Tass dossier. According to preliminary data Federal Service State statistics (Rosstat), in 2015 the life expectancy of Russians updated the record and amounted to 71.22 years (an increase of 0.4% compared with 2014).
The life expectancy for men was 65.81 years (an increase of 0.8%), for women - 76.61 years (height by 0.2%).
History of changes in the indicator
In the Russian Empire in late XIX. century The life expectancy was about 30 years, while the country lagged behind this indicator from the UK, Germany or France for 10-15 years. In the second half of the 1920s. The average life expectancy in the RSFSR increased to 42 years, but by the time in Western Europe, this figure has already exceeded 50-60 years.
Reduced the gap from Western European countries for the expected life expectancy of the RSFSR was able to 1960s: in particular, in 1961-1962. This indicator was 68.75 years and since then changed slightly. The main restraining factor remained a low lifespan in men, which declined from 63.8 years in the 1960s. Until 61 years in the early 1980s.
The best indicator in the RSFSR was shown in 1986-1987, when he first overcame the mark of 70 years (70.13 years). In particular, the rise in life expectancy coincided with the holding of the anti-alcohol campaign. In 1990, the average life expectancy was 69.19 years.
After the collapse of the USSR, the demographic crisis began in Russia: in 1994, the worst figure was recorded - 63.98 years, and the average life expectancy of men fell below the retirement age in 60 years.
At the level of 64-65 years, the average life expectancy in Russia remained up to 2005 (then this figure was 65.37 years), then its growth began. In 2012, the lifespan lifespan broke the record of Soviet times (70.13 years), in 2014 amounted to 70.93 years (including the Crimean Federal District).
Comparison with other countries
According to the latest published data of the World Health Organization (WHO) for 2013, in terms of medium duration Russia is in 122th place in the world (69 years old) from 194 countries. Thus, Russia lasted for 15 years from the leader of the rating - Japan (84 years), being on the same level with Fiji, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Philippines, Micronesia and Solomon Islands.
August 28, 2015 in British scientific journal Lancet was published a study conducted by a group of experts who studied the assessment of the expected lifespan and the expected duration of healthy life (i.e., with amendment for the most common diseases and causes of death) in 188 countries. According to scientists, Russia shows one of the best speakers to increase the average life expectancy. So, in 2013, compared with 2005, this figure has increased by 7.34 years - for this period "extended the life" for themselves only in Botswana, Zambia, Malawi and Rwanda. By the growth of the expected life expectancy of women (+4.75), Russia ranked 19th from 188 countries.
According to the Soviet statistics, things in the Central Asian republics were worst with the duration of life in the USSR. Russia did not lead in this sense, but also in the tail was not spilled.
As the authors team wrote (E. M. Andreev, L. E. Darsky, T. L. Kharkov) in his work "The population of the Soviet Union 1922 - 1991", on the life expectancy in the Soviet Union, the five republics were leading former USSR - Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine. This indicator was 3-4 years higher than in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Russia followed the first five republics, but lagged behind them due to the large number of deaths due to endogenous causes (poor heredity, endocrine diseases of parents, etc.) and injuries.
From 1980 to 1989, life expectancy increased in all the republics of the USSR, except for Armenia - there in 1988 the earthquake of catastrophic scales happened. The life expectancy rate was determined by a decrease in mortality from diseases of the respiratory organs and other exogenous diseases characteristic of all Soviet republics. The second most important factor was to reduce injury mortality, also in all republics, except for Armenia, and in women, except Belarus and Turkmenistan. Central Asian republics and Azerbaijan in the USSR were the first in terms of the amount of infant mortality, and in part therefore, on the life expectancy of Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan in general statistics always occupied recent places. And the Baltic Republic and Belarus, on the contrary, were leading. According to the World Health Organization, by 1990, in Belarus, the level of life expectancy was highest - 70.8 years, whereas in Turkmenistan he reached only 62.8 years. According to the conclusions of the Soviet statistics, by the end of the 80s - the beginning of the 90s, by the life expectancy, Russia lasted from developed countries for 3 years for men and 4.3 years for women, Estonia, respectively, by 3.2 and 4.1 years , Lithuania - by 2.2 and 3.3, Latvia - by 3.2 and 4, Belarus - by 2.4 and 3.3, Ukraine - by 2.4 and 4. These indicators E. M. Andreev, L . E. Darsky and T. L. Kharkov are associated with an increase in the mortality rate of the working age ages from the diseases of the circulatory system. In second place in men, injured and respiratory diseases were injured (related, first of all, with smoking).
