Who wants to explore medical art in the right way, must ... first of all
Take into view of the seasons.
Some facts
? In economically developed countries, up to 38% of healthy men and 52% of healthy women have increased sensitivity to meteorological factors.
? The number of accidents increases not in the rain and fog, but in the heat and cold.
? With thermal overload, the number of road accidents increases by 20%.
? When changing weather, mortality in road traffic accidents increases by more than 10%.
? In France, Switzerland and Austria from polluted air dying annually 40, and in the USA - 70 thousand people.
? At the old continent, at least 100 thousand people become victims of the atmosphere pollution.
Biological rhythms
? In physiological conditions, physiological rhythms are valid.
? Pathological conditions - the matter is more serious.
? On the one hand, these are violations in physiological biorhythms, or, even more often, adjustment of physiological biorhythms under the pathological process to ensure that it is better than its permission (the principle of optimality of the disease).
? On the other hand, this is the emergence of additional rhythms due to pathological conditions.
? The simplest examples of a chronic cyclic disease with the cycles of "aggravation-remission".
All "salt" in transition processes
? Biological rhythms with all exceptional stability are not frozen designs.
? Being clearly "tied" to external synchronizers, they have a spectrum of stable states and when changing the frequency characteristics of synchronizers "drift" between the latter, or, in other words, transfers from one sustainable state to another. This transition is carried out through and called transient processes.
? For a circadian rhythm, the duration of the transition process can be from 5 to 40 days.
? It was during transient processes that the likelihood of violations in biological rhythms, which received the collective name of desynchronozs. Desynchronomy is much more often than we imagine - one of the clinical syndromes of most diseases. The conclusions are followed by themselves.
on the effect on health
? Indifferent, with minor changes in the atmosphere, when a person does not feel their influence on his body,
? Toning, with changes in the atmosphere, favorably affecting the human body, including chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, pulmonary, etc.,
? spastic, with a sharp change in the weather in the direction of cooling, an increase in atmospheric pressure and oxygen content in air, manifested in sensitive persons with an increase in blood pressure, head and heart pains,
? hypotensive, with a tendency to reduce oxygen content in the air, manifested in sensitive persons with a decrease in the tone of vessels (the well-being of persons with arterial hypertension improves and hypotension - worsen),
? hypoxic, with a change in weather in the direction of warming and reducing the oxygen content in the air, with the development of signs of oxygen deficiency in sensitive persons.
Weather sensors
? Leather - temperature, humidity, wind, sun rays, atmospheric electricity, radioactivity
? Lightweight - Temperature, Cleanliness and Ionization of Air, Humidity, Wind
? Vision organs, hearing, tactile, flavors, sensitivity - light, noise, smell, temperature and chemical composition
? The weather changes react each, and on any change in weather too; The reaction is to adapt, which is healthy physiological and complete, without deterioration
? Each person is meteo-sensitive: healthy physically and mentally with a good genotype feel comfortable with any weather, and adaptation occurs without clinical manifestations; Only with violations of health develop meteopathic reactions, increasing with increasing gravity; Most exposed to meteopathic reactions of older face with chronic diseases
? With severe weather cataclysms (strong, rigid geomagnetic storm, geomagnetic storm, sharp decrease and increase in temperature with high humidity, etc.) increases the risk of developing life-threatening states (stroke, myocardial infarction, etc.) of cardiac and other death in persons with weakened health
? The impact of weather changes to health is equally indoors and on the street, and the debt will not protect the house
? The very first factor is the genetically determined constitutional features of the human body.
? From genetic heredity not to hide.
? Nevertheless, the prophylactic measures of general order make it possible to reduce their intensity, safely labby between the whims of the weather.
?
Meteopleopathy "Weak" Paul
? Meteopathy, first of all, the "weak" floor.
? Female faces are more active to react to weather changes, the sharper feel the approach and completion of bad weather.
? The cause of many see in the features of hormonal status, but it is in the features of the female organism at all.
Meteopathy and age
? Meteopaths are children until the formation of regulatory systems and adaptation mechanisms, as well as older faces.
? The minimum meteo-sensitivity (maximum meteorological resistance) at the age (14-20) years, and then with age is only enhanced. By fifty years, half of people are already meteopaths - with age, the adaptation resources of the body decrease, and many still accumulate and illness.
? As the person agrees, the frequency and intensity of meteopathy of reactions are even more intensified, which is associated with the involution of the body and further decrease in the resources of adaptation, development and progression of chronic diseases, primarily aging (atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, brain vascular insufficiency, ischemic heart disease, chronic Ischemic disease of the lower extremities, type 2 diabetes mellitus, etc.).
Urban factors
? Residents of the city significantly more often suffer from meteopathy. The reason in heavier environmental conditions, including in the oversaturation of urban air, heavy ions, reducing the daylight, reducing the intensity of ultraviolet radiation, the more powerful impact of man-made, social and psychological factors leading to the development of chronic distress.
? In other words, the further a person from nature, the stronger he has meteopathic reactions.
