Gauss gun - one of the species electromagnetic accelerator masses. Named by the name of the German scientist Karl Gauss, which laid the foundations of the mathematical theory of electromagnetism. It should be borne in mind that this method of acceleration of the masses is used mainly in amateur installations, since it is not quite effective for practical implementation. According to its work principle (creating running magnetic field) It is similar to a device known as a linear engine.
Gauss cannon consists of a solenoid, inside of which the barrel is located (as a rule, from the dielectric). A projectile is inserted into one of the end of the trunk (made of ferromagnet). When leakage electric current In the solenoid, a magnetic field arises, which accelerates the shell, "retracting" it inside the solenoid. At the ends of the projectile, the poles are formed, oriented according to the poles of the coil, because of which after the passage of the center of the solenoid center, the projectile is attracted in the opposite direction, that is, it is inhibited. In amateur schemes, a permanent magnet is sometimes used as a projectile as the induction that arises is easier to fight. The same effect occurs when using ferromagnets, but it is not so pronounced due to the fact that the shell is easily magnified (coercive force).
For the greatest effect, the current pulse in the solenoid should be short-lived and powerful. As a rule, electrolytic capacitors with high operating voltage are used to obtain such an impulse.
The parameters of accelerating coils, shell and capacitors should be consistent in such a way that when shot to the moment of the bottom of the projectile to the solenoid, the induction of the magnetic field in the solenoid was maximal, but with a further approximation of the projectile dropped sharply. It is worth noting that various algorithms for the operation of accelerating coils are possible.
Application
Theoretically, the use of Gauss cannons for launching light satellites into orbit. The main application is amateur installations, demonstration of the properties of ferromagnets. Also quite actively used as a children's toy or educational technical creativity. homemade installation (simplicity and relative safety)
Gauss's gun as a weapon has the advantages that other species do not possess small arms. This is the lack of sleeves and unlimited in the choice of the initial speed and energy of the ammunition, the possibility of a silent shot (if the speed of a sufficiently streamlined projectile does not exceed the speed of sound), including without changing the trunk and ammunition, relatively small returns (equal to the pulse of the flowing projectile, there is no additional pulse from the powder gases or moving parts), theoretically, the largest reliability and theoretically wear resistance, as well as the possibility of working in all conditions, including space space.
However, despite the seeming simplicity of Gauss guns, using it as a weapon is associated with serious difficulties, most importantly of which: high energy costs.
First and main difficulty - Low installation efficiency. Only 1-7% of the charge of capacitors are moving to kinetic energy shell. In part, this deficiency can be compensated by the use of a multistage system of overclocking a projectile, but in any case, the efficiency rarely reaches 27%. Basically, in amateur installations, the energy stored in the form of a magnetic field is not used in any way, but is the cause of using powerful keys (IGBT modules are often used) to open the coil (Lenza rule).
Second difficulty - high energy consumption (due to low efficiency).
Third difficulty (follows from the first two) - big weight and the dimensions of the installation at its low efficiency.
Fourth difficulty - A sufficiently long time of the accumulative recharge of capacitors, which makes itching with a Gauss gun and a power source (usually a powerful battery), as well as their high cost. It is possible, theoretically, to increase efficiency, if using superconducting solenoids, however, it will require a powerful cooling system, which brings additional problems, and seriously affects the field of installation. Or use the replaceable batteries capacitors.
Fifth difficulty - With an increase in the projectile speed, the time of the magnetic field, during the solenoid projectile, is significantly reduced, which leads to the need not only to include each next coil of the multi-stage system, but also to increase the power of its field in proportion to the reduction of this time. Usually this deficiency immediately costs attention, since most homemade systems have either a small number of coils, or insufficient bullet speed.
In conditions aquatic environment The use of gun without protective casing is also seriously limited - the remote induction of the current is enough to dissociate the salts on the housing to form aggressive (dissolving) environments, which requires additional magnetic shielding.
