Atmospheric precipitation called moisture that has fallen to the surface from the atmosphere in the form of rain, drizzle, grains, snow, hail. Precipitation falls from clouds, but not every cloud produces precipitation. Precipitation formation from the clouds are coming due to the coarsening of droplets to sizes that can overcome ascending currents and air resistance. The coarsening of drops occurs due to the merging of drops, the evaporation of moisture from the surface of drops (crystals) and the condensation of water vapor on others.
By state of aggregation produce liquid, solid and mixed precipitates.
To liquid precipitation includes rain and drizzle.
ü rain - has drops ranging in size from 0.5 to 7 mm (average 1.5 mm);
ü drizzle - consists of small drops up to 0.5 mm in size;
To solid refer snow pellets and ice pellets, snow and hail.
ü snow groats - rounded nucleoli with a diameter of 1 mm or more, observed at temperatures close to zero. Grains are easily compressed by fingers;
ü ice groats - the nucleoli of the groats have an icy surface, it is difficult to crush them with your fingers, when they fall to the ground they jump;
ü snow - consists of hexagonal ice crystals formed in the process of sublimation;
ü hail - large rounded pieces of ice ranging in size from a pea to 5-8 cm in diameter. Hailstone weight in individual cases exceeds 300 g, sometimes it can reach several kilograms. Hail falls from cumulonimbus clouds.
Types of precipitation: (according to the nature of precipitation)
- Heavy rainfall- uniform, long in duration, fall out of nimbostratus clouds;
- heavy rainfall- characterized by a rapid change in intensity and short duration. They fall from cumulonimbus clouds as rain, often with hail.
- Drizzling precipitation- in the form of drizzle fall out of stratus and stratocumulus clouds.
The daily course of precipitation coincides with the daily course of cloudiness. There are two types of daily precipitation patterns - continental and marine (coastal). continental type has two maxima (in the morning and afternoon) and two minima (at night and before noon). marine type – one maximum (night) and one minimum (day).
The annual course of precipitation is different at different latitudes and even within the same zone. It depends on the amount of heat, thermal regime, air circulation, distance from the coast, the nature of the relief.
The most abundant rainfall is in equatorial latitudes ah, where their annual number (GKO) exceeds 1000-2000 mm. On the equatorial islands Pacific Ocean falls 4000-5000 mm, and on the lee slopes of tropical islands up to 10,000 mm. Heavy rainfall is caused by powerful upward currents of very humid air. To the north and south of the equatorial latitudes, the amount of precipitation decreases, reaching a minimum of 25-35º, where the average annual value does not exceed 500 mm and decreases in inland regions to 100 mm or less. In temperate latitudes, the amount of precipitation slightly increases (800 mm). At high latitudes, the GKO is insignificant.
The maximum annual amount of precipitation was recorded in Cherrapunji (India) - 26461 mm. The minimum recorded annual precipitation is in Aswan (Egypt), Iquique - (Chile), where in some years there is no precipitation at all.
Origin There are convective, frontal and orographic precipitation.
- Convective precipitation (intramass) are characteristic of the hot zone, where heating and evaporation are intense, but in summer they often occur in the temperate zone.
- Frontal precipitation formed when two people meet air masses With different temperatures and other physical properties, fall out of warmer air forming cyclonic whirlwinds, are typical of temperate and cold zones.
- Orographic precipitation fall on the windward slopes of mountains, especially high ones. They are plentiful if the air comes from the side warm sea and has high absolute and relative humidity.
Types of precipitation by origin:
I - convective, II - frontal, III - orographic; TV - warm air, HV - cold air.
The annual course of precipitation, i.e. the change in their number by months is not the same in different places on the Earth. Precipitation by earth's surface distributed zonally.
- equatorial type - Precipitation falls fairly evenly throughout the year, there are no dry months, only after the equinoxes two small maximums are noted - in April and October - and after the solstice days two small minimums - in July and January.
- Monsoon type – maximum precipitation in summer, minimum in winter. It is characteristic of subequatorial latitudes, as well as east coasts continents in subtropical and temperate latitudes. At the same time, the total amount of precipitation gradually decreases from subequatorial to temperate zone.