Factor contributing to weathering
? Excess body mass, endocrine shifts during puberty, pregnancy and climax.
? Transferred injuries, acute respiratory viral and bacterial infections, other diseases.
? The conditions of the worsening socio-economic and environmental situation.
Criteria of meteopathy
? Slowing adaptation to weather changes or other climatic conditions
? Worsening of well-being when changing weather or staying in other climatic conditions
? Stereotypical reactions of well-being for the same type of weather changes
? Seasonal deterioration of well-being or aggravation of existing diseases
? Dominance among possible changes in the well-being of weather or climatic factors
Phases of the development of meteopathy
? The appearance with the change in weather of signal stimuli in the form of electromagnetic pulses, infrasound signals, changes in the oxygen content in the air, etc.
? Atmospheric-physical weather complex when passing an atmospheric front with adverse weather establishment
? Recent weather-caused reactions with change in the body's state
? Premonition of changing weather,
? deterioration of well-being
? reducing activity
? depressive disorders
? unpleasant sensations (including painful) in different organs and systems,
? The absence of other reasons for the deterioration of the state or exacerbation of the disease,
? repeatability of signs when changing climate or weather,
? Fast reverse development of signs while improving the weather,
? short-term manifestation of signs
? Lack of signs with favorable weather.
Three degrees of meteopathy
? Easy (degree 1) - minor subjective malaise with sharp changes in weather
? Middle degree (degree 2) - against the background of subjective ailment of changes from the vegetative nervous and cardiovascular systems, aggravation of existing chronic diseases
? severe (degree 3) - sharply pronounced subjective disorders (general weakness, headaches, dizziness, noise and ringing in the head and / or increased excitability, irritability, insomnia and / or blood pressure changes, pain and lubrics in the joints, muscles, etc. .) With the exacerbation of the existing diseases.
Meteopathy in the ICD-10
? In the ICD 10 there is no special section dedicated to meteopathics. And, nevertheless, the place of them is assigned to it, since the meteopathy of their nature has a special (dezadative), but the human body's reaction to stress.
? F43.0 - acute reaction to stress
? F43.2 - Adaptive Reaction Disorders
Most frequent meteopathic symptomsomplexes
? Cerebral - irritability, general excitement, dissismini, headaches, respiratory disorders
? Vegetative somatoformic structure - blood pressure fluctuations, vegetative violations, etc.
? Rheumatoid - total fatigue, fatigue, pain, inflammatory phenomena on the side of the musculoskeletal system
? Cardiorespiratory - cough, increasing heart rate and respiratory frequency
? Dyspeptic - unpleasant sensations in the area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach, the right hypochondrium, along the intestine; nausea, disorders of appetite, chair
? Immune - Reduced immunity, colds, fungal infection
? Skin-allergic - skin itching, skin rashes, erythema, other skin-allergic changes
? Hemorrhagic - bleeding rashes on the skin, bleeding from mucous membranes, tides blood to the head, increased blood circulation conjunctive, nasal bleeding, changing clinical blood indicators.
Frequency of leading meteopathy as descended
? Asthenium - 90%
? Headache, Migraine, Respiratory Disorders - 60%
? lethargy, apathy -50%
? Fast fatigue - 40%
? Irritability, depression- 30%
? Lower attention, dizziness, bone pain and joints- 25%
? Gastrointestinal disorders - 20%.
Somatic diseases and conditions with high risk of meteopathy
? Seasonal allergy
? Arrhythmia of the heart
? Arterial hypertension
? Arthritis (any joint)
? Pregnancy
? Bekhtereva's disease
? Bronchial asthma
? Diseases of appendages
? Dermatomiosit
? Cholelithiasis
? Diseases of thyroid gland
? Coronary artery disease
? Climax
? Migraine
? Migraine
Cardiovascular diseases
? This category of persons gives the highest contact for emergency medical help - 50% of the appeals per day in the days of sudden weather changes compared with indifferent days.
? A direct connection is characteristic (95% of coincidences) between the formation of adverse weather types and the development of meteoropic reactions.
? Most often headaches, dizziness, ears, pain in the heart pain, sleep disruption. Often a sudden increase in blood pressure. Changes in the blood coagulation system, blood cell morphology, other biochemical shifts, dysfunction of the heart muscle function are possible.
? The appearance or enhancement of angina pains, cardialgies, various heart rate disorders, arterial pressure instability is characteristic. High rist of ischemic attacks and heart attacks at different levels.
Bronchildren disease
? Meteopaths with bronchopile diseases make up to 60% among adults and 70% among children.
? Almost a quarter of the exacerbations of bronchopulmonary diseases are caused by the impact of weather factors, primarily the oscillations of atmospheric pressure and relative humidity, and is enhanced with a sharp cooling, strong wind, high humidity, thundering phenomena.
? The frequency of meteoropic reactions in the days of the passage of cold fronts increases by more than a third.
? Weatheropathic reactions are manifested by common malaise, weakness, appearance or enhancement of cough, subfebrile temperature, the development of shortness of breath, choking, decrease in the life capacity of the lungs, other indicators of the function of external respiration.
