avalanche moves. Each hearth consists of 3 zones: nucleation (Lavinolation), transit (tray), avalanche stop (removal cone).

The avalanche-forming factors include: the height of the old snow, the state of the underlying surface, the increase in fresh snow, the snow density, the intensity of the snowfall, the sedimentation of the snow cover, the snowstore redistribution of snow cover, air temperature and snow cover.

The release range is important to assess the possibility of lesion of objects located in avalanche zone. There are maximum emission range and most likely, or average age. The most likely emission range is determined directly on the ground. It is estimated if necessary for placing structures in the avalanche zone for a long period. It coincides with the border of the cone of the avalanche focus.

The permafrost of avalanche is an important time characteristic of avalanche activity. Distinguish between the mid-year and intransicious recipritionability. The density of avalanche snow is one of the most important physical parameters, on which the power of the blow of the snow mass depends, the labor costs for clearing it or the possibility of moving along it.

Like they classified?

By the nature of the movement and, depending on the structure of avalanche focus, there are the following three types: tray (moves along a specific channel channel or avalanche tray), axes (snow landslide, does not have a specific channel channel and slides acridge over the entire width of the site), jumping (arises from tray Where in the drain channel there are sheer walls or sections with a buccaster steepness).

According to the degree of repeatability, they are divided into two classes - systematic and sparodical. Systematic goes every year or once every 2-3 years. Sparodic - 1-2 times in 100 years. The place to determine in advance is quite difficult.

1.4. EFFECTIVE disasters of meteorological nature

All of them are divided into disasters caused by:

Wind including storm, hurricane, death (at a speed of 25 m / s or more, for the Arctic and Far Eastern seas - 30 m / s or more);

Strong rain (with the amount of precipitation of 50 mm and more for 12 hours and less, and in mountainous, selene and liven-grade areas - 30 mm and more than 12 hours and less);

Large town (with a gradine diameter of 20 mm or more);

Heavy snowfall (with the amount of precipitation 20 mm and more than 12 hours or less);

- strong snowstorms (wind speed 15 m / s or more);

With dust storms;

Freezes (with a decrease in air temperature in the growing season on the surface of the soil below 0 ° C);

- strong frosts or severe heat.

These natural phenomena, besides tornado, hail, and shkvalov, lead to natural disasters, as a rule, in three cases: when they occur on one third of the territory of the region (edges, republics), cover several administrative districts and continue at least 6 hours.

Hurricanes and storms

In the narrow sense of the word, the hurricane is defined as the wind of a large destructive strength and a significant duration, the speed of which is approximately 32 m / s or more (12 points on the Bafort scale).

The storm is the wind, the speed of which is less than the speed of the hurricane. Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a strong storm is called storm.

The most important characteristic of the hurricane is the wind speed.

The average duration of the hurricane - 9 - 12 days.

For storms are characterized by a lesser than for a hurricane wind speed (15 -31 m / s). Storm duration- from several hours to several days, width - from dozens to several hundred kilometers. Both those and others are often accompanied by the fallout of quite significant precipitation.

Hurricanes and storm winds in winter conditions often lead to the emergence of snow storms, when huge masses of snow are moving at a high speed from one place to another. Their duration can be from several hours to several days. Especially dangerous snow storms, passing simultaneously with snowfall, at a low temperature or with sharp drops.

Classifice of hurricanes and storms.Hurricanes are customary to be divided into tropical and veneropic. In addition, tropical hurricanes are often subdivided into hurricanes, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean and above quiet. The latter is called typhoon.

The generally accepted, the established classification of storms is not. Most often divided into two groups: vortex and streaming. Vortex is complex vortex formations caused by cyclonic activities and extending to large areas. Stream - these are local phenomena of small distribution.

The vortex storms are divided into dusty, snowy and squall. In winter, they turn into snowy. In Russia, such storms are often called Purga, Buran, a blizzard.

Tornado - This is a rising whirlwind, consisting of extremely fast-growing air mixed with moisture particles, sand, dust and other suspensions, it is a quick-repair air funnel hanging out of the cloud and falling to the ground in the form of a trunk.

Arise both above the aqueous surface and above the land. Most often - during hot weather and high humidity, when air instability in the lower layers of the atmosphere appears particularly sharply.

