The climate of the Egyptian Sugar Desert is a tropical dry and very hot with large drops of daily temperatures, and only in the north subtropical. Great temperature differences decrease near the coast of the seas.
More details on the climate of the coastal regions of Egypt, you can read in this article. The wet factor is the wide position of the Sahara to the north and south of the Northern Tropic. This explains the fact that most of the desert is under the influence of the Northeast Passat, dominating the most part of the Sahara throughout the year.
Additional impact on the climate has a mountain barrier atlas located in the north, stretched from the west to the East and preventing the penetration into the desert the main mass of wet Mediterranean air. In the south of the Guinean Bay on the territory of the Sahara, wet masses are in unretimed in the summer, which, gradually desisite, reach its central parts.
Emergency dry air, a huge amount of moisture deficit and, accordingly, extremely large evaporation is characteristic of all sugar. In the regime of precipitation in Sahara, three zones can be distinguished: Northern, Central and South.
Sugar aridness changes in the latitudinal direction, from the west to the east. At the Atlantic Coast, abundant precipitates do not fall out, as rare western winds are cooled by the Canary flow along the shore. Fog frequently here. 
Air dryness (relative humidity is 30-50%), a huge moisture deficit and high evaporation (potential evaporation of 2500-6000 mm, which is more than 70 times higher than the amount of precipitation) are typical for the entire territory of the Sugar, except for narrow coastal strips. The precipitation in northern Sahara is predominantly winter, in southern Sahara - Summer; The average annual amounts of precipitation in the outskirts of 100-200 mm, on most of the Sugar plains less than 50 mm (in mountain ranges are usually less than 100 mm), and in the inner areas the rains may not fall out for several years in a row. There are several points where it rains never have been registered. During rains, as a rule, storm, dry beds (Wadi) are quickly turning into rapid flows and cause floods in nodes and sat down in the mountains. During this period, the desert is coming to life. Numerous streams, rivers, lake appear in it.
Sugar is generally poorly provided with water, but compared to other deserts of the world, it is rich in underground waters.
For most of the Sahara, abundant morning dews are characterized (condensation due to low night temperatures), contributing to the formation of surface dusty crops. At the tops of Ahaggar and it is almost annually in a briefly snow falls. Temperatures can reach 56-58 ° C, approaching the maximum on the ground, but the surface of the sushi can warm up to 70-80 ° C. The average monthly air temperature in July reaches 37.2 ° C (Adrar), the middle javar ranges in the range from 16 to 27 ° C. Winter in the Sahara at night are universally frosts on the soil, and in the central mountain ranges there are no night temperatures to -18 ° C .
Frections Long winds and multi-day dust (sandy) storms. Storms in sugar possess extraordinary power 
. The wind speed reaches sometimes fifty meters per second (sometimes more; Sirocco winds, Sherga, Hamsin, Harmattan and Samum), (thirty meters per second - this is a hurricane!). The caravantes tell that some times the heavy camel saddles take the wind for two hundred meters, and the stones, the magnitude of the chicken egg, roll on the ground, like peas. "Ginnish desert" refer to the tornads of Bedouins.
And when the calm and the air is filled with dust, famous for all travelers "dry fog" occurs. Visibility at the same time completely disappears, and the sun seems to the dim spot and does not give shadows. Even wild animals at such moments lose orientation. They say that there was a case when very fearful usually gazelles during the "dry fog" quietly marched in caravan, going between people and camels.
Sugar affects the climate of many related territories. Winds can carry dust and sand far beyond Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean or to Europe.
The most famous and large desert on the ground, occupying about 5,000 km in the north of Africa. Sugar stretches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic. Its landscape is replaced by high dunes, smooth sandy areas and vegans, as well as rare, but lush oases. This endless desert entered the version of our site.
Despite the fact that sugar passes through 11 African states, it is possible to visit it unimmedialy in, Morocco and. Translated from the Arabic name of the desert means a monotonous brown deserted plain. The climate in this area is perhaps the most hot on Earth. In places here, summer temperatures exceeds 57 degrees Celsius, and if rare rains occur, the drops may not reach the ground, hanging in the air. To visit the Sahara, more precisely, its northern part, best of all from October to May, while the air temperature has become unbearable.