? Almost half of the cases, weather factors are the cause of the exacerbation of bronchial asthma.
Nervous and mental illnesses
? In a third of persons with nervous and mental diseases, exacerbation is clearly "tied" to weather factors. For changes in weather, persons also react with the weakening of the main processes of the highest nervous activity, of various soda of somatoform vegetative disorders before the development of somatic pathology.
? It is characterized by a seasonal dependence of the frequency of exacerbations: an increase in the fall - in the spring and decline in summer.
? The influence of weather factors is more pronounced in persons with maniacal depressive psychosis than with schizophrenia. The maximum of exacerbations in the depressive phase falls on May-August, and maniakalo - November.
? With degenerative diseases of the spine (osteochondrosis, radiculitis, etc.) and large joints, sharp cooling, as well as windy weather, is often the cause of development and / or enhance pain and equivalents. It is often common weakness, dizziness, a breakdown feeling, a decrease in working capacity, increased irritability and fatigue, feeling of numbness and weakness of fingers and stop, pain and morning stiffness in other joints that are ledging to a decrease in working capacity.
Diseases of digestive organs
? Increased meteo-dependence is characteristic of chronic diseases of the digestive organs: gastritis, gastroduodenitis, ulcerative diseases of the stomach and duodenum, pancreatitis, different shapes of cholecystitis, etc.
? With sharp changes in the weather, the emergence or enhancement of pain in the appropriate parts of the abdomen area, the development of dyspessions with such signs, as heartburn, nausea, belching, and even vomiting amid the deterioration of overall health and reduce performance.
? In severe chronic diseases, heavier disorders are possible, such as the aggravation of the ulcer process with the high risk of intestinal bleeding, etc.
? Not less than 1/5 of the treatment in the hospital sharply changing weather factors are the cause of the development of exacerbations and more severe diseases with the deterioration of the clinical state.
Diseases of the urinary system
? Like most other somatic diseases, the diseases of the urinary system are in their majority in their inflammatory nature, or are associated with inflammatory processes, and therefore are characterized by a clear meteopathic "affection" with exacerbations into transitional autumn-winter and winter-spring periods.
? Examples: glomerulo and pyelonephritis, meteopathic reactions from which are manifested by headache, weakness, an increase in blood pressure, edema, signs of intoxication, development or increased urination disorders.
Hemorrhagic diseases
The main meteorological climate-forming factors are the mass and chemical composition of the atmosphere.
The mass of the atmosphere determines its mechanical and thermal inertia, its possibilities as a coolant capable of transmitting heat from heated areas to chilled. No atmosphere on Earth would have been the "lunar climate", i.e. Climate radiant equilibrium.
The atmospheric air is a mixture of gases, some of which have an almost constant concentration, the other variable. In addition, the atmosphere contains various liquid and solid aerosols, which are also essential in climate formation.
The main components of atmospheric air are nitrogen, oxygen and argon. The chemical composition of the atmosphere remains permanent to about a height of 100 km, the gravitational separation of gases begins to affect the gravitational separation and the relative content of lighter gases increases.
For the climate, variable thermodynamically active impurities are especially important, which have a large influence on many processes in the atmosphere, such as water, carbon dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
A vivid example of thermodynamically active impurity is water in the atmosphere. The concentration of this water (the specific humidity to which specific water content is added in the clouds) is a very volatile. Water steam makes a tangible contribution to air density, the stratification of the atmosphere and especially in fluctuations and turbulent streams of entropy. It is capable of condensed (or sublimated) on the particles available in the atmosphere (nuclei), forming clouds and fogs, as well as highlighting large amounts of heat. Water vapor and partial clouds sharply affect short-wave and long-wave radiation streams in the atmosphere. Water vapor causes greenhouse effects, i.e. The ability of the atmosphere to pass solar radiation and absorb the thermal radiation of the fall-tightened surface and the underlying atmospheric layers. Due to this, the temperature in the atmosphere grows with depth. Finally, the clouds may occur colloidal instability, causing coagulation of cloud particles and precipitation.
Another important thermodynamically active impurity is carbon dioxide, or carbon dioxide. It makes a significant contribution to the greenhouse effect, absorbing and re-energizing the energy of long-wave radiation. In the past, significant fluctuations could occur in the content of carbon dioxide, which should have been reflected in the climate.
The effect of solid artificial and natural aerosols contained in the atmosphere is not yet well studied. Sources of solid aerosols on Earth are deserts and semi-deserts, areas of active volcanic activity, as well as industrialized districts.
The ocean also supplies a small number of aerosols - sea salt particles. Large particles relatively quickly fall out of the atmosphere, while the smallest remains in the atmosphere for a long time.
The aerosol affects the streams of radiant energy in the atmosphere in several ways. First, aerosol particles facilitate the formation of clouds and thereby increase albedo, i.e. The proportion of reflected and irrevocably lost for the climatic system of solar energy. Secondly, the aerosol dispels a significant part of solar radiation, so part of the scattered radiation (very small) is also lost for the climatic system. Finally, some of the solar energy is absorbed by aerosols and reserves both to the surface of the Earth and into space.
