Tropical year- the time interval between two passages of the Sun through the point vernal equinox... Shorter than the star one by 20 m 24 s, tk. the vernal equinox is moving towards the annual movement of the Sun. This phenomenon is called precession - the movement of the axis of rotation. Z. around the perpendicular to the plane of rotation. with a top in the center of the earth, at which the axis describes a circular conical surface (precession period -26,000 years).
Lighting belts, astronomical heat belts.
Hot Belt - located between the tropics, the Sun is at its zenith at noon twice a year.
Two moderate belts- between the tropics and polar circles. The sun is never at its zenith, the length of day and night and the height of the sun above the horizon vary greatly throughout the year. During the day, there is always a change of day and night.
Two cold belts- between the polar circles and the poles. There are polar days and nights here (the Sun either does not appear over the horizon, or does not descend behind it).
The change of seasons determines the annual rhythm of the geographer. shell. In the hot zone, the annual rhythm depends on changes. humid., in moderate - from temp., in cold - from lighting conditions.
14. Axial rotation of the Earth and its consequences. Axial rotation speed. Geographic poles, equator, parallels, meridians. Axial rotation of the Earth: direction, angular and linear velocities, evidence of rotation.
It moves in a third orbit from the Sun, 934 million km long at a speed of 29.8 km / s, counterclockwise, movement occurs in the same direction. Z. around its axis.
Georaph. consequence annual movement Lands - changing seasons of the year, betrayals. will continue. day and night, the formation of light belts, the annual rhythm in geographic envelope.
Z. rot. from west to east counterclockwise, complete turnover per day. point on the earth's surface, for all latitudes is 150 per 1 hour. Linear speed, the path traveled by the point in units. time depends on the latitude of the place. The geographic poles do not rotate, where the speed is zero. The speed on one meridian is different, on the same parallel it is the same.
The earth rotates around an axis from west to east, i.e. counterclock-wise. In this case, the angular speed of rotation, that is, the angle by which any point on the surface of the Earth rotates, is the same and amounts to 15 ° per hour. Linear velocity depends on latitude: at the equator it is greatest - 464 m / s, and the geographic poles are stationary.
Geographic pole- the point at which the axis of rotation of the Earth intersects with the surface of the Earth. There are two geographic poles: North Pole - located in the Arctic ( central part Northern Arctic Ocean) and the South Pole is located in Antarctica.
All meridians converge at the geographic pole, so the geographic pole has no longitude. The North Pole has a latitude of +90 degrees and the South Pole has a latitude of −90 degrees.
There are no cardinal points at the geographic poles. At the poles there is no change of day and night, since the poles do not participate in the daily rotation of the Earth.
At the geographic pole, the angle of the Sun's rise does not exceed 23.5 °, because of this, the temperature at the pole is very low.
The position of the geographic poles is conditional, since the instantaneous axis of rotation of the Earth is moving. Because of this, the geographic poles move by several meters per year.
Equator- an imaginary line of intersection with the surface of the Earth of a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the planet and passing through its center. Its length is approximately equal to 40,075 km.
Parallel- the line of section of the surface of the planet by a plane, parallel plane equator.
On the globe, a parallel is drawn in the form of a circle, all points of which are equidistant from the equator. All points on the same parallel have the same latitude, but different longitudes. The lengths of the parallels are different: they increase when approaching the equator and decrease - toward the poles. The equator is the longest parallel. To calculate the length of one degree of an arc of an arbitrary parallel on Earth, you can multiply 111.3 km (the length of the arc of the equatorial parallel in 1 degree) by the cosine of the angle corresponding to the latitude of the desired parallel.
Length of one degree of arcs of parallels
0 ° - 111.3 km
10 ° - 109.6 km
20 ° - 104.6 km
30 ° - 96.5 km
40 ° - 85.3 km
50 ° - 71.1 km
60 ° - 55.8 km
70 ° - 38.2 km
80 ° - 19.8 km
Meridian- half of the surface section line the globe a plane drawn through any point on the earth's surface and the axis of rotation of the earth. Each meridian intersects with all the others at two points: at the North and South Poles. The length of each meridian on the globe is 20,004,276 m. All points of one meridian have the same longitude, but different latitude. Greenwich is taken as the initial meridian. Magnetic meridian- projection power line magnetic field celestial body on its surface
The day is starry - sunny. Time: true solar, average solar (local), zone, maternity, summer. World Time. Date line. The change of night and day. Daily rhythm in a geographic shell.
Stellar day- the time interval between the two upper climaxes of the stars = 23 h 56 m 4 s.
