Shadows, can move faster than light, but cannot bear the substance or information

Is it possible to excessive flight?

Sections of this article have subtitles and can be referenced to each section separately.

Simple examples of superstream movement

1. Effect of Cherenkov

When we talk about movement with superluminal speed, we mean the speed of light in vacuum C. (299 792 458 m / s). Therefore, the Cherenkov effect cannot be considered as an example of movement with superluminal velocity.

2. Third observer

If Rocket A. flies from me at speed 0.6C. west and rocket B. flies from me at speed 0.6C. east, then I see that the distance between A. and B. Increases at speed 1.2c. . Watching the flight rocket A. and B. From the side, the third observer sees that the total removal rate of missiles is greater than C. .

but Relative speed Not equal to the sum of speeds. Rocket speed A. Regarding rocket B. - This is the speed of increasing distance to the rocket A. which sees an observer flying on the rocket B. . Relative speed must be calculated on the relativistic formula for the addition of speeds. (See How Do You Add Velocities in Special Relator?) In this example, the relative speed is approximately equal to 0.88c. . So in this example we did not get superluming speed.

3. Light and shadow

Think how quickly the shadow can move. If the lamp is close, then the shadow of your finger on the far wall moves much faster than the finger moving. When the finger moves parallel to the wall, the shadow speed in D / D. Once larger than the finger speed. Here D. - distance from the lamp to the finger, and D. - From the lamp to the wall. The speed will be even more if the wall is located at an angle. If the wall is very far away, then the shadow movement will fall behind the time from the movement of the finger, as the light need the time to reach the wall, but the movement speed of the shadow along the wall will increase even more. The shadow speed is not limited to the speed of light.

Another object that can move faster than light is the light spot from the laser directed to the moon. The distance to the Moon is 385,000 km. You can calculate the speed of moving the light spot along the surface of the moon with small oscillations of the laser pointer in your hand. You may also like an example with a wave incaying a straight line of the beach at a small angle. What speed can be moved along the beach the point of intersection of the wave and coast?

All these things can occur in nature. For example, a ray of light from the pulsar can run along the dust cloud. A powerful explosion can create spherical waves of light or radiation. When these waves intersect with any surface, light circles arise on this surface, which are expanding faster than light. Such a phenomenon is observed, for example, when the electromagnetic pulse from the lightning flashes passes through the upper layers of the atmosphere.

4. Sliding body

If you have a long rigid rod, and you will hit one end of the rod, then the other end does not come to move immediately? Is this not a way of superluming information transmission?

It would be true if There were perfect hard bodies. Practically, the blow is transmitted along the rod at the speed of sound, which depends on the elasticity and density of the material of the rod. In addition, the theory of relativity limits the possible speed of sound in the material of the magnitude C. .

The same principle acts if you keep a vertically string or rod, let it go, and it begins to fall under the action of gravity. The top end that you let go begins to fall immediately, but the bottom end will start moving only after some time, since the disappearance of the holding force is transmitted down the rod at the speed of sound in the material.

The wording of the relativistic theory of elasticity is quite complex, but the overall idea can be illustrated using Newtonian mechanics. The equation of the longitudinal movement of the ideal-elastic body can be derived from the law of the throat. Denote Linear Rod Density ρ , Jung's elasticity module Y. . Longitudinal displacement X. Satisfies the wave equation

ρ · d 2 x / dt 2 - y · d 2 x / dx 2 \u003d 0

The solution in the form of flat waves moves with sound speed S. which is determined from the formula S 2 \u003d Y / ρ . The wave equation does not allow indignation of the medium to move faster than at speeds S. . In addition, the theory of relativity gives the limit of the magnitude of elasticity: Y.< ρc 2 . Practically, no well-known material approaches this limit. Note also that even if the sound speed is close to C. , then the substance itself does not necessarily move with relativistic speed.

Although in nature there is no hard bodies, exists Move of solid tel which can be used to overcome light speed. This topic refers to the already described section of shadows and light spots. (See The Superluminal Scissors, The Rigid Rotating Disk in Relattiology).

5. Phase speed

Wave equation
d 2 u / dt 2 - c 2 · d 2 u / dx 2 + w 2 · u \u003d 0

has a solution in the form
U \u003d A · COS (AX - BT), C 2 · A 2 - B 2 + W 2 \u003d 0

These are sinusoidal waves propagating at the speed V
V \u003d b / a \u003d SQRT (C 2 + W 2 / A 2)

But it is more than c. Can this equation for tachyonov? (See further section). No, this is the usual relativistic equation for a particle with a mass.

To eliminate the paradox you need to distinguish the "phase speed" V. pH, and "group speed" V. GR, and
V pH · v gr \u003d c 2

The wave solution may have a frequency dispersion. At the same time, the wave package is moving with a group velocity that is less than C. . With the help of a wave package, you can transfer information only with group velocity. Waves in the wave pack are moving with phase speed. Phase speed is another example of a superlumal movement that cannot be used to transmit messages.

6. Superlilateral galaxies

7. Relativistic rocket

Let the observer on the ground sees a spacecraft removing at speeds 0.8C. In accordance with the theory of relativity, he will see that the clock on the spacecraft go slower at 5/3 times. If split the distance to the ship for the time of flight on the side of the clock, then we get speed 4/3C. . The observer concludes that, using his on-board clock, the pilot of the ship will also determine what flies with superluminal speed. From the point of view of the pilot, his clock goes out normally, and the interior space squeezed at 5/3 times. Therefore, it flies well-known distances between the stars faster, at speeds 4/3C. .

But this is still not superluming flight. It is impossible to calculate speed using the distance and time defined in different reference systems.

8. Speed \u200b\u200bof gravity

Some insist that the gravity rate is much more C. Or even infinite. Watch Does Gravity Travel AT The Speed \u200b\u200bOf Light? And What is Gravitational Radiation? Gravitational perturbations and gravitational waves propagate at speeds C. .

9. Paradox EPR

10. Virtual photons

11. Quantum Tunnel Effect

IN quantum mechanics The tunnel effect allows a particle to overcome the barrier, even if its energy is missing for this. You can calculate the tunneling time through such a barrier. And it may be less than the light is required to overcome the same distance at speed. C. . Can this be used to transfer messages faster than light?