In Central Asia, there was high mortality among children
The relatively low lifespan of the population of Central Asia, Azerbaijan and partly Kazakhstan influenced a high mortality rate from exogenous diseases, mainly among children. For example, from 1970 to 1980, in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, a thousand born children accounted for 40 and more infant deaths. In addition, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan had a greater number of deaths from injuries and endogenous diseases than in other republics of the USSR. Moldova marked high mortality from injuries and diseases of the digestive organs associated with an unfavorable environmental situation. As a result, this republic lasted from the average-on-day level of life expectancy for 2 years. The highest mortality in the USSR was in Turkmenistan, where the critical demographic situation was combined with pollution ambient pesticides and defolients together with ecological catastrophe Priaralya. Similar problems, according to the UN, to one degree or another, were also characteristic of other Central Asian republics.
| Years | All population | Men | Women |
| 1896-1897* | 32.4 | 31,4 | 33,4 |
| 1926-1927* | 44,3 | 41,9 | 46,8 |
| 1958-1959 | 68,6 | 64,4 | 71,7 |
| 1962-1963 | 69,6 | 65,4 | 72,8 |
| 1964-1965 | 70,4 | 66,1 | 73,8 |
| 1968-1969 | 69,8 | 64,9 | 73,7 |
| 1970-1971 | 69,4 | 64,5 | 73,5 |
| 1974-1975 | 68,8 | 63,7 | 73,1 |
| 1978-1979 | 67,9 | 62,5 | 72,6 |
| 1980-1981 | 67,7 | 62,3 | 72,5 |
| 1982-1983 | 68,2 | 62,8 | 73,0 |
| 1984-1985 | 68,1 | 62,9 | 72,7 |
| 1986-1987 | 69,8 | 65,0 | 73,8 |
| 69,5 | 64,6 | 74,0 |
* European part THE USSR.
Compiled by: mortality and lifespan of the population of the USSR.1926-1927. Mortality tables. M.-L.1930. C.2.108; Health protection in the USSR. Stat. Sat M.1990. P.20
For the first time after the beginning of the first five-year plan, due to the increase in the efficiency of social production, it became possible, without weakening the investment efforts, to ensure a long continuous increase in the standard of living of the population. A certain role in its rise was also played by a reduction in the mid-50s of the Armed Forces and Defense Expenditures. In turn, raising the standard of living (improving housing conditions, food supply, customs satisfaction of clothing and shoes, health services) has a positive effect on the efficiency of social production.
The most vivid indicator of the improvement of the quality of life was the growth of its duration. The average life expectancy in the USSR reached in 1964-1965. The highest markers for the years of Soviet power - 70.4 years (see Table 2). For this indicator, as well as the coefficient of infant mortality of the USSR, approached countries Western Europe and USA. The number of dead under the age of one year per 1000 born alive in the USSR was in 1964. 29.4, whereas in the USA - 24.8, in Germany-25.3, in France - 23.3, in Italy - 36, one.
Having received a guarantee of his personal security, the nomenclature was no longer satisfied with the legal state sources of income and more actively begins to look for ways to the uncomplicated state of private enrichment. These needs of the nomenclature satisfy the emerging structures of the shadow economy. Her annual turnover, according to experts, which was estimated at the beginning of the 60s about 5 billion rubles, increased by the end of the 80s to 90 billion rubles, and the number of employed in the illegal sector, which was at the beginning of the 60s less than 10% , reached the end of the 80s 1/4 of the entire occupied population. The rapid growth of the revolutions of the "Black" market in the Soviet Union and the splicing of his deltsov with the ruling bureaucracy gave the basis of many Western economists already in stagnant years to write about the existence of the "shada capitalism" in the USSR.
In parallel with the formation of private sources of enrichment, there was a gradual consolidation of posts for officials. If a characteristic feature Stalin's nomenclature was frequent movements from one post to another, then for Brezhnev's significantly long stay in his post. There were also their record holders here. So, E.E. Eleksievsky held the post of Minister of Melioration of the USSR 16 years (1963-1979), K.N. Rudnev was a minister of instrument making 22 years (1958-1980), B.E. Butoma - Minister of Shipbuilding Industry 28 years (1948-1976), A.A. Ishkov - Minister of Fish Industry 39 years (1940-1979).
The stronger the nomenclature was sitting in his chairs, the more she was engaged in finding private sources of profit, the less she was interested in the development of social production. The situation characteristic of this regard in the coal industry was described in the late 80s. Employees of the Institute of Coal of the Siberian Department of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR V. Fedorov and N. Zdankin:
"Practice knows a lot of cases, when the company's leadership, the lava scheduled for schedules are not put into operation during the planned period, the installed equipment will deteriorate, and instead of the planned operations work other sewage fears. When mechanized complexes" suddenly "are starting to work unsatisfactory even in a relatively favorable Mining and geological setting, when the preparatory workings have passed are not exploited for a long time, and their cereals are destroyed when the materials and equipment received to the planned deadline are "unnecessary", and the associations have to redistribute them to other enterprises. When due to miscalculation when choosing Means of complex mechanization and errors In determining the parameters of technology, production beats fever, but the position cannot be strained even at the price of sometimes the heroic efforts of miners. As a result, workers have to not only handle the huge army of "commander", but also Turn actually from your pocket for all their miscalculations. "
Already from the late 60s. In the USSR began the braking of scientific and technological progress. With the increase in the number of scientific and engineering and technical workers, the number of new types of machines and equipment was reduced (from 23.1 thousand in the seventh five-year plan to 8.5 thousand in the tenth). According to those who are not important scientific directions, the Soviet Union has lost its advanced scientific and technical Positions. So, sent for the first time in the world a spacecraft with a man on board, the USSR subsequently lost to the championship in startup spacecraft On the moon and creating a reusable spacecraft. Despite the fact that the continuous casting technology was created in the USSR, by 1988, in our mill, only 17% began on this technology, while in the US - 60%, in Germany - 89%, in Japan - 93% All steel smelting.