True solar day- the time interval between the two culminations of the center of the Sun, for the beginning of the day the lower culmination is taken - midnight.
Average solar time – average duration sunny days = 24h.
The equation of time- the difference between true and average. time.
Local time- average solar time at each meridian. 15 0 = 1 hour. The entire surface of the Earth is divided into 24 belts, 15 0 in each.
World time- mean solar time on the Greenwich meridian, which is considered the prime meridian.
Date line- a conditional line used to delimit places that have different calendar dates at the same time. Meridian = 180 0, in Chukotka, deviating to the east. When intercepting the LPD from west to east - one day is taken away, when crossing from east to west - they are added.
Zone time - the time of each time zone, based on the middle meridian.
T n -T m = N-l,
T n – standard time
T m- local time
N- belt number
l- the longitude of the place in hours (lambda).
Daylight saving time- standard time of each time zone + 1 hour.
MOSCOW TIME - daylight saving time second time zone.
Summer time - is used in many countries for rational purposes. using email v summer months, moving the time forward 1 hour (d / n +2).
The change of day and night creates a diurnal rhythm in the geographic shell, which manifests itself in living and inanimate nature.
Climate and weather are formed by various factors, including light belts. Their formation is caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis in relation to the Sun, which affects the amount of heat that falls on one or another part of the planet. There are five zones of illumination, which differ significantly from each other in terms of distribution. solar heat and light, average annual temperature:
- Hot (tropical zone);
- Moderate (northern and southern belts);
- Polar (northern and southern belts).
Hot Belt of Illumination is located in the tropics and occupies about 40 percent of the earth's surface. Duration daylight hours and the night here roughly coincides (12 o'clock). Twice a year the sun is here at its zenith, that is, at highest point its location in the sky. Between roast and tropical belt there are temperate zones that occupy more than half of the earth's surface. The length of the day here depends on factors such as latitude as well as the season.
On temperate zones near the polar circles in summer period there is such a phenomenon as white nights, which is associated with the confluence of the evening and morning dawns. You can observe it, for example, in St. Petersburg, as well as in other northern cities.
Concerning polar belts, then here the conditions for the distribution of heat and solar illumination are most interesting. In winter, the sun is not shown over the horizon, and the polar night lasts from several days to several months. In summer, the sun does not have time to hide behind the horizon, and a polar day is observed.
Such belts occupy only 8 percent of the earth's surface. The length of the polar day and polar night depends on latitude. At the poles, the year is divided in half - into day and night.
Conclusions site
- Location. The hot zone is located between the tropics, the cold ones are inside the northern and southern polar circles, and the moderate ones are between the hot and cold zones.
- Duration of daylight hours. In the hot zone, the duration of the day and night is about 12 hours, in the moderate ones, the values are proportional and depend on the latitude and season. In the colder zones, polar night and day are observed.
- Heat mode. Excess sun on a hot belt predetermined warm weather 12 months a year. At moderate temperatures, solar activity determines long duration days in summer, and small - in winter, which is reflected in the heat regime. It is cold in the polar zones both in winter and in summer, the air practically does not warm up, which is associated with the angle of incidence sun rays.
- The highest point of the Sun at noon. In a hot zone, the sun is at its zenith twice a year, in a temperate zone - never, and in cold zones it may not appear above the horizon for a certain amount of time a year.
- Impact on a person. It is noted that a person feels most comfortable in moderate light zones closer to hot ones. Cold zones are of little use for life, while on hot ones there is always an excess of energy.
It decreases from the equator to the poles, which is the result of the spherical shape of the planet. The height of the noon Sun near the equator and at the equator will be the highest, and at the Poles of the planet - the smallest. This leads to the fact that each unit of the area of solar heat and light receives less and less.
Remark 1
As a result of this uneven distribution solar heat and light, the Earth's surface was divided into five belts of illumination, the boundaries of which are the tropics and polar circles:
- Hot Light Belt;
- Two moderate zones of illumination;
- Two cold belts of illumination.
The reason for the formation of these belts is the inclination of the axis of rotation of the planet to the plane of the orbit, as well as the movement of the Earth around the Sun.
Definition 1
Illumination Belt- this is a part of the Earth's surface, bounded by the tropics and polar circles with their own lighting conditions. Illumination is a flow sunlight falling on a unit of surface.
The belts differ from each other in the height of the noon Sun above the horizon, in the length of the day and in thermal conditions. Once a year ($ 22 June and $ 22 December December), the sun's rays fall steeply in the Northern and Southern Tropics. The polar day and the polar night also happen once a year ($ 22 in December and $ 22 in June), which is typical for the Arctic and Southern Polar Circle. Illumination belts are characterized by different air temperatures and different natural conditions.