Quantum electrodynamics says "No!" Nevertheless, an experiment was performed, which demonstrated an excess transmission of information using a tunnel effect. Through a barrier width 11.4 cm at a speed of 4.7 C. Transferred Mozart's forty symphony. Explanation of this experiment is very controversial. Most physicists believe that with the help of the tunnel effect it is impossible to transfer information Faster light. If it were possible, then why not transfer the signal to the past by placing the equipment in the rapidly moving reference system.

17. Quantum field theory

With the exception of gravity, all observed physical phenomena correspond to the "standard model". The standard model is a relativistic quantum field theory that explains electromagnetic and nuclear interactions, as well as all known particles. In this theory, any pair of operators corresponding to the physical observable, separated spatial-like interval of events, "commutes" (that is, it is possible to change the order of these operators). In principle, this implies that in the standard model, the impact cannot be spread faster than light, and this can be considered a quantum-field equivalent of the argument of infinite energy.

However, in the quantum theory of the field of the standard model there is no flawlessly strict evidence. No one has not yet proven that this theory is internally consist. Most likely, it is not. In any case, there is no guarantee that there are no non-open particles or forces that are not obeying the ban on superlilateral movement. There is also no generalization of this theory, including gravity and general theory of relativity. Many physicists working in the field of quantum gravity doubt that simple ideas about causality and locality will be summarized. There is no guarantee that in the future more complete theory, the speed of light will retain the meaning of the limit speed.

18. Paradox of Grandpa

In a special particle relativity theory, flying faster than light in one reference system, moves back in time in another reference system. Super-layer movement or transfer of information would be allowed to travel or send a message to the past. If such a journey in time was possible, then you could return to the past and change the course of history by killing your grandfather.

This is a very serious argument against the possibility of superliving movement. True, the almost implausible probability remains that some limited ultra-luminous movements that are not allowed to return to the past are possible. Or maybe travel travel is possible, but causality is broken by some consistent manner. All this is very implausible, but if we are discussing super-lying movements, it is better to be ready for new ideas.

True and reverse. If we could move to the past, we could overcome the speed of light. You can return to the past flying somewhere at low speed, and arrive there earlier than the light sent in the usual way will arrive. See the details on this topic in Time Travel.

Open questions of superlilateral travel

In this last section, I will describe a few serious ideas about the possible movement of faster than light. These topics are not often included in the FAQ, because they are more similar not to the answers, but to many new questions. They are included here to show that serious studies are held in this direction. Only a short introduction to the topic is given. Details you can find on the Internet. As with everything on the Internet, treat them critically.

19. Tachions

Tachyons are hypothetical particles locally moving faster than light. For this, they must have an imaginary amount of mass. At the same time, the energy and pulse of tachyon are real values. There is no reason to believe that ultra-light particles cannot be detected. Shadows and light spots can move faster than light and can be detected.

While tachyons are not found, and physicists doubt their existence. There were statements that in experiments on measuring the mass of neutrino, born in the beta decay of tritium, neutrinos were tachyons. This is doubtful, but still not completely refuted.

There are problems in Tachionov theory. In addition to the possible disruption of causality, tachyons also make a vacuum unstable. It may be possible to get around these difficulties, but then we will not be able to use tachyons for superlilateral messaging.

Most physicists believe that the appearance of tachyones in theory is a sign of some problems of this theory. The idea of \u200b\u200btachyon is so popular among the public simply because they are often mentioned in fantastic literature. See Tachyons.

20. Krotroi Nora

The most famous method of global ultra-light travel is the use of "mole-hole". Mute Nora is a slot in space-time from one point of the universe to another, which allows you to go from one end of the hole to another faster than by the usual path. Mobil holes are described by the general theory of relativity. To create them, it is necessary to change the topology of space-time. Maybe it will be possible in the framework of the quantum theory of gravity.

To keep the mobbo holes open, we need areas of space with negative energies. C.w.misner and k.s.Thorne offered to create a negative energy to use the effect of cazimir on a large scale. Visser suggested using cosmic strings for this. This is very speculative ideas, and maybe it is impossible. Maybe the required form of exotic matter with negative energy does not exist.

We were taught with school bench - it is impossible to exceed the speed of light, and therefore the movement of a person in outer space is a big insoluble problem (how to fly to the nearest solar system, if the light can overcome this distance only for several thousand years?). Perhaps American scientists have found a way to fly at super-speed, not only without deceiving, but also following the fundamental laws of Albert Einstein. In any case, the author of the project of the engine deformation of Harold White is approved.

We referred to the news in a completely fantastic news, so today, on the eve of astronautics days, we publish the reportage of Kakaes Constantine for the Popular Science magazine about the phenomenal NASA project, if the success of which a person can go beyond the solar system.

In September 2012, several hundreds of scientists, engineers and space enthusiasts gathered together for the second public meeting of the group called 100 Year Starship. The group is led by a former astronaut May Gemyisson, and it is based Darpa. The purpose of the conference is "to make a person traveling outside the solar system to other stars over the next hundred years." Most conference participants recognize that there are too insignificant to the piloted study of the outer space. Despite billions of dollars spent in the last few quarters, space agencies can almost as much as they could in the 1960s. Actually, 100 Year Starship is convened to fix it all.

But closer to the point. After a few days of the conference, its participants reached the most fantastic topics: the regeneration of the bodies, the problem of organized religion on board the ship and so on. One of the most curious presentations at the collection of 100 years StarShip was called "the mechanics of a deformation field 102", and held it Harold Sonny White from NASA. Agency's veteran, White leads an advanced pulse program in the Johnson Space Center (JSC). Together with five colleagues, he created a "road map of cosmic motor systems", which voiced NASA goals in the nearest space travel. On the plan lists all types of motor projects: from improved chemical missiles to far-reaching developments, like antimatter or nuclear cars. But the field of research White is the most futuristic of all: it concerns the engine deformation engine.

so usually depict the bubble of the Alcubierrer

According to the plan, such an engine will move in space with a speed exceeding the speed of light. It is generally recognized that this is impossible, since it is an explicit violation of Einstein's relativity. But White claims the opposite. As a confirmation of their words, it appeals to the so-called alcubierre bubbles (equations emerging from Einstein's theory, according to which the body in outer space is able to reach superlilateral velocities, in contrast to the body under normal conditions). In the presentation, he told how recently managed to achieve theoretical results, which directly lead to the creation of a real engine deformation engine.

It is clear that it sounds all completely fantastic: such developments are a real revolution, which will unleash the hands to all astrophysics of the world. Instead of spending 75 thousand years on a trip to Alpha Centaur, the nearest to our star system, astronauts on a ship with such an engine will be able to make this journey in a couple of weeks.