- mediterranean type - maximum precipitation in winter, minimum - in summer. It is observed in subtropical latitudes on the western coasts and inland. Annual amount precipitation gradually decreases towards the center of the continents.
- Continental type of precipitation in temperate latitudes - in the warm period, precipitation is two to three times more than in the cold. As the continentality of the climate increases in the central regions of the continents, the total amount of precipitation decreases, and the difference between summer and winter precipitation increases.
- Marine type of temperate latitudes - Precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year with a small maximum in autumn and winter. Their number is greater than observed for this type.
Types annual course rainfall:
1 - equatorial, 2 - monsoon, 3 - Mediterranean, 4 - continental temperate latitudes, 5 - maritime temperate latitudes.
The answer is frost. The only thing that pleases late autumn when the first cold weather comes. In the mornings, leaves that have not yet withered, late flowers, leaves on the ground are covered with frost, acquiring a special charm, you just want to take a camera and take pictures, take pictures ... At such moments you forget about physics.
The answer is really simple and everyone knows it, it is Frost.
It forms on surfaces at low temperatures. Many of us have already managed to see the submerged beauty, and some of us have yet to see it.
Frost can be observed not only in winter, but also in autumn and spring. It depends of course on the air temperature.
When answering, you should pay attention to the moment that it is asked about precipitation, which does not fall from the sky, but forms on the surface if the temperature is lowered.
Therefore, it is worth stopping at HORRIM, there are very intricate patterns.
When you read this question, you immediately remember the song about the blue-blue frost that lay on the wires and the like. However, frost is not at all of blue color, rather, it does not even have a color, since in fact it is frozen water - ice, in its own way, well, or has a color closer to white.
The phenomenon looks very beautiful and bewitching, especially on plants, but it is formed, indeed, in calm weather and with frozen soil.
So the correct answer would be FROST.
We can often observe such solid atmospheric precipitation in winter, when the temperature is negative, on various surfaces, tree branches, grasses, on windows, forming beautiful patterns or just on the ground. This is of course FROST which are ice crystals.
Since in the question of solid atmospheric precipitation there is a clarification about the location of the formed substance, it is easy to determine what exactly we are talking about - of course, this FROST, which draws whimsical patterns on the glass of windows and creates a unique sparkling coating for leaves, berries, branches and even flowers.
Such a complex phenomenon, described as solid atmospheric precipitation, is simply called frost in real life. Hoarfrost covers almost the entire area with small ice crystals. surrounding nature. It can be seen on trees, flowers, soil - everywhere.
Everything converges, so the answer is frost.
Here we are talking about frost. It is he who considers everything that we see to be solid atmospheric precipitation, which occurs directly on the surfaces. Other types of precipitation of this type include hail and snow. But they fall from the sky, not appear right in front of us.
Solid atmospheric precipitation tends to occur in winter, but sometimes it also falls in summer - it is snow or hail. These types of precipitation are well known to all the inhabitants of our country. But there is another kind solid precipitation, which does not fall from the sky on the head and does not stuff a bump, but is formed directly on trees, on windows, on cars and on the ground. This is Ine. Hoarfrost, like snow or hail, consists of ice crystals, but tends to grow, forming unusually beautiful patterns on surfaces.
I answered this question without anyone's help. It seems to me that students should not have questions with an answer. Many probably like to look at winter beautiful trees that are shrouded Frost.
The correct answer is frost.
Solid atmospheric precipitation that forms on the surface of the earth or plants is called - FROST. AT summer time after sunset, the effect of radiation on the soil ceases. In case the soil is covered with dense vegetation or close to the surface The groundwater. In this case, fog is formed. If the soil temperature drops to 0 degrees, water molecules begin to crystallize. On uneven, rough surfaces, cooling is faster.
MAGAZINE. A white crystalline precipitate that forms on the surface of the earth, grass, objects, roofs of buildings and cars, snow cover as a result of sublimation of water vapor contained in the air at negative soil temperatures, cloudy skies and light winds. It is observed in the evening, night and morning hours, may be accompanied by haze or fog. In fact, this is an analogue of dew, formed at a negative temperature.