Hot Belt of Illumination
This belt covers $ 2/5 $ or about $ 40 \% $ of the Earth's surface and is located between the North and South tropics. The sun in this belt is always high above the horizon, so the surface warms up very well. There is no difference between summer and winter temperatures, and there are no thermal seasons. Average annual temperature air is $ + 25 $ degrees. The length of daylight hours and the length of the night are approximately the same and amount to $ 12 per hour. There is no twilight. The sun is twice a year at its zenith - in the Northern and Southern tropics. The boundaries of the hot zone coincide with the boundaries of the distribution of palm trees on land and corals in the ocean. The territory of this belt was called "hot", because it receives the most a large number of heat all year round.
Moderate light belts
There are two of these light belts on Earth - one in the Northern Hemisphere, the other in the Southern Hemisphere. Both of them adjoin the hot zone and are located between the polar circles and the tropics. In contrast to the hot zone of illumination, the sun's rays here fall on the Earth's surface already at a certain tilt. To the north, this tilt will increase, which means that the Earth's surface heats up less and temperatures will be lower. In temperate zones of illumination, the Sun is never at its zenith. The seasons are clearly defined here. As we approach the Arctic Circle, winter becomes long and cold; as we approach the tropic, summer becomes warmer and longer. From the side of the poles, the moderate light belts are limited by the $ + 10 $ degrees isotherm. This is the boundary of the spread of forests. More than half of the earth's surface falls on moderate light belts. In the summer, near the polar circles, there is such a phenomenon as white nights, which can be observed in northern cities located at the latitude of St. Petersburg. In summer, the length of the day, depending on the geographic latitude, is much longer than the length of the night. In winter, the length of the night increases.
Cold light belts
One cold belt of illumination is located in the Northern Hemisphere, the other in the Southern Hemisphere. They occupy only $ 8 \% $ of the territory and are located inside the polar circles. The conditions for the distribution of solar heat and light in these lighting belts are the most interesting. The sun in winter is not shown at all because of the horizon, the polar night sets in. In the summer, the Sun does not have time to hide behind the horizon, so a polar day is observed. Towards the poles, the duration of polar days and nights increases and reaches six months. Winters are cold and harsh, while summers are cool and short. Even in summer, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is very small, so the surface heats up weakly. During the polar night, the influx of heat is completely absent and strong cooling occurs. The North and South Poles are the kingdoms of eternal ice.
Definition 2
Polar day- this is the period during which the Sun at high latitudes does not descend beyond the horizon around the clock.
Closer to the pole, the duration of the polar day increases and reaches $ 189 $ days at the North Pole, at the South Pole, due to the unequal speed of the Earth's motion, the duration is somewhat shorter. At the parallel of $ 68 $ degrees - this is the polar circle - a day lasts about $ 40 $ a day.
Definition 3
polar night- this is the period during which the Sun does not rise above the horizon at high latitudes.
This phenomenon is opposite to the polar day and is also observed in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The polar night is in fact always shorter than the polar day. Dividing the planet into such large light belts does not satisfy practical needs. Determining the height of the Sun and the length of daylight hours is quite simple. Let's look at an example.
Example 1
In St. Petersburg, for example, whose latitude is $ 60 $ degrees at noon, $ 21 $ in March and $ 23 $ in September, the Sun will be at an altitude of $ 90-60 = $ 30 degrees. When the Sun is in the tropics, its height at noon will increase by $ 23 $ degrees $ 27 $ minutes. Then the length of a day in St. Petersburg $ 21 $ in June will be $ 90-60 + 23.27 = $ 53 degrees $ 27 $ minutes, which is $ 18.5 hours. In winter, the Sun moves to the Southern Hemisphere, its height naturally decreases and reaches its minimum mark on the days of the solstices. In this case, it decreases by $ 23.27 degrees. For St. Petersburg $ 22 $ on December, the Sun will be at an altitude of $ 90-60-23.27 = $ 6.33 degrees. The duration of daylight hours at this height of the Sun will be only $ 5.5 $ hours.
Of all the belts of illumination that exist on Earth, the most comfortable conditions for humans, they are noted in temperate zones closer to hot ones. Cold zones are of little use for life. There is an excess of energy in hot zones.
Illumination of the Earth's surface and health
Daylight plays a very important role in people's lives. It not only provides visual perception, but also affects the basic life processes, regulating metabolism and resistance to adverse environmental factors. Nature established the rhythm of life by the alternation of day and night. Natural light, as shown by numerous experiments, is an element of time in a person's internal clock. The atmosphere created by lighting influences people's mood and their performance.