During the long history of the Earth, the amount of natural aerosol fluctuated significantly, since periods of increased tectonic activity are known and, on the contrary, periods of a relatively clutch. There were such periods in the history of the Earth, when significantly more extensive sushi arrays were located in hot dry climatic belts and, on the contrary, the ocean surface prevailed in these belts. Currently, as in the case of carbon dioxide, an artificial aerosol is becoming increasingly important - the product of human economic activity.
Ozone also includes thermodynamically active impurities. It is present in the layer of the atmosphere from the ground surface to a height of 60-70 km. In the lowest layer of 0-10 km, its content is insignificant, then it increases rapidly and reaches a maximum at an altitude of 20-25 km. Next, the ozone content is rapidly decreasing, and at an altitude of 70 km it is 1000 times less than even at the surface. Such a vertical distribution of ozone is associated with the processes of its formation. Ozone is formed mainly as a result of photochemical reactions under the action of photon carriers carrying photons belonging to the extreme ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum. At these reactions, atomic oxygen appears, which is then connected to the oxygen molecule and forms ozone. At the same time, the reactions of ozone decay occur when the solar energy is absorbed and the collisions of its molecules with oxygen atoms. These processes, together with diffusion processes, stirring and transfer, lead to the equilibrium vertical profile of the ozone content described above.
Despite such a minor content, its role is extremely large and not only for climate. Due to the exclusively intensive absorption of radiant energy in the processes of its formation and (to a lesser extent) of decomposition, at the top of the layer of the maximum ozone content - ozoneosphere - there is a strong heating (maximum ozone content is somewhat lower, where it falls as a result of diffusion and mixing). From all the solar energy falling on the upper limit of the atmosphere, ozone absorbs about 4%, or 6 · 10 27 ERG / day. At the same time, the ozoneosphere absorbs the ultraviolet part of radiation with a wavelength of less than 0.29 μm, which has a destructive effect on living cells. In the absence of this ozone screen, it seems that life can arise on Earth, at least in the forms known to us.
The ocean, which is an integral part of the climate system, plays an extremely important role in it. The primary properties of the ocean, as well as the atmosphere, is the mass. However, it is essential for the climate, on which part of the surface of the Earth this mass is placed.
Among the thermodynamically active impurities in the ocean can be called dissolved salts and gases. The amount of dissolved salts affects the density of sea water, which under this pressure depends, thus, not only on temperature, but also from salinity. This means that the salinity along with the temperature determines the density stratification, i.e. makes it in some cases stable, and in others leads to convection. The nonlinear dependence of the density on temperature can lead to a curious phenomenon that received the name of the seal when mixed. The temperature of the maximum density of fresh water is 4 ° C, warmer and colder water has a smaller density. With stirring two volumes of such lighter waters, the mixture may be heavier. If water is lower than water with a smaller density, then the mixed water can start divert. However, the temperature area at which this phenomenon occurs is very narrow in fresh water. The presence of dissolved salts in ocean water increases the likelihood of such a phenomenon.
Dissolved salts change many physical characteristics of seawater. Thus, the thermal expansion coefficient increases, and the heat capacity at constant pressure decreases, the freezing temperature and maximum density decreases. The salinity slightly lowers the elasticity of the saturated steam above the aqueous surface.
The important ability of the ocean is the ability to dissolve a large amount of carbon dioxide. This makes the ocean with a reservoir, which in some conditions can absorb the excess of atmospheric carbon dioxide, in others - to highlight carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The value of the ocean as a carbon dioxide reservoir is even more increasing due to the existence of a so-called carbonate system in the ocean, which connects huge amounts of carbon dioxide contained in modern sediments of limestone.
| Table of contents |
|---|
| Climatology and meteorology |
| Didactic plan |
| Meteorology and climatology |
| Atmosphere, weather, climate |
| Meteorological observations |
| Application of cards |
| Meteorological Service and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |
| Climate-forming processes |
| Astronomical factors |
| Geophysical factors |
| Meteorological factors |
| About solar radiation |
| Heat and radiant equilibrium of land |
| Direct solar radiation |
| Changes in solar radiation in the atmosphere and on the earth's surface |
| The phenomena associated with the dissipation of radiation |
| Total radiation, reflection of solar radiation, absorbed radiation, headlights, albedo |
| Radiation of the earth's surface |
| Counter radiation or anti-emitting |
| Radiation Balance of the Ground Surface |
| Geographical Distribution of Radiation Balance |
| Atmospheric pressure and baric field |
| Baric systems |
| Pressure oscillations |
| Acceleration of air under the action of a baric gradient |
| Rejection |
| Geostrofic and gradient wind |
| Bar Act Wind |
| Fronts in the atmosphere |
| Thermal atmosphere |
| Thermal balance of the earth's surface |
| Daily and the annual temperature of the temperature on the surface of the soil |
| Air temperature temperatures |
| Annual air temperature amplitude |
| Climate continentality |
| Cloudy and precipitation |
| Evaporation and saturation |
| Humidity |
| Geographical distribution of air humidity |
| Condensation in the atmosphere |
| Clouds |
| International classification of clouds |
| Cloudy, her daily and annual move |
| Sedips falling out of the clouds (Classification of precipitation) |
| Characteristic of the regimen of the draft |
| The annual move of Ospalkov |
| Climatic meaning of snow cover |
| Chemistry atmosphere |
| Chemical composition of the Earth's Atmosphere |
| Chemical composition of clouds |
People who are called meteo-dependent, under certain weather conditions there is a deterioration in state of health. Particularly strongly susceptibility to the oscillations of air temperature or atmospheric pressure of jeep, who periodically experienced hell. If such a person constantly suffers from Meteumowers, to which his body responds to improving pressure, with time he can develop hypertension.
