The huge length of the Urals from the north to the south creates significant differences in the nature of the mountains, depending on the latitude, complicated by the altitude. In the structure of the high-rise explanation of the Urals, the largest area occupies a mining belt, which is represented by coniferous forests on mountain-podzolic and ferrous-podzolic soils. These forests are separated from the mountain tundra covering the peaks of the mountains, larch, birch gear, and separate stains of subalpine meadows.
The climate of the pre-rally is significantly different from the climate of Zauralya. Pre-rally drops more precipitation, because Here are air masses from the Atlantic; Here is a warm summer. In Trans-Urals, the continental climate increases: more dry, the annual amplitude of temperatures increases greater. The climate of the pre-rally is much softer than the Zauralye due to the influence of air masses from the Atlantic.
The difference in the set of high-rise belts in the Polar and South Urals is due to the following reasons: height above sea level and geographical position in a natural zone and on the climatic belt. Despite the greatest height, in the Polar Urals due to the harsh climate of the altitude belts is much less than in the southern one. A particularly large amount of precipitation on the western slope of the Supolar Urals because of its height.
In which part of the Urals are the most clearly expressed high-rise explanation? The Suporolar Urals is the highest part of the Urals - it has a clearly pronounced high-rise explanancy: from coniferous forests - at the foot, then mountain timber, tundra and goltsy - mountain deserts. In the Southern Urals, the high-rise explanation at the foot starts with deciduous forests and forest-steppes, then - mountain taiga, meadow and on top - mountain tundra. Here is the most complete set of altitude belts thanks to the southern position. In the Northern Urals, due to the small height of the mountains, the altitude explanation is practically not expressed.
Within the Urals, the following natural areas can be distinguished: polar, indoor, northern, middle and southern urals, which differ from each other with the features of the structure of the relief, climate and high-altitude. The polar and southern urals differ from each other not only by the northern and southern position, but also by climatic conditions, a set of high-rise belts, inner waters and fossil fossils.
A - southern part of the polar Urals; B - North and Central Chast of the South Urals. 1 - Belt of cold goltie deserts; 2 - mountain-tundra belt; 3 - Podgoltskaya belt: a - birch krpollya in a complex with park Pihtovo-Elovnn forests and meadow glades; b - Podgoltsy larch lights; in - Podgolatian park fir-fir forests in a complex with meadow glades; Mr. Podgoltsy oak Oakvolochy in the complex with meadow glades; 4 - Mining belt: A - Mountain larch forests of pre-tonne type; b - mountain fir forests of pre-tonne type; B - Mountain fir-fir-fir souder-drawn forests; g - mountain pine and derivatives from them birch decortions; d - mining wide (oak, purple, maple) forests; 5 - Mountain belt belt.
The region of the Middle Urals is limited to the latitudes of the mountain Konzhakovsky stone (59 ° 25 "S.Sh.) - in the north and mountains of Jurma (55 ° 25") - in the south. The mountains are lowered here, and their stretch is changing from the meridional to the southeast. The relief of the central part of the area is low with separate sublime remains, folded most resistant crystalline rocks: Oslac (1119 m), the average basg (994 m), Kachkanar (878 m). The settings of the rest of the vertices do not exceed 700-750 m, and the Perm-Ekaterinburg Railway intersects the Ural at an altitude of 410 m. On the western slope, the low relief is replaced by mining and dumping, and on the Eastern - Mountain-Uvalo-Kotlovinn.
There is no orographically pronounced waterproof ridge in the mountain band, especially in the northern part of the region. The rivers of the western slope - Chusovoy, Ufa and some of their tributaries - begin on the eastern slope. The valleys of the rivers of the Middle Urals are usually wide, well-designed.
The entire appearance of the Middle Urals indicates that it is quite well preserved Pedpetlen, raised by neogene-quaternary movements for a small height.
From the west to the mountains, it is adjacent to a flat-halmic pre-rally with a wide distribution of karst forms of relief dedicated to Paleozoic carbonate sediments and plaster. They are especially abundant in the Ufa plateau, dissected deeply embedded valleys of rivers ah and yurazan. The Zauralie is distinguished by the oral-garden and flat-ripped terrain. It corresponds to the Ural-Tobolsky anticlinorium and partly Magnitogorsk-Tagil synclinearium. The Urals is characterized by a thick lake network and huge massifes of swamps in the northern part. Along the foot of the mountains here, two chains of tectonic lakes are traced: north of Yekaterinburg and in the southern part (Caslin), which continues to the southern Urals.