Thus, today, Gauss's gun has no prospects for weapons, as it is significantly inferior to other types of small arms working on other principles. Theoretically, prospects are, of course, if compact and power sources Electric current and high temperature superconductors (200-300K). However, the installation similar to Gauss can be used in outer space, since under vacuum conditions and weightlessness, many shortcomings of such installations are leveled. In particular, in the military programs of the USSR and the United States, the possibility of using installations like Gauss cannon, on orbital satellites for the defeat of other spacecraft (shells with large quantity Small striking parts), or objects on the earth's surface.
March 25, 2015 at 15:42Electromagnetic gun Gauss on a microcontroller
- Development of robotics
Hello everyone. In this article, we consider how to make a portable electromagnetic gun Gauss, assembled using a microcontroller. Well, about Gauss's guns, I, of course, got excited, but the fact that it is an electromagnetic cannon, there is no doubt. This device on the microcontroller was designed to train novice programming microcontrollers on the descriptive example electromagnetic gun Do it yourself. Some constructive moments as in the electromagnetic gun Gauss and the microcontroller program.
From the very beginning it is necessary to determine the diameter and length of the trunk of the gun itself and the material from which it will be made. I applied a plastic case with a diameter of 10 mm from under mercury thermometerbecause he was lying on me without a case. You can use any available material with non-ferromagnetic properties. This is glass, plastic, copper tube, etc. The length of the trunk may depend on the amount of electromagnetic coils used. In my case, four electromagnetic coils are used, the length of the barrel was twenty centimeters.
As for the diameter of the applied tube, then during operation, the electromagnetic gun showed that the diameter of the barrel relative to the projectile applied is to be taken into account. Simply put, the diameter of the barrel should not be much higher than the diameter of the projectile applied. Ideally, the stem of the electromagnetic cannon must approach the shell itself.
The material for the creation of shells served as an axis from the printer with a diameter of five millimeters. From this material and five 2,5 centimeters long duster were made. Although steel blanks can also be applied, say, from wire or electrode - which is found.
You need to pay attention and weight of the projectile itself. Weight if possible should be small. My shells are slightly heavy.
Before creating this gun, experiments were carried out. An empty paste from the handle was used as a trunk, as a shell - a needle. The needle easily punched the cover of the magazine installed near the electromagnetic gun.
Since the original electromagnetic gun Gauss is built on the principle of the charge of the capacitor with a large voltage, the order of three hundred volts, then in order to safety, beginner radio amateurs should be powered by low voltage, order of twenty volts. Low voltage leads to the fact that the range of the projectile is not very large. But again, it all depends on the number of electromagnetic coils used. The more electromagnetic coils apply, the more it turns out the acceleration of the projectile in the electromagnetic cannon. The diameter of the barrel is also important (the smaller the diameter of the trunk, the one is flying next) and the quality of winding directly by the electromagnetic coils themselves. Perhaps the electromagnetic coils are the most basic in the device of an electromagnetic gun, you need to pay serious attention to achieving the maximum shell flight.
I will give the parameters of your electromagnetic coils, you can have others. The coil is wound with a wire with a diameter of 0.2 mm. The winding length of the electromagnetic coil layer is two centimeters and contains six such rows. Everyone new layer I did not insulate, but I started winding a new layer to the previous one. Due to the fact that electromagnetic coils are powered by low voltage, you need to get the maximum quality of the coil. Therefore, all the turns are wound tightly to each other, the turn to the twist.
As for the feeding device, there are no special explanations here. All sold out of the waste of foil textolite remaining from the production of printed circuit boards. In the figures, everything is displayed in detail. The heart of the feeder is the SG90 servo driven by a microcontroller.
The feed rod is made of a steel bar with a diameter of 1.5 mm, at the end of the rod, a nut M3 nut for clutch with a servo. On the rocker of the servo to increase the shoulder, a copper wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm was installed on the first ends.