In the western regions of Egypt, a rather extensive sugar region is concentrated. Alas, it is not so picturesque as those areas that remain in hard-to-reach countries, but also deserves the attention of tourists. South of Siva is the chain of oasis, intermitted by stony deserts. In the heart of the desert, you can also go on camels or jeeps from El Hargy, Dakhly or Baharia. Moving to the south, you can walk to the places where the famous movie "English Patient" was filmed.
The most beautiful scenery of the Sahara opens, of course, in its internal areas, for example, in Algeria, Libya or Mauritania. The most extended and deserted sand dunes are located in Algeria. Many would like to look at these fantastic landscapes, and there are a lot of excursions in this direction, but not so much risks.
Stock Foto Sightseeing: Sahara Desert
Sugar desert in Tunisia
Sahara desert in Morocco
The air temperature in the summer rises to 58 °, and in the winter, it is saved in the range of 15-28 ° C.
Sand dust with Sugar Strong winds, during frequent sandy storms, can even convey to Europe.
An interesting fact is that there are cards that are marked by areas where Mirage is observed. And there are more than 150 thousand in Sugar!
Mysterious and almost mystical sachara eyes.
Map of ancient sugar.
Vegetation
Sugar vegetation cover has 1,200 species of plants. Most of them are xerophytes or ephemers. Stony areas seem lifeless, but even on such, it would seem unreal for life, soil can be found plants that are affected by their ability to adapt to the harsh conditions of the desert.
The Jerichon Rose is a plant, the short branches of which, as if the fingers clap his seeds. When it rains, these "fingers" are squeezed and the seeds fall into the wet soil, where they sprinkle very quickly.
Seeds of other plants also use every drop of moisture, but if there are no favorable conditions, they can sit in dry ground for several years.
Lichens, small plants with spines and small leaves are swarming on the sands and stones. Gray, gray-green and yellow vegetation cover tones give lifeless, sad view of the whole desert.
Shrubs and some hard cereals appear at the southern border, and wild pistachios, yuyuba and olendars can be found in the north.
Animal world
Fauna Sugara poor species, but rather rich in individuals. It includes animals that can quickly move in search of food and water, and can also take out all the brutal desert conditions.
The most typical of the Sahara are Oriks and Addax Antelope, Gazelle Dama, Gazelle Dorkas, mountain goats. Because of their valuable skins and delicious meat, some species are at the stage of disappearance.
The most famous predators are jackals, foxes, hyenas, cheetahs.
There are birds - migratory and constantly living. Among the constantly living especially popular deserted raven.
Lizards predominate from reptiles, as well as many snakes and turtles. And in some reservoirs, the most real crocodiles are preserved.
Of course, living in the conditions of sugar is very difficult, but for many it is native land, therefore not only the severity, but also the caress of the desert they are sense.
Watch the video: Fearless Planet - Sahara Desert (Discovery: Fearless Planet. Episode 1 Sahara Desert).
Sahara. Salt caravan Tuaregov. Jim Bresher lives the life of the taguega in the salt caravan in the center of the Sahara desert.
In the wilds of Africa-2. 3 series. Sahara. Life on the face / Sahara. Life on the edge
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Once in the rainforests wandered herd elephants and leopard hunted. The thick network of rivers and lakes covered the steppe, and the caravans loaded with gold, slaves and ostrich feathers crossed the sands. And everything is on the same territory! Sahara Desert She took a third of Africa, almost all of her north. On the Sugar Square only a little inferior to the United States, there are currently round of countries. But the inhabitants here are twice as fewer than in St. Petersburg.
The maps of the Sahara desert are depicted a huge yellow spot, and probably, therefore most people imagine her as a boring plain with sands without end and edge. In fact, sugar landscapes are surprisingly diverse. Mountains, arrays of shrub, rubble and gravel, steppes and scorched clay plains extend here. There are oases where life boils, and around - dry river valleys, salt marshes and lakes, scattered huge stones and rocky hills. And, of course, sands, of which the wind forms bizarre reliefs - labyrinths, wavy fields and dunes height with a 60-storey (!) Skyscraper. Here you can hear "singing sands": moving, dry hot sandbags create sounds resembling a squeak, grinding, rattling, grumble of a dog, a vibrating rumble, which is heard 10 km.