On the branches of trees, wires, frost is deposited weakly (unlike frost) - on the wire of a cold machine (diameter 5 mm), the thickness of frost deposition does not exceed 3 mm.
Surely, each of us has ever watched the rain through the window. But have we thought about what kind of processes occur in rain clouds? What types of precipitation can receive? That is what got me interested. I opened my favorite home encyclopedia and settled on the section titled "Types of Precipitation". What was written there, I'm going to tell.
What are the precipitation
Any precipitation falls due to the enlargement of elements in the clouds (for example, water droplets or ice crystals). Having increased to a size at which they can no longer be in suspension, the drops fall down. Such a process is called "coalescence"(which means "fusion"). And the further growth of drops occurs already in view of their merging in the process of falling.
Atmospheric precipitation often takes quite different types. But in science there are only three main groups:
- massive precipitation. These are the precipitations that usually fall during very long period with medium intensity. Such rain covers itself large area and falls from special nimbostratus clouds that cover the sky, not letting in light;
- rainfall. They are the most intense, but short-lived. Originate from cumulonimbus clouds;
- drizzling rain. They, in turn, are made up of small droplets - drizzle. This kind of rain can last a very long time. for a long time. Drizzling precipitation falls from stratus (including stratocumulus) clouds.
In addition, precipitation is divided according to their consistency. This is what will be discussed now.
Other types of precipitation
Additionally allocated the following types rainfall:
- liquid precipitation. Basic. It was about them that was mentioned above (overlapping, torrential and drizzling types of rain);
- solid precipitation. But they fall out, as you know, at a negative temperature. Such precipitation takes on various shapes (snow of the most different forms, hail and so on...);
- mixed precipitation. Here the name speaks for itself. An excellent example is a cold freezing rain.
These are the different types of precipitation. And now it is worth making some interesting remarks about their loss.
The shape and size of snowflakes are determined by the temperature in the atmosphere and the strength of the wind. The purest and driest snow on the surface is capable of reflecting about 90% light from sun rays.
More intense and larger (in the form of drops) rains occur on small areas. There is a relationship between the size of territories and the amount of precipitation.
Snow cover capable of emitting thermal energy , which, nevertheless, quickly escapes into the atmosphere.
Clouds with clouds have huge weight. More than 100 thousand km³ of water.
It forms the smallest droplets and crystals, which, condensing, form clouds. Under certain conditions, these droplets and crystals begin to grow larger and reach such a size that the ascending currents and air resistance cannot keep them at a height. They fall or are deposited on the earth's surface. Water in a liquid or solid state that falls from clouds or is deposited from the air on the surface of the earth is called precipitation. Precipitation is distinguished by its physical state - liquid (drizzle, rain) and solid (snow, cereals, hail) and by the nature of the precipitation - drizzling, overflowing and torrential.
Drizzle - liquid precipitation that falls mainly from stratus clouds or thick. These are very small droplets, the diameter of which is determined by hundredths of a millimeter, as if they are suspended in the air. The larger ones fall to the ground in the form of drizzle or light rain. The amount of precipitation during drizzle is negligible.
At low temperatures, precipitation similar to drizzle is called small snowflakes or snow grains. During fog it can be observed. Hoarfrost is the deposition of ice on tree branches, wires, etc. with fog and as a result (transition of water vapor from the solid state bypassing the liquid phase). Most often, frost forms on the windward side of objects, with light wind and temperatures of -15 ° C and below.
Rain is liquid precipitation in the form of droplets with a diameter of 0.5 mm or more - the predominant form that falls mainly from nimbostratus and cumulonimbus clouds.
Solid precipitation, as well as liquid precipitation, is quite diverse. Snow falls most frequently. Snow is solid precipitation in the form of ice crystals. various shapes falling out of the clouds. It forms at low temperatures. Snow can fall both as separate snowflakes in shape and as snowflakes glued into flakes, which usually form at temperatures close to 0°C, which contributes to the gluing of snowflakes. At the same time, their crystalline basis is preserved. One of the options for snow is snow pellets. Snow groats are solid precipitation falling from clouds in the form of dull white snow-like nuclei of irregular rounded shape ranging in size from 1 to 15 mm. It is characteristic that upon impact with hard objects snow pellets bounce off instead of breaking apart. Snow pellets most often fall out of cumulonimbus clouds at a temperature of 0°C. Distinguish between snow and ice pellets.