Heat zones of the Earth
Uneven heating of the earth's surface causes different temperatures air at different latitudes. Latitudinal bands with certain air temperatures are called heat zones. The belts differ in the amount of heat coming from the Sun. Their extent depending on the temperature distribution is well illustrated by isotherms (from the Greek "iso" - Identical, "term" - Heat). These are lines on the map, connecting points with the same temperature.
Hot Belt located along the equator, between the North and South tropics. It is bounded on both sides by isotherms of 20 0 С. It is interesting that the boundaries of the belt coincide with the boundaries of the distribution of palm trees on land and corals in the ocean. Here earth surface receives the most solar heat. Twice a year (December 22 and June 22) at noon, the sun's rays fall almost vertically (at an angle of 90 0). The air from the surface gets very hot. Therefore, it is hot there throughout the year.
Moderate belts(In both hemispheres) adjoin the hot belt. They stretch in both hemispheres between the Arctic circle and the tropic. The sun's rays fall there on the earth's surface with some inclination. Moreover, the farther north, the greater the slope. Therefore, the sun's rays heat up the surface less. As a result, the air heats up less. That is why temperate zones are colder than hot ones. The sun is never at its zenith there. Well-defined seasons: winter, spring, summer, autumn. Moreover, the closer to the Arctic Circle, the longer and colder the winter. The closer to the tropics, the longer and warmer the summer. Moderate belts on the side of the poles are limited by the isotherm warm month 10 0 С. It is the limit of forest distribution.
Cold belts(Northern and Southern) of both hemispheres lie between the isotherms of 10 0 С and 0 0 С of the warmest month. The sun there in winter does not appear above the horizon for several months. And in summer, although it does not go beyond the horizon for months, it stands very low above the horizon. Its rays only glide along the surface of the Earth and heat it weakly. The surface of the Earth not only heats up, but also cools the air. Therefore, the air temperatures are low there. Winters are cold and harsh, while summers are short and cool.
Two belts of eternal cold(northern and southern) are surrounded by an isotherm with temperatures of all months below 0 0 C. This is the kingdom of eternal ice.
So, the heating and lighting of each area depends on the position in the heat zone, that is, on the geographical latitude. The closer to the equator, the greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the more the surface heats up and the higher the air temperature. Conversely, with distance from the equator to the poles, the angle of incidence of the rays decreases, and accordingly the air temperature decreases.
Illumination belts and their characteristics.
|
Moderate |
Cold |
|
|
Located between the tropic and the polar circle within the hemisphere. The sun is never at its zenith During the year, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays varies greatly, therefore, the thermal seasons of the year (summer, autumn, winter, spring) are distinguished. Summer and winter temperatures are very different. For example, at a latitude of 50 o t ° summer≈ + 20 ° С t ° winters≈ -10 ° С |
Located between the northern and southern tropics. The sun is 2 times a year at its zenith. All year round the surface warms up very well, there is no difference between summer and winter temperatures, there are no thermal seasons of the year, the average annual t о = + 25 о С. During the year, the duration of daylight hours varies slightly. Approximately day = nights = 12 o'clock. There is virtually no twilight. |
Located within the polar circle of each hemisphere. In winter, the Sun does not rise above the horizon at all - a phenomenon of the Polar Night. In summer, the Sun, on the contrary, does not set below the horizon - a phenomenon of the Polar Day. The angle of incidence of the sun's rays is very small even in summer, so the surface heating is very weak. Summer temperatures usually do not exceed + 10 ° C. During the long polar night, there is a strong cooling down, because there is no heat flow at all. |
Illumination belts are parts of the Earth's surface bounded by the tropics and polar circles and differing in illumination conditions.
As a first approximation, it is enough to distinguish three zones in each hemisphere: 1) tropical, limited to the tropics, 2) moderate, reaching the Arctic Circle, and 3) polar. The first is characterized by the presence of the Sun at its zenith at each latitude twice a year (one in the tropics) and a small difference in the length of the day by months. The second is characterized by a large seasonal difference in the height of the Sun and the length of the day. The third is characterized by a polar night and a polar day, the longitude of which depends on the geographical latitude. North of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, there is a polar day (in summer) and a polar night (in winter). The region from the Arctic Circle to the Pole in both hemispheres is called the Arctic Circle.
Polar day is a period when the Sun at high latitudes does not descend beyond the horizon around the clock. The duration of the polar day is the longer, the further to the pole from the Arctic circle. In the polar circles, the Sun does not set only on the solstice, at 68 ° latitude the polar day lasts about 40 days, at the North Pole 189 days, at the South Pole slightly less, due to the unequal speed of the Earth's orbit in the winter and summer semesters.