"Sahak Pump"
The climate of the Sahara manages the invisible conductor - the wind. Over the equator, the air is very heated, rises and goes towards poles. In the way it is cooled, lowered in the north of the Sahara and returns to the equator, replacing heated, risen air portions. This scheme is called the "Sahara pump", and the air flows that are constantly carrying from the tropics to the equator - trade winds.
Flying over the north of the continent, the scattered Passat will carry out moisture residues from the surface of the reservoirs and sushi. Already at a speed of 10 m / s, it pulls it out even from the soil, and the roots of the plants are deprived of feeding. And when the wind increases, it takes and fertile soil itself. In addition to the trade winds, local winds are walking here - Hamsin, Gibbles, Sirocco. They are with hurricane speed (up to 40 m / s) carry sand and heat to the north, in Spain, Italy. In the windlessness over sugar hang "dry fogs" - thin dust.
Climate Sahara.
In Sugar, summer air temperature is about + 50 ° C - the usual thing. On the stones and sand you can, without breaking the fire, fry the scrambled eggs. Daily heat is replaced by a night cold (up to + 15 ° C). Stones burst from such drops!
In the hot air, Mirages are frequent - imaginary mapping of what lies beyond the horizon. Since stable caravan routes, Mirage are often visible in the same places in Sugar. Even cards are drawn up, where the places of appearance of 1500 mirage are indicated, and the conditional badges show that where it may be possible: an oasis, ruins of fortresses, well, mountains, etc.
Having obtained with an excess of solar heat, sugar is languishing from moisture deficit. In many regions, rain are waiting for years. Sometimes his drops do not reach the ground, hanging along the way.
Snow in Sahara happens, but it is always a world sensation. It happened in 2016, and before that - in 1979!
Through the sands of rainwater easily seeps underground, and for millions of years over the waterproof layers, real fresh lakes were formed. Some of the underground water squeezes closer to the surface. In such places, oases have been formed - with drinking sources, palm trees, etc.
In Sahara, the most dry air in the world. Clouds in the local sky - rare guests. For this reason, the heat is still greater, and the eastern sugar is one of the most illuminated places in the world. Here the sun shines on average 11 hours daily throughout the year.
How did the sugar desert appear?
Millions of years ago, land from Spain to Mongolia was filled with the ocean Tétis. In it, whales were sought, dinosaurs wandered along the shores. Then, when mountain systems began to rise from the pulp, the ocean retreat. Its residues formed the Mediterranean, Black, Azov Sea, Caspian and Aral. And the current sugar is the former bottom of Tetis. It is not surprising that in the desert from Morocco to Egypt, skeletons of extinct animals are found. For example, 45-ton paralytitians, Egyptosaurs and other mounds.
Approximately 9000 years ago, the local coastal forests changed the African steppes - savannah: full-flowered rivers and lakes, a carpet of thick herbs, a parel. The herds of giraffes, elephants, antelope, buffaloes, rhinos, stars of ostriches and lions are roaming. People quickly mastered the fertile land - hunted, caught fish, kept cattle, spread over rivers. On the rocks now lost in the sands, whole galleries of graffiti - images and inscriptions that confirm it are found. Why isn't everything now? There is no unity among scientists. Someone explains the arrival of aliens. But enough and more real assumptions.
Hypothesis 1. The climate was "not that." Once it was hotter, and the sea level is higher. The air above the equator was heated stronger, and hence it retained the heat longer and cooled further than now, over the Mediterranean Sea. Having sank, the Passats were saturated with his moisture, rushed to Africa and brought rains and fogs. They created the prosperity of the Sahara.
Hypothesis 2. The land swung "not there." During the movement of the Earth around the Sun, the tilt of its axis is inconsistent. As a result, a different amount of solar heat and light falls on the planet, and the seasons alternate. Through the Millennium, this tilt and the orbit itself change significantly. Therefore, global climate change come. It is possible that the Grand Drought in the North of Africa is just such a case.