In the light of the closure of the launch of the shuttles and the ever-increasing role of private flights to the near-earth orbit, NASA declares that it will be reoriented to distant, much more bold plans that are far beyond the journey to the moon. You can achieve these goals only by the development of new motor systems - the faster, the better. A few days after the conference, the head of NASA Charles Bolen, repeated the words of White: "We want to move faster than the speed of light and without stopping on Mars."

How do we know about this engine

The first popular use of the expression "engine deformation engine" dates back to 1966, when Jen Ruddenberry released the Star Path. The next 30 years this engine existed only as part of this fantastic series. The physicist named Miguel Alcubierrer looked at one of the episodes of this series just at the moment when she worked on the doctoral in the field of the general theory of relativity and was asked if the development of the space deformation in reality is possible. In 1994, he published a document setting this position.

Alcubierre introduced a bubble in space. In front of the bubble, the time-space is reduced, and in the rear - expands (as it was with a large explosion, according to physicists). The deformation will make the ship smoothly slide in outer space, as if he had surf in the wave, despite the surrounding noise. In principle, the deformed bubble can move as much as possible; Restrictions in the speed of light, according to Einstein theory, distributed only in the context of space-time, but not in such distortions of space-time. Inside the bubble, as an alcuberre assumed, space-time will not change, and no harm will be caused by space travelers.

Einstein's equations in the general theory of relativity is difficult to solve in one direction, finding out how matterie bends space, but it is feasible. Using them, the Alcuberre determined that the distribution of matter is a necessary condition for creating a deformed bubble. The problem is only that solutions led to the uncertain form of matter called negative energy.

In simple language, gravity is the force of attraction between two objects. Each object, regardless of its size, has some power of attraction to the surrounding matter. According to Einstein, this force is the clearing of space-time. Negative energy, however, is gravitationally negative, that is, repulsive. Instead of connecting time and space, negative energy repels and dismisses them. Roughly speaking, so that such a model worked, the Alcubierre is needed negative energy to expand the space-time behind the ship.

Despite the fact that no one ever measures the negative energy, according to quantum mechanics, it exists, and scientists have learned how to create it in laboratory conditions. One of the ways to recreate it - through the casimirov effect: two parallel conductive plates located close to each other create a certain amount of negative energy. The weak point of the Alcubierre model is that for its implementation requires a huge amount of negative energy, several orders of magnitude higher than, according to scientists estimates, it can be produced.

White says he found how to go around this restriction. In a computer simulator, White changed the geometry of the deformation field so that in theory he could produce a deformed bubble using a millions of times less negative energy than was required according to the estimates of the alcubrierra, and perhaps a little enough so that the spacecraft could carry out the means of its production. "Opening," says White, "the Alcuberre method is changed from impractical to quite believable."

Report from the White laboratory

Johnson's space center is located next to Houston's Laguns, offering the way to Galveston Bay. The center resembles a college suburban campus, only aimed at the preparation of astronauts. On the day of my visit, White meets me in a 15 building, a multi-storey maze of corridors, offices and laboratories, in which engine tests are carried out. On the polo shirt with the EagleWorks emblem (so he calls its engine creating experiments), on which the eagle is embroidered, soaring over a futuristic spacecraft.

White began his career from work by an engineer - conducted research as part of a robotic group. Over time, he took over the command of all the wings engaged in robots on the ISS, at the same time ending writing doctoral in the field of plasma physics. Only in 2009, he changed his interests on the study of movement, and this topic captured him so much that he became the main reason for which he went to work on NASA.

"He is a rather unusual person," says his boss John Eppluight, who heads the separation of motor systems. "He's completely definitely a big videos, but at the same time a talented engineer." He knows how to turn his fantasies into a real engineering product. " At about the same time, when he joined NASA, White asked permission to open his own laboratory dedicated to advanced motor systems. He himself came up with the name EagleWorks and even asked NASA to create a logo for his specialization. Then this work began.

White leads me to his office, who divides with a colleague engaged in the search for water on the moon, and then leads down to EagleWorks. On the go, he tells me about his request to open the laboratory and calls it "a long difficult process of finding an advanced movement to help a person explore space."

White demonstrates me an object and shows its central function - something that he calls a quantum vacuum plasma engine "(QVPT). This device externally looks like a huge red velvet donut with wires, tightly powered core. This is one of the two EagleWorks initiatives (the second is a deformation engine). Even this secret development. When I ask that this, White replies that it can only say that this technology is even steeper than a deformation engine). According to the NASA report for 2011, written by White, the device uses quantum fluctation in an empty space as a fuel source, and therefore a spacecraft driven by QVPT does not require fuel.

The engine uses quantum fluctation in an empty space as a fuel source,
so, the spacecraft,
the QVPT movement does not require fuel.

When the device works, the White system looks cinematographically ideal: the color of the laser is red, and two rays are crossed like sabers. Inside the rings are four ceramic capacitors made from the titanate of Baria, which White charges up to 23 thousand volts. White spent the last two and a half years, developing an experiment, and he says that the capacitors demonstrate a huge potential energy. However, when I ask how to create a negative energy needed for a deformed space-time, it shies away from the answer. He explains that he has signed a non-disclosure agreement, and therefore cannot disclose the details. I ask who he concluded these agreements. He says: "With people. They come and want to talk. More details I can not tell you. "

Opponents Engine ideas

So far, the theory of deformed travel is quite intuitive - the deformation of time and space to create a moving bubble, and there are several significant flaws in it. Even if White will significantly reduce the number of negative energy requested by the alcubierrer, it will still need more than those who are able to produce scientists, says Lawrence Ford, a physicist theoretical at the University of Tafts, over the past 30 years, writing many articles on negative energy. Ford and other physicists claim that there are fundamental physical restrictions, and the matter is not so much in engineering imperfections, but the fact that such a number of negative energy cannot exist in one place for a long time.

Other difficulty: To create a deformation ball, which moves faster than light, scientists will need to make negative energy around spacecraft And including above it. White does not believe that this is a problem; He most foggy responds that the engine is likely to work thanks to a certain existing "device that creates the necessary conditions." However, the creation of these conditions in front of the ship will mean ensuring the permanent delivery of negative energy moved by the rapid speed of light, which again contradicts the general theory of relativity.

Finally, the space deformation engine puts a conceptual question. In the general theory of relativity, the journey on superluminal velocity is equivalent to traveling over time. If this engine is real, White creates a time machine.