This simple device assembled from the primary materials is quite enough to submit a projectile to the stem of the electromagnetic gun. The feeding rod must completely exit the boot store. A closed brass rack with an inner diameter of 3 mm and a length of 7 mm served as a guide for the feed rod. It was a pity to throw away, so it was useful, actually, like pieces of foil textolite.
The ATMEGA16 microcontroller program was created in Atmelstudio, and is a fully open project for you. Consider some settings in the microcontroller program that will have to produce. For maximum efficient work The electromagnetic cannon will need to configure the time of operation of each electromagnetic coil in the program. The setting is made in order. First, the first coil is in the diagram, do not connect all the others. Specify the time of work in the program (in milliseconds).
Porta | \u003d (1<<1); // катушка 1
_delay_ms (350); / / working hours
We flash the microcontroller, and run the program on the microcontroller. The coil's efforts should be enough to draw the shell and give the initial acceleration. Having achieved the maximum departure of the projectile, adjusting the time of the coil in the microcontroller program, connect the second coil and also customize the time, achieving an even greater range of projectile flight. Accordingly, the first coil remains enabled.
Porta | \u003d (1<<1); // катушка 1
_delay_ms (350);
Porta & \u003d ~ (1<<1);
Porta | \u003d (1<<2); // катушка 2
_delay_ms (150);
In this way, you set up the work of each electromagnetic coil, connecting them in order. As the number of electromagnetic coils in the device of the Gauss electromagnetic can be increased and, accordingly, the projectile range should also increase.
This painstaking procedure for setting up each coil can be avoided. But for this you will have to upgrade the device of the electromagnetic gun itself, setting the sensors between the electromagnetic coils to track the movement of the projectile from one coil to the other. Sensors in combination with the microcontroller will allow not only to simplify the process of setting, but also increase the range of the projectile. I did not make data and complicate the microcontroller program. The goal was to implement an interesting and simple project using a microcontroller. As far as it is interesting, to judge, of course, you. I will say honestly, I was happy as a child, "ground" from this device, and I have ripened the idea of \u200b\u200ba more serious device on the microcontroller. But this is the topic for another article.
Program and scheme -
At one time, such a device, like a Gauss rifle, was greatly distributed in the science of science fiction writers and computer games. It is often used invincible heroes of novels, and it is usually in computer games. However, in fact, Gauss rifle practically did not find applications in the modern world, and this is mainly due to the features of its design.
The fact is that the basis of such a rifle is the principle of acceleration of mass based on the running magnetic field. To do this, use a solenoid, in which the rifle trunk is placed, and it should be made of dielectric. The shells of Gauss rifle uses only those manufactured from a ferromagnet. Thus, when the current is supplied to the solenoid, it appears which attracts the shell inside. At the same time, the impulse should be very powerful and short-term (in order to "dispel" the projectile before and at the same time does not slow down inside the solenoid).
Such a principle of operation gives model advantages that are not available to many other types of small arms. It does not require the presence of a sleese, it has a small return, which is equal to the pulse of the departing projectile, has a great potential of silent shooting (in the presence of sufficiently streamlined shells, the initial speed of which will not exceed this rifle makes it possible to guide almost in any conditions (as they say, Even in open space).
And, of course, many "craftsmen" appreciate the fact that Gauss rifle with their own hands at home may well be assembled in fact "from nothing."
However, some constructive features and principles of operation that are characteristic of such a product as Gauss-rifle have both negative sides. The most important of them is low efficiency, which uses from 1 to 10 percent of the energy transmitted by the condenser to the solenoid. At the same time, multiple attempts to correct this disadvantage did not bring a significant result, but only increased the efficiency of the model up to 27%. All other disadvantages that Gauss rifle are measured from a small efficiency. The rifle requires a large amount of energy for efficient work, it also has a bulky species, large dimensions and weight, and the process of recharging is quite lengthy.