The Soviet state bourgeoisie was no longer needed and the growth of the education of the population. The number of university students on 10,000 people population - a recognized UNESCO of the country's intellectual potential development - decreased from 189 in 1970 to 178 in 1987. Taking second place in the world in the 60s in the 60s in the 60s, the USSR mowed to the end of the 80s The UNESCO scale for the 39th place.
The growing technical lag of the Soviet economy from the Western countries coincided with a decrease in the growth of key production assets and material resources (deterioration of coal production conditions, exhaustion of virgin lands, reducing the investment sector) and a sharp increase in the material intensity of the folk farming products (19611985-by 20%). The growth rates of labor productivity (with a 13% seventh five-year plan to zero in the eleventh) were continuously. The fund-reading coefficient decreased from 0.62 in 1970 to 0.39 in 1985, all this led to a drop in gross growth rates. national Product more than twice. According to the leading Western economists, if in 1950-1970, the USSR GNP increased by an average of 5% per year, then in 1971-1989 only by 2%.
Compensate the drop in labor and capital productivity and restrain the decay of internal consumption in the 70s - 80s. The ruling class of the Soviet Union tried through the export of natural resources and loans of Western banks, accumulating the extensions of OPEC countries after the "oil shock" of 1973. The reasons forcing Western capital to provide loans to their "ideological opponents", quite accurately determined one of the leading American capitalist world research - Systems Immanuel Walleretine:
"The rise in oil prices directly associated with OPEC, occurred at the initiative of such clearly pro-American regimes as Saudi Arabia And Shahsky Iran. The oil utility was intended mainly to pump the global redundant product to the Central Fund, which was envisaged to put into circulation through loans to the Third World and Socialist countries. Thereby ensured short-term stability in these states and artificially maintaining the global market for industrial goods. "
As a result, the external debt of the "socialist" countries of the central and Southeast Europe more than 10 times increased (from $ 8 billion in 1972 to 85 billion in 1989), and the external debt of the USSR by the end of its existence amounted to 65 billion dollars. Rising technical lag and financial dependence of the countries "Socialist The camps "from the West were ultimately defeated by the Soviet bloc in the Cold War.
However, nor the export of fuel resources, nor the influx of Western loans, nor the purchase under these grain loans and consumer goods could not stop the decline in the standard of living of the majority of the population. Being unable to ensure the growing needs of the population in food and improve efficiency agriculture (Productivity in this industry in the USSR was the lowest among all sectors of the economy and almost 10 times lower than in the West), the ruling class did not find anything better than to distribute land plots for gardens, having started the country's reverse agrarization. As a result, if in 1965 the total consumption of material benefits on average per capita in the USSR in terms of US dollars was 36.6% of the US level, then in 1985 - only 25.8%.
The deterioration of the living conditions of the majority of direct manufacturers was reflected in particular, in the growth of alcoholism (only in Russian Federation The incidence of alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis, according to official data, per 100,000 people have increased from 95.8 cases in 1970 to 265 in 1985, i.e. more than 2.5 times), and in raising the mortality rate, especially for children. The infant mortality rate in the USSR in 1970 was 24.7 per 1000 born, by 1975 jumped to 30.6, and only by 1988 he managed to re-reduce to the level of 1970, with this indicator, the Soviet Union again turned out to be at the level of such developing countrieslike Mexico and Argentina. The average life expectancy in the USSR decreased from 70.4 in 1964-1965. Up to 68.1 in 1984 - 1985 (in 1981 - 1982 it was even lower - 67.7 years).
Thus, the system of state capitalism prevailing in the USSR to the mid-80s has become a brake of development of productive forces. Having got rid of Khrushchev from fear for his life, the government bourgeoisie rushing in the USSR retained fear for his chair and career. Therefore, as they grow illegal sources of enrichment, the state bourgeoisie discovered an increasingly distinct desire to consolidate income and warm places and privileges in private property and transition to private-owner forms of operation.
IX Perestroika and Work Movement:
Class arrangement of power
With the arrival of M.S. Gorbachev became obvious that most of the nomenclature of the existing supercentralized system is no longer needed. True, concerned about the fall in labor productivity and the growth of economic losses from drunkenness, the dominant class of the Soviet Union in the mid-80s. I tried to reduce the level of alcoholism of the working masses, limiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages. However, since the social reasons for alcoholism are social inequality, human exploitation by man and a system of hired slavery - the state bourgeoisie to touch was not going to touch, the struggle for a sober way of life took in the end caricature forms, opposing the idea of \u200b\u200bthe fight against alcoholism. Although these measures have significantly reduced mortality and increase life expectancy (see Table 2), but neither the anti-alcohol company, nor with her declared the company "acceleration" of socio-economic and scientific and technical development could save the Soviet system due to the lack of the main - The interest of the nomenclature.
Interests of most of the ruling class were in the transition to private-owner forms of operation and legalization of private enrichment methods. This served primarily liberalization of economic legislation. If the right to open cooperatives under state-owned enterprises provided by the Cooperation Act (1988), and the translation of enterprises to commercials opened ample opportunities for the private accumulation of money capital of economic nomenclature, then the resolution of independent cooperative, and then small (1990) and joint (1991) private enterprises Provided excellent opportunities for laundering and legalizing their capital to the delints of the shadow economy and the formation of a "new Russian" bourgeoisie. It was then in the business circles a saying was: "Kui iron so far Gorbachev." As one of the leading specialists in Russia, V.V. Chariots
"Opening (registration) of enterprises (cooperatives) without the presentation of declarations on the origin of funds - nonsense for a civilized world, but a rule for us ...".
