Antarctica is a continent with extremely low temperatures located in. Almost all of its territory is covered with ice, with the exception of the area in the west. The harsh living conditions attract researchers and tourists every year.
Basic geographic information
The area of the mainland exceeds 14 million km². The territory is located in the subantarctic and antarctic belts. Antarctica covers all longitudes, and cannot have western and eastern extreme points. There is only the northernmost point, Cape Sifre.
The continent is washed by the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, as well as the Amudsen, Ross, Weddell and Bellingshausen Seas. The Weddell Sea is the cleanest on the planet. Representatives can be seen through it at a depth of up to 70 m.
The coastline is weakly indented, its length exceeds 30 thousand km. The shores are most often high ice cliffs, ice shelves. The Arctic Peninsula is the largest on the mainland. It stretches north of southern border... Other major peninsulas include Hut Point, Mawson Peninsula, and Edward VII Peninsula. Alexander I Land, Deception and Clarence are the large islands of Antarctica.
There is no permanent population on the continent due to the harsh climate. The number of scientists and tourists fluctuates depending on the season. 16 countries of the world are conducting research on the territory of Antarctica. The region is being studied exclusively for peaceful purposes. States are prohibited from declaring part of the land as their territory. The mainland is not divided into time zones and time zones. Scientists are guided by the time of their country.
Relief
Antarctica is located on the plate of the same name. As a result of tectonic faults, most of it has risen. The surface is dismembered due to the dense ice cover. Scientists find it difficult to study the true relief: in some places, the ice thickness reaches several kilometers.
The average height of the continent reaches 2000 m above sea level. The highest section is the Vinson Massif, the highest point of which reaches 4892 m above sea level. Bentley Depression is the lowest point at 2,540 m below sea level. The Transarctic Mountains divided the area into West and East Antarctica. In the western part, it is more difficult, the ridges break through the ice crust. In the east, mountain rises alternate with deep depressions. The Gamburtsev Mountains rest under the ice. The length of the massif is 1300 km, and the highest point is 3390 m. They are comparable in size to the Alps.
Antarctica has both dormant and active volcanoes. Over the past 200 years, two of them have erupted. Located farthest south of all active volcano Erebus. A lava ejection was recorded in 2011.
Inland waters
Ice shelves block the way inland. Cover and mountain glaciers can be found in Antarctica. Their food is carried out thanks to precipitation. About 2200 km³ are accumulated per year. Ice is consumed due to the breakaway of the banks. 140 lakes have been discovered under the ice. The largest body of water is Lake Vostok, named after the Soviet scientific station. Its depth is 1200 m. Subglacial reservoirs were formed long ago: melt water flowed into depressions and was covered with a crust of ice.
There are no constantly flowing rivers. The Onyx River, located in the Wright Oasis, stretches for 30 km. It flows for two months a year, and with the onset of frost it is covered with ice and snow.
Climate
The continent has very cold winters and just as cold summers. The average annual temperature is -60 ° C. Most of the land is located in the Antarctic belt, the Antarctic Peninsula lies in the subantarctic belt. Due to the location inside the Arctic Circle, there is a 24-hour polar night here in winter, and a 24-hour polar day in summer.
The continent is distant from. It receives less heat due to the large tilt of the earth's axis. The ice surface reflects 80% of the light into space. The territory of Antarctica is an icy desert. The amount of snowfall does not exceed ten centimeters per year. Strong winds blow from high mountain ranges. In some areas, their speed is 320 km / h.
Flora and fauna:
Vegetable world
There is no vegetation in the Antarctic desert; it covers the outskirts of the mainland. On the ice-free land, mosses, lichens and mushrooms grow. Unpretentious undersized bushes are found on the Antarctic Peninsula. There are several dozen species of them. The flowers are poorly colored, because the wind, not insects, is pollinating.
Animal world
The islands are inhabited by beetles, butterflies and spiders. Plovers, skates and several species of ducks nest in South Georgia. Life depends on the seas, the waters of which are rich. Animals are represented by pinnipeds and whales: seals, sea leopards, humpback, blue minke. Adelie penguins live on the north coast emperor penguins and the Sclater penguins. Flying birds, cormorants, petrels and seagulls, nest on the rocks.
Minerals
The continent has deposits of coal, copper and iron. According to scientists, the volume of oil exceeds the amount of oil in the Arabian Peninsula. The installation of special equipment and the extraction of minerals will cause irreparable damage. In 1991, a protocol was drawn up prohibiting mining until 2048.
Ecological situation
The main problem of Antarctica is ozone holes... Thinning of the protective layer threatens with an overabundance of ultraviolet radiation. The sun is melting polar ice... Due to global warming, the air is slowly warming up. Animals have to adapt to new conditions of existence.