The funnel is the main part of the tornger. It is a spiral whirlwind. The inner cavity in the diameter is from tens to hundreds of meters.

It is extremely difficult to predict the place and time of the appearance of a tornger.Classification of tornado.

Most often, they are divided according to their structure: dense (sharply limited) and blurry (unclear limited). In addition, the tornado is divided into 4 groups: dust vortices, small short action, small long-term action, hurricane vortices.

Small short-acting tents have a path length of no more than a kilometer, but have a significant destructive force. They are relatively rare. The length of the long-term shorter movement path is calculated by several kilometers. Hurricane vortices are larger tens of kilometers at their motion and with their movement.

Dusty (sandy) stormaccompanied by the transfer of a large number of soil and sand particles. They occur in deserted, semi-desert and plowing steppes and are able to transfer millions of tons of dust for hundreds and even thousands of kilometers, falling asleep with an area of \u200b\u200bseveral hundred thousand square kilometers.

Navy storms. Characterized by the lack of dust engagement in air and relatively smaller scales of destruction and damage. However, with further movement, they can turn into a dusty or snowy storm depending on the composition and condition of the surface of the Earth and the presence of snow cover.

Snow storms characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the winter of huge snow masses in the air. Their duration ranges from several hours to several days. Have a relatively narrow strip of action (up to several tens of kilometers).

1.5. Hydrological disasters of hydrological nature and sea hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena

These natural phenomena are divided into disasters caused by:

High water level - floods, in which the flooding of low parts of cities and other settlements, crops crops, damage to industrial and transport facilities;

Low water level when shipping is violated, water supply of cities and national economic objects, irrigation systems;

Villages (in the breakthrough of bombing and naval lakes, threatening settlements, road and other structures);

Snow avalanches (in the threat of settlements, road and railways, power lines, objects of industry and agriculture);

Early ice-bearing and appearance of ice on shipping reservoirs.

To sea hydrological phenomena: tsunami, strong excitement on the seas and oceans, tropical cyclones (typhoons), the pressure of ice and intense drift.

Flood - It is flooded with water adjacent to the river, lake or reservoir of the area, which causes material damage, causes damage to the health of the population or leads to the death of people. If the flooding is not accompanied by damage, it is spilling rivers, lakes, reservoirs.

Especially dangerous floods are observed on the rope and glacial nutrition rivers or with a combination of these two factors.

The flood is annually repeated in the same season considerable and quite a long lifting water level in the river. Typically, the flood is caused by the spring melting of snow on the plains or rain rain.

Flood is an intense, relatively short-term rise of water level. Formed with strong rains, sometimes melting snow at winter thaws.

The most important basic characteristics are the maximum level and maximum water consumption during the flooding time.FROM the maximum level linked area, layer and duration of flooding area. One of the main characteristics includes the rate of water level lifting.

For large river basins, an important factor is a particular combination of the waves of the salons of individual tributaries.

For cases of flood to factors that affect the magnitude of the main characteristics include: the amount of precipitation, their intensity, duration, area of \u200b\u200bcoverage, preceding precipitation, moisture of the basin, the water permeability of the soil, the relief of the basin, the values \u200b\u200bof the rivers, the presence and depth of the proceedings.

Constors and Ice Lights on Rivers

Congestion - This is a cluster of ice in line, limiting the course of the river. As a result, water lifting and its spill occurs.

The jam is usually formed at the end of winter and in the spring during the opening of rivers during the destruction of ice cover. It consists of large and small ice floes.

Burden - The phenomenon is similar to the traffic of ice. However, firstly, the burrow consists of a cluster of loose ice (shuga, small ice floes), while the jam is a cluster of large and lesserly small ice floes. Secondly, Ice burzhod is observed at the beginning of winter, while the jam is at the end of winter and in the spring.

The main reason for the injection formation is the delay in the opening of ice on those rivers where the edge of ice cover in spring is shifted from top to bottom. At the same time, the fragmented ice moving on top meets on its path not yet broken ice cover. The sequence of opening the river from top to bottom is a necessary, but insufficient condition of the occurrence of the congestion. The underlying condition is created only when the surface velocity of the flow of water at the opening is quite significant.