These obstacles give birth to some serious doubts. "I don't think that the physics known to us and its laws allow you to assume that he will achieve something with his experiments," says Ken Alum, a physicist from the University of Tafts, who also participated in the debate about the exotic movement at the 100th anniversary of the Star Ship. " Noah Graham, a physicist from Middleburg College, who read two works of White at my request, wrote me an e-mail: "I do not see valuable scientific evidence, in addition to reference to its previous work."

Alcuberre, now a physicist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and himself is in doubt. "Even if I stand on a spacecraft and I have a negative energy in stock, I can never put it where it is required," he tells me on the phone from his house in Mexico City. "No, the idea is magical, I like it, I wrote it myself." But there is a couple of serious flaws that I am already now, with the years, I see, and I do not know a single way to fix them. "

Future of super-speed

To the left of the main gates of the Johnson Scientific Center lies on the side of the Saturn-B rocket, its steps are disconnected to demonstrate internal content. It is a giant - the size of one of the many engines is equal to the size of a small car, and the rocket itself is a couple of feet longer than a soccer field. This, of course, is quite eloquent evidence of space swimming features. In addition, she is 40 years old, and the time it represents - when NASA was part of a huge national plan for the departure of man is not a moon, has long passed. Today, JSC is just a place that was once great, but since then the space avant-garde has left.

A breakthrough in motion can mean a new era for JSC and NASA, and to some extent, part of this era begins now. The Dawn probe ("Dawn"), launched in 2007, studies the ring of asteroids with ion engines. In 2010, the Japanese put into operation "ICAR", the first interplanetary star ship, driven by a sun sailing, another type of experimental movement. And in 2016, scientists plan to experience VASMIR, a plasma system, made specifically for high motor thrust in the ISS. But when these systems may be delivered to Astronauts on Mars, they will still not be able to throw them outside the solar system. To achieve this, according to White, NASA will need to go to more risky projects.

The deformation engine is perhaps the most attracted ears from the coming efforts to create traffic projects. The scientific community declares that White cannot create it. Experts declare that it works against the laws of nature and physics. Despite this, the project is NASA. "It is not subsidized at the high state level, which would have to be," says Appluput. - I think the directorate has some kind of special interest in keeping his work; This is one of those theoretical concepts, in case of success of which the game is changing completely. "

In January, White collected his deformation interferometer and moved to the next goal. EagleWorks Overgrowing your own home. The new laboratory is greater and, as he declares enthusiasm, "seismically isolated", bearing in mind that it is protected from oscillations. But perhaps the best in the new laboratory (and the most impressive) is that NASA created White the same conditions that were at Nile Armstrong and the Basza Oldrin on the moon. Well, let's see.

But it turned out that it is possible; Now it is believed that we never doubt travel faster ... ". But in fact it is not true that someone once believed that it is impossible to move faster sound. Long before supersonic aircraft appeared already known, that bullets fly faster. Really it was about what is impossible manageable Supersonic flight, and the error was in this. SS Movement is a completely different matter. From the very beginning it was clear that the supersonic flight is hampered by the technical problems that had to be simply solved. But it is completely unclear whether it will ever be solved by problems that prevent MOP movement. Theore of relativity can say a lot of things on this. If it is possible, the MOP travel or even signal transmission, causality will be broken, and completely incredible conclusions will follow.

First we will discuss the simple cases of the SS movement. We mention them not because they are interesting, but because they again and again emerge in the discussions of the SS movement and therefore they have to deal with them. Then we will discuss what we consider the complex cases of the SS movement or communication and consider some arguments against them. Finally, we will consider the most serious assumptions about the present MOP movement.

Simple SS Movement

1. Phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation

One way to move faster light is to slow down the light itself first! :-) in vacuum light flies at speed c., and this value is a global constant (see the question of whether the speed is constant), and in a more dense environment like water or glass - slows down to speed c / N.where n. - This is the refractive index of the medium (1,0003 in air; 1.4 in water). Therefore, particles can move in water or air faster than the light is moving there. As a result, the radiation of Vavilov-Cherenkov (see the question).

But when we talk about the SS movement, we, of course, mean the excess of the speed of light in vacuum c. (299 792 458 m / s). Therefore, Cherenkov's phenomenon cannot be considered an example of MOP movement.

2. On the third party

If Rocket BUT flies from me at speed 0.6C. to the west and the other B. - from me at speed 0.6C. east, then the total distance between BUT and B. In my reference system increases at speeds 1.2C.. Thus, the visible relative speed, a large C may be observed "from the third party."

However, this speed is not what we usually understand under relative speed. Real Rocket Speed BUT Regarding rocket B. - This is the speed of growth of the distance between the rockets, which observer is observed in the rocket B.. Two speeds should be folded along the relativist formula of the addition of speeds (see the question as needed to add speeds in private relativity). In this case, the relative speed is obtained about 0,88C.that is, is not superlumous.

3. Shadows and bunnies

Think at what speed can the shadow moving? If you create a shadow on a distant wall from your finger from a close lamp, and then move your finger, then the shadow is rushing much faster than the finger. If the finger is shifted parallel to the wall, then the shadow speed will be in D / D. times more finger speed where d. - distance from the finger to the lamp, and D. - Distance from the lamp to the wall. And it may turn out and even high speed if the wall is located at an angle. If the wall is very far, the shadow movement will fall behind the movement of the finger, since the light should still fly from the finger to the wall, but still the flow rate of the shade will be at the same time more. That is, the flow rate of the shadow is not limited to the speed of light.

In addition to shadows, bunnies can move faster than light, for example, a speck of a laser beam pointing to the moon. Knowing that the distance to the Moon is 385,000 km., Try to calculate the speed of the bunny movement if you slightly take the laser. You can also think about the sea wave, Kosos hitting the shore. How fast can the point in which the wave is broken?

Similar things can occur in nature. For example, the light beam from the pulsar can fake the dust cloud. Bright flash generates an expanding shell of light or other radiation. When it crosses the surface, the light ring is created, increasing faster than the speed of light. In nature, this occurs when the electromagnetic pulse from lightning reaches the upper layers of the atmosphere.

All these were examples of things moving faster than light, but which were not physical bodies. With the help of a shadow or bunny, the SS message cannot be transferred, so that the communication is not faster than the light. And again, this, apparently, not what we want to understand under the SS movement, although it becomes clear how difficult it is to determine what we need (see the question of superluminal scissors).

4. Solid bodies

If you take a long hard stick and push one end, whether the other end is right away, or not? Is it possible to implement the SS transmission of the message?