Antarctica is the coldest and most mysterious place on the entire planet. The continent is completely covered with a crust of ice, so data on minerals in this icy desert is very scarce. It is known that under the thickness of snow and ice there are deposits of coal, iron ore, precious metals, granite, crystal, nickel and titanium.
Such little knowledge of the geology of the continent is explained by the difficulty of carrying out research work due to low temperatures and too thick ice shell.
Features of the relief of Antarctica
99.7% of the continent's surface is covered with ice, the average thickness of which is 1720 m. Under the ice of Antarctica, the relief is heterogeneous: in the eastern part of the continent, 9 regions are distinguished, differing in the period of formation and their structure. The eastern plain has drops from 300 meters below sea level to 300 meters above, the Transantarctic Mountains pass through the entire continent and reach 4.5 km in height, the slightly smaller mountain range of Queen Maud Land stretches for 1500 km along and rises up to 3000 m, the plain Schmidt occupied an altitude of -2400 to +500 m, the Western Plain was located approximately at sea level, the arched mountain range of Gamburtsev and Vernadsky stretched for 2500 km, the Eastern Plateau adjoins the Schmidt Plain (+1500 m), the Prince Charles mountain system is located in the MGG valley and the ridge of Enderby Land reaches a height of 3000 m.
In the western part there are three mountain systems(the Ellsworth massif, the mountains of Cape Amundsen, the ridge of the Antarctic Peninsulas) and the Byrd plain, located at 2555 meters below sea level.
Theoretically, the most promising regions for production can be considered regions on the periphery of the continent - interior Antarctica has been little studied, and any research work is complicated by its remoteness from the coast.
Mineral types
The first data on deposits of minerals, ores and metals appeared at the beginning of the last century - then it was possible to find layers of coal. On this moment There are more than two hundred points of them on the territory of Antarctica, only two are definitely identified as deposits - these are deposits of iron ore and coal. Industrial mining from both deposits in Antarctica is considered absolutely unprofitable, although coal and ore are in demand for mining in all countries.
Other minerals and ores in Antarctica include copper, titanium, nickel, zirconium, chromium and cobalt. Precious metals are represented by gold and silver on the West Coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. On the shelf of the Ross Sea, gas shows were found in boreholes, which indicates possible deposits of natural gas, but their volume has not been established.
Resources and deposits
(Lake Vostok at a depth of more than 3.5 km under the ice of Antarctica)
It is known for certain that in the Sea of the Commonwealth, the coal field includes more than 70 layers and can reach several billion tons. In addition, coal seams, albeit in smaller quantities, are present in the Transantarctic Mountains.
Despite the possibility of finding other deposits, geological research in Antarctica is developing only in the direction of determining the presence of minerals in certain zones.
More thorough reconnaissance missions or industrial extraction of minerals on the territory of the South Pole is unprofitable, requires huge material costs, human resources and legal litigation, since legal status Antarctica is determined by the "Antarctic Treaty" and provides for the use of the region only in peaceful and scientific research, without the right to territorial affiliation of any of the countries. Thus, any extraction of minerals is possible only under the condition of international cooperation and large grants aimed at research work, and not at making a profit from the sale of the found minerals.
Transcript
1 Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION “SARATOV NATIONAL RESEARCH STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER N.G. CHERNYSHEVSKY ”Department of Physical Geography and Landscape Ecology Natural Resources of Antarctica ABSTRACT ABSTRACT OF THE BACHELOR'S WORK of a 4th year student of 421 group of direction Geography of the Faculty of Geography Alexey Nikolayevich Rassokh Supervisor Associate Professor Head. department professor, doctor of geological sciences Etc. Krysanova V.Z. Makarov Saratov 2016
2 INTRODUCTION At present, the study of Antarctica is a topical topic, since the continent and its coastal territories are a reserve of minerals for the entire planet. There are unique sites for scientific research, both the history of climate change on Earth and the current problems of global warming and pollution of Antarctic landscapes. The aim of the final bachelor's thesis is to analyze the natural resources of Antarctica. Within the framework of this goal, the following tasks were solved: - to analyze literary, cartographic and electronic sources; - to give a general description of Antarctica; - analyze mineral, water and biological resources; - to identify the features of the use of natural resources for recreational purposes; - to analyze the ecological problems of Antarctica. The main research methods were: the method of theoretical analysis and the cartographic method. Investigated 31 sources. Of these, 9 are literary, 21 electronic, 1 cartographic. The work consists of 3 sections. The first section is called general characteristics of Antarctica. Second, the natural resources of Antarctica. Third, the environmental problems of Antarctica. The main content of the work 195 years ago, the first Russian Antarctic expedition was completed under the command of Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, which proved the existence of the sixth continent. The work is dedicated to this event. 2