The climate of the region is continental, winter is cold. The average January temperature is -16 ...- 18 ° C. Summer is relatively warm, with the middle temperature of July 16-18 ° C. The annual amount of precipitation from 500 to 650 mm, in the Urals somewhat less than in Western foothills. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the northern, higher part of the mountains. In accordance with the distribution of precipitation, the river network is more dense in the central and western parts of the region and more rarefied in the Urals.
The priestly is mainly covered with a dark taiga, which in the south is interrupted by the islands of the forest-steppe (Kungursky, Krasnoufimsky). In the Urals, the forest-steppe stretches the solid strip to 57 ° 30 "S.Sh. and only the north of the marshy taiga approaches the foot of the mountains. The mountains themselves are completely covered with forests. High-rise explanancy is very weak.
In the Middle Urals, medium-and-soul-made fir-fir-firing, less frequently fir-fir forests on podzolic and ferrous-podzolic soils, in the south-western part with an admixture of linden, sometimes significant. East of the watershed in the mountain taiga there are more or less large
pine arrays, in the southern part of forming the bottom strip of forests. On the ridges and vertices of the mountains at the heights of 700-800 m, the forest is noticeably sprinkled, giving way to spruce and spruce-fir mellows, which are interrupted by large meadow glades. And only single vertices rise even higher. They are represented by rocky remains and stony stamps with fragments of the mountain tundras.
Birch forests are widely common all over the Urals, many of which are derived from a dark taiga. For the forest-steppe islands of the preirails are characterized by dark gray soils, places are apodulated, less often leached chernozem. The stains of the cereal-miscalculated steppes are confined to the tops and the slopes of the Urals. Here are common birch, pine, pine-birch forests, in Kungur forest-steppes there are dubovo-birch. Pine, and in the north - larch-pine forests are dominated. The forest-steppe here also has a typical Siberian appearance - forests in it are represented by birch slices. A characteristic feature of the Zauralye is quite large swamp arrays, including in birch forest-steppe.
The territory of the Middle Urals is intensively mastered for several centuries. Here are the oldest mining centers in the Urals. In the process of economic use of natural resources, the natural environment turned out to be the most modified person. Therefore, the problem of the rational organization of the territory, the protection of nature and the resumption of natural resources, primarily the forest cover, is particularly relevant.
In 1982, the Western Sprogs of the Middle Urals (Basegi Ridge) was organized by the Bashegian Reserve for the protection of the Sole on the Middle Urals of the site with indigenous mining forests. In 1971, the Visimian State Reserve was created on the Volzhsko-Kamsky and Ob-Irtysh Water Separation.
The Ural is a medieval mountain country, elongated in Meridian to 2000 km from the coast of the Kara Sea to the Ural River. With a lot of length from north to south, the width of the Ural Mountains is only 40- 60 km and only in few places more than 100 km. In the territory of the Urals, preferably two or three ridges stretched in parallel to one other in the meridional direction. In some areas, the number of them increases to four or more. A complex orography has, for example, the South Urals between 55 and 54 ° C. Sh. where there are at least six ridges. The same orographic complexity is distinguished by the Popinal Urals, in the territory of which the highest point of the mountainous mountain of People's mountain range is located (1894 m).
The Ural is an ancient folded mountain country formed in the upper Paleozoic. Intensive volcanism during the period of the Hercino folding was accompanied by energetic mineralization. This is one of the main causes of the urala wealth with metal minerals. Currently, the mountains are very destroyed and in some places have the character of Penpetlen. Middle Urals are most adolescent, in many respects already lost the features of a mountainous country. Suffice it to say that the perm railway line - Yekaterinburg crosses the mountains at an altitude of only 410 m.
With a small absolute height in the Urals, lowland and medium-road faces are dominated. The vertices of the ridges are flat, often dome-shaped, with more or less soft outlines of the slopes. In the Polar and Northern Urals near the upper boundary of the forest and above, the stone seas (Kuruma) are widespread, consisting of large wreckage of rocks, gradually moving down the slope. Alpine relief forms are rarely found and only in the territory of the Polar and Polar Urals. There are also modern glaciers of the carriage and carot-valley type. The total area of \u200b\u200bmodern glaciation is insignificant here - a little more than 25 km 2.