Yes, it was would be You can do if such solid bodies existed. In reality, the effect of the strike by the end of the stick is spread over it with the sound speed in this substance, and the speed of sound depends on the elasticity and density of the material. Relativity imposes an absolute limit of possible hardness of any tel so that the speed of sound in them can not exceed c..

The same thing happens in the event that you snap in the field of attraction, and first keep the vertically string or the pole at the top end, and then let go of it. The point you was released will come in motion right away, and the lower end will not be able to start falling until it comes to it with the speed of the release.

It is difficult to formulate the general theore of the elastic materials in the framework of relativity, but the basic idea can be shown on the example of Newton's mechanics. The equation of the longitudinal motion of the perfectly elastic body can be obtained from the bike law. In variable masses per unit length p. and Jung's elastic module Y., longitudinal displacement X. Satisfies the wave equation.

Solution in the form of flat waves moves with sound speed s., and s. 2 = Y / P.. This equation does not imply the possibility of causal influence extending faster s.. Thus, relativity imposes the theoretical limit on the amount of elasticity: Y. < pC 2.. Almost there are no materials, even closely suitable for it. By the way, even if the speed of sound in the material is close to c.The substance itself is not at all necessary to move with the relativities of the pedestrium. But how do we know that in principle there can be no substance overcoming this limit? The answer is that all substances consist of particles, the interaction between which is subject to the standard model of elementary particles, and in this model no interaction cannot be spread faster than light (see below about the quantum theore of the field).

5. Phase speed

Look at this wave equation:

He has a solution to the form:

These solutions have sinusoidal waves moving at speeds,

But this is faster than light, so we have an equation of a tachyon field in our hands? No, this is just the usual relativist stroke equation of a massive scalar particle!

Paradox will be resolved if you understand the distinction between this speed, also called the phase rate v P. from another speed called group v Gr. which is the resulting formula

If a wave solution has a frequency scatter, it will acquire a view of a wave package that moves with group slighter not exceeding c.. Only the ridges of the wave move with phase speed. You can transfer information using such a wave only with a group velocity, so that the phase speed gives us another example of a superluminal velocity that cannot tolerate information.

7. Relative Stskin Rocket

Dispatcher on Earth monitors the spacecraft flying at a speed of 0.8 c.. According to the theorest of relativity, even after taking into account the Doppler shift of the signals from the ship, he will see that the time on the ship is slowed down and the hours there are slower with a 0.6 coefficient. If it calculates the private from dividing the distance traveled by the ship at the time spent, measured by the clock of the ship, then it will receive 4/3 c.. This means that the passengers of the ship overcome the interstellar space with an effective speed, greater than the speed of light that they would receive if it were measured. From the point of view of the ship's passengers, the interstellar distances are subject to Lorentz to the reduction with the same coefficient of 0.6 and it means that they also have to recognize that they cover well-known interstellar distances at a speed of 4/3 c..

This is a real phenomenon and it can be used in principle to be used by space travelers to overcome huge distances during life. If they will accelerate with a constant acceleration equal to accelerating the free fall on Earth, then they will have not only the ideal artificial force on the ship, but they will still have time to cross the galaxy in just 12 of their years! (See Question What is the equation relativity rocket relativity?)

However, this is not a real SS movement. The effective rate is calculated from the distance in one reference system, and the time to another. This is not a real speed. Only ship passengers receive advantages from this speed. Disitors, for example, will not have time to see for his life as they fly the giant distance.

Complex cases of MOP movement

9. Paradox Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (EPR)

10. Virtual photons

11. Quantum tunneling

Real candidates for the SS travelers

This section provides speculative, but serious assumptions about the possibility of superlilateral travel. These will not be those things that are usually placed in FAQ, as they cause more questions than give answers. They are here mainly in order to show that in this direction serious studies are carried out. Each direction is given only a brief introduction. More detailed information can be found on the Internet.

19. Tachions

Tachyons are hypothetical particles that are locally moving faster than light. To do this, they should have a mass measured by an imaginary number, but their energy I and the impulse must be positive. Sometimes they think that such SS particles should be impossible to throw, but in fact, there are no reason to count. Shadows and bunnies suggest that from the SS movement still should not be imperceptible.

Tachyons never observed and most physicists doubt their existence. Somehow it was stated that experiments were carried out to measure the masses of neutrinos flying out during the decay of tritium, and that these neutrinos were tachyon. This is very doubtful, but still not excluded. In Tachyon, theores have problems, as in terms of possible disorders of causality, they destabilize the vacuum. Maybe you can bypass these problems, but then it will be impossible to use tachyons in the SS message you need.

The truth is that most physicists consider Tachions a sign of mistakes in the field theorem of them, and their interest in their wide masses is heated, mainly on the part of scientific fiction (see the Tahion Article).

20. Exchange

The most well-known presidential capabilities of the MOP travel is to use hens. Examination is tunnels in space-time connecting one place in the universe, with another. You can move between these dots faster than would make the light in the usual way. Excryptic is the phenomenon of classical total relativity, but to create them, you need to change the topology of space-time. The possibility of this can be enclosed in the theorm of quantum gravity.

To maintain the discretion in open state, we need huge amounts of negative energy and. Misner and Thorn suggested that to generate a negative energy and you can use the large-scale effect of Casimir, and Visser Offered a solution using cosmic strings. All these ideas are very speculative and may be simply unreal. An unusual substance with negative energy may not exist in the form necessary for phenomenon.

Thorn discovered that if the leaks can be created, then with their help you can organize closed temporary loops that will make time travel possible. It was also assumed that the multivariate interpretation of quantum mechanics testifies that there will be no tour of the time in time, and that events simply turn out otherwise when you fall into the past. Hawking says that curls can simply be unstable and therefore are not applicable in practice. But the topic itself remains a fruitful area for mental experiments, allowing you to figure out what is possible and that is not possible on the basis of the well-known and alleged laws of physics.
refs:
W. G. Morris and K. S. Thorne, American Journal of Physics 56 , 395-412 (1988)
W. G. Morris, K. S. Thorne, and U. Yurtsever, Phys. Rev. Letters. 61 , 1446-9 (1988)
MATT VISSER, PHYSICAL REVIEW D39., 3182-4 (1989)
see Also "Black Holes and Time Warps" Kip Thorn, Norton & Co. (1994)
For an Explanation of the Multiverse See, "The Fabric of Reality" David Deutsch, Penguin Press.