3 General characteristics of Antarctica. Antarctica has a special international legal status, which was defined by the international Antarctic Treaty in 1959. He defined the use of Antarctica in the interests of all mankind exclusively for peaceful purposes. The mainland cannot be the subject of international disagreements. Some countries still have territorial claims on it. But they are frozen by the Antarctic Treaty. A distinctive feature of the continent is that it has no permanent population. There are only small settlements - scientific stations designed for observing the weather, the state of the environment and scientific research in meteorology, glaciology, geophysics, biology, and geology. According to the agreement, any country for scientific purposes has the right to create its own station south of 60 o South latitude (RAE website [electronic resource]). The total number of people in Antarctica is people in summer and people in winter. Another 1000 people, including the crews of ships and scientists, are present in the waters of Antarctica (statistics of the countries of the world [electronic resource]). Russian Federation has 5 operating scientific stations in Antarctica (Figure 1). These include: Bellingshausen, Mirny, Novolazarevskaya, Vostok, Progress. In addition to the existing stations, there are mothballed ones: Leningradskaya, Druzhnaya, Soyuz, Russkaya, Molodyozhnaya, Pole of Inaccessibility, Sovetskaya. 3
4 Figure 1 Map of Russian Antarctic stations (RAE website [electronic resource]) Natural resources of Antarctica. Antarctica is rich in a variety of natural resources, among which the most important are: mineral, water and biological. Interest in recreational resources is growing. Almost all types of minerals are known in Antarctica. Manifestations and signs of minerals were found in more than 170 points of Antarctica (Figure 2). Precambrian shields are the richest in deposits of metals - iron, titanium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, 4
5 gold, platinum and others. As well as deposits of mica, precious stones and gems. But according to the agreement, their extraction is prohibited until 2048. Figure 2 Map of minerals of Antarctica (mountain encyclopedia [electronic resource]) Among water resources are of great importance Antarctic ice, in them about 80% of all fresh water of the Earth is concentrated. They are of particular interest from the point of view of the prospects for using them as a reserve of fresh water. More than 140 subglacial lakes are located under the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest of which is Lake Vostok. In work 5
6, it is noted that the lake is in the area of close attention of scientists all over the world, since the ongoing research will be able to provide answers to questions regarding natural climate changes that have occurred and will continue to occur on the planet (Zotikov, 2011). The biological resources of the continent are very poor. The work gives a brief description of flora and fauna of coastal islands and ice, coastal oases, nunataks and the ice sheet. Biological resources are of great importance for scientific research. One of the species of flowering plants, the Antarctic meadow, is used to breed new frost-resistant varieties of wheat or rye. The following natural resources are used for recreational purposes in Antarctica: geomorphological, water, biological and landscape (natural-continental and natural-aquatic). Some of the most used geomorphological recreational resources include the Vinson Massif, Ulvetanna Peak, and the Erebus and Sidley volcanoes. The relief of Antarctica is also favorable for sports recreation. Track and field marathons and bike tours are held on the ice plateau. Water resources used in such types of recreation as yachting, kayaking, ice diving, swimming in lakes. Every year in the waters of the Southern Ocean, there is a yacht race around the mainland. Also, the formation of such a unique recreational facility as the “bloody waterfall” is associated with water resources. Biological resources are used in cognitive recreation. Antarctic oases are used for sports and educational recreation. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, interest in Antarctica is constantly growing, as evidenced by the diagram (Figure 3). 6
7 Figure 3 Dynamics of tourist visits to Antarctica (IAATO [electronic resource]) In the period from 2009 to 2012, there was a negative trend in connection with the global economic crisis. According to IAATO, the number of tourists for the season made up a person (IAATO [electronic resource]). The mainland is most popular among American tourists (Table 1). The share of tourists from Russia is about 1%. Table 1 The number of tourists from different countries arriving in Antarctica (compiled by the author based on IAATO data) Country Number of tourists USA Australia 3833 China 3558 Great Britain 2313 Canada 1569 Germany 1479 France 911 7
8 Japan 715 Netherlands 624 Others 4426 Most of the sites visited are located on the Antarctic Peninsula. In total, about two hundred places are visited by tourists, of which less than 10% are visited by more tourists. Environmental problems of Antarctica. The main environmental problem of Antarctica is the increase in anthropogenic load on the mainland, due to the expansion of human activity at the stations and an increase in the flow of tourists. The impact of tourism activities is presented in Table 2. Table 2 Potential impact of tourism on the nature of Antarctica (Korostelev, 2013) Activities Cruise travel Yachting Land behavior on Potential impacts Impact on marine fauna(penguins, whales, seals) Underwater noise pollution Environmental degradation from the combined effects of wastewater and accidental pollutants (garbage, oil, harmful liquids, etc.) The spread of non-Antarctic flora and fauna Potential marine accidents (for example, a collision of ships) Things accidentally overboard Collisions of birds with elements of sea vessels (especially at night) Impact on marine fauna (penguins, whales, seals) Underwater noise pollution Disturbance factor for fauna representatives Disruption of animal reproductive activity Animal habituation Accidentally left things ( plastic bags, cameras, paper, etc.) 8