The consolidation of posts for the nomenclature was promoted and introduced at the turn of the 90s direct elections at first directors of enterprises, and for those mostly presidents of the republics, mayors of cities and governors of regions. The president, mayor or governor, elected directly, focused in his hands almost unlimited power with almost complete irresponsibility. Formally, such an official is responsible to all voters, in fact it does not respond neither before higher or in front of the lower elected bodies.
Who today can actually control the activities of the "Nationally Favorites" president, mayor or the governor?
Obviously, the same one who really can pay or, more precisely, to ensure (since it is not less than money, the power is played by the media, the ability to organize collections of labor collectives in support, etc.) selective company. To date, it is able to make either the official-nomenclature clans, or shadow (criminal) structures, or grouping a financial oligarchy (the top of banking corporations, etc.). It is these clans, structures, and groupings today can be controlled by the activities of the presidents, mayors and governors. Often, however, such officials themselves are also headed. It is these clans, structures and groups that the newly elected chapters of the republics, the provinces and cities provided the monopoly right to the robbery of their voters, not forgetting, of course, and their pocket.
In such conditions, the Soviet state bourgeoisie has no longer needed revolutionary symbols and attributes, communist slogans and quotes since 1917. According to the example of its Western fellow students, she takes a frankly bourgeois ideology and organizes an anti-communist hysteria in the media. The essence of this process quite accurately formulated the famous African economist and publicist Samir Amine:
"Attacking your own system, this class makes all the beaten prejudices of criticism of the socialism of the bourgeois ideology, but it is not decided to say that the system leaving them was quite effective, as it allowed him to constitute in the bourgeoisie."
State and emerging private bourgeoisie were equally interested in the most expensive section of the "socialist" ownership of private ownership. Therefore, the priority of newly elected presidents became the privatization state owned. Extensive opportunities for nomenclature grabbing created the economic legislation of the CIS countries of the beginning of the 90s. As shown, for example, the analysis by the presidential presidential declaration of the Russian Federation of June 14, 1992, the procedures of the Bankruptcy of the State Enterprise, this procedure created the administration all the conditions for illegal enrichment and coverage by means of production: first the management of the enterprise deliberately in his own interests or (for bribes) in The interests of third parties brings the enterprise to the state of bankruptcy (by concluding unprofitable transactions, debt obligations, etc.), then announces bankrupt and sells an auction with auction, where, using the monopoly ownership of information about the state of the enterprise, acquires him for his hands. With that, when carrying out auctions, the declarations were also required: on the question of the chief state inspector of the Russian Federation Y. Boldyrez about the declarations of the then Chairman of the State Property Committee of Russia A. Chubais replied that if we demand them when conducting auction, then we will break privatization.
A significant part of the nomenclature, her children and relatives firmly settled in the commercial structures created on state and party means. According to the Commission for the Investigation of the Board of the State Committee, Over 600 enterprises were created for party money, including 10 leading Russian commercial banks, authorized capital which funds of the CPSU amounted to 7.5 billion rubles. still in those prices. Only the Leningrad Obc CPSU created 48 small and joint ventures. According to the President of the Foreign Economic Association "Rosarta" A. Rudenko, the nomenclature or so-called "red" business, which arose on the basis of administrative and public relations is about 80% of total russian business. It is not surprising that even the former body of the Central Committee of the CPSU Journal of Party Life since 1991 comes out under the name "Business Life".
The partition of state ownership of private ownership was accompanied by an acute civil struggle for power, the influence and property between different clans and groupings of the ruling class, the struggle in which they used all available funds - from provoked interethnic conflicts and economic crises to political murders and local wars (be That in Moscow or the most remote areas of Central Asia).
Determining the origin of Russian capitalists, A. Solovyov refers to the social portrait of the Middle Russian millionaire, compiled in 1994 by the Institute of Applied Policy, according to which only 12% of Russian millionairers built their careers in the CPSU, KGB, IBCM, etc. From this, the author concludes: "As you can see, entrepreneurs are mainly not from party functionaries, but from the economic nomenclature," - although data on the share of immigrants from the economic nomenclature among entrepreneurs does not lead. However, taking into account the fact that the average salary in Russia in 1994 was 220.4 thousand rubles. per month, and in some industries and organizations even exceeded a million mark, most Russian millionaires of 1994 are unlikely to be attributed even to the lower layer of the bourgeoisie.
More than A. Solovyov's fact: a fact:
87% of the former party workers are now functioning either in government and local administrations or in commercial structures.
It shows that if one part of the nomenclature, changing the "communist" signs to democratic, remained in the official chairs and prefers state sources of enrichment, then the other has already become private owners and switched to privately owner forms of operation.