21. Motors-deformators

[I have no idea how to translate it! In the original Warp Drive. - approx. translator;
translated by analogy with an article on the membrane]

The deforator could be a mechanism for spinning space-time so that the object can move faster than light. Miguel Alcabermade famous due to the fact that he developed a geometry that describes such a deformer. Space-time distortion makes it possible for the object to move faster than light, while remaining at a time-like curve. Obstacles are the same as when creating cesshotos. To create a deformer, you need a substance with negative energy density and. Even if such a substance is possible, it is still incomprehensible how it can be obtained and how to make the deforator work.
ref. M. Alcubierre, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 11 , L73-L77, (1994)

Conclusion

First, it turned out to be not easy to determine what MOP travel and the SS message. Many things, no shadows, make the SS disciration, but so that it cannot be used, for example, to transfer information. But there are also the serious possibilities of the real SS movement, which are proposed in the scientific literature, but their implementation is still impossible technically. The principle of uncertainty Geisenberg makes it impossible to use the apparent SS movement in quantum mechanics. In total relativity, there is the potential of the MOP movement, but they may be impossible to use. It seems that it is extremely unlikely that in the foreseeable future, or in general, the technique will be able to create space ships with SS engines, but it is curious that theoretical physics, as we now know it, does not close the door for the SS movement. SS Movement in the style of science fiction novels is apparently impossible. For physicists, the question is interesting: "And why, in fact, it is impossible, and what can I learn from this?"

Right holder illustration ThinkStock.

The current speed record in space is held for 46 years. The correspondent wondered when he would break.

We, people, obsessed with speed. So, only over the past few months, it became known that students in Germany put a speed record for an electric vehicle, and the US Air Force plans to improve the hypersonic aircraft so that they develop the speed five times higher than the speed of sound, i.e. Over 6100 km / h.

There will be no crew in such aircraft, but not because people cannot move at such high speed. In fact, people have already moved at the speed, which is several times higher than the speed of sound.

However, is there a limit overcoming which our rapidly carrying bodies can no longer be able to withstand overload?

The current record speed record belongs to three astronauts, which participated in the Apollo 10 space mission, is Stafford, John Yangu and Yujina Sernan.

In 1969, when astronauts had shielded around the Moon and returned back, the capsule in which they were located, developed the speed, which would be 39.897 km / h on Earth.

"I think that a hundred years ago, we could hardly imagine that a person would be able to move in space at a speed of almost 40 thousand kilometers per hour," says Jim Bray from the aerospace concern Lockheed Martin.

Brey - Director of the Human Module Project for a promising Orion ship (Orion), which is developed by the US Space Agency.

According to the developers, the ORION spacecraft is a multi-purpose and partially reusable - must remove astronauts to the low orbit of the Earth. It may very well be that with his help will be able to beat the speed record set for a person 46 years ago.

A new super heavy rocket, which is part of the Space Launch system (Space Launch System), should, according to plan, make its first piloted flight in 2021. It will be a flight of an asteroid located on an incense orbit.

The average person can endure the overload of about five g, before the consciousness will lose

Then must follow multi-month expeditions to MARS. Now, on the thought of designers, the usual maximum speed "Orion" should be about 32 thousand km / h. However, the speed requested by Apollo 10, it will be possible to exceed even when the basic configuration of the Orion ship is maintained.

"Orion is intended for flights to various purposes during the entire service life," says Bray. "His speed may be significantly higher than that we are planning now."

But even "Orion" will not represent the peak of the high-speed potential of a person. "In essence, there is no other speed limit, which we can move, besides the speed of light," says Bray.

The speed of light is one billion km / h. Is there hope that we will be able to overcome the gap between 40 thousand km / h and these values?

Amazingly speed as a vector value, denoting the speed of movement and the direction of movement, is not a problem for people in a physical sense, while it is relatively constant and directed in one direction.

Consequently, people are theoretically - can move in space only slightly slower than the "high-speed limit of the universe", i.e. Speed \u200b\u200bof light.

Right holder illustration NASA. Image Caption. How will a person feel in a ship flying with a challenge speed?

But even if we assume that we will overcome significant technological obstacles associated with the creation of high-speed spacecraft, our fragile, consisting mainly of the body of the body will face new hazards conjugate with high speed effects.

There may be only imaginary hazards, if people can move faster than the speed of light through the use of loopholes in modern physics or using the discoveries that tear the pattern.

How to withstand overload

However, if we intend to move at a speed of over 40 thousand km / h, we will have to reach it, and then slow down, slowly and keeping patience.

Fast acceleration and equally fast slowdown makes a deadly danger to the human body. This is evidenced by the severity of bodily injuries arising from the automotive catastrophe at which the speed drops from several tens of kilometers per hour to zero.

What is the reason for this? In the property of the universe, which is the name of the inertia or the ability of the physical body, which has a mass, to withstand the change in its state of rest or movement in the absence or compensation of external influences.

This idea is formulated in the first law of Newton, which says: "Any body continues to be held in his condition of rest or uniform and rectilinear movement, while it does not agree with the forces attached to change this state."

We, people, able to carry huge overloads without serious injury, however, only for several moments

"The state of rest and movement with constant speed is normal for the human body," explains Bray. "We should rather be worried about the condition of the person at the time of acceleration."

About a century ago, creating strong aircraft that could maneuver at speed led to the fact that pilots began to talk about strange symptoms caused by changes in the speed and direction of flight. These symptoms included temporary loss of vision and feeling either gravity or weightlessness.

The reason is the overloads measured in units G, which are the ratio of linear acceleration to the acceleration of the free fall on the surface of the Earth under the influence of attraction or gravity. These units reflect the effect of accelerating free fall on a mass, for example, the human body.

Overload in 1 G is equal to the weight of the body, which is in the field of gravity of the Earth and attracts to the center of the planet at a speed of 9.8 m / s (at sea level).

Overloads that a person is experiencing vertically from head to treads or vice versa are truly bad news for pilots and passengers.

With negative overloads, i.e. Slow out, blood sticks from the fingers on the legs to the head, there is a feeling of oversaturation, like when a stand on his hands.

Right holder illustration SPL Image Caption. In order to understand how many G will be able to withstand astronauts, they are trained in a centrifuge

"Red Pelon" (a feeling that a person is experiencing when blood sticks to the head) comes when swallowing from the blood, translucent lower eyelids rise and close eye pupils.