It would seem, there is no exit. After all, a person is not able to "establish" the optimal weather for itself. Of course, he can change the place of residence by choosing a area with a climate favorable. Ho not everyone has such an opportunity. Therefore, doctors recommend the meteurically sensitive people to "make friends" with nature. To do this, it is necessary to drastically change the lifestyle: to devote more time physical activity, comply with the correct mode of operation and recreation, competently compile a diet, that is, to lead a healthy lifestyle. After all, the reaction of the body on changes in weather is directly related to the violation of the functions of its organs and systems.
Lifting weights
Hepages are observed when lifting weights. Moreover, moderate loads are useful for the cardiovascular system, but excessive negatively affect its operation.
Professional factors
HE Last place among the risk factors for the development of hypertension occupies the area of \u200b\u200bhuman professional activity. If his work is associated with high responsibility and adoption of important decisions (managers, doctors), risk to life (servicemen, rescuers, police), processing of a huge flow of information (secretaries, dispatchers), permanent negotiations and communication with different people in nature (managers Sales, sellers), the risk of cardiovascular diseases increases significantly.
As a rule, people do not think about the influence of the profession chosen by them on health and continue to work, despite the alarming signals of the body. True, there is another extreme: a person "protects" himself, which does not work at all. Experts recommend looking for optimal option: rationally organize their career or change its focus.
High level of noise
In the past few decades, doctors have a high level of noise to one of the reasons for the development of hypertension.
In primitive society, noise was always a hazard signal. At the same time, the person has sharply activated the nervous system, the level of adrenaline increased. And it was necessary for self-defense, flight or attack.
Of course, we lost the practical significance of the perception of noise, but we did not change the body's reactions to the external stimuli. Excessive noise still causes people's emission of adrenaline and the rhythm of the heart. And this very negatively affects health, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Man, being in the conditions of the natural external environment, is influenced by various meteorological factors : Temperature, humidity and air movement, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, solar and cosmic radiation, etc. The listed meteorological factors in aggregate determine the weather.
Weather- This is the physical condition of the atmosphere in this place during a certain period of time. Many years of weather due to solar radiation, nature nature (relief, soil, vegetation, etc.), and the associated atmosphere circulation creates climate. There are various classifications of weather depending on which factors are based on.
From a hygienic point of view distinguished three weather types:
1. Optimal type of weatherit is favorable on the human body. It is moderately wet or dry, quiet and mostly clear, sunny weather.
2. K. annoying type Take weather with some violation of the optimal impact of meteorological factors. These are solar and cloudy, dry and wet, quiet and windy weather.
3. Sharp weather types Characterized by sharp changes in meteorological elements. These are raw, rainy, cloudy, very windy weather with sharp daily fluctuations in air temperature and barometric pressure.
Although the climate is influenced by a person in general, in certain conditions, individual meteorological elements can play a leading role. It should be noted that the influence of the climate on the body's condition is determined not so much by the absolute values \u200b\u200bof the meteorological elements, characteristic of this or to the type of weather, how much the incorrectity of fluctuations in climatic influences, which are due to these unexpected for the body.
Meteorological elements, as a rule, cause human physiological reactions in humans, leading to the adaptation of the body. This is based on the use of various climatic factors for active impact on the body in order to prevent and treat various diseases. However, under the influence of adverse climatic conditions in the human body, pathological shifts may occur, leading to the development of diseases. All these problems are engaged in medical climatology.
Medical climatology - a branch of medical science, which studies the influence of climate, seasons and weather on human health, is developing a methodology for using climatic factors in therapeutic and preventive purposes.
Air temperature. This factor depends on the degree of warming up the sunlight of various belts of the globe. The temperature differences in nature are sufficiently large and amount to more than 100 ° C.
The temperature comfort zone for a healthy person in a calm state with moderate humidity and immobility of air is within 17-27 ° C. It should be noted that this range is individually determined. Depending on climatic conditions, residence, endurance of the body and the health status of the border of the thermal comfort zone for different persons can be moved.
Regardless of the environment, the temperature in humans persists constantly at about 36.6 ° C and is one of the physiological constants of homeostasis. The body temperature limits in which the body retains viability is relatively small. The person's death occurs with rising to 43 ° C and with a fall below 27-25 ° C.