In many places of the mountain country, the ancient alignment surfaces are well preserved. The classic area of \u200b\u200btheir development is the Northern Urals, where they were studied in detail by V. A. Warsanofyeva (1932). Later, the ancient surfaces of the alignment in an amount from one to seven were found in other areas of the Urals. The presence of them testifies to the uneven rise in the raising of the Ural Mountains.
On the western slope of the Urals and in the pre-execution, the landscape value is acquired by karst forms of relief associated with the dissolution of Paleozoic limestone, plaster and salt. The Kungur Ice Cave is used to be widely fame, in the extensive grottoes of which is up to 36 underground lakes. The valleys of the Ural Rivers are accompanied by picturesque cliffs (stones of Vishera, Chusovoy fighters).
From the north to the south, a mountainous country crosses five latitudinal natural zones, in accordance with which each other is consistently replaced by each other, the tundra, timber, taiga, forest-steppe and steppe types of high-altitude. According to the area being occupied, the first place belongs to forest belts - mining and taiga, and in the south-west - coniferous-wide. It is interesting to emphasize that the Ural does not serve the orographic boundary for Siberian coniferous rocks found in the taiga of Russian plains, nor for broadening rocks. From broadcasting to the east of the Urals is widespread Lipa; As for oak, Elm and Ostroland Maple, their movement to the East prevents a sharply continental Siberian climate. Due to the fact that the Ural is located north of Carpathians and the Caucasus, its forest vertices are covered with mountain tundra, not alpine meadows and lawns. Here are developed by the Golts (mining and tundra) and subglut (logging) belts - the northeastern analogues of the Alpine and subalpine belts of the Caucasus and the Mountains of Central Asia. The structure of the high-altitude explanation in the Urals is often "cut" due to a small height of the mountains.
Ural - the oldest mining area of \u200b\u200bthe USSR. This is a peculiar storehouse diverse minerals - iron, copper, nickel, chromites, polymetals, potash salts, aluminum raw materials, platinum, oil, brown and stone coal.
Literature.
1. Milkov F.N. Natural zones of the USSR / F.N. Milkov. - M.: Thought, 1977. - 296 p.
|
Vegetation |
||||
|
1. Four forest-steppe |
but) Lesjep |
Washing chernozems, gray forests. |
Dubovo-rabovy forests and meadow steppes |
|
|
2.Reguan-mediated forest |
but) broad but forestry |
Brown forests. |
Oak and Dubovo-Grab Forests |
|
|
b) broad but-coniferous |
Brown forests. |
Bukovo-rabovy; Bukovo-fir forests. |
||
|
in) Dark and forestry |
Brown forest and turf-podzolic. |
Spruce-fir forests. |
||
|
3. Mortgage meadow |
but) subalpine meadows |
Chernozemo-visible |
Meadow with Rhododendron, crumpled of fluffy birch, maple |
|
|
b) Alpine meadows |
Mountain-meadow peat: |
Cobrezia and cereal-dying-divergent meadows |
||
|
\u003e 2800-3000 m. |
Table 10.
Eastern Cavasian(Dagestan) type of high resistance.
|
Vegetation |
||||
|
1. Predight steppe and semi-deserted |
but) Dry steppes |
chestnuts in the top of the brown. |
half-cereal steppes shiblyak, at the top of Frigan |
|
|
2.Reguan-median forest-meadow-steppe |
but) Predhgor-meadow steppes and larch forests |
mountain, brown and dark |
shiblyak and Frigan, oak forests. |
|
|
b) Mediterranean decortion meadows and focus-coniferous forests |
mountain black soils and brown forests. |
meadow steppes, plots of pine and birch forests, rarely oak |
||
|
3. High-rich meadow and meadow-steppe |
but) Alpine subalpian meadows and meadow steppes |
gorn-meadow |
subalpian meadows |
|
|
mountain Chernozemo-promin |
coupled meadows |
|||
|
b)alpine alpine meadows and waste Alpine meadows, |
mountain Chernozemo-promin |
Lichen and Sweet Puffy, Nagorn Cerophytes (Espartz, Astragal) |
||
|
4. Alpine Glisian-Nival |
3200-3400 m and above |
Table 11.