The burgers are formed on rivers during the formation of ice cover. A prerequisite for formation is the emergence of internally ice and its involvement under the edge of ice cover. The surface rate of the flow has crucial importance, as well as the air temperature during the freezing period

Navage - This is the rise of the water level caused by the impact of wind on the aqueous surface. Such phenomena occur in the maritime mouths of large rivers, as well as on large lakes and reservoirs.

The main condition for the occurrence is a strong and long-term wind, which is characteristic of deep cyclones.

Tsunami - These are long waves resulting from underwater earthquakes, as well as volcanic eruptions or landslides on the seabed.

Their source is at the bottom of the ocean,

In 90% of cases, tsunami arise due to underwater earthquakes.

Often, before the beginning of the tsunami, the water retreats away from the coast, exposing the seabed. Then it becomes visible impending. At the same time, the bulk-like sounds created by the air wave, which the aqueous mass bears in front of them.

Possible scales of consequences are classified by ballet:

1 point - tsunami is very weak (the wave is fixed only by appliances);

2 points are weak (can flood flat coast. Only specialists notice);

3 points - average (observed by everyone. The plane coast is flooded. Light vessels may be thrown ashore. Port structures can get weak damage);

4 points - strong (the coast is flooded. Coastal buildings are damaged. Large sailing and small motor vessels can be thrown ashore, and then washed again into the sea. Human victims are possible);

5 points are very strong (coastal areas flooded. Voltolates and moloses are badly damaged, large courts have been thrown ashore. There are human sacrifices. Various damage).

1.6. Natural fires

This concept includes forest fires, fire and breadfire fires, peat and underground fires of combustible fossils. We will dwell only in forest fires as the most common phenomenon bringing colossal losses and sometimes leading to human victims.

Forest fires - This is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through the forest area.

With hot weather, if the rains do not happen within 15 - 18 days, the forest becomes so dry that any careless handling of fire causes a fire quickly spreading through the forest area. From the thunderstorms and self-burning of peat crumbs there is a negligible amount of fires. The possibility of forest fires is determined by the degree of fire danger. For this, the "scale of estimating forest areas by the degree of danger of fires in them" (seeTable 3)

Forest Fire Classification

Depending on the nature of the ignition and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into lower, rigid, soil. Almost all of them at the beginning of their development are the nature of the lower and, if certain conditions are created, go to the rigging or soil.

The most important characteristics are the rate of spreading and riding fires, the depth of the underground increase. Therefore, they are divided into weak, medium and strong. In the speed of the spread of fire, the grassroots and the rigid are divided into stable and runaway. The combustion intensity depends on the state and reserve of combustible materials, the area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, the time of day and especially the strength of the wind.

2. Natural Emergencies in the Nizhny Novgorod Region.

The territory of the region has a sufficiently large variety of climatic, landscape and geological conditions, which causes the occurrence of various natural phenomena. The most dangerous of them are those that are able to inflict significant material damage and lead to the death of people.

- dangerous meteorological processes: Squile and hurricane winds, heavy rain and snow, livne, large hail, strong blizzard, strong frost, ice-frozen deposition on wires, severe heat (high fire hazard under weather conditions);agrometeorologicalsuch as freezing, drought;

- dangerous hydrological processes, Such as a flood (in the spring period for the rivers of the region are characterized by high water levels, the coastal ice flood, cooling phenomena), rain flood, low water levels (summer, autumn and winter is likely to reduce water levels to adverse and dangerous marks);hydrometeorological(separating coastal ice floes with people);

- natural fires(forest, peat, steppe and fires on wetlands);

- dangerous geological phenomena and processes:(landslides, cardas, lesing breed drawdown, erosion and abrasion processes, slope washes).

Over the past thirteen years, from all registered natural phenomena, which have had a negative impact on the life of the population and the work of the economy facilities, the share of meteorological (agricultureological) hazards was 54%, exogenous geological - 18%, hydrometeorological - 5%, hydrological - 3%, large forestry Fires - 20%.

The frequency of the occurrence and territory of the distribution of the above natural phenomena in the area of \u200b\u200bunequal. The actual data of 1998-2010 can be attributed to the meteorological phenomena (damage to the damage to the floppy strengthening of wind, passing the thunder fronts with a hail, ice-frozen deposits on the wires) to the most common and frequently observed - annually on average, 10-12 cases are recorded annually.

