The natural zone of mixed and large forests occupies a smaller area than coniferous forest arrays. However, this complex formed in the conditions of a sufficiently warm and wet climate is distinguished by a large variety of plant and animal world.
Characteristic of the natural zone mixed forests
Mixed forests are a transitional link between the taiga zone and wide forests. The name of the natural zone speaks for itself: here they grow like coniferous species of trees and leaf falls. Mixed forests are found in Russia and the European Region, South and North America, New Zealand.
The climate of this natural complex is quite soft. In winter, the temperature drops to -15 degrees Celsius, and in the summer he fluctuates within + 17-24.
Compared to Taiga, summer is warmer and long. The number of annual precipitation exceeds the evaporation, which served to the appearance of deciduous trees.
A distinctive feature of mixed forests is a well-developed herbal cover growing on turf-podzolic soils.
Fig. 1. In the zone of mixed forests, herbal cover is very developed.
For this natural zone, a clearly pronounced Lial is characterized - a change in the type of vegetation depending on the height:
- the highest tier of coniferous-deciduous forests is mighty oaks, pines and ate;
- below are linden, birch, wild apple trees and pears;
- next, the lowest trees grow: Kalina, Rowan;
- below shrubs, hawthorn, rosehip;
- completes the longline of mixed forests a variety of herbs, mosses and lichens.
The animal world of mixed forests is also distinguished by a variety. Large herbivore animals (moose, boars, deer and roe) live here, rodents (beavers, mice, ferrets, proteins), predators (foxes, wolves, lynx).
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Fig. 2. Lynx - a typical representative of forest predators.
Description of the zone of deciduous forests
When promoting to the south of the mainland, climatic conditions change, which leads to the change of mixed forests into broad-sized. As a result, coniferous trees becomes much less, and the domination fully moves to deciduous rocks.
For decide forests, a rather warm climate with soft winter and a long warm summer is characteristic. The number of annual precipitation is slightly exceeding the evaporation, thanks to which the wetlands are rarely rare for these territories.
Characteristic wood species for this zone are maple, linden, oak, beech, ash.
In thick concrete forests, dense crowns of trees do not fully develop herbal cover. The earth on such sites is covered with a layer of foliage. Decomposing, it contributes to the formation of humus and enriching gray and brown forest soils.
Fig. 3. In the zone of the deciduous forests, coniferous trees are rare.
The animal world of wide forests does not differ from the zone of mixed forests. However, as a result of active human activity, the number of wild animals has decreased significantly, and now they live only in reserves or in remote territories.
The climate is moderately continental; Antlantic continental region. With moderate mainland intransiferate types. precipitation. The cool and wet, winter is soft.
The average temperatures of January vary from west to east from -4.5 to -8 ° C,
july - from +17 to +19 ° C. On average, 600- 680 mm of precipitation drops over the year.
21. Features of the formation of the soil and vegetable cover of mixed and deciduous forests.
The diversity and complexity of relief, climate and soils of Ukraine explains the wealth of the species composition of the country's flora. Popple vegetation cover in the floodplains of rivers and swamps. So, about 270 species grow on the swamps of Ukrainian woodland, many of which are also found in forests, meadows and water bodies. And on saline soils of the country there are about 200 species of plants, of which 70 types of typical halophytes.
22. Zonal types and subtypes of soils of mixed and deciduous forests
and their characteristics.
INWoodland on the ancient alleavial water-glacial sediments are used zonal dend-podzolic soils, and on the lesid loaming zonal gray forest soils. Dernovo-podzolic soilsdistributed on water-seated spaces and are divided into three subtypes: ferrous-weak-casual, dermal-medium-pricious and ferrous-podzolic-gley soils. Gray forest soils.Three subtypes of gray forest soils are common: light gray, gray and dark gray. They are formed under widespread forests on carbonate forests and forest-shaped rocks. Typical profile gray foreststhe soil is represented by the humus-eluvial gray horizon with a capacity of 32-35 cm under which there is a powerful alluvial horizon, giving up to a depth of 90-100 cm. It observes a strong compatination and nuts-prismatic structure. At the top of the horizon there is a rich powder of silica. Boiling starts at a depth of 120-140 cm ..