Polar night - a period when the Sun at high latitudes does not rise above the horizon around the clock - a phenomenon opposite to the polar day is observed simultaneously with it at the corresponding latitudes of the other hemisphere. In fact, the polar night is always shorter than the polar day due to the fact that the Sun, when it is slightly below the horizon, illuminates the atmosphere and there is no complete darkness (twilight).
However, dividing the Earth into such large belts cannot satisfy practical needs.
On the days of the equinoxes, the height of the midday Sun above the horizon h for different latitudes f is easily determined by the formula: h = 90 ° -f.
So, in St. Petersburg (φ = 60 °) on March 21 and September 23 at noon, the Sun is at an altitude of 90 ° -60 ° = 30 °. It heats the Earth for 12 hours. In the summer of each hemisphere, when the Sun is above the corresponding tropic, its height at noon increases by 23 ° 27 ":
A = 90 ° -ph + 23 ° 27 ".
For St. Petersburg, for example, on June 21, the height of the Sun is: 90 ° -60 ° + 23 ° 27 "= 53 ° 27". The day lasts 18.5 hours.
In winter, when the Sun moves to the opposite hemisphere, its height decreases accordingly and reaches a minimum on the days of the solstices. Then it should be reduced by 23 ° 27 ".
On the parallel of Leningrad on December 22, the Sun is at an altitude of 90 ° -60 ° -23 ° 27 "= 6 ° 33" and illuminates the earth's surface for only 5.5 hours.
The described conditions of illumination of the globe, due to the tilt of the earth's axis, represent the radiation, associated with the sun's rays, the basis of the change of seasons.
In the formation of the weather, and thereby the seasons, not only takes part solar radiation, but also very many telluric (earthly) factors, therefore, in reality, both the seasons and their change are a complex phenomenon.
Class: 5
Item: geography (UMK - Letyagin A.A.)
Lesson type: combined
The purpose of the lesson:
Lesson Objectives:
2. Consider the features of the daily rotation of the Earth, its geographic consequences
During the classes:
The bell rang merry.
Are you ready to start your lesson?
We will listen, reason
And help each other!
Yesterday everyone called me tomorrow
And tomorrow they will say yesterday.
That's my whole mystery
Began to approach -
Stole the sun from the sky. (Night)
One after another in succession
Brother and sister are walking peacefully.
Brother wakes up all the people,
And the sister, on the contrary, -
The teacher includes a presentation in which there are pictures, animations of the Earth's rotation around its axis and questions to them.
What are the tropics?
Show the tropics on a globe.
What is the Equator?
Show the equator on the globe.
Explanation of the teacher:
The higher the Sun is above the horizon, the more solar heat and light is received by the Earth's surface. Our planet is in a constant stream of almost parallel solar rays. The angle of their incidence on the Earth's surface at the same time is different and depends on the position of a particular place in relation to
to the geographic poles (see fig. 10 page 25)
In what zone of illumination is our area located?
(Student story)
Physical education
I will clarify, full turn The Earth completes in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds, this is a sidereal day. And modern scientists call the shape of the Earth a geoid.
Examination.
Coriolis forces.G. Coriolis (1792-1843)
Primary anchoring: test (2-3 minutes) and slide self-test.
Reflection
What was the goal for the lesson?
Homework
Curious: write a mini-essay "If the Earth did not rotate ..."
Riddles about time and seasons [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://riddle.su/zagadki_pro_vremena_goda.html, free. Title from the screen.
Change of day and night [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEkj0q2IVfg, free. Title from the screen.
"Worksheet"
F.I. ________________________________________________Date:_______________
Lesson topic: _____________________________________________________________
Target:___________________________________________________________________
Learning new material
(p. 25, fig. 11) 1 ._______________________________________________________________________ 2 ._______________________________________________________________________ 3 ._______________________________________________________________________
(work in groups p. 24-25)
| Characteristic | Equatorial, Moderate, Polar (Underline whatever applicable) |
| 1.Where is located | |
| 2. State of the sun | |
Questions about the video:
1. In what direction does the Earth rotate? ______________________________________
2. In which direction does the sunrise and sunset occur? ______________________________________
3. What two points remain stationary when the earth rotates? ____________________________
4. What imaginary line do these points form? _______________________________________
5. How does the change of day and night work? _____________________________________________________
6. What is one revolution of the Earth around its axis? ________________________________________
7. What is the longitude of the day? ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(work in pairs p. 26):
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Anchoring:
A) In polar;
B) In moderate;
C) In the tropical.