At the end of winter and the spring period of each year, events are held to save people from the risen coastal ice floes.

Natural fires occur annually and water levels rise during the flood period. The adverse effects of forest fires and high water levels are registered quite rarely, due to the advanced preparation for flooding and fire hazardous period.

Spring flood

The passage of flooding in the territory of the region is observed from the end of March to May. By the degree of danger, the flood in the region refers to a moderately dangerous type, when the maximum levels of water lifting by 0.8 - 1.5 m exceed the levels of the beginning of the flooding, flooding of coastal territories (emergency situations of the municipal level). The area of \u200b\u200bflooding floodplains of the river is 40 - 60%. Locations are usually partial flooding. The repeatability of excess water level over the critical level - every 10 to 20 years. Exceeding critical marks on most areas of the region was registered in 1994, 2005. In one degree or another, 38 districts of the region are subject to the action of hydrological processes during the spring flood. The results of the processes are flooding and flooding of residential buildings, livestock and agricultural complexes, destruction of roads, bridges, dams, dams, power supply damage, the activation of landslides. According to these years, the areas most susceptible to flood phenomena, the Arzamassky, Telboldinsky, Buturinine, Vorotynsky, Gaginsky, Kstovsky, Transzyssky, Pavlovsky, Pokhinkovsky, Pilinsky, Semenovsky, Sosnovsky, Urenesky and Shankovsky were found.

Increased ice thickness can cause the occurrence of congestion on rivers during the autopsy period. The amount of ice congestion on the rivers of the region on average reaches 3 - 4 per year. They are most likely caused by the flooding (floodings) in the settlements located along the banks of the rivers current from the south to the north, the autopsy of which occurs in the direction of the source to the mouth.

Forest fires

In total, in the territory of the area of \u200b\u200b304 settlements in 2 urban districts and 39 municipal areas, which may be subject to negative impact of forestorfyal fires.

The danger of natural fires is associated with the emergence of large natural fires. Fires whose area reaches 50 hectares make up 14% of the total number of large forest fires, fires from 50 to 100 hectares occupy 6% of total, fires from 100 to 500 hectares - 13%; The proportion of large forest fires exceeding 500 hectares is small - 3%. This ratio has changed significantly in 2010, when the bulk (42%) of large forest fires reached the area of \u200b\u200bmore than 500 hectares.

The number and area of \u200b\u200bnatural fires vary significantly from year to year, because they are directly dependent on weather conditions and anthropogenic factor (forest attendance, preparation for fire-hazardous season, etc.).

It should be noted that almost throughout Russia during the period until 2015. It should be expected in the summer periods an increase in the number of days with high air temperature values. At the same time, the probability of extremely long periods with critical temperatures of air will significantly increase. In this regard, by 2015. Compared to current values, an increase in the number of days with fire hazardous decor is predicted.

1. Natural disaster protection measures.

For many centuries, mankind has developed a rather slim system for protection against natural disasters, the implementation of which in various parts of the world could significantly reduce the number of human victims and the magnitude of material damage. But until today, we, unfortunately, we can speak only about individual examples of successful confrontation of the elements. Nevertheless, it is advisable to once again list the main principles of protection against natural disasters and compensation for their consequences. It is necessary to clearly and timely predicting the time, place and intensity of the natural disaster. This makes it possible to promptly notify the population about the expected impact of the element. Properly understood warning allows people to prepare for a dangerous phenomenon by either temporary evacuation, or the construction of protective engineering structures, or strengthen their own homes, livestock premises, etc. The experience of the past should be taken into account, and its heavy lessons must be brought to the attention of the population with clarification that such a disaster may repeat. In some countries, the state buys land in the ranges of possible natural disasters and organizes subsidized crossings from hazardous areas. Insurance has important for reducing losses as a result of natural disasters.

An important role in preventing damage from natural disasters belongs to engineering and geographical zoning of the zones of a possible natural disaster, as well as the development of construction standards and rules that strictly regulate the type and nature of construction.

In various countries, quite flexible legislation has been developed on economic activities in natural disasters. If the natural disaster occurred in the population and the population was not evacuated in advance, emergency and rescue works are produced, after them are the repair and recovery.

Conclusion

So, I studied natural emergencies.