It turns out that the disadvantages of such as a Gauss rifle overlap most of its advantages. Perhaps the invention of superconductors, which can be attributed to the class of high-temperature, and the appearance of compact and powerful power supplies, this weapon will again attribute the attention of scientists and military. Although most practitioners are considered that by this time there will be other types of weapons, a much superior Gauss rifle.
The only area of \u200b\u200bapplication of this type of weapon, cost-effective in our time, are space programs. Most cosmic powers governments planned to use Gauss rifle for installation on space shuttles or satellites.
Enjoy a weapon, which even in computer games can be found only in the laboratory of a crazy scientist or near the temporary portal to the future, is cool. Watch how people indifferent to the technique are involuntarily fixed on the device a look, and the avid gamers are hastily pick up the jaw from Paul, - for this it is worth spending a day to assemble Gauss guns.
As usual, we decided to start with the simplest design - one-cadewood induction cannon. Experiments with a multistage acceleration of the projectile left the experimental electronics capable of building a complex switching system on powerful thyristors and to accurately adjust the moments of consistent turning on the coils. Instead, we concentrated on the possibility of cooking dishes from everywhere available ingredients. So, to build a Gauss gun, first of all have to run through shops. In a radio car you need to buy several capacitors with a voltage of 350-400 in and a total capacity of 1000-2000 microfrades, an enameled copper wire with a diameter of 0.8 mm, battery compartments for the "crown" and two 1.5-volt batteries type C, toggle switch and a button. In photographs, we will take five disposable Kodak cameras, in auto parts - the simplest four-contact relay from "Zhiguli", in the "products" - a pack of straws for cocktails, and in "toys" - plastic gun, automatic, shotgun, rifle or any other gun that you Way to turn into a weapon of the future.
Moting on Us.
The main power element of our cannon is the induction coil. With its manufacture, it is worth starting an instrument of guns. Take the length of the straw with a length of 30 mm and two large washers (plastic or cardboard), assemble from them a bobbin with a screw and nut. Start winding onto it enamelled wire neatly, the turn to the turn (with a large diameter of the wire is quite simple). Be careful, do not allow harsh wire runners, do not damage isolation. Having finished the first layer, fill it with a superclaim and begin to utter the next one. Enter so with each layer. You need to wind 12 layers. Then you can disassemble the bobbin, remove the washers and put on the coil on the long straw, which will serve as a barrel. One end of the straw should be drowning. The finished coil is easy to check by connecting it to a 9-volt battery: if it keeps the stationery clips to the weight, then you have achieved success. It can be inserted into the coil of the straw and test it as a solenoid: it should actively draw into the segment of the clips, and with a pulsed connection, even throw it out of the trunk at 20-30 cm.
Having mounted with a simple single-handic circuit, you can experience your strength in the construction of a multistage tool - after all, this should be a real Gauss gun. Thyristors (powerful controlled diodes) are ideally suited as a switching element for low-voltage schemes (hundreds of volts), for high-voltage (thousand volts) - managed spark arresters. The signal to the control electrodes of thyristors or arresters will be sent to the shell itself, flying past the photocements installed in the barrel between the coils. The inclusion moment of each coil will be entirely dependent on its feeding capacitor. Be careful: an excessive increase in the capacitor capacity with a given impedance of the coil can lead to an increase in the pulse duration. In turn, this may lead to the fact that after passing the shell of the center of the solenoid, the coil will remain enabled and slow down the movement of the projectile. Tighten and optimize the moments of turning on and off each coil, as well as the oscilloscope will help measure the speed of the projectile.
Preparable values
To form a powerful electrical pulse, the capacitors battery is suitable better (in this opinion, we are solidar with the creators of the most powerful laboratory rails). Capacitors are good not only a lot of energy intensity, but also the ability to give all the energy for a very short time, before the projectile reaches the center of the coil. However, capacitors need to somehow charge. Fortunately, the charger you need is in any camera: the condenser is used there for the formation of a high-voltage pulse for the ignition flash electrode. We are best suited to dispose of one-time cameras, because the condenser and "charging" are the only electrical components that are in them, and therefore get the charging contour of them is simpler simple.