23. Intrazonal soils of mixed and large forests and their characteristics.
Swamp soilUkraine is quite varied. The type of low swamp is prevailing, but there are transitional and even rollers. The power of low-spirited peat horns is 1-4 m, rarely 8-10 m. The ash content of their upper horizons fluctuates most often within 20-25%, often reaching even 65-7% (in the floodplains). The acidity of the overwhelming part of peat soil is very low. The degree of saturation of the peat base is always high, and, as a rule, exceeds 90-92%. Low peatlands contain a lot of moving forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. The latter, in addition, often forms at a depth of 70-80 cm powerful accumulations of vivianitis. Movable potassium they are poor.
24. Animal world of mixed and large forests.
Forest zonepresented in Ukraine with flat forests of Polesia and mountain forests Karpat and Crimea. Despite significant differences in the conditions of existence in these three districts, they have a number of common features. The abundance of shelters in the forest allows many relatively large animals a secretive lifestyle, which often determines the possibilities of their prosperous existence. In the forests, animals are distributed through tiers, which significantly increases the species diversity of the animal population. Feed stocks of forests are more than other land, and, most importantly, they are more stable. Especially important for the animal population have significant winter feeds of feed, which in the conditions of relatively soft winters of Ukraine provide a prosperous wintering of various mammals and birds. In particular, among forest birds, the largest number of wintering forms is celebrated here. For woodland are characterized by such mammals like boar, elk, roe, river Bob), squirrel, polevka ordinary Very few here ryne, forest cunitsBut, nevertheless, they are typical inhabitants of this zone. From birds, much more diverse and numerous than mammals, widespread tetheroccur grouse and cereal Although their range is significantly already. Places are extremely numerous viperordinary) lizard niphelistic .
Mixed forests - Natural zone of moderate belt, transitional from the taiga zone to the zone of large forests. Mixed forests are formed in a sufficiently humid climate, are common in the prophetic and transient climatic areas of continents in Europe, North America, South America, New Zealand, Tasmania.
For this zone of mixed forests, a climate is characterized with a moderately cold, snowy winter (T ° of January from -5 to -14 ° C) and a warm summer (T ° of July to +20 ° C). The amount of precipitation (400-800 mm per year) slightly exceeds evaporation.
Forests - coniferous-wide, and in more continental districts - coniferous-finely, mainly on turf-podzolic soils. Among coniferous rocks are predominant: spruce, pine, fir; From fine breeds are distinguished: birch, aspen; From broadcard: oak, maple, linden, ash. An increase in the share in the species composition of broadcast rocks occurs in the direction of removal from poles and with an increase in the humidity of the climate.
The animal world consists of both taiga species and from species living in wide forests: hare, lynx, elk, fox, protein, boar, dehumaric, tetrav, etc.
The territory of the zone of mixed forests is one of the most impeded in business. Here is a high population density, a large number of large cities are located. This led to the fact that the natural vegetation of the zone was preserved only in small areas, and most of the territory occupied cities, agricultural land, etc.
Wide forests - The natural zone of a moderate belt, which is formed in the conditions of a wet climate of the co-economy territories of the mainland. The main places of broad forest are common in Europe and in North America, where they are sometimes distinguished as the southern part of the uniform area of \u200b\u200bthe moderate belt; Small sections of deciduous forests are available in South America.
For this zone, the sea and moderately continental climate is characterized with moderately cold winter (the average temperature of January from -5 to -15 ° C) and a rather long warm summer (the average temperature of July to +22 ° C). The amount of precipitation (600-1500 mm per year) is approximately equal or slightly exceeding evaporation.
In vegetation, trees are dominated with wide leaves falling for the winter. Relocial breeds: oak, beech, maple, ash, linden, ram, chestnut and other trees, giving significant shading, characterized by thick herbal cover. Burous forest and gray forest soils are common under the broadst forests.
In Europe, broad-sized forests occupied the largest square. Here the most common tree - oak (puffy, rock and other species). In North America, broad forest forests are pronounced to the southeast of the Great Lakes. In South America, the zone is represented by forests from the southern beech in the south of Chile.
Among the inhabitants of the zone there are ungulates and predators; From mammals, characteristic species are mink, black ferret, European wildcat, Sony, bison, etc. From birds - green woodpecker, cuckoo, Waldshnep, Pheasant.
The climate and soil fertility have been favorable to the active settlement and development of this natural zone, expanding arable land and forest information, so anthropogenic complexes have occupied the place of natural vegetation on most of the deciduous forests.
Remember, within which natural zones Ukraine lies. What types of trees are common in the forests of Ukraine?