3. The main geographic consequence of the axial rotation of the earth is:
A) Change of seasons;
B) Change of day and night;
C) Change natural areas.
A) Change of seasons;
B) Change of day and night;
D) Coriolis force arises.
5. Choose the correct statements:
View document content
"Technological map of the lesson The daily rotation of the Earth"
Routing lesson
Class: 5
Item: geography
Topic: Daily Rotation of the Earth
Lesson type: combined
The purpose of the lesson: organize the activities of students for the perception and acquaintance with the peculiarities of the daily rotation of the earth, with the belts of illumination.
Lesson Objectives: 1. To acquaint students with light belts and their characteristics;
2. Consider the features of the Earth's daily rotation, its geographic consequences.
Planned learning outcomes
| Subject | Metasubject | Personal |
| 1. Formation of ideas about the movements of the Earth and their consequences; 2. Mastering the basic skills of finding and using geographic information; 3. Formation of skills and abilities to use geographical knowledge about the movement of the Earth in Everyday life | Cognitive UUD: independently highlight and formulate a topic, goals; consciously and arbitrarily build a speech utterance in oral and written forms; identify basic and secondary information; Regulatory UUD: to establish educational tasks on the basis of what is already known to students, to highlight what has already been mastered and what else is subject to assimilation, to assess the quality and level of assimilation; Communicative UUD : and peers; possession of monologue and dialogical forms of speech in accordance with the grammatical and syntactic norms of the native language | 1. Formation of cognitive and informational culture, including the development of skills independent work with diagrams; 2. Formation of tolerance as a norm of a conscious and benevolent attitude towards another person, his opinion, worldview; 3. Mastering social norms and rules of conduct in groups. |
Lesson plan
| lesson stages / stage task | teacher activity | student activities | formed by UUD |
| Organizational moment(motivation to educational activity) Stage objective: to interest and tune students to the lesson | Welcomes students and guests to the class. The bell rang merry. Are you ready to start your lesson? We will listen, reason And help each other! | Guests are welcomed. Listen to the teacher. | Friendly attitude towards each other. |
| Updating knowledge. Stage objective: to interest in the topic of the lesson, to determine the goals and further tasks of the lesson | He offers to guess riddles and express an opinion about what the topic of the lesson will be: Yesterday everyone called me tomorrow Began to approach - Stole the sun from the sky. (Night) One after another in succession The teacher includes a presentation with pictures, animations of the Earth's rotation around its axis and questions to them. So what are we going to talk about today? Why is there a change of day and night? Guys, define the topic and objectives of the lesson. And what will we do in the lesson to achieve our goals. | Guess riddles. Watching a presentation. Determine the topic and objectives of the lesson. Write down the topic and objectives of the lesson. (everyone sets a goal for himself) Answer the teacher's questions (working with a textbook, additional literature, viewing a presentation) | Interact with the teacher. They control the correctness of the answers of peers. Listen to the interlocutor. Make assumptions about the topic of the lesson. Build statements that are understandable for the interlocutor. To independently highlight and formulate the goals of the lesson. |
| The main stage The task of the stage: to acquaint with the light belts, their characteristics, to consider the peculiarities of the Earth's rotation around its axis. | Let's remember what we already know: What are the tropics? Show the tropics on a globe. What are geographic poles? Show the poles on the globe, how many there are. What is the Equator? Show the equator on the globe. What days are very important for our planet? Why are the seasons changing? Explanation of the teacher: We know that the earth makes both an annual movement in its orbit around the sun and a daily movement around its axis. At what angle is it tilted Earth axis to the orbital plane? The position of the Earth in the circumsolar orbit and the constancy of the inclination of the Earth's axis lead to the fact that the height of the Sun above the horizon changes. The higher the Sun is above the horizon, the more solar heat and light is received by the Earth's surface. Our planet is in a constant stream of almost parallel solar rays. The angle of their incidence on the Earth's surface at the same time is different and depends on the position of a particular place in relation to the geographic poles (see Fig. 10 page 25) Depending on the illumination, illumination belts are distinguished, bounded by the tropics and polar circles. Write down the name of the illumination belts from Figure 11 on page 25. How many belts of illumination do scientists identify? List them ... Now we will work in groups. Each group will give a characteristic to one belt according to the plan. Time 3 minutes. Let's remember the rules for working in groups ... The work is checked using a slide on the screen. What light zone to be in Belgorod region? And in what light zone is the capital of our country located? Guys, what is polar day and night? In what zone of illumination do these phenomena occur? What do you know about them? In the text of the textbook, what is written about them? There is very little information in textbooks, practically none. Your classmate has prepared a message about polar day and night. Physical education