9 Impact on the landscape (damaged vegetation, disturbed snow cover, etc.) Impact on benthos during anchoring To solve environmental problems, the creation of protected areas in Antarctica plays an important role. CONCLUSION The study of Antarctica is of great importance for world science. Research is being conducted on meteorites in Antarctica. The state of the Antarctic environment is constantly monitored. In Russia, state grants are awarded for projects to study the modern dynamics of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. A new federal target program for research in Antarctica is being formed. In Antarctica, there are prospects for the development of potential mineral resources, but under the Mineral Resources Management Convention (1998), their mining is prohibited until 2048. At present, the recreational resources of Antarctica are used to the greatest extent. The presented materials in the bachelor's work, the characteristics of the natural resources of Antarctica, cartographic and various graphic material can be used by tour operators in the development of tourist routes to Antarctica. nine
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The value of Antarctica (Sergei Myagkov)
Myagkov Sergey Mikhailovich
Born in 1933. Candidate of Geographical Sciences. Head of Problem Laboratory snow avalanches and mudflows of the Faculty of Geography of Lomonosov Moscow State University. Member of several Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. Author of about 40 scientific papers, two popular science essays. Lives in Moscow.
Notes of the "exchange scientist"
One fine autumn day in 1968 I was asked if I wanted to work for a year at an American scientific station in Antarctica. And since then I don’t remember a day when I wouldn’t do anything related to Antarctica, or at least didn’t intend to do it.
I turned out to be the thirteenth Soviet specialist who participated in the US Antarctic Expedition on the basis of an international scientific exchange. In 1969-1971. I worked in the Transantarctic Mountains, mainly in the area of McMurdo station, studying the history of glaciation and the modern development of glaciers and mountainous terrain, in particular, I performed phototheodolite photography. By repeating such a survey from time to time, it is possible to measure with high accuracy all the changes occurring in the field of view of the camera, in our case - changes in glaciers and their surrounding slopes.
1975-1976 I repeated this survey, having visited Antarctica, this time at the special invitation of the US Antarctic Expedition, in addition to the Soviet-American scientific exchange program. The "exchange scientist" at this time was Narcissus Barkov, a glaciologist at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. The results of the phototheodolite work turned out to be interesting enough to make the benefits of continuing them clear. Therefore, I hope to see the Transantarctic Mountains again in 1979-1980.
In general, I find myself in the position of that Moscow schoolboy who wrote to the newspaper: "What should I do? I love Lolita Torres!" The Transantarctic mountains are beautiful and attractive. They are worthy and are waiting for their Roerich and Kent. There it happens to discover the mysterious amazing properties of glaciers and mountainous terrain, which are not found anywhere north of 60 ° S latitude. I fell in love with this land, fell in love with Antarctica, where - alas! - I can't be as often as I would like.
I am clearly aware that in this feeling I am, to put it mildly, not alone. Several tens of thousands of people have already visited Antarctica. At McMurdo station, I met an auto mechanic who had spent about 10 years in the northern summer in Greenland, at the Thule base, and the second half of the year in Antarctica. And if I decided to notify the reader about my more than business interest in Antarctica, then only in the hope of a better understanding.
Mineral resources of Antarctica - explored and expected - must be large and include such valuable species for modern industry as diamonds and radioactive substances... In the early 70s in Australia, which is related to Antarctica in geological history, the world's largest uranium deposit has been discovered, which increases the likelihood of such deposits in Antarctica. Signs of oil content were found on the Antarctic shelf.
However, the development of Antarctic deposits is unlikely to be profitable in the near future. According to the American research organization "Resources for the Future", the cost of sea transportation of goods between the coast of Antarctica and non-Antarctic regions is rarely equal, but more often tenfold higher than normal. The cost of maintaining one person at the coastal station reaches about 20 thousand dollars a year, and at the inland station - 4-5 times more. Under these conditions, no mining activity in Antarctica will be economically viable, except for the development of fairly rich coastal deposits of gold and diamonds. It is also significant that the geologically poorly explored, but potentially rich in minerals regions of other continents in their total area are much larger than Antarctica. In general, the prospects for the development of the mining industry here in the foreseeable future are not great.
The biological resources of the ice continent are negligible. They are concentrated in the coastal strip usually several tens (less often hundreds) meters wide - seal rookeries, colonies of penguins and other birds.
Climate resources are cold and frozen fresh water... Antarctica could be used as the world's refrigerator for storing food reserves. However, as you know, mankind does not have such a problem and is not yet foreseen in the future.