The relative thermal constancy of the inner environment of the body, supported by physical and chemical thermostat, allows a person to exist not only in comfortable, but also in subcomfortory and even in extreme conditions. At the same time, adaptation is carried out both due to urgent physical and chemical thermoregulation, and due to more persistent biochemical, morphological and hereditary changes.
A continuous process of thermal exchange occurs between the human body and its surrounding medium, consisting in the transmission of heat generated by the organism into the environment. With comfortable meteorological conditions, the bulk of the heat generated by the body passes into the environment by radiation from its surface (about 56%). The second place in the process of heat loss of the body occupies the return of heat by evaporation (approximately 29%). The third place takes the transfer of heat moving medium (convection) and is approximately 15%.
The ambient temperature, affecting the body through the body surface receptors, is activated by a system of physiological mechanisms, which, depending on the nature of the temperature stimulus (cold or heat), respectively reduces or increases the processes of heat-product and heat transfer. This, in turn, ensures the preservation of body temperature at a normal physiological level.
With low air temperature The excitability of the nervous system and the extraction of hormones adrenal rises significantly. The main exchange and heat generation by the body increases. Peripheral vessels are narrowed, blood supply to the skin is reduced, while the body temperature of the body is saved. The narrowing of the vessels of the skin and subcutaneous fiber, and at lower temperatures and the reduction of smooth muscles of the skin (the so-called "goose skin") contribute to the weakening of the blood flow in the external cover of the body. At the same time, the skin is cooled, the difference between its temperature and the ambient temperature is reduced, and this reduces heat transfer. These reactions contribute to the preservation of normal body temperature.
Local and general hypothermia are able to cause skin chips and mucous membranes, inflammation of the walls of vessels and nerve trunks, as well as frostbizing of tissues, and with a significant cooling of blood - the freezing of the entire body. Cooling during pathess, sharp temperature differences, deep cooling of internal organs often lead to colds.
When adapting to cold, thermoregulation changes. In physical thermoregulation, the extension of vessels begins to prevail. The blood pressure is somewhat reduced. Aligns the frequency of respiration and heart rate, as well as the speed of blood flow. In the chemical thermostat, inconspicuous heat generation is enhanced without trembling. Various types of metabolism are rebuilt. Save hypertrophied adrenal glands. The surface layer of the skin of open areas is compacted and thickened. Increases fat stupor, and high-calorie brown fat is deposited in the most cooled places.
In the reaction of adaptation to the cold effect, almost all physiological systems of the body are involved. At the same time, both urgent measures for the protection of conventional thermoregulation reactions and methods of increasing endurance to long-term effects are used.
With urgent adaptation, thermal insulation reactions occur (narrowing vessels), lowering heat transfer and heating heat generation.
With long adaptation, the same reactions acquire new quality. Reactivity decreases, but resistance rises. The body begins to respond to significant changes in thermoregulation to lower external ambient temperatures, maintaining the optimal temperature of not only internal organs, but also surface tissues.
Thus, during adaptation to low temperatures in the body, persistent adaptive changes from the cell molecular level to behavioral psycho-physiological reactions occur. In the tissues there is a physico-chemical restructuring, providing enhanced heat generation and the ability to transfer significant cooling without damaging action. The interaction of local tissue processes with self-regulating sockets is occurring due to the nervous and humoral regulation, contractile and non-combustive thermogenesis of muscles, enhancing heat generation several times. The overall metabolism increases, the function of the thyroid gland increases, the number of catecholamines increases, the blood circulation of the brain, heart muscle, liver increases. An increase in metabolic reactions in tissues creates an additional reserve of the possibility of existence at low temperatures.
Moderate hardening significantly increases human stability to the damaging case of cold, to colds and infectious diseases, as well as the overall resistance of the body to adverse factors of the external and internal environment, increases performance.
With raising temperature The main exchange, and accordingly, the production of heat in humans is reduced. Physical thermoregulation is characterized by a reflex expansion of peripheral vessels, which increases blood supply to the skin, while the intake of heat by the body increases as a result of increasing radiation. At the same time, the sweating increases - a powerful heat loss factor when evaporating sweat from the skin surface. Chemical thermoregulation is aimed at lowering heat generation by reducing metabolism.
In the adaptation of the body, regulation mechanisms aimed at maintaining the thermal constancy of the inner medium come into operation. The first respiratory and cardiovascular systems that provide enhanced radiation-convection heat transfer are reacting. Next, the most powerful sweetener cooling system is included.
A significant increase in temperature causes a sharp expansion of peripheral blood vessels, breathing and pulse, increasing the minute blood volume with some decrease in blood pressure. Bloodstock in the internal organs and in muscles is reduced. The excitability of the nervous system falls.
When the temperature of the outer medium reaches the blood temperature (37-38 ° C), critical conditions of thermoregulation occur. At the same time, the heat transfer is carried out mainly due to the sweating. If the sweating is difficult, for example, with severe environmental humidity, the organism (hyperthermia) is overheating.