The teacher offers to watch the video plot and answer a number of questions: 1. In what direction does the Earth rotate? 2. In which direction does the sunrise and sunset occur? 3. What two points remain motionless when the earth rotates? 4. What imaginary line do these points form? 5. How does day and night change? 6. What is one revolution of the Earth around its axis? 7. What is called the longitude of the day? I will clarify that the Earth makes a full revolution in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds, this is a sidereal day. The axial rotation of the Earth has several geographic implications. And which ones you will learn by working with the text of the textbook on page 26 and this task is for working in pairs. Examination. Another of the most important consequences of axial rotation is the formation of a rotational force -Coriolis forces.In the XIX century. it was first calculated by a French scientist in the field of mechanicsG. Coriolis (1792-1843) ... This is one of the inertial forces introduced to take into account the influence of the rotation of the moving frame of reference on relative motion material point. Its effect can be briefly expressed as follows: every moving body in the Northern Hemisphere deviates to the right, and in the Southern Hemisphere - to the left. At the equator, the Coriolis force is zero. | Answers questions. The tropics, equator, geographic poles are shown on the globe. Listen to the teacher. Answer questions Listen to the teacher. Answer questions They work individually with the text of the textbook, write out the names of the light belts. Repeat the rules for working in groups. Get assignments. They work in groups. Read the text, choose necessary information and fill the table ( Annex 1) If desired, read out the completed task. Listen to peers, control responses. Answers questions. Listen to the teacher Answers questions. Listen to the teacher Listen to the message. Exercise eye exercises. Students carefully review the material, and then give answers to questions. 1. The rotation of the Earth occurs from west to east. 2. Sunrise in the east; sunset - in the west. 3. Fixed points are North and South Pole. 4. The imaginary line is called the Earth's axis. 5. When the Earth rotates around its axis, the sun's rays illuminate the part that is turned towards it. 6. One revolution around the axis is equal to 24 hours, ie. days. 7. The interval between sunrise and sunset is called the length of the day. Work in pairs from page 26. The completed task is read out at will. The teachers are listening, making notes in the notebook. | Listen to the interlocutor. They control the correctness of the answers of peers and the correctness of the display on the globe. Listen to the interlocutor Planning a learning collaboration with a teacher Search for the information you need on the picture from the textbook. Planning educational collaboration with peers; possession of monologue and dialogical forms of speech in accordance with the grammatical and syntactic norms of the native language . Search and highlight the necessary information, determine the main and secondary information; proactive cooperation in the search and collection of information Planning a learning collaboration with a teacher Listen to the interlocutor Highlight the necessary information from the video, determine the main and secondary information Planning educational collaboration with a peer; possession of monologue and dialogical forms of speech. Search and highlight the necessary information, determine the main and secondary information; proactive cooperation in the search and collection of information Planning a learning collaboration with a teacher |
| Lesson summary Stage task: primary consolidation of the passed material | Primary anchoring (Appendix 3) | Perform test tasks. Self-test using test criteria (Appendix 3) | Accept and save the learning task. Be able to assess yourself correctly. |
| Reflection of content teaching material The task of the stage: identifying the level of awareness of the content of the passed | 1. Which of today's material were you already familiar with? 2. What new things have you learned today? 3. Do you think you were productive today? 4. How does the rotation of the Earth affect humans? What was the goal for the lesson? Did you achieve your goal or not (5-7 people answer) | Answers questions. Analyze their activities in the classroom. Read out the goal of the lesson and determine whether it has been achieved or not. | Listen to the interlocutor. Build statements that are understandable for the interlocutor. Analyze your activities in the lesson. |
| Homework Stage objective: to set students up for further study of the topic | Write down homework in the diary, asking questions | Accept and save the learning task |
Annex 1
Illumination belts and their characteristics (work in groups)
| Characteristic | Hot |
| 1. Where is located | |
| 2. State of the sun | |
| 3. Temperature conditions |
| Characteristic | Moderate |
| 1. Where is located | |
| 2. State of the sun | |
| 3. Temperature conditions |
| Characteristic | Polar |
| 1. Where is located | |
| 2. State of the sun | |
| 3. Temperature conditions |
Appendix 2
Student message
Polar circles are remarkable in that they are the boundaries of areas where there are polar days and nights.