Hypothesis 3. "Global flood". Pames of whales, sharks, skates, turtles, mollusc shells found in Sahara shallow. And the ocean existed millions of years, milometer layers of marine precipitation should have been lying above the bones. Where are they? It is not excluded, they were taken by a real flood, legends about which stores the Bible and Folklore. The streams of the ocean water were washed off the top layer of the soil and brought the remains of animals. The root of the Flood could be the fall of a huge meteorite, which caused the tsunami and turning mountain arrays into dust and sand.
Hypothesis 4.Do it yourself. Perhaps the formation of sugar is the first ecological catastrophe in the history of mankind. Nomadic estimation does not target the conservation and renewal of the natural environment. The nomad is now here, tomorrow there. Together with their herds that eat and pull the greens. The root grid devoid, the ground is easily blown away, washed off. Golden soil and air over it warm up stronger, an increased pressure zone arises, and the winds do not blow here, and hence, not subwin and close clouds.
Most likely, sugar arose under the action of several natural factors, which aggravated the unreasonableness of man. And now ... the gasket of the tracks, exploration and production of oil and gas, the rules - all this destroys the fragile desert ecosystems.
Sahara Desert. Plants. Country of dates and fénekov.
The word "desert" our ancestors came up to identify the striking property of an extensive landscape - his "emptiness", that is, desertlessness. Live here constantly, indeed, almost impossible. But extremes are among the plants, and among animals.
For the plants of sugar could be a paradise - a lot of light, heat, mineral salts. But without water, you know ... Nevertheless, about 3000 species of plants were found in the desert, and each fourth does not meet every fourth. Many species live only where there is water, in oasises - with doves palm trees, cypresses, vegetables, citrus, grenades, grain cereals. And those that grow out of oasis are growing, nerds revealed a lot of devices that allow us to overcome moisture deficit:
- the thick and extensive network of surface roots - allows to effectively absorb the moisture of rare rains, morning fogs and dews before everything dry;
- deep (up to 30 m!) Roots - get to groundwater, penetrate the cracks into the crowd of rocks;
- the leaves are narrow, small, covered with hairs (wormwood), wax, turned into spines (cacti) or flakes (saxauls) - to smallest moisture less;
- thickening of stems and leaves that turn into fleshy pantry water (aloe);
- storage of moisture and nutrients under the ground - in rhizomes, bulbs, tubers;
- the roots are covered with thick bark or a case of frozen juice and sand and do not dry when the soil blends with wind;
- the stem is growing very rapidly and / or roots grow in any place - protection against sanding sand;
- a very short period of life - sometimes in a few spring days, the plants have time to fond, form seeds, and they are lying and waiting (sometimes for years) until "life will be settled";
- the development of salt marsh - here from the depths of the soil capillars all the time moisture and salts are tightened;
- withstand almost complete drying, but very quickly restored after the rains.
Sugar desert and animal world.
The problem of lack of water has to be solved and deserted animals. Some days are hiding, and active in cool clock, from sunset to dawn. Thicker bodies of the body protect against the loss of moisture of scorpions and beetles. A lot of species that can be long (or even) not to drink - they have enough scarce moisture, which is always in food.
It feels well in Sahara Reptiles - Cobra, Vijuki, chameleons and others. Tightly covered with scales, they are protected from moisture loss. Lizard Szink is able to literally "swim" in the sand: MiG diving into it, she rows with legs and sneaks through sand at a speed of up to 90 cm per minute.
Many prefer to dwell on the clay and rubble, but in the sands, where it is easier to go on, arrange underground holes and survive heat there (tushkans and other small rodents). Sugar's business card could serve a funny fénet changer - the size of the usual cat is less than the usual cat, but with huddish ears. Ears allow you to quickly give an excess heat (overheating protection). And, of course, along with big eyes, help at night to hunt for mice, beetles. Sugar lives and the smallest beast of the Feline family - the burgted cat. There are antelopes - Gazelles, and similar on small crocodiles of Varana.
You will not believe, but they live here and ... Toads. And not off the coast of the Nile, but in the central sugar. They dorms, swaying deep into the clayey soil, do not eat anything and barely breathe, but there is a good rain, every major puddle is sisite. They postpone the caviar, there is an accelerated development of tadpoles and when the puddle dries, the new generation of toad is already satisfied in the dungeon. Desert snails can remain in an underground hibernation not one year.