I came to the conclusion that there is a wide variety of natural disasters of natural nature. These are dangerous geophysical phenomena; dangerous geological phenomena; Hazardous meteorological phenomena; Sea hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena; Hazardous hydrological phenomena; Natural fires. There are 6 types of them and 31 views.

Emergency situations of a natural nature may entail human sacrifices, damage to people's health or the environment, significant losses and violation of the living conditions of people.

From the point of view of the possibility of warning events, hazardous natural processes, as a source of emergency situations, can be predicted with a very small advance.

In recent years, the number of earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters is constantly growing. It can not be unnoticed.

List of used literature

1. V.Yu. Mikryukov "Ensuring Safety of Life Passing" Moscow - 2000.

2. Hwan T.A., Khvan P.A. Safety of vital activity. - Rostov N / D: "Phoenix", 2003. - 416 p.

3. Reference data on emergencies of technogenic, natural and environmental origin: at 3 h. - M.: GO USSR, 1990.

4. Emergency situations: brief description and classification: studies. manual / auth. ADM Hares. - 2nd ed., Act. and add. - M.: Zhurn. "Military. Knowledge", 2000.

Dangerous geological phenomenon is an event that occurs as a result of the activities of geological processes arising in the earth's crust under the influence of various geological or natural factors or in combination, and have a negative impact on plants, people, animals, natural environment, economy facilities. Most often, geological phenomena are associated with the movement of lithospheric plates and changes occurring in a lithosphere.

Types of dangerous phenomena

Geological hazardous phenomena include the following:

• screaming and collaps;
• sat down;
• distribution or failures of the earth's surface as a result of Karst;
• kuruma;
• erosion, abrasion;
• avalanches;
• washes;
• landslides.

Each view has its own characteristics.

Landslides

The landslides are a geological hazardous phenomenon, which is a sliding displacement of masses of rocks on the slopes under the action of its own weight. This phenomenon arises as a result of the arrangement of the slope, due to seismic jokes or under other circumstances.

The landslides arise on the slopes of the hills and mountains, on the steep banks of the rivers. They can be caused by the most different natural phenomena:

• earthquake;
• intense precipitation;
• uncontrollable disintegration of the slopes;
• trimming slopes when laying roads;
• as a result of cutting down forests;
• when carrying out explosive work;
• with abrasion and river erosion, etc.

Causes of landslides

The landslides are a dangerous geological phenomenon that most often arises as a result of water exposure. It seeps into the cracks of soil rocks, which is why destruction occurs. All loose deposits are impregnated with moisture: the resulting layer plays the role of lubrication between the films of earthy rocks. When breaking the inner layers, the mass of the mass begins to sail down the slope down.

Classification of landslides

There are several types of dangerous geological phenomena, divided by speed:

1. Very fast. They are characterized by the movement of masses at a speed of 0.3 m / min.
2. Fast characterized by the movement of mass at a speed of 1.5 m / day.
3. Moderate - the gathering of the landslide occurs at a speed of up to one and a half meters per month.
4. Slow - speed - up to one and a half meters per year.
5. Very slow - 0.06 m / year.

In addition to the speed of movement, all landslides are divided in size. According to this criterion, this phenomenon is divided like this:

• grand, occupying the area of \u200b\u200bmore than four hundred hectares;
• very large - landslide area - about two hundred hectares;
• large - Area - about a hundred hectare;
• small - 50 hectares;
• very small - less than five hectares.

The landslide power is characterized by the volume of shifting rocks. This indicator can reach several million cubic meters.

Selene streams

Another dangerous geological phenomenon is a delays flow, or union. This is a temporary rapid mountain stream of water with an admixture of clay, sand, stones, etc. For villages, a sharp rise of the water level occurring is characterized by wave movements. Moreover, this phenomenon is saved for a while - for a couple of hours, but has a strong destroying effect. The territory on which the village stream is affected is called a selene pool.

To occur this dangerous geological natural phenomenon, it is necessary to simultaneously perform three conditions. First, on the slopes there must be a lot of sand, clay and small diameter stones. Secondly, to wash off all this from the slope, there is a lot of water. Thirdly, the village may occur only on steep slopes, with an angle of inclination about twelve degrees.

Causes of the occurrence of village streams

The occurrence of a dangerous sealer stream can occur for various reasons. Most often, this phenomenon is observed as a result of intense rains, rapidly melting glaciers, as well as as a result of underground jolts and volcanic activities.