Fresh water is a very valuable resource. About 80 percent of its world quantity is concentrated in the ice sheet of Antarctica - an invaluable and wisely created reserve by nature. Back in the mid-60s, a large iceberg, fitted to the coast of Australia or the United States, would have cost several million dollars. Over the past decade, the water crisis in the main capitalist countries has intensified. In the summer of 1976, restrictions on the use of water for industrial, agricultural and even domestic purposes were introduced in some areas of Great Britain, France, the United States and other countries. But deliver the iceberg to potential consumer so far no one has undertaken because of the complexity of this task. Desalination technology development sea water, apparently, will determine the towing of aisourgs. Although, for example, Saudi Arabia is ready to allocate huge funds for towing the Antarctic iceberg to its shores.
This resource category can also include the attractiveness of Antarctica as tourist facility... Commercial tourist cruises have operated to the Antarctic Peninsula from Argentina since 1966 and to the Ross Sea from New Zealand since 1970. According to Resources for the Future, the cost of a seat on the ship is several thousand dollars. The number of applicants is many times greater than the capacity of the ships.
Research findings are unanimously agreed to represent the most important product Antarctica now and in the future. The value of scientific results grows faster over time than any purely economic value. The development of a methodology for the rational use of the natural environment - a fundamentally new and most important scientific problem of the next century - cannot be solved without detailed and comprehensive knowledge about Antarctica and its interaction with the ocean and the atmosphere of the rest of the planet. Closer and more specific benefits result from geophysical, radiophysical, some biological and other industry studies.
The results of studying Antarctica sometimes lead to rather strong changes in previously established scientific concepts. For example, let's take knowledge of the history of the Earth's glaciation. Back in the late 1960s, the dominant concept was the study of traces and remnants of ice sheets in Europe and North America. The Ice Age was considered relatively short (last million years or so). The reasons for its onset were sought in space. The development of glaciers in the northern and southern circumpolar regions was considered synchronous, from which it was concluded that the current rapid reduction of glaciation in Antarctica and the impending rise in the level of the World Ocean for this reason was drawn. The possibility of a resumption of glaciation in Europe and North America was not clear. Data the latest research Antarctica has significantly changed this picture, which now appears as follows.
There was once a huge continent of Gondwana, which included South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and smaller areas of modern land. 100-150 million years ago, Gondwana began to split. The site, which included Australia and Antarctica, shifted its Antarctic edge from mid-latitudes to the South Pole 50-60 million years ago. According to climatic laws, the continent, which is at the pole, is doomed to glaciation. However, the climate of Australia-Antarctica remained warm for a long time due to the warming effect of powerful ocean currents that transported the waters of the tropical belt to the polar shores. Beech forests grew on the coasts of Antarctica, although a "Yakut" climate may have already been established in its central regions.
Meanwhile, the crushing of Gondwana continued. About 50 million years ago, Australia began to move away from Antarctica, and 25 million years ago, the bridge linking Antarctica with South America burst. Thus, a continuous oceanic ring was formed around Antarctica, which determined a new polar direction of currents. "Water heating" by the former meridional currents stopped. The polar continent quickly cooled down, and its glaciation began. This happened about 25 million years ago, long before the appearance of the first human ancestors on Earth, at the beginning of the formation of the modern world of mammals, when on the territory of the modern islands of the Arctic Ocean the climate was like now in Ukraine, and the entire surface of the Earth was much warmer than now ...
All other things being equal, the size of the ice sheet depends on the climate, and its boundaries change in response to climate change. The climate of Antarctica is such that the corresponding ice sheet could be much larger than the existing one. But its growth is hindered by the limited size of the continent. If on ordinary glaciers almost all consumption ice goes by melting, then the discharge of the Antarctic cover ice occurs mainly through the discharge of ice into the ocean. For all 25 million years of its continuous existence, fluctuations in the size of the ice sheet were determined not by climatic changes, but by changes in the boundaries of the sea and land, which in turn were mainly a consequence of intraterrestrial processes. There is no reason to believe that future climate fluctuations will significantly affect the size of Antarctica's glaciation. It is destined to last until the continent sinks (which is unlikely) or moves to warmer regions (which is likely, but it will take many millions of years).
The glaciation of Antarctica arose on the warm Earth as a result of the continent's displacement and isolation from warm ocean currents. Having begun, it itself began to change the Earth's climate. The water cooling near the shores of the icy continent sank to the bottom and gradually filled the deep parts of all oceans. Now the bottom oceanic waters, even at the equator, have a temperature of only 2 ° C, 8 ° lower than before the glaciation of Antarctica.