However, the question arises: where are the remaining 13% of the partner. Answer this question is not difficult, turning attention to the management of modern "communist" parties and their parliamentary factions. Their loud phrases about the collapse of Russian statehood and the requirements stop privatization show that their interests are primarily connected with the preservation of a huge state-capitalist sector of the economy, providing them with power and privileges. Those who are pushed partially from power in 1991. In 1991, today, today, they, like the old aristocracy, waving the Nishchenskaya Suma of the proletariat * to lead the people and with his help to restore their power. However, numerous statements of modern communist leaders about the support of domestic entrepreneurship suggest that they are not at all going to abandon and from private enrichment sources. No wonder Ideal for them is the so-called "Chinese model" of socialism.
The struggle between these two factions of the state bourgeoisie by supporters of the rapid transition to the market (Democrats in the style of Yeltsin, Kravchuk, Chernomyrdin, Shevardnadze and Co.) and supporters of the conservation of the state form of capitalism with a non-stalenist dictatorship ("Communists" type Zyuganov, Makashov and KO) - is Leitmotif political life CIS countries of the 90s, but the contradictions between them were found in the early stages of restructuring. Especially brightly they manifested themselves in relation to the 80s unfolding since the late. working motion.
True, first the nomenclature was more or less united in his desire to prevent and prohibit the working movement. So, in the spring of 1989, when the first more timid strikes rolled the first more timid strikes, the Bureau of the Kemerovo Regional Committee of the CPSU adopted a decree in which these shares (as they were still clearly called regional officials - "Facts of group failures of workers from work") qualified as attempts to use the slogans of democratization, publicity, expansion of human rights and freedoms by those "Who would like to turn democracy into licenses, lawlessness, permissiveness". Participation in strikes was announced incompatible with membership in the party.
However, in the summer of 1989, when the strike movement covered the entire coal industry on the scale of the country and stop it was no longer possible, the "restructuring" faction of the nomenclature decided to send legitimate discontent with the working class with its position in the restructuring support channel, use mining speeches to accelerate economic reforms and privatization of income. So, July 23, 1989, in an interview with central television, M.S. Gorbachev said: "It is necessary to keep the restructuring more resolutely. This thought sounds in the performances of miners ... the working class correctly puts the question". More actively and cynically used work movement and B.N. Yeltsin.
The positions of another part of the nomenclature reflected the moods that Odessa Sidilavsky expressed in a letter to the "literary newspaper" (from 6Avgust 1989):
"At the initiative of supporting strikers, it was proposed to adopt a law on strikes. That is, to legitimize the strikes in the USSR. Those who understand what it means, such a perspective cuts the rumor. So, the country of the winning socialism is offered to roll to the level of countries where the exploitation of human exploitation by man. Why Are our country to instill this disease of the industrial paralysis? "
As you can see, the logic here is clear: since socialism is thriving in the Soviet Union, and the person's exploitation is absent, then it does not have any rights to fight in such a way as a strike, the proletarians do not have the right.
It is characteristic that today the "Communist Communist" parties of the CIS parties continue to be considered the miners "traitors of socialism", while showing not only the absence of a Marxist approach, but also poorly covered the omnibration of the slave owners on their rebel slaves, "betrayed" their owners. So, for example, according to the newspaper of the Communist Party of Ukraine "Comunist", demanding a human relationship in 1989 to himself and normal working conditions (it is worth recalling that every million tons of coal cost the life of one died in a minant's slaughter - without taking into account the prematurely dead from trap-received in the mine of the disease), miners turn out to be betrayed not only "socialism", but also "His fathers who fought for the best proportion of the people ... in October 1917"
The best answer to this kind of charge will be a simple comparison of the experience of the Paris Commune of 1871, the Great October and Mining Starts 1989. First of all, we must first note the extremely high level of miners' organization. In the first days of the strike, the strike committees created workers a squad to maintain order on the squares and streets on the days of negotiations, as well as to picketing mines in order to prevent carbon and other work in order without the permission of the strike. In the Donbas for the order during the strikes, the miners were followed - the former "Afghans". On the initiative of the strikes in the cities covered by the strike, the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited, all the wine-valling stores were sealed. In some cities Kuzbass for weddings, alert, etc. Cases permission to acquire alcohol issued authorized strikes. As the companiac newspaper writes " Soviet Russia"In the Kemerovo Region V.V. Kostukovsky, it was the only document for which you could buy a alcohol. The miner's area was in the mass of his sober as ever. As a result, crime in areas covered by the strike decreased by 3-4 times. Police lieutenant colonel From Novokuznetsk even joked, turning to the strikers:
"The situation is such that for me - all his life is used."
But as K. Marx describes the situation in Paris in the days of the commune 1871:
"The commune has become amazingly transformed Paris! Slutty Paris of the second empire disappeared without a trace ... In the morgue there is not a single corpse; there are no nightly robberies, almost not a single theft. From February 1848, Paris's streets for the first time became safe, although there were not a single policeman" .
It was during the 1989 strikes in the Soviet Union for the first time after the revolution of 1917. Real working control over production was carried out. To avoid the threat of removal of mines from standing, in Gorlovka, Dzerzhinsk and other cities, the strikes agreed with the leadership of the mines on the organization of the necessary preventive work in the lavs under the guidance of the ITR and mining ages. Chervonograd Alder (Lviv-Volyn pool) issued an order to coordinate all actions to ensure necessary work with strikes.
In the coal regions of the country actually established droopers. At the end of the strike strikes were transformed into working committees, who were instructed to monitor the implementation of the Government promised.