Hyperthermia is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, impaired water-salt metabolism and vitamin equilibrium with the formation of non-oxidized metabolic products. In cases, the lack of moisture begins blood thickening. When overheating, blood circulation and respiration is possible, an increase, and then the drop in blood pressure.
A long or systematic repetitive effect of moderately high temperatures leads to an increase in tolerance to thermal factors. There is hardening the body. A person maintains performance with a significant increase in the temperature of the external environment.
Thus, the change in the ambient temperature in one direction or the other side of the temperature comfort zone is activated by a complex of physiological mechanisms that contribute to the conservation of body temperature at the normal level. In extreme temperature conditions, in disrupting adaptation, violations of the processes of self-regulation and the occurrence of pathological reactions are possible.
Air humidity.Depends on the presence of water vapor in the air, which appear as a result of condensation at a warm and cold air meeting. The absolute moisture is called the density of water vapor or its mass per unit volume. The tolerability of the ambient temperature depends on the relative humidity.
Relative humidity - This is the percentage of the amount of water vapor contained in a certain amount of air to that quantity that fully suits this volume at a given temperature. When the air temperature drops, the relative humidity is growing, and when increasing - falls. In dry and hot terrain during the day, the relative humidity ranges from 5 to 20%, in raw - from 80 to 90%. During precipitation, it can reach 100%.
The relative humidity of air 40-60% at a temperature of 18-21 ° C is considered optimal for a person. The air, the relative humidity of which is lower than 20%, is estimated as dry, from 71 to 85% - as moderately wet, more than 86% - as much wet.
Moderate air humidity provides normal organism. In humans, it contributes to moisturizing the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The moisture of the inhaled air to a certain extent depends on maintaining the constancy of the humidity of the inner environment of the body. Combined with temperature factors, air humidity creates conditions for thermal comfort or disrupts it, contributing to the supercooling or overheating of the body, as well as hydration or tissue dehydration.
Simultaneous increase in temperature and humidity Reductantly impairs human well-being and reduces the possible time of his stay under these conditions. At the same time, there is an increase in body temperature, the increase in the pulse, breathing. Headache appears, weakness, moving motor activity. Bad tolerability of heat in combination with increased relative humidity is due to the fact that simultaneously with the strengthening of sweating at high humidity of the environment the sweat is badly evaporated from the skin surface. The heat transfer is difficult. The body is increasingly overheated, and a heat blow may occur.
Increased humidity under reduced air temperaturehe is an unfavorable factor. In this case, there is a sharp increase in heat transfer, which is dangerous to health. Even the temperature of 0 ° C can lead to frostbite face and limbs, especially in the presence of wind.
Low air humidity (less than 20%) is accompanied by significant evaporation of moisture from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. This leads to a decrease in their filtering ability and to unpleasant sensations in the throat and dryness in the mouth.
Borders, within which the thermal balance of a person alone is already supported with significant voltage, consider air temperature of 40 ° C and humidity 30% or air temperature 30 ° C and humidity 85%.
In any phenomenon of the nature of us, there is a strict repeatability of processes: day and night, tide and tide, winter and summer. Rhythmic is observed not only in the movement of the earth, the sun, the moon and stars, But it is an integral and universal property of living matter, a property penetrating all life phenomena - from a molecular level to the level of a whole body.
In the course of historical development, a person has adapted to a certain rhythm of life, due to rhythmic changes in the natural environment and the energy dynamics of metabolic processes.
Currently, a variety of rhythmic processes in the body called biorhythms are known. These include the rhythms of work of the heart, breathing, bioelectric activity of the brain. Our whole life is a permanent replacement of peace and active activities, sleep and wakefulness, fatigue from hard work and rest.
With a sharp change of weather, physical and mental performance is reduced, diseases are exacerbated, the number of errors, unfortunate and even deaths increases. Weather changes do not equally affect the well-being of different people. A healthy person has a timely adjustment of physiological processes in the body to the changed conditions of the external environment. As a result, protective reaction and healthy people are intensified practically do not feel the negative effect of weather.
Solar radiation and its prevention
The most powerful natural factor of physical impact is sunlight. Prolonged staying in the sun can lead to burns to varying degrees, cause a thermal or solar blow.
Meteopathology.Most healthy people are practically not sensitive to weather changes. At the same time, quite often there are people who exhibit increased sensitivity to the oscillations of meteorological conditions. Such people are called meteolabile. As a rule, they react to sharp, contrasting weather changes or on the occurrence of meteo conditions, unusual for this time of the year. It is known that meteopathic reactions are usually preceded by sharp weather fluctuations. As a rule, meteolabile people are sensitive to the complexes of weather factors. However, there are persons who poorly carry individual meteorological factors. They may suffer anemonopathy (reactions to wind), Aerophobia (state of fear for sharp changes in the air), helium (increased sensitivity to the state of solar activity), cyclonopathy (painful state on weather changes caused by cyclone), etc. Meteopathic reactions Related to the fact that adaptive mechanisms in such people or are not developed enough, or weakened under the influence of pathological processes.