The cooling of the ocean led to the cooling of the entire planet. Slowly but steadily shrinking rainforests, the tundra arose, the modern natural area flaccidity. 1-3 million years ago, it became cold enough for the formation of glaciers on other continents, especially around the Arctic Ocean. However, in the middle latitudes, the climate was not and cannot become cold enough to ensure the continuous existence of glaciation, as it is in Antarctica and as it would be in the Arctic if the ocean was replaced by land. The ice sheets of Eurasia and North America emerged only during the cold phases of climate fluctuations and were greatly reduced or disappeared during the warm phases. The last time the ice sheets existed here was in the interval from about 25 to 10 thousand years ago. Since the causes of glaciation persist (general Antarctic cooling of the planet plus cyclical climate fluctuations independent of it), we should expect in the future the renewal of ice sheets in Eurasia and North America.
This is, in a nutshell, the history of the glaciation of Antarctica and its impact on the nature of the rest of the planet. The picture depicted, as you can see, is fundamentally different from the ideas that existed 5-10 years ago. It allows one to predict such a significant change in the natural environment as the onset of a new glaciation in Eurasia and North America. It is clear that it is useful to know about such an event in advance in order to have time to find out exactly when it will happen and decide what should be done about it. (According to available estimates, it will not happen earlier than in a few centuries.)
Interestingly, all past climate changes from warm to glacial (usually a cold snap of several degrees) are called "climate deteriorations" in the scientific literature. Apparently, the unknown scientist who coined this obviously unfair term was very chilly. The fact is that the appearance of the Antarctic ice sheet caused a chain of important natural changes: an increase in temperature contrasts on Earth, an aggravation and enrichment of natural zoning, an increase in the diversity of living conditions for living organisms, an acceleration of biological evolution, in particular human evolution, an increase in the diversity of forms of flora and fauna. ... Is it "worsening"?
As for the future probable cooling of the climate and the resumption of ice sheets in Europe and North America, there is, of course, nothing to be happy about. The cooling itself will most likely be slow, almost invisible against the background of short-term climate change... A significant problem, of course, will be the reduction (glaciation) of the area suitable for habitation, especially if we recall that the existing futurological forecasts already threaten humanity with a lack of territory and natural resources in the next 100-200 years.
What will a person prefer - war or peaceful coexistence with glaciation? Any speculation about this is now unfounded. We still know too little when and how great natural forces will resist a person and what energy capabilities he will have by that time. We do not even know yet whether an involuntary man-made impact on the atmosphere will lead to climate changes that are deeper and faster than natural ones. Of course, it would be nice to know all this in advance. And further research in Antarctica is indispensable here.
Let us return, however, to the question of the total value of knowledge obtained in Antarctica. There is one characteristic difference in the Soviet and American assessments on this matter, concerning the experience of planning and organizing work. The leaders of Soviet Antarctic research do not particularly single out this aspect of the matter from a number of others, which is natural, since detailed planning and clearly coordinated fulfillment of tasks of a very different nature and degree of complexity are one of the long-established norms of conducting the national economy of our country. The experience of Antarctica in this respect is interesting.
At the same time, this experience is irreplaceable for the USA. In particular, it was thoroughly analyzed during the initial planning period for American lunar exploration. Leading figures from the National Space Research Administration (NASA) made a special trip to Antarctica. They found that space and Antarctic research has important common features: scientific goals; the complexity and high cost of logistics; the enormous value of scientific results, not expressed in monetary terms; the independent value of the required technological development, as well as the experience gained in planning and management; education of groups of highly qualified scientists and managers.
It is known that good plan is half the battle. I was very interested to know how the US Antarctic exploration is planned. The whole thing is in the hands of the Polar Research Division of the National Science Foundation. NSF is a government agency that invests in cash(state and private, donated) for the development of fundamental scientific research. NSF tries not to go beyond administrative functions. NSF seeks advice from academics to determine the best way to spend available funds. Thus, at the Department of Polar Programs there is a kind of advisory group, on the basis of election and periodic renewal of the membership, including leading scientists and specialists on problems related to the polar regions. This group evaluates the current and completed research and develops recommendations for the future: strategic goals, main problems, desired timeframes, main measures for the logistics of Antarctic research.
The main goals are indicated for the foreseeable future. So, in the early 60s, the task was set - in five to ten years to carry out all reconnaissance, survey research, so that then, after a thorough analysis of the collected data, to determine further strategic goals.
Particular tasks are indicated for the next five years and are updated annually, that is, there is a kind of rolling five-year plan of urgent scientific tasks. The plan is communicated to interested research institutions. At will, these institutions - universities and colleges, public and less often private research centers - take on a task, competing with each other - sometimes openly, more often covertly.