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. Forest northern and western parts of Ukraine and occupy 28% of the territory. The zone of mixed forests (coniferous-wide), which is called woodland, stretches from west to east with a wide band between the northern border of Ukraine and the conditional line passing through the cities of Vladimir-Volyn - Lutsk - Rivne - Zhytomyr - Kiev - Nezhin - Glukhov. Polesie is an amazing edge of the forests and rivers, where there is no crushing drought, where in some villages in the spring are moving through the streets on boats, where the air smells like pine and hop, and it seems that it can be drunk like birch juice.
So poetically describe your edge of the caustic.
In the West of Ukraine, mixed forests are replaced in the southern direction with broad-willed, which extend to the preparpatic elevation and border with Moldova.
Relief and minerals. The zone of mixed forests occupies mostly lowlands (Fig. 138). Its surface is almost flat, with a slight bias to the Dnieper and Pripyat. Its absolute heights rarely exceed 200 m, the highest plot is the verban-sk-ovrchsky ridge (more than 300 m). The relief has affected the influence of the glacier: he brought outstanding stones-boulders from the north, left deposits in the form of sand fields, sea hills and trees (Volyn ridge). The sands converted by the wind form dunes up to 5 km long and a height of 18 m.
The broad forest forests cover the hill - Volyn, Ra-Stochie, Podolskaya (Western part), Hotinskaya. The hill underwent a tectonic raising at the end of the Cenozoic era, which resulted in cutting the river valleys and the spread of water-erosion forms of relief.
As a result, the relief in many places has become holmogorn, the height often exceeds 400 m above sea level. At the same time, plane hills - plateau (Fig. 139) are found on the water-registered sections of the Podolskaya hill. Podolskaya elevation and Prut-Dniester Meternrech - the largest cluster of karst forms of relief in Ukraine. There are more than 100 caves in gypsum sediments. Among them are the longest in the world - optimistic (more than 240 km), lake, Cinderella, as well as crystalline, mlynks, etc.
In the grounds of a shallow occurrence of crystalline rocks, the deposits of copper (Volyn region), kaolins, granites, basalts, labradorites, gabbro and semi-precious stones - Topazz, Jasper, Amber (Rivnenskaya, Zhytomyr region), phosphorites (Sumy, Khmelnitsky region) were found. Everywhere in Polesie, there is a peat deposit, and on the podolo - limestone. On the border with Poland there is a Lviv-Volyn coal pool.
Climate and inland water. The climate of forest zones is moderately continental. The air temperature varies from west to the east in January from -4 to -8 ° C, in July - from + 17 to +19 ° C. More precipitation falls in forest areas compared to the plain territories of Ukraine (600 -700 mm per year).
With a small evaporation, moisturizing in the zone of mixed forests is excessive. Therefore, the characteristic feature of the woodland is a wetland. Among the marshes are dominated by lowland, lying along rivers. In the Central-Eastern part, the zone crosses the Dnieper, taking the tributaries of Pripyat, Desna, Tetra, Irpen. The thick river network form their river systems. Pripyat originates in the north-west of the Volyn region and only in the upper horse and the lowerhouse is located in Ukraine. Its numerous sleeves, strait and older beds in spring poured with water and form a solid water space. Large tributaries of Pripyati -Turia, an entry, shame, so, Goryyn (with a tributary). All rivers have wide valleys with low shores, slow flow. They are full, since they feed mainly atmospheric precipitation.
On Earth
west similar characteristics has a Western Bug. In the south, the zone of the deciduous forests is delineated by the Dniester, its left tributaries crossing a podolskaya hill form deeply, often canyon-shaped valleys.
There are many lakes on woodland. These are mainly small reservoirs with clean running water. In the north-western part of the zone there are Shatsky Lakes (Svityaz, Polenetskaya, Luke, Pambigon, etc.), mostly karst origin. Along the rivers, small old lakes are common. On the Podolsk hills, there are small karst lakes, "windows".
Soil-vegetation cover and landscapes. In the natural zoning of Ukraine, the zone of mixed forests is highlighted as the Polesky physico-geographical edge (Ukrainian Polesie), and the zone of large forests is like Western Ukrainian edge.