And, on the contrary, when accelerating or positive overloads, the blood varies from the head to the legs, the eyes and the brain begin to experience the lack of oxygen, since blood accumulates in the lower limbs.

First, the vision is misty, i.e. There is a loss of color vision and rolls, what is called, "gray peel", then comes a complete loss of vision or "black panel", but a person remains in consciousness.

Excessive overloads lead to complete loss of consciousness. This condition is called fainting caused by overload. Many pilots died due to the fact that the "black panel" descended on their eyes - and they were broken.

The average person can endure overload in about five g, before the consciousness will lose.

Pilots, dressed in special anti-forwarding overalls and trained in a special way to strain and relax the muscles of the torso in order for blood from the head, they are able to control the aircraft during overloads about nine G.

Upon reaching a stable cruising speed of 26,000 km / h in orbit, astronauts feel the speed no more than passengers of commercial flights

"For short periods of time, the human body can carry much stronger overload than nine G, - says Jeff Svenk, Executive Director of the Aerospace Medicine Association, located in the city of Alexandria, Virginia. - But to withstand high overloads for a long period of time are capable of withdrawing. few".

We, people, able to carry huge overloads without serious injury, however, only for several moments.

The record of short-term endurance put the US Air Force Captain Eli Biding Jr. at Holloin Air Base in New Mexico. In 1958, during braking on special sleighs with a rocket engine after overclocking up to 55 km / h in 0.1 seconds, the overload in 82.3 G.

This result recorded the accelerometer, fixed on his chest. Beding also fell "Black Pelon", but he was separated only with bruises during this outstanding demonstration of the endurance of the human body. True, after arrival, he spent three days in the hospital.

And now in space

Astronauts, depending on the means of movement, also experienced quite high overloads - from three to five G - during the rises and when returning to dense layers of the atmosphere, respectively.

These overloads are transferred relatively easily, thanks to a reasonable idea to fasten the space travelers to the chairs in the position lying face in the direction of flight.

Upon reaching a stable cruising speed of 26,000 km / h in orbit, astronauts feel the speed no more than passengers of commercial flights.

If the overload will not be a problem for long expeditions on "Orion" ships, then with small space stones - micrometeorites - everything is more complicated.

Right holder illustration NASA. Image Caption. To protect against micrometeorites "Orion" will need a kind of space armor

These particles with rice grains can develop impressive and destructive speeds up to 300 thousand km / h. To ensure the integrity of the ship and the safety of its crew "Orion" is equipped with an external protective layer, the thickness of which varies from 18 to 30 cm.

In addition, additional shielding shields are provided, as well as the ingenious placement of equipment inside the ship.

"In order not to lose the flight system, vital for the entire spacecraft, we need to accurately calculate the corners of the base of micrometeorites," says Jim Bray.

Be sure: micrometeorites are not the only interference for space expeditions, during which high flight speeds of a person in airless space will play an increasingly important role.

During the expedition to Moss, other practical tasks will have to be solved, for example, to supply the crew and counter the increased risk of cancer diseases due to the impact on the human body of cosmic radiation.

The reduction in time in the way will reduce the sharpness of such problems, so the speed of movement will become increasingly desired.

Space Flights of the Next Generation

This need for speed will erect new obstacles to space travelers.

The new NASA ships who threaten to beat the speed record "Apollo 10" will continue to rely on the chemical systems of rocket engines used at the time, used since the first cosmic flights. But these systems have rigid velocity restrictions due to the release of small energy values \u200b\u200bper unit of fuel.

The most preferred, although a difficult to achieve energy source for a rapid spacecraft is antimatterium, twin and antipode of ordinary matter

Therefore, in order to significantly increase the flight rate for people traveling to Mars and further, as scientists recognize, completely new approaches.

"Those systems we have today are fully able to deliver us there," says Bray, "but we all would like to witness the revolution in engines."

Eric Davis, a leading physicist researcher at the Institute of Perspective Research in Austin, Texas, and the participant of the NASA program for breakthrough developments in the physics of movement, a six-year research project, completed in 2002, allocated three most promising funds, from the point of view of traditional physics capable of Help humanity to achieve speeds, reasonably sufficient for interplanetary travel.

If briefly, we are talking about the phenomena of energy isolation during the splitting of the substance, thermonuclear synthesis and annihilation of the antimatter.

The first method is to divide atoms and is used in commercial nuclear reactors.

The second, thermonuclear synthesis is the creation of heavier atoms from simple atoms - this kind of reaction is powered by the energy of the sun. This technology that fascinates, but does not give hand; Before it is gained, "always remains for another 50 years" - and it will always be, as the old motto of this industry says.

"These are very advanced technology," says Davis, "but they are based on traditional physics and firmly established at the dawn of the atomic age." According to optimistic estimates, motor systems based on the concepts of atomic division and thermonuclear synthesis, in theory, are able to disperse the ship to 10% of the speed of light, i.e. Up to very worthy of 100 million km / h.

Right holder illustration US Air Force. Image Caption. Fly with supersonic speed is no longer a problem for a person. Another thing is the speed of light, or at least close to it ...

The most preferred, although a difficult to achieve energy source for a rapid spacecraft is antimatterium, twin and antipode of ordinary matter.

When two types of matter come into contact, they destroy each other, resulting in net energy.

Technologies allowing to produce and store - so far extremely minor - the number of antimatter, exist today.

At the same time, the production of antimatter in useful quantities will require new special features of the next generation, and engineering thought will have to enter into a competitive race to create an appropriate spacecraft.

But, as Davis says, many excellent ideas are already being worked out on drawing boards.

Space ships, driven by the energy of antimatter, will be able to move with acceleration for several months and even years and achieve more significant percentage of light speed.

In this case, overload on board will remain acceptable for the inhabitants of the ships.

At the same time, such fantastic new speeds will hone in themselves and other dangers for the human body.

Energy Grad.

At a speed of several hundred million kilometers per hour, any dust in space, from sprayed hydrogen atoms to micrometeorites, inevitably becomes a bullet with high energy and able to flash the vehicle body through.

"When you move at a very high speed, this means that the particles flying to meet you are moving with the same speeds," says Arthur Edelstin.

Together with the late Father, William Edelstaine, Professor of Radiology at the John Hopkins University Medical School, he worked on scientific work, which examined the effects of cosmic hydrogen atoms (on people and equipment) during super-fast space travel in space.

Hydrogen will begin to decompose into subatomatic particles that will penetrate the inside of the ship and expose radiation as a crew and equipment.