Westosakavaski(Prikolyhid) type of high resistance.
|
Vegetation |
||||
|
but) Olkov forests and swamps |
peat-bolds | |||
|
b) Wet relict forests |
forests of the Colchis Flora (Holly, Lavr) |
|||
|
2. Low-mediated forest forest |
but) Wide-deciduous forests | |||
|
b)widespread-coniferous forests |
bukovo-fir forests |
|||
|
in) Darky forests | ||||
|
3. Mortgage meadow |
but) subalpine meadows |
Rhododendrons |
||
|
b) Alpine meadows |
2500-2900-3000 M. | |||
|
4. Alpine Glisian-Nival |
Table 12.
Eastzakavasse(Prikurinsky) type of high-altitude.
|
Vegetation |
||||
|
1 . Popular inclined plains and plateau with semi-desert and steppe landscapes |
but) semi-deserted | |||
|
b) Sukhomycete | ||||
|
in) Aridal palpal |
pistachiper, Derizhetrevo, Pallasova Krushina |
|||
|
2. Low Municipal Forest |
but) Wide-deciduous forests |
1) oak-ram, 2) Bukovo-rabova, 3) Oak cryproy |
||
|
3. Mediterranean-high-mountain meadow |
but) subalpine meadows | |||
|
b) Alpine meadows | ||||
|
4. Alpine Glisian-Nival |
Above 3 800 m |
Table 13.
Frontasiantype of high resistance.
|
Vegetation |
||||
|
1. Predight-low semi-deserted |
but) Solyanka and hollow semi-desert |
mountain chestnuts | ||
|
2. Mediterranean steppe |
but) Mountain Steppes, with Arid Park Streets |
mountain chernozem. |
meadow Steppes with Radded Archie, Pine, Oak East |
|
|
3. Emergency meadow |
but) Mountain subalpian meadows | |||
|
b)mountain cooral meadows | ||||
|
4. Alpine Glisian-Nival |
Table 14.
Talyshskytype of high resistance.
|
Vegetation |
||||
|
1. Predight and lowland forest |
but) Olkov forests and swamps |
peat-bolds | ||
|
b)relic forests with elements of the Girkan Flora |
yellowemes |
iron wood, chestnut, oak, maple, walnut, grenade, iglitsa, |
||
|
2. Mediterranean forest |
but) Wide-deciduous forests |
bukovo-robby, rabes |
||
|
3. Mortgage steppe |
but) Shiblyak and mountain steppes |
black soils, brown | ||
|
b) cereal dry steppes and windy meadows |
meadow-steppe, chestnut |
Order procedure. The method of conjugate analysis of tables 9-14, cartographic material and literary sources, perform a circuit of high-rise landscape zonality characteristic of one of the types of high-altitude landscape explanation of the Caucasus. Options for tasks (types): 1. Prikubansky; 2. Dagestan; 3. Prikolyhid; 4. Prikurinsky; 5. Front Asian; 6. Talysh. The scheme is performed according to the sample shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1. Fragment of the type of high-rise landscape illustration.
When performing a scheme, special attention should be paid to the filling of Count 4 5. For a more complete characteristics of the soil-vegetable cover of a certain belt of high-rise zonality, it is necessary to actively attract literary and cartographic sources, as in the suggested tables 9-14, passes are made in these graphs.
Control methods:
Atlas of the USSR. M., 1983.
Beruchashvili N.L.
Makunina A.A.
Controlled independent work 3(2 hours)
Subject.Characteristics of the high-dimensional explanation of the regions of the Urals
Purpose of work:examine the specifics of the altitude explanation of various areas of the Urals.
Form and methods:individual written work performed by analyzing literary sources and maps: physico-geographical, vegetation and a number of climatic.
workbook, ruler, simple pencil, eraser, handle.
Content.The Ural is an example of mountains having a meridional direction, that is, crossing several latitudinal zonal regions. Within each latitudinal zone, its spectrum of high-rise zones and belts is highlighted. In addition, the differences between the structure of high-altitude zones and belts of the Western and Eastern slopes, which manifest themselves, in some cases, in the appearance of other zones and belts, in others - in the nature of vegetation within a single zone or in a change in the height of the zone and belt are noted. In the Urals, several areas are distinguished - polar, indoor, northern, middle, southern Urals and Mulgarians, differing from each other by spectra of high-altitude zones and belts.
Order procedure. The work is performed consistently by options (Table 15). 1. We are moved to the workbook form of tables 16 and 17, it is necessary to gradually fill their graphs using literary and cartographic sources. 2. After filling out the tables, it is necessary to analyze their analysis. 3. At the end of work, we conclude that reflect the influence of the geographical position, the orographic features and the specifics of climatic conditions on the characteristics of the high-dimensional explanation.