The situation in this regard was described in his book the same V.V. Sostyukovsky on the example of the city of Mezhdurechensk:
"Not in a hill, not in the executive committee, not in popular control, namely, the citizenship began to come and call the working committee, complaining of violations social justice, Bureaucracy and Volokita. The committee checked several warehouses, discovered accumulated scarce products. "
One of the first historians of the end of the 1980s to Donbass. A.N. Rusnichenko denies some kind of droop. However, he notes that
"The strikes organized an inspection of state-owned enterprises, the needs of the staff, work canteens, holiday homes, distribution of apartments, cars - and large violations were identified everywhere ... Joint meetings of the strikes with the city executives and the city councils were organized, whose leaders had to report to committees or protesters."
Another understanding of the role of working self-management bodies was in a speech at the third conference of the workers' committees of Kuzbass Representative of Miners Karaganda K. Ainabekova:
"Working committees on modern stage represent the real power of the working class and express the main interests of the working people. We now have to convey advice, naturally, this power. But we have advice, you yourself know ... The people are not the same now. Therefore, we really keep this power ... And if we feel that tips people's Deputies Are worthy, then we remove the responsibilities of having this power. We remain as controlling bodies from the bottom. But if, let's say, the tips will be directed against the working class, therefore, the working class of controlling turns into real power, takes this power and says: "Tips, you are not doing!" That's it, it is necessary to do this, that one should be removed, then everything will be fine. "And then we will return the power to the advice again ..."
Alas, the level of class, the political consciousness of the working class was not yet so developed to formulate its own political program.
"Deep thoughtful, weighted solutions, exactly calculated ways to find the workers could not find ... Waking political energy, awakened initiative, acquired citizenship are looking for output. And ... while it seems to me, they do not find," writes an eyewitness of events.
Without the unifying program and the mass political party, the labor movement actually helped to realize their interests alien to him with the class forces and soon decomposed. However, the prospect of the transformation of workers' committees to real authorities was already disturbed by the most far-sighted representatives of the dominant class. So, two weeks before the August Putch, the then Chairman of the Central Committee of the CCP RSFSR N.Stolaarov published in " Komsomolsk truth"Article" Is it worth starting all at first? "Noting that the emergence of new movements and flows in the party is a normal phenomenon, he further writes:
"Anxiety today is different.
In motion, the old inertia is gaining strength, which can be called a desire to start all over again. Bolshevik slogans against power (then the royal, now presidential), again follow the exposure of "imperialism agents", calls for the formation of working committees in enterprises - essentially parallel authorities (We allocated. - A.Z.) - to combat laws on denationalization, privatization, etc. "
As we can see, the danger that the working motion used by the "rejunction" faction of the nomenclature can turn against it and against the ruling class as a whole realized the author quite clearly.
Comparing the mining speeches of 1989 with the Paris Communication 1871, the working councils of 1905 and 1917-1918 in Russia, it should be recognized that it was in the working movement of 1989 and the organs created by him were manifested in the most distinct form of the tradition of the revolutionary labor movement XIX XX centuries. And the prerequisites were formed new form The authorities are the dictatorship of the proletariat. For the first time after the revolutionary storms of the first quarter of the XX century. The proletariat of Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan showed his own proportion. However, due to the lack of a proletarian party, these features did not receive their development. Moreover, it happened more than once in history, the work movement took advantage of the bourgeoisie, in particular the part of the Soviet state bourgeoisie, which was interested in the early transition from state capitalism to private ownership.
Similar information.
Our children and grandchildren will live longer than us. In any case, it should be. With the development of civilization there is an increase in the average life expectancy of a person, and the whole history of the world speaks of this fact. However, our kids and grandchildren of the great-grandchildren will live longer, unless the terrible resettlement of the Earth does not happen and will not be depleted at zero natural resources, Home of which is fresh water.
Some experts from the military, based on data from various water protection, environmental and statistical services, concluded that in our 21st century, catastrophic destructive power Military collisions! And the reason for them can not be oil, not gas, not coal ... And the battle for simple clean water! The earth dries rapidly. Already in many countries with water strong problems.
Until recently, every time any war was perceived by a person, almost as good. Only, maybe in the last 20th century changed in some way the attitude towards the war is precisely as evil, but also this happened after World War II. UN War in the 20th century condemns. And all previous centuries, some tribes were eagerly cut out others, all civilizations were disappeared under the sword and fire, and the people demanded all the time from their rulers of victorious armed trips. It was boring a common people without war, although he himself suffered from them.
Maybe in the 21st century there will be a "brother's brother" campaign not only because of the water. If a global War It will happen about any increase in the average life expectancy to speak. Wars always mowed people without looking at statistics. But if we assume that special cataclysms, both natural and technogenic, military will not be, then such an interesting "animal" as an average life expectancy should increase. This is what the story says, if you look deep into the depths of centuries. What we will try to do with the example of Russia.
Unfortunately, any reliable sources about the population of Russia until the 1700s in historians and demographers are not. There are only assumptions that since the founding of Moscow in 1147 and until the 17th - 18th century, people basically lived for a short time. Yes, and the population itself was scattered, disassembled, and multiplied according to the principle of "Give more". Because anyway almost half of the kids will die. Women gave birth really a lot, because to survive, families should have been big and cohesive. More children - more workers! Paras, Kuznetsov, Lekrikov, Carpenters ...