The Alcubierre engine will carry you as surfista, carrying on the row on the crest Eric Davis, a physicist researcher

At a speed of 95% of the speed of light, the impact of such radiation will mean almost instant death.

The starship is heated to melting temperatures, in front of any imaginary material, and the water contained in the crew members will immediately boil.

"These are all extremely unpleasant problems," Edelstin notes with a gloomy humor.

He and his father approximately estimated that to create a certain hypothetical system of magnetic protection, capable of protecting the ship and people in it from deadly hydrogen rain, the strip can move at a speed not exceeding half the speed of light. Then people on board have a chance to survive.

Mark Millis, a physicist engaged in the problems of the progressive movement, and the former head of the NASA program for breakthrough developments in motion physics, warns that this potential speed limit for flights in space remains the problem of a remote future.

"Based on the physical knowledge accumulated to date, it can be said that it will be extremely difficult to develop a speed of more than 10% of the speed," says Millis. "The danger does not threaten us yet. Simple analogy: Why experience that we can drown if you can drown if you can endure if we can drown if you think that we can drown, if We have not even entered the water. "

Faster Light?

If we assume that we, so to speak, have learned to swim, can we then master the slide on space time - if you develop further this analogy - and fly with superluminal speed?

The hypothesis of congenital ability to survive in a superlumovic environment Although doubtful, but not deprived of certain glimpses of educated enlightement in the pitch darkness.

One of these intriguing methods of displacement is based on technologies similar to those used in the "warp engine" or the "Star Path" series.

The principle of operation of this power plant, known as the "engine of the Alcubierre" * (named by the name of Mexican physicist-theorist Miguel Alcubierrere), is that it allows the ship to compress the normal space-time described by Albert Einstein, and expand him behind Himself.

Right holder illustration NASA. Image Caption. The current speed record belongs to the three astronauts "Apollo 10" - So Stafford, John Yangu and Yujina Sulna

Essentially, the ship moves in a certain amount of space-time, a kind of "curvature bubble", which moves faster than the speed of light.

Thus, the ship remains fixed in the normal space-time in this "bubble" without exposed to deformities and avoiding disorders of the universal speed of light.

"Instead of sailing in the thickness of the water of a normal space-time," says Davis, "the Alcuberre engine will carry you as surfista, which is carrying on the board on the ridge of the waves."

There is here and a certain catch. To implement this venture, an exotic form of matter has a negative mass to compress and expand space-time.

"Physics does not contain any contraindications regarding negative mass," Davis says, "but there are no examples of its examples, and we never met it in nature."

There is another catch. In the work published in 2012, researchers from Sydney University suggested that the "curvature bubble" will accumulate cosmic particles charged by high energy, since it will inevitably begin to interact with the contents of the universe.

Some particles will penetrate inside the bubble itself and pump the ship by radiation.

Stuck in the shipyard speeds?

Are we really doomed to get stuck at the stage of shipyard velocities due to our delicate biology?!

After all, not so much about establishing a new world (galactic?) Speed \u200b\u200brecord for a person, how much about the prospect of the transformation of mankind to interstellar society.

At half the speed of light - and this is the limit that, according to Etocestine's research, is able to withstand our body - a trip to the nearest star in both ends will take more than 16 years.

(The effects of time expansion, under the influence of which for the crew of the stellar in its coordinate system, will pass less time than for people remaining on Earth in their coordinate system, will not lead to dramatic consequences at the speed of half the speed of light).

Mark Millis full hopes. Taking into account that humanity has invented anti-loading costumes and protection against micrometeorites, allowing people to safely travel in the Great Blue Dali and the sandy stars of the cosmos, he is sure that we can find ways of survival, what high-speed frontiers did not come out in the future.

"The same technologies that will be able to help us achieve incredible new movement rates," Millis reflects, "will provide us with new, while unknown features for protecting crews."

Translator Notes:

*Miguel Alcubierre put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bhis "bubble" in 1994. And in 1995, the Russian physicist, theoretics Sergey Krasnikov proposed the concept of a device for space travel faster speed of light. The idea was called "Pipe Krasnikov".

This is an artificial curvature of time space on the principle of the so-called mole hole. The hypothetically ship will move in a straight line from the ground to a given star through the curved space-time passing through other measurements.

According to Krasnikov's theory, the space traveler will return back at the same time when he went on the road.

The 20th century was marked by the greatest discoveries in the field of physics and cosmology. The foundations of these discoveries were theories developed by Pleialy Outstanding Physics. Albert Einstein is the most famous of them, the works of which modern physics are largely based. From the theories of the scientist it follows that the speed of light in vacuum is the maximum speed of movement of particles and interaction. A temporary paradoxes arid from these theories are amazing: so for moving objects, time flows slower relative to resting, and the closer to the speed of light, the more time slows down. It turns out that for an object flying at the speed of light, time will fully stop.

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This gives us the hope that with the proper level of technology, theoretically, a person is able to achieve the most remote corners of the universe during the life of one generation. At the same time, the flight time in the earth's reference system will be millions of years, while on a ship flying with a near-light speed, only a few days will be held ... Such opportunities are impressive, and the question appears: if the physics and engineers of the future somehow accelerate the spacecraft to huge values, even theoretically to the speed of light (although our physics denies such an opportunity), can we achieve not only the most distant galaxies and stars, but also the edges of our universe, look abroad unknown, what scientists have no ideas about the border?

We know that the Universe formed about 13.79 billion years ago and since then continuously expands. It would be possible to assume that its radius at the moment should be 13.79 billion light years, and the diameter, respectively, 27.58 billion light years. And it would be true if the universe expanded evenly at the speed of light - the maximum possible speed. But the data obtained suggests that the Universe expands with acceleration.

We see that the most distant galaxies are removed from us faster than those who are nearby - the space of our world is continuously expanding. In this case, there is a part of the universe that is removed from us faster than the speed of light. At the same time, no postulates and conclusions of the theory of relativity are not violated - lightning speeds remain inside the universe. This part of the universe cannot be seen - the speeds of photons emitted by the radiation sources are simply not enough to overcome the speed of expansion of space.

Calculations show that part of our world's visible for us has a diameter of about 93 billion light years and is called Metagalaxy. About what is behind this border and how far the universe extends, we can only guess. It is logical to assume that the edge of the universe is removed from us faster and much more than the speed of light. And this speed is constantly increasing. It becomes apparent that if even some object will fly at the speed of light, then the edge of the universe will never reach, because the edge of the universe will be removed from him faster.

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