Table15
Options Characteristics of the High Resistance Urals
|
Option number |
Option number |
Area, orographic element |
|
|
Polar Ural |
Range Irendyk |
||
|
West Slope of the Polar Ural |
East Slope of the Southern Urals |
||
|
Eastern Slope of the Polar Urals |
Western Northern Urals |
||
|
Range Small Urals |
Research Ridge |
||
|
Eastern Northern Ural Slope |
Middle Urals |
||
|
Ural Rorse. |
Range Belt Stone |
||
|
East Slope of the Middle Urals |
Western Southern Urals |
||
|
Ufaley ridge |
Zengi Range |
||
|
Syllvinsky ridge |
Range Yurmatau. |
||
|
Range Uraltau |
Grandfather High Parma |
||
|
Kryazh Ygid Parma |
Kryazh Yiana Parma |
Table16.
Characteristics of the high-altitude belt of the Urals (option 2)
|
INDICATORS |
|||
|
Geographical position, Direction, exposition | |||
|
Absolute marks | |||
|
Average T ° C | |||
|
Average T ° C January | |||
|
Precipitation for the year, mm | |||
|
Features of high-altitude lower |
|||
|
Vegetation |
|||
Control methods:check by a teacher, rating assessment.
Basic sources of information:
Atlas of the USSR. M., 1983.
Teeth S.M.
Pavlova N.N., Rodnyanskaya E.E., Sevastyanov D.V.Physical geography of Russia SPB, 1999. - 264 p.
Controlled independent work 4(2 hours)
Subject.Comparative characteristics of the structures of the high-rise lowering of the Urals and the Caucasus
Purpose of work:To study the basic patterns of differentiation of landscapes in mountainous countries and the factors of their formation on the example of meridional and latitudinal mining systems.
Form and methods:individual written work performed by the method of analyzing materials of practical work 2.2. and CSR 2.3, supplemented by data of literary and cartographic sources
Required materials and equipment:workbook, ruler, simple pencil, eraser, handle.
Content.The structure of the high-altitude zonality of mountain systems is determined by a number of factors. One of the main factors affecting the nature of the structure of the altitude zonality is the geographical position of the mining system, and, first of all, the location in one or another latitudinal zone and the long-term sector. Other important factors are the orographic features of the mountainous country, the strike of the mountain ranges, their absolute and relative height, the exposition of the slopes.
Pro account.Work is performed by options. The Caucasus range offered for consideration is listed in Table 17. To perform the task, primarily materials of the controlled independent work 2.3 are used. They are fully transferred to the DSP 4. Additionally, according to the identical plan, the peculiarities of the high-dimensional explanation of one of the Caucasian ridges are being studied. At this stage of performance, materials of practical work 2.2, cartographic and literary sources are involved. The data collected is entered in the table (Table 18). In conclusion, the analysis of the material obtained is carried out and the conclusion is concluded on the dependence of the high-dimensional explanation from the geographical position, the orographic features and other indicators in the mountains of the latitudinal and meridional strike.
Table17.
Options Characteristics of the high-rise explanancy of the Caucasus
|
Option number |
Option number |
Option number | |||
|
Waterproof |
Bogos. |
Samursky |
|||
|
Rachinsky | |||||
|
Andyian |
Zangezursky |
Karabakh |
|||
|
Gimrinsky |
Kartlinsky |
Vardenissky |
|||
|
Meschetsky |
Rocky |
Trialetsky |
|||
|
Abkhazian |
Shahdagsky |
Svanetic |
|||
|
Kodori |
Murovdagsky |
Pambaksky |
Table18.
Comparative characteristics of the high-altitude explanation of the Urals and the Caucasus
|
Indicators |
Small Ural |
Bogos Ridge |
||||||
|
Geographical position, direction, exposure of slopes | ||||||||
|
Absolute marks | ||||||||
|
Average T ° C | ||||||||
|
Average T ° C January | ||||||||
|
Precipitation for the year, mm | ||||||||
|
High-rise explanancy |
||||||||
|
Vegetation |
Vegetation |
|||||||
Control methods:check by a teacher, rating assessment.
Basic sources of information:
Atlas of the USSR. M., 1983.
Beruchashvili N.L.Caucasus: landscapes, models, experiments. Tbilisi, 1995. - 316 p.
Biot Ecosystems of the Big Caucasus. M., 1990. - 250 s.