About contraception of ordinary people was almost not known anything. The best method Contraception for a girl was to give stringly from an excited man, but it can be run away once, well, two, and to feed and survive, you needed to return to the community again, in the family. Cases of incest then also happened, and women gave birth even from their native fathers, brothers, grandfathers, and not just from workers and husbands.
But the trouble: I died out no less soon. Creepy epidemics mowed the population under the foundation. Sometimes the whole cities surrounding their villages. Births accepted grandmother, not obstetrician doctors, as now, and there were neither equipment for accommodation and care for women in labor, no drugs, nor special hygiene ... during childbirth, the mass of babies died, and mothers. Men killed by echelons in wars and in the riots. That is, in the Middle Ages big influx newborns cut off the highest mortality of people in young years. To full in our understanding of old age (60 years and above), very few people then lived. Medicine was not developed, any cut could be bothering, and it came to fatal outcome From the most prosaic things.
Lived in the Middle Ages not long. For example, scientists calculated that the life expectancy of life in France in the Middle Ages ranged from 21 to 36 years, and on average, it was 30 pods. One of the main reasons is a plague that devastated by its fatal course almost entire provinces. In Russia, in the 18th century, the first official papers on accounting decrease began to record, that is, dead people. Then the official foundations of the current registry office are laid. No matter how cool, but statistics - the ridge of the state. For each digit or human fate, or tragedy, or joy. The consolidated books of the dead of the centuries are already the inclusive form of statistics.
The demographers of our country compared in their studies to the population in Russia of the 17th century and during the same period in European countries and came to the conclusion that the growth rate of the number of people in both cases was approximately the same. So the average life expectancy in Russia of the Middle Ages most likely did not differ much from French values \u200b\u200bfor the same period. Men were born more, but they also dressed in large quantities. Suffice it to say that until the 19th century, almost half of the Russian boys did not live to the age of ten!
In Russia, however, there is a feature: here the people have been tightly beat. And not only external interventories, but also internal. Ivan the Terrible and his oprichnina claimed so many lives that even approximately it is difficult to calculate. Repression K. own people For some reason, have always been to the honor of the Russian rulers. "Bay your own, so that they are afraid of those who were afraid." Soviet times, after revolutions, it showed it especially. In principle, our kings did not particularly ceremony with the people.
IN soviet time There were two multidirectional trends. The average life expectancy of the population on the general background of repression ("Red Terror", "collectivization", "Stalinism") if not declining, then grew by a turtle rate. How many lives, mostly male, carried a civil war, plus a revolution, plus collectivization and elimination of foul and bourgeoisie as a class is unknown. Hunger in Ukraine, "Red Terror", etc. According to some demographers, approximately 60 million people (!) Were victims of the Bolsheviks to the beginning of the Second World War. There are in mind the total losses from hunger, collectivization, class struggle, repression of Stalin, civil war, soviet-Finnish war. To live to the deep swords managed more women and on the background of many early deaths Young people and middle-aged people (soldiers, repressed, pretty high mortality of young women with officially forbidden abortions) statistics of the average life expectancy in the USSR from 1917 to the beginning of the Second World War, especially pleased. In 1917, the Specialties in the USSR amounted to 32 years, and in 1939 - 42 years (Source: Urlanis B.U. Birth rate and lifespan in the USSR. M., 1963)
Then in our history there was the most terrible war in world history - the Great Patriotic War, and the country lost, according to different estimates, approximately 28 million people. Someone generally calls the figure of 45 million, someone in 26 million. It seems now the official figure of human losses of the USSR in the years of the Second World War is equal to 27 million people. In the overwhelming majority, it is again men, and young, and even insane, as well as middle-aged men. It is clear that against the background of the catastrophic military and civil losses of the population during the Great Body, the average life expectancy is statistically "fell below the plinth".
But finally, the war ended, then Stalin died. Post-war repressions were no longer as mass as in the 37th year, and the Xrushchev tag comes slowly and then there is a peaceful (surprising!) Development of the Soviet state. There is no hunger in the country, the cities are built, there is no war, medicine is actively developing. The state takes on the burden of expenditures for free medicine, education, employment of every citizen. And the people will respond positively to an explicit improvement in the quality of existence: the average life expectancy in the USSR is growing, and the so-called "stagnation" of Brezhnevsky times (SPJ for 1975 is already 70 years old) has a beneficial effect on this indicator.
People live willingly and for a long time, give birth to children, are being treated for free. Soviet medicine is highly appreciated not only in the country, but also recognized in many corners of the world. Hundreds of thousands of young students from around the world are going to medical, and other universities of the USSR studying doctors, teachers, engineers. At the time there are a flourishing of the Soviet highest and medium special Education. People get used to that, despite the cataclysms in the world, they will have a workplace, an advance and salary, utility payments, and if you are lucky and to gain patience, then sooner or later the state will give a completely comfortable apartment or room in a new house. Yes, there is a shortage and products, clothes, and cars, but the people somehow gets like this, "spinning", getting the necessary goods, goes once a year in Sochi or Crimea and lives well, but it is quite worthy, let's say.