In the Polesian physico-geographical edge under mixed forests, turf-podzolic soils are dominated. Their fertility is small due to the high acidity and excessive moisturizing. An even less fertile soil, formed in the valleys of rivers and lower reaches, is meadow, marsh, peat-marsh and peatlands. Compared to other landscapes of the plain part of Ukraine, the vegetation of woodland (forest, meadow and swamp) preserved better, but the very name "Polesie" rather reflects its natural history than the current state. Once the forests covered 90% of the territory, now they take only 25%. Another 10% of the area is a meadow.
Characteristic for woodland swamps occupy more than 4% of its territory. In total, more than 1,500 species of plants are known.
Forest communities Most of the entire pine-oak forests. The undergrowths in them form a lump, elder, eggs, a bearing, numerous herbaceous plants. On sandy arrays, roasting pine forests (bors) are growing.
Shrubs and herbs in them are almost no, reduced plots are completely covered with moss. Moisturized terrain is engaged predominantly by Olkhov and Birch Forests. The meadow in Polesie is common not only in the floodplains, but also on the place of the cutting forests. The greatest variety of herbaceous plants - on floodplain meadows. Someone meet
sands covered with thyme or heather. Milnous swamps are famous for disintegration (kavernaya yellow, shipyard, bobrovenk, Bolotnaya Bolozor). High swamps, swinging moss, cranberries, Rosyanka, rarely happen. Among the sandy lowlands of Polesia there are large swamps covered with bodies of herbs.
In the West Ukrainian Territory, gray forest soils were formed under the reductional forests. With the promotion of the east, black sooths are distributed - typical, on which the rich meadow and steppe vegetation was once, and the apodulated (formed in the process of natural ingrowth of the steppe spaces with broad-sized forests). Today, broad-sized forests occupy less than 15% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe region. The predominant deciduous rocks are oak and beech (in the west), oak and ramp (in the East). Ash is also common, Clay, Lipa, occasionally put on pine trees and ate. Steppe vegetation has been preserved by small stains on the slopes of the hills or in ravines.
In the forests inhabit roe, raccoon dog, boar, wolf, fox, curtain, hare, protein. Occasionally there are brown bear and lynx. Along the rivers build their bobry huts. Many birds - Tetrayev, Dell, Crane, Stork.
So, the physico-geographical manifold of the forest zone of Ukraine forms such natural landscapes: mixed-forest coniferous-decide lowland (Polessian), broad-and-forest sublime, floodly meadow and meadow-marsh. Now the anthropogenic landscapes are held most of the territory of the zone.
Nature environmental management.
The zones of mixed and large forests of Ukraine and neighboring territories of Belarus and Poland are the Pranodina Slavs. From here they settled throughout Eastern Europe. For a long time, the forest area was small in the population, natural forests persist in almost untouched. Intensive destruction of forests due to the economic activity of man began with the XVI century. In the future, agricultural development of land, industrial logging, cities arose, roads were laid. Now, agricultural landscapes cover more than 65% of the area of \u200b\u200bPolesia and about 80% of the deciduous forests. Huge changes occurred in natural landscapes after draining the swamps and hideing the river bed.
In the territory of the forest zone in 1986 an accident occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Of the 30-kilometer zone around it, people were evicted, as a result of which natural processes occur there without their participation, but under the action of strong radiation pollution. They are monitored in the Radio Natural Reserve and the Chernobyl Radiation Environmental Biosphere Reserve, created in 2016 to preserve the landscapes of woodland, forest and swamp vegetation in mixed forests created a number of environmental territories. In particular, in the Cheremsky, Rivne and Polesian nature reserves, they are studying and guarded by marsh peat arrays, lakes, pine forests. In the Shatsky National Natural Park, under guard there are 22 lakes, in which valuable types of fish (eel, som), and swamps located among pine forests and Olds.
In large forests in the plant's natural reserve and the National Park "Yavorovsky" guard the forest areas from beech and oak, and in the Natural Reserve "Medobor" and National Park "Podolsk Tutters" - Unique Natural Complexes Tovert.
Remember
Mixed forests (Polesie) occupy the northern part of the territory of Ukraine, and Western Western.
The zone of mixed forests is characteristic of wetlands, ice-shaped relief, dend-podzolic soils, pine-oak, pine and olhovy forests.
For the zone of wide forests, elevated relief, gray forest soils and chernozem, oak-beech and dub-robber forests are characterized.
Questions and tasks
1. Describe the geographical position of the zones of mixed and deciduous forests. Find out on the map, which administrative regions of Ukraine are completely or partially located in these areas.