The famous Realgan from the QUAKE series games with a big margin ranks first in our ranking. For many years, the virtuoso possession of the "Rail" was distant by advanced players: weapons requires a filigree shooting accuracy, however, in the case of a high-speed projectile, literally breaks the enemy into pieces.
Disassembly of a disposable camera is a stage on which it is worth starting to exercise caution. Oplanting the body, try not to touch the elements of the electrical circuit: the capacitor can save the charge for a long time. Having access to the condenser, the first thing closer its conclusions with a screwdriver with a dielectric handle. Only after that you can touch the board, without fear to get a blow to the current. Delete a battery bracket from the charging circuit for a battery, drop the condenser, solder the jumper to the contacts of the charging button - it will no longer need it. Prepare thus at least five charging boards. Pay attention to the location of the conductive tracks on the board: to the same elements of the scheme can be connected in different places.
The sniper gun from the alienation zone receives a second prize for realism: the electromagnetic accelerator made on the basis of the rifle sparkles with numerous coils, it is characterized by a buzzing when charging capacitors and the enemy affects the enemy on the colossal distances. The power source serves the "Flash" artifact.
We put priorities
The selection of capacitance capacitors is a matter of compromise between the energy of the shot and the time of charging guns. We stopped at four 470 microfarad capacitors (400 V) connected in parallel. Before each shot, we are waiting for the LED signal on the charging circuits that reported that the voltage in the capacitors reached the charged 330 V. The charge process can be accelerated by connecting to charging circuits to several 3-volt battery compartments in parallel. However, it should be borne in mind that the powerful batteries of the type "C" have excessive current for weak photographic circuits. So that the transistors on the boards are not burned, there should be 3-5 charge circuits connected in parallel to each 3-volt assembly. On our guns to "charging" only one battery compartment is connected. All others serve as spare stores.
The location of the contacts on the Charging Disposable Camera Kodak. Pay attention to the location of the conductive tracks: each wire of the circuit can be soldered to the board in several convenient locations.
Determine the security zones
We will advise anyone to keep the button under the finger, discharge of the battery of 400-volt capacitors. To control the descent, it is better to install the relay. Its control circuit connects to a 9-volt battery through the descent button, and the controlled turns on the chain between the coil and capacitors. Correctly assemble a gun will help the concept. When assembling a high-voltage circuit, use a wire cross section of at least a millimeter, any thin wires will be suitable for charging and control circuits. Conducting experiments with a diagram, remember: capacitors can have a residual charge. Before touching them, discharge them with short circuit.
In one of the most popular strategic games, the infantry of the Global Security Council (GDI) are equipped with powerful anti-tank rails. In addition, Railgans are installed on GDI tanks as an upgrade. By the degree of danger, such a tank is about the same as the Star Destroyer in Star Wars.
Summarize
The shooting process looks like this: turn on the power toggler; waiting for bright luminosity of LEDs; I lower the shell in the barrel so that it turns out to be slightly behind the coil; Turn off the power so that when the batteries are shot, the energy is not taken over; Aim and click on the descent button. The result largely depends on the mass of the projectile. With the help of a short nail with a sealing hat, we managed to shoot a jar with an energy drink, which exploded and flooded the fountain of the polystream. Then, purified from the sticky of the soda, the gun launched a nail into the wall from a distance of fifty meters. And the hearts of fans of fiction and computer games our instrument amazes without any shells.
OGAME is a multiplayer space strategy in which the player will have to feel like an emperor of planetary systems and conduct intergalactic wars with the same alive opponents. OGAME is translated into 16 languages, including Russian. Gauss's gun is one of the most powerful defensive guns in the game.