Hail - precipitation that falls in the warm season from powerful, vertically developed cumulonimbus clouds in the form of particles of dense ice. Hailstones are different in shape and size - from 5 mm to 15-20 cm. They form in warm weather with powerful ascending currents. Having originated high, the ice crystal in the process of falling increases. Hail fall can sometimes give a cover up to 20-30 cm high on the earth's surface. Intense hail can destroy crops, in some cases lead to the death of animals, cause a lot of mechanical damage to buildings, transport, etc.
The nature of the fallout precipitation also differ significantly. Drizzling precipitation is precipitation that falls in the form of drizzle or its solid counterparts (snow grains, fine snow). Most often they are of intramass origin. Severe precipitation is long-term, sufficiently uniform precipitation in the form of rain, snow or drizzle, falling simultaneously over a large area. The precipitation of extensive precipitation continues continuously or with short breaks, sometimes for a significant part of the day or even more than a day. They fall out of nimbostratus and altostratus clouds. Rain means heavy rain, whose intensity, i.e. the amount of precipitation in 1 minute, not below a certain limit. These limits are different. For example, it's raining 5 minutes with an intensity of 50 mm of precipitation per minute, or 30 minutes, and its intensity is 23 mm/min, or it rains for 1 hour with an intensity of 0.20 mm/min. It's all rain. Heavy rainfall is rainfall of great intensity, but short duration. They fall out of cumulonimbus clouds in both liquid and solid form ( heavy rain, heavy snow, etc.). They are characterized by a rapid increase in intensity at the beginning of the fallout, its sharp fluctuations and abrupt cessations. Accompanied by rapid changes, amplification with gusts and squalls, often thunderstorms.
Distribution of precipitation on the surface the globe occurs very unevenly and is zonal in nature. Their number is decreasing, which is mainly due to the atmosphere. In addition, relief and also play an important role in the distribution of precipitation. Warm and humid air masses, meeting with the mountains, rise along their slopes, cool down and give abundant precipitation in the foothill areas. It is on the windward slopes of the mountains that the wettest regions of the Earth are located.
The equatorial zone receives the maximum amount of precipitation - up to 2000 mm per year. On the slopes of some mountains falls up to 6000-7000 mm, and, for example, on the slopes () - 10000 mm. A large number of rainfall in equatorial zone due to temperature and, as well as the dominance of ascending air currents that favor the formation of clouds. Between 20 degrees north and south latitudes, almost half of the Earth's precipitation falls.
Between 20 and 40 ° latitude of both hemispheres are dry tropical zones. They are characterized primarily by descending air movements, which do not contribute to the formation of clouds. Most of the world's deserts (, Arabia, Western, etc.) are located in this zone. Particularly poor in precipitation are the western coasts of the continents, washed by cold currents, where precipitation is negligible or does not fall for several years in a row (Atacama, Namib, desert).
In temperate latitudes, precipitation increases. Here, the average annual precipitation is about 500 mm, but depending on the proximity to the sea, it varies from 100 to 3000 mm. On some coastal ridges, the amount of precipitation reaches 5000 mm (Longitudinal Valley of Chile,). Significant amount rainfall in temperate latitudes northern hemisphere associated with western transfer.
AT polar regions rainfall is decreasing. This is primarily due low temperatures and downward air movement. The average rainfall is 250-340 mm.
Throughout the Earth, 520 thousand km 3 of precipitation falls annually. Of these, over the oceans - 79% and over land - 21%. Maximum amount precipitation falls on the Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii Island) - 11684 mm / year and in Cherrapunji (, foothills) - 11660 mm / year, which is due to large mountain rises in the path of moist air currents.
A rain gauge and a precipitation gauge are used to measure the amount of precipitation.
A rain gauge is a cylindrical metal bucket with a cross-sectional area of 500 cm2, 40 cm high, which is installed on a wooden pole at a height of 2 m. A diaphragm is inserted into the bucket from above, which does not retain precipitation and prevents their evaporation. The bucket is closed with a special cone-shaped protection (Nifer protection). The precipitates collected over 12 hours are poured into a measuring glass with divisions.