2. What is the difference in the relief of the zones of mixed and deciduous forests?
3. Why in Polesie many swamps and formed a thick river network?
4. Name the plant communities and representatives of the animal world of mixed and large forests.
5. How is the protection and preservation of the natural environment in the forest zone?
This is the material of the textbook
Forests make up a little more than 45% of the area of \u200b\u200bRussia, and almost a quarter from the total area of \u200b\u200bforest forests. In the European part of the country there are much less than in the Asian. Most often there are such forest-forming species of trees as spruce, larch, pine, cedar, oak, maple and ram. In the forests there are growing a lot of berry shrubs, mushrooms, valuable herbs, and inhabited countless species. leads to a reduction in forest arrays and the threat of extinction of many animals. In the XXI century it is very important to be able to reproduce that play one of the main roles in the regulation of climate on the planet.
Forestability map of Russia in%
Russia is the largest strange world, and for this reason, the many in which various types of trees grow on its territory. Forests of Russia, depending on the predominance of certain species of trees, are divided into four main types: 1) coniferous forests; 2) broadf forests; 3) mixed forests; 4) fine forests. Below we will look at each of these types of forest in more detail.
Characteristics of coniferous forests of Russia
Coniferous forests are located on the territory, and occupy about 70% of the entire area of \u200b\u200bcountry forests. This zone is known low temperature and wet air. Coniferous forests stretched from the Western borders of Russia to the Verkhoyansky Range. The main forest-forming rocks are spruce, pine, fir and larch.
In conditions of harsh winter, Mixed forests can be found most often: dark and light and light and light. The evergreen species of trees are well developed. They begin in the spring with the onset of favorable weather conditions. The undergrowth in the taiga is practically absent. Here is a podzolic soil and many swamps. Coniferous reset the needles that are separated into the ground toxic for many compound plants. Earth covers, as a rule, mosses and lichens. Shrubs and flowers mainly grow along the banks of the rivers, in dark places of forest them are very small. Lingonberry, juniper, rowan, blueberries and lily curly.
It is the weather conditions that determine. A moderately continental climate prevails in the coniferous forest area. WINTERS Dry and cold, and last on average six months. Short summer warm and wet, with numerous cyclones. For autumn and spring, as a rule, only one month is given. Conifers are not demanding of temperature drops.
Representatives of the animal world feed on moss, lichens, bark and cones. High forest crown protects animals from winds, and the branches make it possible to build nests. Typical representatives of the fauna of coniferous forests are polevka, hareboat, columns, a chipmunk. From the major, you can note the Siberian tiger, a brown bear, lynx and moose, and the reindeer comes from the forest tundra zone in coniferous forests. Eagles and vultures are filing in the sky.
Softwood is considered one of the most valuable. The approximate stock is 5.8 billion cubic meters. In addition to logging in Taiga, oil, gold and gas is mining. Coniferous forests of Russia - a huge forest array. It suffers from and uncontrolled cutting down. Due to the negative activity of a person, rare animals die. There are many reserves, but for the full restoration of forests, it is necessary to properly organize protection and rationally use.
Characteristics of deciduous forests of Russia
Wide Wood / Wikipedia
The territory of the broad forest extends from the western border of Russia to the Ural Mountains. The main rocks of the trees are beech, oak, Elm, Lipa, Maple and Grab. Multi-tier forests: the upper tier is replacing the canopy and undercomes, which, in turn, are grassy plants and a forest litter. The soil covers mosses. There are areas in which lush crowns completely exclude undergrings. Foliage, falling, decomposes and forms humus. Earth in the undergrowth is rich in organic-mineral connections.
Forests are located in the moderately continental zone. The weather here is significantly warmer than in a neighboring taiga. Summer lasts four months, the average temperature for the season is + 10 ° C. This contributes to the growth of the chic-breeds of trees. The climate is wet, many precipitation falls. The average monthly temperature in January is lowered to -16ºС. Maximum precipitation falls in summer, deep snow cover does not happen.
The leaves cannot survive the cold season, and fall in the middle of the autumn. Dense cover from foliage, branches and bark protects the Earth from excessive evaporation. The soil is rich in microelements, it provides trees with everything necessary. The foliage covered for the winter covers the root system, protects it from cold and stimulates the roots to further growth.