The USSR, however, carried large human losses, except on an alcoholic front, because citizens drank and drank actively, and horse doses of alcohol break any, even a heroic organism. Then, when Gorbacheva's anti-alcohol company was held in 1985, not only fertility increased, but also the average life expectancy. For the Soviet times of the era of "stagnation" and to the epoch of Gorbachev, stability is characterized in life, which turns into a powerful rise in the average life expectancy in the USSR, and then the country was part of the 1985th year in the top ten countries of the world with a high SPG (71.4 years).
But then, the same Gorbachev began to root the country, and the citizens did not particularly resist this, and the terrible 90s were killed with a massive extinction of the population, interethnic conflicts, Chechen wars, the Sea of \u200b\u200bPalenny and cheap alcohol, criminal disassembly and Akhov , sometimes Nishchensky, domestic medicine. The country again flooded with blood, fell into the corpses of young and medium in the age of men (women turned out to be more adapted to change and their lifelike less) and the average life expectancy against the background of the worsening of the quality of life itself and the Achoe state of medicine again went down to reach 56 years for men in 1997 -M year.
In addition, millions of young women went to western countries, coming out married foreigners. Purchased and capable men ("brain drain"), which is still going to this day. All this was even more population, refers to the coefficient of the elderly in relation to the young. And the demographic "pit" of the 90s, when in general women almost did not give birth, just now starts to beat on our system higher education. After all, the moment will come soon when the number of school graduates with full secondary education will be almost several times lower than the number of places in institutes and universities! Go where you want! All this is the echo of the 90s.
Now, from the beginning of the 2000s, the fertility situation is straightened, and I would like the trend of increasing the average life expectancy continued to continue. True, it grows this parameter without due to the mass fertility, but by aging the entire population as a whole. That eats due to an increase in the number of older people at all. But still women give birth, and hopefully no revolutions, repression, hunger and genocide at least in the foreseeable future in Russia will not. Enough, "found" already. I want simple long period Peaceful development. And there, our children and grandchildren will decide how they live on.
Although, for sure, and Egyptian citizens, a couple of years ago, did not imagine that the Arab spring and subsequent shocks are bursting into their measured life. Tens of thousands of killed and those killed in Syria also did not consider moments to civil War. The world boils slowly, and how further everything will turn out clearly. But still I would like to hoped that the bowl of the next brother-in-law war would be afraid ...
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Some statistics: in Russia, approximately 135 million people lived to the first Russian revolution of 1905. Maximum number The inhabitants were recorded in the Soviet years, at the end of the existence of the USSR, the population of all the union reached almost 290 million people (1991). The recent population census of Russia in 2010 gave a number of 145 million people. As we can see, in more than 100 years, the population of the country has grown by the entire 10 million souls.
In the Soviet times, however, after the Second World War, during the time of the so-called Brezhnevsky "stagnation" another value was taken - a record life expectancy of people. Now it is in Russia as data for 2011 year 70.3 years. For men - 64.3 years, for women - 76.1.
The importance of socio-demographic indicators
The effectiveness of state policy of any country is reflected in statistical data, and not in the words of political figures. Performances of politicians, as history showed, often cynical and false. Although the famous ancient Greek philosopher Plato argued that the concealment of truth by the state is a noble lie. The life expectancy of a person is a social indicator, which reflects the level of compliance with the article of the Constitution on the right to the life of each person.
Russian empire
The likelihood of death during each year of human life in Russian Empire Reflected in the book of S. A. Novoselsky "Mortality and life expectancy in Russia", written in 1916. In the first year of his life, approximately 26% of women and 30% of men died. Average age Residents of the Russian Empire accounted for up to 50 years in both men and women. According to some reports, the number of years has not exceeded and 31 years old. Around the world at the beginning of the 20th century, the mortality rate was quite high. On average, people lived from 30 to 40 years. However, the average life expectancy in the United States was about 50 years, which, according to some historians, is one of the best indicators in the 1900s.
Soviet Union
Regarding the representativeness and honesty of statistical and demographic data collected in the USSR, there are many disputes. If you rely on the data of official statistics, then the average life expectancy in Russia, the times of socialism reached its peak at the time of L. I. Brezhnev. From 1965 to 1970, residents of the Soviet Union lived an average of up to 70 years, then a small decline began. In general, an increase in life expectancy in the middle of the 20th century to 65 years old allowed us to accelerate the increase in the population of 4 times.
After the cardinal shift of the political and economic system, the life expectancy in Russia began to fall sharply. The reasons for such a decline were the increased level of crime, chronic alcoholism, weakening of all including health care, economic crises. IN last decade The twentieth century Russia ranked second in the world by the number of suicides. And if in the middle of century, the number of suicides per 100 thousand people was 15, then during the time described by Pelevin in the "Generation P", they were already 40. The average life expectancy in Russia in 1990 was 69 years old, five years later - 65.
Modern situation
It is impossible to say that the country came out on new level According to this indicator and at the beginning of the XXI century. The probability of a twenty-year-old Russian to live up to 60 years old equals only 63%, while for the Western European man this chance is 93%. By 2000, the average life expectancy in Russia among men was only 58 years, while in Japan, this indicator was 77 years old. By 2020 political figures Countries with reforms want to achieve an increase in the average life expectancy of up to 80 years.
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