The proposed plans and cost estimates are reviewed by the Polar Programs Division with the participation of an advisory group. The preference is given to the most complex, the most advanced in scientific ideas and methods, and all other things being equal, the cheapest projects. The best plans are accepted and receive a "grant", that is, funding from the NSF. The NSF budget is unstable and can change dramatically from year to year. Therefore, the "grant" is not given for the entire duration of the program (usually three to five years), but is renewed annually. The grant renewal procedure is preceded by a critical assessment of the progress of the work and the results obtained. If they have not been successful enough, the "grant" may not be renewed.
The generalized image of the "taxpayer" - the taxpayer who finances your research and wants to get real value for his dollars - is constantly present in the speeches of the leaders of the Polar Programs Branch. "Ruble control" is well organized and ensures the rapid death of protracted, secondary, stupid research. However, not everything is as clear and useful here as we would like it to be. First, behind the idealized image of a Taxpayer, there is a Congress, whose budget decisions, to put it mildly, do not always seem justified (the annual increase in the US military budget is dozens of times greater than the annual expenditures on Antarctic research, the results of which the Americans themselves, including congressmen recognize invaluable). Secondly, the desire to win a competition for obtaining and then extending a grant leads in many cases to such harmful consequences for science as claims to the global significance of the findings, an obvious taste of sensationalism, ignoring priority, restraint of scientific and purely human contacts between potentially competing groups. , even in the conditions of the expedition. However, as they say, "what has been said does not detract from ...". Many American scientists have always been among the foremost explorers of Antarctica, especially in the technical development of new ideas.
Through the distribution of grants, the NSF's Polar Programs Branch (PPO) organizes and directly manages the United States Antarctic Expedition. Outside of these responsibilities, the role of OPP is most noticeable in the development of general research technology (substantiation and implementation of the idea of transportable stations, special types of ground transport, a "flying laboratory", automation of various kinds of observations, etc.). The PPP employees also make a great contribution to the development of international cooperation in Antarctica.
International cooperation, its establishment and accumulated experience are undoubtedly one of the main values of Antarctic research. Everyone or almost everyone knows that Antarctica is the coldest place. But few realize that this is also the place where the Cold War ended earlier. In 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was drawn up and ratified in 1961, which proclaimed the South Pole region demilitarized and open for peaceful scientific research. When a US military icebreaker enters the Ross Sea, a large unpainted spot and four bolt holes can be seen on its deck - the trace of a removed cannon. Johan Smuul in his "Ice Book" mentions an episode of a hunting rifle salute at Mirny station at the beginning of 1958. After the conclusion of the Antarctic Treaty, rocket launchers are used for salutes. General and complete disarmament with free and arbitrarily broad mutual control is the ideal for the rest of the planet.
Is detente in Antarctica irreversible? How can it be strengthened? For answers, you need to know the history.
"If you reach the magnetic pole, you must plant the flag of the United Kingdom on it and, on behalf of the expedition, declare this area part of the British Empire." "At 3.30 pm, we bared our heads and raised the English flag. According to the instructions, I said loudly:" This area, covering the magnetic pole, is taken by me into the possession of the British Empire. "Then we shouted" hurray "three times in honor of His Majesty the King." ... These are excerpts from the instructions and diary of Professor T. David, a member of the British Antarctic Expedition 1908-1910. Colleagues of Professor David, members of Antarctic expeditions from other countries, performed similar rituals in other regions of Antarctica until the end of the 40s. Was it before international cooperation? A good two-thirds of the continent was "captured" by Britain with its dominions, the rest - by Argentina, Chile, Norway, France.
But now the imperial excitement is over. Over time, it turned out that the "taken over" territories were far from Eldorado, and the seal and whale fishery in Antarctic waters had become pretty scarce. On the other hand, the scientific and technological revolution decisively required numerous scientific data, including from the South Pole region, where a fairly rapid success could only be achieved by joint efforts. This is where the international cooperation of scientific research was established, since each participant came to the conviction: this is the most profitable thing that he could do in Antarctica. It must be emphasized that its positive role in the early achievement of cooperation, the similar positive positions of the USA and the USSR, the countries with the highest scientific and technological potential, which do not have their own territorial claims and do not support other people's territorial claims in Antarctica, played a role.
It is clear from this that detente and the international cooperation in Antar-ktika they will be the stronger, the more cooperative the ongoing scientific research and the more valuable their results. With this in mind, the leaders of national expeditions, among the first, Soviet polar explorers, are constantly striving for progress in this matter. During the International Geophysical Year, in the late 1950s, cooperation was expressed in the exchange of scientists for a year and in the exchange of factual information received (through the Soviet and American International Data Centers). In the 60s, the direct joint implementation of certain studies began to be occasionally practiced (for example, Soviet-French glaciological work in East Antarctica from 1963-1964). At the beginning of the 70s, long-term large international research programs are already being carried out (for example, the International Glaciological Project for the Study of East Antarctica with the participation of groups of scientists from the USSR, USA, France, Australia, and Great Britain).