The composition of the animal world in the European part is somewhat different from the Far Eastern forests. Asian lands cover the overgrown fern, Ilmeni and Linden. Elk, Himalayan Bear and Ussuri Tiger live in dense thickets. The shielding, viper and the Amur poloz belong to the common reptile. European broadstream forests have become a house for boar, moose, deer, wolf, caress, beaver, ondatras and nutria. There are also mouse, lizards, snakes, moles and hedgehogs. Birds are represented by supervises, filins, owls, starlats, swallows and larks.
The zone of large forests has long been mastered by man, especially in the West of Russia. People had to significantly reduce the green territory for grazing cattle, crop production and the construction of cities. Trees are the main raw materials for the logging industry. Recycled processing. The bowels are rich, and in large rivers there are potential for the development of hydropower energy.
The forest area is significantly reduced, while forests cut into former scales. Due to the anthropogenic effect, red-based plants and animals die off. Unfair entrepreneurs cut down huge areas of forests. To preserve natural complexes, several reserves and national parks were created, but this is not enough. Spicy breeds of trees are relatively rapidly growing. It is necessary to organize disembodied seedlings in the territory of the cuttered forests, as well as carefully use the preserved forest arrays.
Characteristics of mixed forests of Russia
Mixed forests are located in the field of Russian plain, West Siberian Plain, Amur region and Primorye. This zone has a variety of trees. For these forests is characterized by brightly pronounced longline. Poplar, pines and ate stretch to the light. Below them are raised male, elms, limes and oaks. Shrub tier is represented by a hawthorn, Rosehip, Malina and Blackberry. The soil covers lichens, mosses and low herbs.
The trees of mixed forests are easier to carry the severity of the climate than in the neighboring glitstic. Vegetation withstands frost to -30ºС. The amount of precipitation depends on the region. In European forests of snow more than in the Far East. The maximum number of precipitation falls on the warm season. Summer soft and wet. The climate is moving from the marine to the continental, from the west to the east.
The continuous renewal of the green mass contributes to the feeding of trees and clean the Earth from unnecessary substances. Forest inhabitants use the resources of all tiers as a feed database. Soft seeds attract birds, rodents eat nuts, larvae under the crust are food for insectivorous birds.
Numerous once animals were exterminated as a result of uncontrolled hunting. You can still find a root and boar. Bison and noble deer are preserved only in reserves. A famous predator of a mixed forest is an ordinary fox. Badger lives in the European part. Squirrel, Mink, Sonya, Corn, Forest Cat, Brown Bear are considered common representatives of the fauna of mixed forests. The world of birds is also diverse, especially a lot of woodwood, dermaris, wild pigeons, finches and charges.
Stocks of valuable wood are in the Asian part. Manchur walnut, Korean cedar, solidistic fir are famous for strength and resistance to rotting. For medical purposes used Eleutherokok and lemongrass. In Europe, logging activities are underway.
Mixed forests more than others suffered from human hands. This led to a number of environmental problems. The need for agricultural land led to the deforestation of a significant part of the territories. Because of the drainage of the marshes changed. The growth of settlements, especially in the West, led to the fact that forest scheds decreased by 30%.
Foliage of trees perfectly processes carbon dioxide. Cutting, reaching a giant scale, destroyed millions of hectares. Because of this, accumulate in the atmosphere, creating. Hundreds of animal and plant worlds disappears from the face of the Earth. The fault of people occurs forest fires, radically changing the ecosystem. On rare species of animals is illegal hunting. Resources are almost exhausted, only the interaction of the state and citizens can stop the process of destruction of mixed forests of the country.
Characteristics of small forests of Russia
The zone of fine forests extends from the Eastern European Plain to the Far East. The forests are drawn by a narrow strip, sometimes replacing broadcard. Fine trees play the role of the second forest, replacing broad-soften rocks.
The main forest-forming rocks is birch, alder and aspen. They have a narrow sheet plate. Trees are undemanding to climate and soil qualities. Bereznyaki got the greatest distribution.
Often trees grow at the site of fires or cutting. Olha breeds a pig, and aspen - root offspring. Where there were no forests, trees grow seed. An amazing feature is considered to accumulate moisture. Thickets of alder and birchs block the path of fire, they do not give to noble breed.
An animal world is formed under the influence of indigenous trees. Very many birds. From mammals there are hares, lynx, moose and proteins. Alternating stripes of small-scale forests - favorite places for raccoon dogs.
Secondary forests contribute to the restoration of green areas, it is true for complete rehabilitation takes about 180 years. They act as fire buffer. It remains to hope that small forests contribute to the reorganization of the country's forest resources.
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