Some of the most resistant animals are inhabited in Sahara - ants satin slings. They are active at air temperature to + 70 ° C. Their long legs allow you to keep the body high above the hot soil. The torso is top with silver hairs, which reflect the sunlight. And Niza hair, like the radiator plates, are discharged excessive heat from the body. Runners are chosen from mink to the surface when their enemies - lizards hide from the heat. Insects sink, collecting food for 10 minutes, and then go under the ground too - it becomes hot and for them.
And for a person, the most important deserted animals, here, no one century remain camels. True, there are no wild on them in Sahara, but the caravans of domesticated camels leisurely cross it constantly.
Sugar desert turns ... turns ...
In the XIX-XX centuries in Europe, there were plans to change the Sahar climate, return the lost prosperity of these lands. For example, more than once were offered to create "Sahakkoye Sea": put the channel, which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the downstream of the relief in the north of the desert. They say, the manual water will increase the humidity of the air, and the trade winds will carry this moisture, shedding over the desert rains. The project "did not go" - the calculations showed that lowlands are small, most of the desert lies above the sea level, so it will not be possible to create a stable water.
In 2008, the project "Sugar Forest" was born. British engineers offered not just to ride the desert, but to put powerful solar power plants between forest stations and a network of greenhouses on seawater. According to the plan, at the stations, circular mirrors will collect sunlight, heated with it with water in the boiler, which will turn the turbines. Those will give energy for clerics, fresh water will go to the greenhouse. And the population will receive water for drinking and irrigation, electricity and agricultural products. The project caused interest in the Middle East, in the Arabian Emirates, but the political situation in North Africa does not yet give hopes for the transformation of the Sahara.
The same can be said about the project of the "Great Man-made River", which undertook to implement Libya: the supply of underground fresh water over the pipe network covering almost the whole country. Water came to the cities and villages, in the south, in the desert there were groves of chipsticks, gardens and fields, but all the works interrupted the civil war (2011-2014).
Meanwhile, sugar continued the offensive, inexorably moving towards the equator. Back in 1974, the Green Wall program earned in Algeria. Here they began to land stripes of trees along roads and oasis. Eucalyptus and pines formed a belt length of 1500 km. He kept the weathered soil, reduced the speed of Sukhovyev. The expansion of the sugar in this area slowed down.
Assessing this success, the "African Union" in 2010 took up the project "The Great Green Wall". In fact, the extended continuation of the Algerian program. Alternatively, the continent, from Somalia to Senegal, began planting a solid green ribbon width 15 and a length of 7775 km. Of course, huge costs. Of course, there is no guarantee that landed will take root that the locals will not cut the trees on firewood, etc. But you need to do something!
Meanwhile, satellite images (2002) showed that the Sugar desert began to retreat in the west. The thick grass returns to pastures, acacia grow up, ostheses and antelopes appeared. Environmentalists do not exclude that this is the result - oddly enough - global warming. The warmer air, the more water vapor it can accommodate. As a result, the wind brings more abundant and frequent rains. Whether the trend remains - unknown. Sahara Desert After all, it is also famous for being able to prevent surprises.
Sugar, the largest desert of the world, has become lowered for researchers: on its borders are smoldering, and then they burn with a bright flame of bloody conflicts - in Mali, Egypt, Libya ...
Russian scientific group in which Nikolay Sologubovsky, Historic-Eastos-Veda, a member of the Imperial Law-Glorious Palestinian Society, a writer and a cinema fist, a multiple scientific expeditions in Sakhara, was one of the latter, which opened the secrets of the Great Desert - the legacy of the peoples of peoples.
Ginnes from volcano
"Nature allows not everyone here, and careless can absorb forever," N. Sologubovsky says. - Our guides told: recently from the velchanov who move the wind in the desert, "emerged" the car with Itan Yant. They disappeared more than ten years ago. Apparently, trying to re-wait in the sandy storm car, it was buried alive under the sand ... but there are still something in these places that costs the secrets.