Subjective signs of meteolabilicity are deterioration of well-being, general ailment, anxiety, weakness, dizziness, headache, heartbeat, pain in the heart and sternum, increasing irritability, decrease in working capacity, etc.
Subjective complaints are usually accompanied by objective changes occurring in the body. Especially sensitively reacts to the weather differences Vegetative nervous system: parasympathetic, and then a sympathetic department. As a result, functional shifts in internal organs and systems appear. Cardiovascular disorders arise, there are violations of brain and coronary blood circulation, thermoregulation changes and so on. Indicators of such shifts are changes in the nature of the electrocardiogram, vector cartridges, reophiecephalograms, blood pressure parameters. The number of leukocytes, cholesterol increases, the blood coagulation increases.
Meteolability is usually observed in people suffering from various diseases: vegetative neurosis, hypertension, insufficiency of coronary and cerebral blood circulation, glaucoma, angina, myocardial infarction, ulcer and duodenal infarction, urinary and urolithiasis, allergies, bronchial asthma. Often, meteolability appears after transferred diseases: influenza, angina, inflammation of the lungs, exacerbations of rheumatism, etc. Based on the comparison of synoptic situations with the body's reactions (bioclimatogram), it became known that patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary failure for meteorographs due to The emergence of spastic states.
The mechanisms for the occurrence of meteopathic reactions are not clear enough. It is believed that they may have a different nature: from biochemical to physiological. It is known that places coordination of the organism reactions to external physical factors are the highest vegetative centers of the brain. With the help of medical and especially preventive measures, meteolabile people can help cope with their condition.
What are the details, which lead to the above results, is quite difficult to clarify. Attempts to establish with accuracy (at least relative), these factors led only to incomplete, dubious, sometimes contradictory results. From multiple factors included in the meteorological complex that were studied (air flows, drafts, dampness, temperature, atmospheric electricity, barometric pressure, air fronts, atmospheric ionization, etc.), most of all attention is paid to atmospheric ionization, air fronts and Atmospheric pressure that are active.
Some researchersIn their works, most of all refer to part of the above, the others are expressed widely, indefinitely, without special analysis and clarification, about meteorological factors in general. Tijevsky considers the factor-contributing epidemics - electromagnetic atmospheric disorders; Gaase believes that the drop in barometric pressure contributes to the hatching of allergic manifestations, especially anaphylactic shock; Fritish attributes atmospheric electric phenomena meteoropic beneficial effect on thromboembolic processes; The skin accuses sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, as the factors unleashing myocardial infarction, while A. Mihai claims that the fronts of the air also play a significant role and that he has not met a single infarction case outside the Nefron-day day, and Danishevsky refers to magnetic storms and T ..
Only sometimes appear clearer: this is the case of certain atmospheric flows (hair dryer, sirocco), the pathogenic effect of which is shown clearly and which cause mass disorders, real small epidemic explosions of pathology. Since in most cases the action of meteorological factors is relatively unnoticed, it is clear that it often eludes identification and especially clarification. It seems that this is a comprehensive action, multiple, multilateral, and not about the action of one of the above factors: such is the opinion of both Russian researchers (Tijevsky, Danishevsky, etc.) and Western (Picardi, etc.).
Therefore, in the works concerning pathogenic actions of methorological factors, often use various concepts; Therefore, among them there are only occasionally - common factors and identical chambers; Also for this reason, you can rarely compare the results. Hence the numerous used names and expressions, as well as certain entities and shortcuts, as sometimes the pathological echo of meteorological factors was presented: "stormy weather syndrome" (Netter), "Night's end syndrome" "(Annex Diaz). Invoor already about syndrome Sirocco or, FOHNKRANKHEIT ("Hair Disease"), actually corresponding to some more accurate conditions.
Meanwhile, it was noticed that some pathological moments, in humans, could be attributed to certain space and solar factors. It was observed, first of all, that certain atmospheric changes, riding marine, epidemics coincided and coincide with special cosmic moments: solar flares, sunny spots, etc. (Tizhevsky, Delade, Kovach, jumped, etc.).
Even some wide economic disorders coincided with such cosmic moments and were attributed to them (Baleil). More thorough studies of recent times have established that there is some parallelism between cosmic incidents and certain atmospheric disasters and disasters. It seems that the relationship is valid and that cosmic factors, indeed, have a certain influence (but imperceptible, difficult to detectable) to the atmosphere, in which magnetic storms and other disorders sometimes cause, through which they act further affect the land, the sea, people, as well as On them, the times of the year, climate, in good proportion also subordinate to space factors.
In this way from cosmic factors depend on (more or less directly) biological rhythms, the frequency of deploying the biological elements of the body, the rhythms are established, as can be seen, according to the general rhythm of cosmic phenomena (daily periodicity, seasonal periodicity etc.). Also, strange appearances, serial, some atmospheric, social or pathogenetic phenomena, who have given the so-called "series of series", apparently mysterious (fory), because of the mysterious (fory), because often the indicated phenomena are coincided with solar flares or spots and connected with them magnetic storms.
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