Operating principle
Gauss cannon consists of a solenoid, inside of which the barrel is located (as a rule, from the dielectric). A projectile is inserted into one of the end of the trunk (made of ferromagnet). When the electric current flows in the solenoid, a magnetic field occurs, which accelerates the shell, "retracting" it inside the solenoid. The projectile at the same time receives at the ends of the pole symmetrically poles of the coil, which is why after the passage of the center of the solenoid, the projectile is attracted in the opposite direction, i.e. Brakes. But if at the time of the passage passing through the middle of the solenoid to turn off the current in it, the magnetic field will disappear, and the projectile will fly out of the other end of the barrel. But when the power source is turned off in the coil, the self-induction current is formed, which has an opposite direction of the current, and therefore changes the polarity of the coil. And this means that with a sharp shutdown of the power supply, the projectile, the flew of the coil center, will be repelled and get accelerated further. Otherwise, if the projectile does not reach the center, it will slow down.For the greatest effect, the current pulse in the solenoid should be short-lived and powerful. As a rule, electrical capacitors are used to obtain such an impulse. If a polar capacitor is used (for example on electrolyte), then in the chain must be diodes that protect the capacitor from the self-induction and explosion current.
The winding parameters, shell and capacitors should be consistent in such a way that when shot to the moment of the bottom of the projectile to the middle of the winding, the current in the latter would have time to decrease to the minimum value, that is, the capacitor charge would have been completely consumed. In this case, the efficiency of the Gauss single-stage gun will be maximum.
Calculations
Energy pointed in the condenser
V. - Condenser voltage (volts)C. - capacitance of the condenser (in the Farads)
The energy is stored with a sequential and parallel compound of capacitors.
Kinetic energy projectile
m. - Weight of the projectile (in kilograms)
u. - its speed (in m / s)
Capacitator discharge time
This time for which the capacitor is completely discharged. It is equal to the quarter of the period:
L. - inductance (in Henry)
C. - Capacity (in Farades)
Operating time inductance
This time for which the EMF of the inductance coil increases to the maximum value (full discharge of the capacitor) and completely drops to 0. It is equal to the upper seaside of the sinusoid.
L. - inductance (in Henry)
C. - Capacity (in Farades)
Advantages and disadvantages
Gauss's gun as a weapon has the advantages that other types of small arms are possessed. This is the lack of sleeves and unlimited in the choice of the initial velocity and the energy of the ammunition, as well as the fracture of the gun, the possibility of a silent shot (if the speed of the projectile does not exceed the speed of sound), including without changing the trunk and ammunition, relatively small returns (equal to the pulse of the flowing projectile, no Additional pulse from powder gases or moving parts), theoretically, great reliability and wear resistance, as well as the possibility of working in any conditions, including outer space.However, despite the seeming simplicity of Gauss's guns and its advantages, using it as a weapon is associated with serious difficulties.
The first difficulty is low installation efficiency. Only 1-7% of the charge of capacitors are moving into the kinetic energy of the projectile. In part, this lack can compensate for the use of a multistage system of overclocking a projectile, but in any case the efficiency rarely reaches even 27%. Therefore, Gauss's gun on the power of a shot loses even pneumatic weapons.
The second difficulty is a high energy consumption (due to low efficiency) and a sufficiently long time to recharge capacitors, which makes it, along with Gauss's gun, wearing and a power source (usually a powerful battery). It is possible to significantly increase efficiency, if using superconducting solenoids, but this will require a powerful cooling system, which will significantly reduce the mobility of Gauss guns.
The third difficulty (follows from the first two) is the high weight and dimensions of the installation, with its low efficiency.
Thus, today, Gauss's gun does not have special prospects as a weapon, as it is significantly inferior to other species of small arms. Prospects are possible only in the future, if compact, but powerful sources of electric current and high-temperature superconductors (200-300K) are created.
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