The precipitation gauge of the Tretyakov system is designed in the same way as the rain gauge, but with the difference that its protection consists of 16 separate plates, and the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe bucket is 200 cm2.
The products of condensation or sublimation of water vapor falling from clouds or deposited from the air on the earth's surface or on objects are called precipitation. Only particles that have reached a critical radius (size) fall out of the clouds, i.e., those droplets or crystals that cannot be kept in suspension in the atmosphere. The enlargement of condensation (sublimation) products in clouds is called coagulation. Coagulation in a heterophase medium occurs at the nuclei of condensation (sublimation). Particularly active are particles having a hygroscopic structure and big sizes. Air currents carry these particles over long distances. The development of turbulence in clouds with its descending and ascending flows contributes to the intensive growth of droplets and crystals, especially those that make repeated movements from the base of the cloud to its top and back. It has been proven that the most intense precipitation from powerful cumulonimbus clouds in the form of showers and hail is formed as a result of just such multiple movements.
Precipitation classification. By type, precipitation is divided into liquid, solid and terrestrial.
Liquid sludge includes:
rain - precipitation in the form of drops of various sizes with a diameter of 0.5–7 mm;
drizzle - small droplets with a diameter of 0.05-0.5 mm, which are, as it were, in suspension.
Solid deposits include:
snow - ice crystals that form various kinds of snowflakes (plates, needles, stars, columns) 4–5 mm in size. Sometimes snowflakes are combined into snow flakes, the size of which can reach 5 cm or more;
snow groats - precipitation in the form of opaque spherical grains of white or dull white (milky) color with a diameter of 2 to 5 mm;
ice pellets - solid particles transparent from the surface, having an opaque opaque core in the center. Grain diameter from 2 to 5 mm;
hail - more or less large pieces of ice (hailstones), having a spherical or irregular shape and complex internal structure. The diameter of hailstones varies over a very wide range: from 5 mm to 5–8 cm. There are cases when hailstones weighing 500 g or more fell out.
If precipitation does not fall from clouds, but is deposited from atmospheric air on the surface of the earth or on objects, then such precipitation is called terrestrial. These include:
dew - the smallest drops of water condensing on the horizontal surfaces of objects (deck, boat covers, etc.) due to their radiation cooling on clear cloudless nights. small wind(0.5–10 m/s) contributes to the formation of dew. If the temperature of horizontal surfaces is below zero, then water vapor under similar conditions sublimates on them and frost is formed - a thin layer of ice crystals;
liquid coating - the smallest drops of water or a continuous water film that form in cloudy and windy weather on the windward predominantly vertical surfaces of cold objects (walls of superstructures, protective devices of winches, cranes, etc.).
Glaze is an ice crust that forms when the temperature of these surfaces is below 0 °C. In addition, solid deposits can form on the surfaces of the vessel - a layer of crystals densely or densely sitting on the surface or a thin continuous layer of smooth transparent ice.
Into the foggy frosty weather in light winds, granular or crystalline frost may form on the ship's rigging, ledges, cornices, wires, etc. Unlike frost, frost does not form on horizontal surfaces. The loose structure of hoarfrost distinguishes it from hard plaque. Granular hoarfrost is formed at air temperatures from -2 to -7 °C due to freezing on the subject of supercooled fog drops, and crystalline hoarfrost, which is white precipitate from crystals of a fine structure, it is formed at night with a cloudless sky or thin clouds from particles of fog or haze at temperatures from -11 to -2 ° C and above.
According to the nature of precipitation, atmospheric precipitation is divided into heavy, continuous and drizzling.
Showers fall from cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds. In summer it is large-drop rain (sometimes with hail), and in winter it is heavy snowfall with frequent changes in the shape of snowflakes, snow or ice pellets. Heavy precipitation falls from nimbostratus (summer) and altostratus (winter) clouds. They are characterized by small fluctuations in intensity and a long duration of fallout.
Drizzling precipitation falls from stratus and stratocumulus clouds in the form of small drops with a diameter of not more than 0.5 mm, descending at very low speeds.
Precipitation intensity is divided into strong, moderate and weak.
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