Davydova M.I., Rakovskaya E.M.Physical geography of Russia Part 1. M., 2001. - 288 p.
Teeth S.M.Physical geography of the CIS. Mn., 2001. - 312 p.
Makunina A.A.Physical geography of the USSR. M., 1985. - 294 p.
Physical geography of Russia and the USSR
European part: Arctic, Russian Plain, Caucasus, Ural
Regional reviews of the nature of Russia
Heads of section "Regional reviews of Nature of Russia"
- Natural zones of Russia
- Ural
- Soil, vegetation and animal world
see also photos of nature Urals (with geographic and biological signatures for photos) from the section Natural landscapes of the world:
other...
Soil, vegetation and animal world
A variety of soil and vegetation cover and animal of the Urals is predetermined by the large meridional length of the country and the relatively small heights of the mountains. The main pattern in the placement of soils and biocomponents is latitude zonality. In the mountains, she is complicated high resistance, and the zonal boundaries are shifted to the south. As a result of the barrier influence of the mountains in the pre-rally, the boundaries of natural zones are held south than in the Urals, and certain differences are observed in their structure.
The soil of football is similar to the zonal soils of the adjacent plains. In the north they are represented tundrovo Gley Suglinic soils I. tundra subbours On the camenive-river eluvia and the delustice of indigenous rocks. These soils fit the foot of the mountains on a western slope up to 65 ° C.Sh., and on the Eastern - only to the polar circle. South wide stripes are common taiga soil - Glepezolistye, podzolic and dernovo-podzolic in combination with marsh. In the pre-rally south of Perm they change gray forests with gradually increasing south of stains chernozems of apodoline, leached and typical. In the Trans-Urals on these latitudes, the black soils are predominated with sections meadow-chernozem and small stains of gray forest soils. In the basin of the Sakmary River in the pre-execution, and in the Urals, the south of the Ui River, i.e. 180 - 200 km north, dominance in soil cover moves to chernozem Southreplacing in the southeast black soot of southern salt deals and dark-chestnuts Solonsevati soils.
The mountain soils of all types found in the Urals possess some common features. They have a shortened profile and are saturated with a debris material. Mountain Forest Soils are most common and diverse here: podzolic, brown taiga, acid neosoferous, gray forest and dernovo-carbonate. In the southern Urals are found mountain chernozem. In the north and in the upper parts of the mountains are common mountain-tundral soils and mountain subbours. The soil cover of the mountains is interrupted by rocky outcrops, and in places and rocky stamps.
The vegetation cover of the Urals is quite monotonous. About 1600 species of plants take part in its formation. Of these, the share of endemics accounts for only 5% (Kachiym Ural, Astragal Gelma, healing, igricy, wethound Kraschiennikova, China Litvinova, etc.). The poverty of the Urals endemic species is explained by its middle position on the mainland, accessibility for the resettlement and mixing of various flora, which overcame the mountains without forming isolated areas. Thus, many Siberian wood coniferous breeds exceeded the Urals, and the Western border of their range is currently held in the Russian plain.
In the extreme north of the foothill plains to the mountain peaks are tundra. Plain tundra on the slopes are replaced by mountain. Near the polar circle, the tundra turn into a high-altitude belt, occupying the slopes and vertices of the mountains, and rare-resistant forests are suitable for their fittings, which are already replaced by closed and rising in the slopes of the mountains to 200-300 m.
Forests are the most common type of vegetation. They are a solid strip along the mountain slopes of the Urals from the polar cool to the sub-segment of the Sakmar River (south of 52 ° C.Sh.), and in the foothills to the Ufa plateau and the Ekaterinburg region. The forests of the Urals are diverse in composition: coniferous, broad-sized, petty. Coniferous forests are predomined from the fir of Siberian and pine ordinary. The composition of the darkeless forests, most characteristic of the pre-rally and the Western slopes of the mountains, includes Siberian and Cedar Fir. The most widespread fir-fir forests. For the eastern slopes of the Urals are more typical pine forests. They account for about a third of all coniferous forests. Larch Sukacheva is found in the northern regions, and in the eastern slopes of the mountains reach the southern regions of the Urals, but there are practically no pure larch forests in the Urals.