Sail may arise as a result of people's activities. An example is the cutting of forests on the slopes of the mountains, the development of quarries or mass construction.

snow avalanche

Snowy avalanche also refers to dangerous geological natural phenomena. During an avalanche with steep slopes of the mountains, Snow Mass Skills. Its speed can reach a hundred meters per second.

During the fall of avalanche, an air premisive wave is formed, appreciating a large damage to the surrounding nature and any objects erected on the phenomenon.

Why leave avalanche

There are several reasons because of which the similarity of the avalanche begins. These include:

• intensive melting of snow;
• long snowfall, as a result of which a large snowy mass occurs, not able to hold on the slopes;
• earthquake.

An avalanche gathering may occur due to severe noise. This phenomenon is provoked by the oscillations of the air environment resulting from the sounds of the sounds at a certain frequency and with a certain force.

As a result of a snowy avalanche, buildings, engineering structures are destroyed. Any obstacles on its path are destroyed: bridges, power lines, oil pipelines, roads. This phenomenon causes great damage to agriculture. If at the time of the lowest snow in the mountains there are people, they may die.

Snow avalanches in Russia

Knowing the geography of Russia, you can accurately determine where the most dangerous avalanche-hazardous sections. The most dangerous areas are mountains with plenty of snow dropout. It is Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, the Urals, as well as the North Caucasus and the Mountains of the Kola Peninsula.

Avalanie accounts for about half of all accidents in the mountains. Winter and spring are considered the most dangerous periods of the year. In these periods, up to 90% of the snow masses are recorded. Avalanche can go at any time of the day, but most often the snow comes out in the afternoon, and in the evening - rarely. The impact strength of the snow mass can be estimated in tens of tons per square meter! During the movement, the snow sweeps everything in its path. If a person is poured, he will not be able to breathe, as the snow scores the respiratory tract, penetrating the dust into the lungs. People can freeze, get strong injuries, frostbite internal organs.

Owls

And what phenomena refer to geological dangerous phenomena and what are they? These include collaborators. These are the separation of large masses of rocks on river valleys, coast of the seas. Owls arise due to disruptions of masses from the mother base. Owls can block or destroy roads, cause overflows of a huge amount of water from reservoirs.

Owls are small, medium and large. The latter refers to the separation of rocks weighing from ten million cubic meters. Middle include debris volumes from one hundred thousand to ten million cubic meters. The mass of small columns reaches tens of cubic meters.

Owls may arise as a result of the peculiarities of the geological structure of the area, as well as with cracks on the slopes of the mountains. The cause of the formation of the collaboration can be the activities of people. This phenomenon is observed in crushing rocks, as well as due to the large amount of moisture.

As a rule, the ribs arise suddenly. Initially, a crack is formed on rock. Gradually, it increases, causes a separation of rocks from maternal education.

Earthquake

When they ask: "specify dangerous geological phenomena", the first thing that comes to mind is an earthquake. This species is considered one of the most terrible, destructive manifestations of nature.

To understand the causes of this phenomenon, it is necessary to know the structure of the Earth. As you know, it has a solid shell - earthly bark, or a lithosphere, a mantle and core. Lithosphere is not a whole education, but several huge plates, as if floating on the mantle. These plates move, encounter, enter each other. In the zones of their interaction arise an earthquake. However, the jackets can manifest themselves not only along the edges of the plates, but also in their central part. To other reasons, due to which shocks arise include volcanic eruptions, man-made factors. In some regions, seismic activity is clearly traced due to water oscillations in the reservoir.

The results of the earthquakes may be landslides, sedimentation of the soil, tsunami, the gathering of snow avalante and much more. One of the dangerous manifestations is the dilution of the soil. In this case, the earth is oversaturated with water, and when the soil becomes liquid, the soil becomes liquid, loses its carrying capacity. As a result, the roads are destroyed, they save and destroy at home. One of the bright examples of this phenomenon is the dilution of the soil in 1964 in Japan. As a result of this event, several multi-storey houses slowly tamed. They did not have any damage.

Another manifestation of the jokes can be the sorting of soil. This phenomenon arises due to particle vibration.

Heavy consequences of earthquakes can serve dams of dams, as well as flooding, tsunami and not only.