Polar day- the period when the Sun does not descend below the horizon. The further from the Arctic Circle to the pole, the longer the polar day. At the latitude of the Arctic Circle (66.5 °), it lasts only one day, and at the Pole - 189 days. In the Northern Hemisphere at the latitude of the Arctic Circle, the polar day is observed on June 22 - per day summer solstice, and in the Southern Hemisphere at the latitude of the Southern Arctic Circle - December 22.
polar night lasts from one day at the latitude of the Arctic Circle to 176 days at the poles. During the polar night, the Sun does not appear above the horizon. In the Northern Hemisphere at the latitude of the Arctic Circle, this phenomenon is observed on December 22.
It is impossible not to note this miraculous phenomenon nature, like white nights. White Nights- these are bright nights at the beginning of summer, when the evening dawn converges with the morning and twilight lasts all night. They are observed in both hemispheres at latitudes exceeding 60 °, when the center of the Sun at midnight drops below the horizon by no more than 7 °. In St. Petersburg (about 60 ° N), white nights last from June 11 to July 2, in Arkhangelsk (64 ° N) - from May 13 to July 30.
Appendix 3
1. In what zone of illumination does the earth's surface receive direct rays from the midday sun both in winter and in summer?
A) In polar;
B) In moderate;
C) In the tropical.
2.The seasons are changing because
A) the Earth rotates on its axis;
B) the Earth has a spherical shape;
C) The Earth revolves around the Sun.
3. The main geographic consequence of the axial rotation of the Earth is:
A) Change of seasons;
B) Change of day and night;
C) Change of natural zones.
4. Geographic consequences of the Earth's orbital motion:
A) Change of seasons;
B) Change of day and night;
C) Allocation of light belts;
D) Coriolis force arises.
5. Choose the correct statements:
A) In the fall, birds fly to the south, and the snow melts;
B) in winter polar belt there is a polar day;
C) Winter begins in Antarctica in June;
D) In the polar belt, the sun is low above the horizon;
E) B equatorial belt colder in winter than in summer.
Evaluation criteria:
5.C), D), E)
"5" all answers are correct
"4" one or two errors
"3" more than three errors
View presentation content
"Presentation for the lesson of geography The daily rotation of the Earth"
MBOU "Borisovskaya average comprehensive school No. 1 named after the Hero Soviet Union A. M. Rudoy "
Daily rotation Of the earth
MBOU "BSOSH No. 1
named after A.M. Rudy "
Borisovka, 2015
Daily rotation Of the earth
Illumination belts characteristic (group work)
Feature (plan)
1.Where is located
2. State of the Sun
3.Temperature mode
Illumination belts characteristic (group work)
Feature (plan)
Equatorial
1.Where is located
Between the North and South Tropics
2. State of the Sun
The sun is at its zenith twice a year. Differences in the length of day and night are small
3.Temperature mode
It's always hot.
Illumination belts characteristic (group work )
Feature (plan)
Moderate
1.Where is located
Between the tropics and polar circles
2. State of the Sun
The sun is never at its zenith
3.Temperature mode
There are four seasons. Temperatures vary a lot with the seasons
Illumination belts characteristic (group work)
Feature (plan)
Polar
1.Where is located
Between the poles and polar circles
2. State of the Sun
The polar day and polar night stand out
3.Temperature mode
It's cold all year round
Questions for the video:
- 1. In what direction does the Earth rotate?
- 2. In which direction does the sunrise and sunset occur?
- 3. What two points remain motionless when the earth rotates?
- 4. What imaginary line do these points form?
- 5. How does the change of day and night take place?
- 6. What is one revolution of the Earth around its axis?
- 7. What is called the longitude of the day?
Geographic Implications of the Earth's Axial Rotation (work in pairs p. 26)
Geographic Implications of the Earth's Axial Rotation (work in pairs p. 26)
- The change of night and day;
- Heating and cooling of the Earth during the day;
- Daily rhythm of natural processes;
- A certain shape of the Earth (flattened from the poles);
- Coriolis force arises
Test Evaluation Criteria:
- 1. B)
- 2.C)
- 3. B)
- 4. A), B)
- 5.C), D), E)
"5" all answers are correct
"4" one or two errors
"3" more than three errors
Homework
Curious: write a mini essay
"If the Earth did not rotate ..."
- Letyagin, A.A. Geography. Initial course: Grade 5 [Text]: textbook for students educational institutions/ A.A. Letyagin; under the general ed. V.P. Dronov. - M .: Ventana - Graf, 2012 .-- 160s.: Ill.
- Riddles about time and seasons [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://riddle.su/zagadki_pro_vremena_goda.html, free. Title from the screen.
- Change of day and night [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEkj0q2IVfg, free. Title from the screen.
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