One French researcher went on a high plateau next to the destroyed capital of the ancient Garamants, the city of Garam (now the Libyan city of Jerma. - Ed.). Local refused to go with her, having told that evil spirits live on the plateau - Ginnes. She went alone and after a few days he returned scratched, with a false reason. "Another mysterious place of the desert - the sleeping volcano Wow-An-Namus is not a mountain, but a giant-skaya, a dozen kilometers in diameter, "hole" in the sand in a depth of 200 m. Below is three lakes: blue, green, red. "People who fly over sugar, sometimes see this amazing place," continues N. Sologubov-sky. - One of our routes lay through Wow-en-Namus. We decided to tumble at one of the lakes. The answer of our guides was: "By no way!" At first they said that there is a huge number of mosquitoes ("Namus" - "Mosquito"), and then stated that it remains dangerous at the night below: it turns out of the lakes ... the monster. The conductors went to spend the night upstairs, and we settled for the night. In the absolute silence of the desert, they really became heard from the spooky volcanic sounds, moans, hum. Suddenly in the light of the huge - in Fullba - the moon on the surface of the lake went large circles ... "
It is still not all secluded corners. Photo: From Personal Archive / Nikolay Sologubovsky
Live stones
Sugar is huge. But this is not a sad sea sand: there are mountains and stony plateau, cut by the riverbed rivers. When Europe, during the global cooling, was covered with glaciers, on the spaces of the current desert, obviously flowed rivers and green forests. Today, rare oasis with lakes are hidden among the burfans, in which sometimes crocodiles can be found. And the verachans themselves are replaced by huge part-kami smooth, like a good road, sand - you can drive on a jeep at a speed of 150 km / h.
Researchers in Sahara are still a little-studied "open-air museums" - rocks and caves with weak pictures. Most often it is huge, up to two meters high, petroglyphs - cut up to 14 thousand years ago on the stone of engravings with images of wild animals and bows hunters. "There are many such engravings, for example, in the town of Wadi Mathandush in the south of Libya," says N. Solo-Gubovsky, for whom the study of sugar painting has become part of life. - Pictures on the rocks along the dry bed of the river stretch 60 km, creating an ensemble equal to which is not anywhere in the world.
The lines of petroglyphs are so harmonious that it seems: a very educated person worked. On the same stones you can find frescoes written after thousands of years with thoroughly discharged with different colors of stadiums of cows and goats, household scenes. There were also sexual drawings: orgies with the participation of creatures that had hypertrophied genital organs, and on masks on faces, like astronauts Space! Our guides have an explanation simple: these are genies who live around us - have good genies, there are evil. One of the hypo-tez about the "dancing of animals" - the hunters performed some rituals in which the Shaman's participant was from the head of the beast - the one on whom they went to hunt. Among the petro-glyphs were images of human-like creatures similar to bears, there are images of elephants and even penguins on the rocks, which already in itself should be subject to study. "
Fashionable drawings of different eras can often be found on the walls of the same cave. Photo: From Personal Archive / Nikolay Sologubovsky
Disappeared cities
In the meantime, the ruins of the capital of the Kingdom of Garamants, which existed from 5 c. BC E., testify: people who lived here were developed in engineering. Is it really the ruins of this and some other cities left for the reasons unknown to us, is everything that was built on the extensive Sugara space, where thousands of years ago the climate was softer? "Recently, I drew attention to the mention of the results of remote sensing of the Earth from the space," says N. Sologubovsky. - Allegedly, one of the studies showed that in the desert under the sand at a depth of 100-150 m, the outlines of the ancient city are guessed. It was not possible to find more accurate information, I do not exclude that the information was charged. Meanwhile, the researchers still seek traces of Tainst Atlantis in the Ocean. And why didn't she have a climate or relief during climate change or the sea of \u200b\u200bwater, and in the sea of \u200b\u200bsand? And suddenly in one of the expeditions, we will find and drawings on which residents have been captured by some pictures of their deaths until then? There are still not all parking people even in famous open-air museums. But there are still completely unexplored parking in inaccessible mountains in the north of Chad and Niger. I am sure that the Great Desert hides the numerous secrets of the past from us, but in fact only waiting for the discoverers. "
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