In the southern part of the taiga of the preirals (south of 58 ° C.Sh.), a mixture of broad rocks appears as part of coniferous forests: linden, lamp maple, Ilma, Elm. By the south, their role increases, however, they do not more often go to the woody tier, remaining in the yarus of the undergrowth, and only occasionally form the second tier of the stand. Real coniferous-wide and wide forests We are distributed only on the Western slopes of the mountains of the Southern Urals, and they do not occupy the bottoms of the intermountain catlovin with their temperature inversions. Widely known lipova Forest Bashkiria. Here are common oak forests. However, broad-sized forests occupy no more than 4-5% of the forestry area in the Urals. There is no east slope of these forests. From large breeds, one Lipa comes to the Urals.
Significantly wider presented in the Urals fine birch and berezovo-Aspen forests. They are common throughout the Urals, but especially many of them on southern and average. There are indigenous birch forests, but especially a lot of secondary, arising in the place of cut-down coniferous forests.
The upper limit of the forest in the Northern Urals passes at an altitude of 500-800 m, the vertices of the Middle Urals will practically do not go out beyond the limits of the forest belt (800-900 m), and in the Southern Urals, the forest boundary rises to 1200 m. Above it is non-Ukrain podgoltz belt, the basis of the vegetation of which form low-spirited rare-resistant furnaces in combination with meadows. It is replaced mountain tundra, and in the north - and cold golts deserts.
Fig. 12. High-rise explanation of the Western and Eastern Slope of the Urals (according to P.L. Gorchakovsky)
In the foothills of the Middle Urals, the islands of the forest-steppe (Krasnoufim, Myasogutovskaya) appear. In the southern Urals, forest-steppe fit to the foot of the mountains first on the east and then on the western slope. In the pre-rally, the breeding steppes are combined with: small oak and birch islands, in Trans-Urals - with birch and Osinovo-birch armor (slices). Southeast of Zauralye and the extreme south of the mountains are busy steppes, various-cereal-cereal and turf-cereal. Among them there are thickets steppe shrubs: Shrub cherry, Toll, Karagani. In the lower zone of the mountains here on steep and sloping, on the tops of hills and hills, where stone blocks and crushed stone are coming to the surface. stony Steppes. Herbage in them is poorly developed, resolved, clumsy it is uneven. Among herbaceous plants, a group of ural rock and mountain-steppe endemics is allocated here: Carnation Igal and Ural, Ovsa desert, Ostroland, Astragaly Karelina and Gelma, Borridge, Isetsky, Small Timyanov, etc.
The presence of a significant amount of endemics indicates the antiquity and the identity of the steppes of this type characteristic of the southern part of the Ural mountainous mountainous country.
Animal world. The fauna of the Urals is no originality. It is composed of tundra, forest and steppe animals common in neighboring plains. There are no real mountain animals within the Ural mountainous country. True, the stonyness of the mountains and the premium has a certain impact on the living conditions of animals and their placement. For example, with rocky fuses, including in the forest belt, is associated with the spread of northern food (senostavka), and with golts and stony tundra - tundry partridges (up to the Southern Urals). Almost all the nesting of the Sapsana in the South Urals are located on the rocks of the transverse segments of the rivers, where they flow in deep stony gorges, and much less often among the rocks of the mountain peaks.
In the tundra of the Urals are numerous lemmings. Piece, Polar Owl, Mokhnoko Kanyuk, Sapsan dwell from predators here. From the birds are common and the most numerous bunches, Lapland Plannik, the Red Kind, White Partridge. Mountain tundras are more poor animals. From the beasts and birds there are smiling lemming, wildlife Middondorf, tundry and white partridge, golden rzhanka, Lapland plantain.
The forests live in the forests, brown bear, wolverine, sable, curtain, speakers, squirrel, chipmunk, hare-white, mole. Characteristic taiga birds are wooder, Ryabchik, Tetra, Keedrovka, Klezti. The citys are common here, the Slavka-Write, cuckoo, a cake-wrench, a three-pailed woodpecker, rapid. Often there are predatory birds: Filin, the Hawk-revennant, hawkish owl. The best forest animals are preserved in the Northern Urals, where the forests were least injured from human activity.
In the steppes are numerous a variety of rodents - summer Steppe or Baybak, Suslik Dead and Small, Steppe, Hamster, Hamster Eversmanne, etc. Many here are predatory birds - Berkut, Steppe Eagle, Steppe Lun, Kanyuk-Kurgannik, Korganun, Steppe Pustoreg. From small steppe birds are very characteristic of the larks (up to a dozen species), Chekan-Kamenka. From predatory animals, a wolf, a fox-corsac, steppe chorine.
Loading...