There is every reason to hope that in the future the detente of international tension in Antarctica will be saturated with ever new real content. All Soviet polar explorers are pleased to know that their pioneering experience of broad international scientific cooperation served as a model for the development of numerous international projects for ocean and atmosphere research.
If the main problem modern mankind - to reach mutual understanding and forever exclude wars, then the Antarctic experience is priceless.
There are about 40 people in the world who will see at least a year of their lives behind this phrase. These are Soviet and American "exchange scientists", each of them spent the winter at a station in another country. Now, if only one day we all get together and write a book! I think it would be a cross between "Robinson Crusoe" and "Star Diaries of Ion the Quiet" ... In the meantime, some individual impressions are offered to the reader's attention, for all possible mistakes of which one author is responsible.
The closer the day is when you find yourself among strangers, your future colleagues and friends, the more excitement: how will everything turn out? You feel like such a strange figure that you have never been before. You and a real person with all the shortcomings (oh, why was I too lazy to eradicate them!), You and an abstraction, as a "representative of the country." Your scientific program pre-approved by the host. But in general, this side somehow managed without your activity and can continue to do so. You know (from your predecessors) that you are destined for the special honorable attention of the American bosses, but they have worries above their heads even without you. But everything is getting better. The main thing is to be yourself and not try to look your best. I received this advice on the eve of my flight to the Americans in Antarctica and better advice for an "exchange scientist" I don't know. Is it only for an "exchange scientist"?
Gradually, everything is getting better. A week after arriving at the Antarctic station, you begin to distinguish faces - first neighbors in the House, then neighbors in the laboratory. All Americans at the station turn out to be extremely calm and patient people. You are convinced of this when you try to speak with them in English - your English! Then it gets better.
And now the work has begun, has begun, is in full swing. So it will go For almost a year. And for the rest of the term, it will go even twice as fast, because suddenly a lot of terribly interesting questions and tasks have appeared, and there is still a pinch of time! It's fun and annoying that you can't stay for another couple of weeks: after all, the equipment is fine-tuned, and the area of work is mastered, and the bosses are familiar, and the helicopter pilots are friends. But it really is impossible to linger. So you'd better find an hour or two to sit aside from the people on the shore, look at the stones, water, floating ice floes, mountains beyond the bay and the sky above them. To remember forever. "In the distant lands we leave particles of hearts ..."
You are no longer flying north as an abstraction from abstract Americans, but as a living person from living people. A year ago, you were met at the airport by your superiors. Now friends are seeing you off, and there are more of them than those who have met. It becomes pleasant when you suddenly realize this. And it's sad because it won't happen again.
Of course, the touchingness of the moment does not deprive you of your sobriety. You can hardly forget how, in the midst of wintering, you suddenly discovered that none of the Americans you interviewed even suspected the fascist past of Wernher von Braun, a pillar of American space technology. And that, in the opinion of many, Russia gave almost nothing for the victory over Hitler, only consumed "Studebakers" and American pork stew. That of those who are familiar with the name "Babi Yar", not a single one is sure whether the Russians shot the Jews there ... Well, what can I say! Your wintering colleagues are from the Cold War generation. It is better to remember that they do not trust propaganda too much and would like to come to visit you to see everything with their own eyes. Or like on May 1st you were presented with a luxurious cake with a homemade flag on the top and you clumsily cut this cake, unexpectedly being the host of a holiday party. Or how the helicopter pilots made a detour to bring you to your field camp a local small circulation with sensational headlines: "The Soviet Army is in the USA! The American defenses have been defeated by the Reds!" - it was about CSKA hockey players. Well, if you really remember seriously. What comes first? The faces and names of those six guys who at various times were your volunteer helpers in the field. You spoke in nightmarish English, could not figure out the labels of canned food in order to cook a normal dinner, you were just zero in the sense of radio communication with the base, etc., etc. The guys took it all down without batting an eye. Since there were six of them, and you are one, they owe the main merit in the fact that something worthwhile has come out of your work.
"When you return to your native land and begin to remember what you have experienced, you realize that you have seen and discovered such a land on this planet where people of the Earth can live and work in complete reconciliation and brotherhood," wrote Leroy Sharon, geophysicist, former American scientist in the Soviet Antarctic expedition.
Isn't the possibility of such discoveries the main value of Antarctica?
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Municipal autonomous educational institution of the Perevozsky municipal district of the Nizhny Novgorod region " high school№2, Perevoza "Development of a lesson in geography Grade 7 (project method) Topic: The nature of Antarctica Completed by the teacher of geography: Piskunova Nina Ivanovna
Perevoz
2015
Lesson topic: The nature of Antarctica.Lesson type: a lesson in learning new material, using the project method. Lesson objectives: Educational and developmental:- to reveal the peculiarities of the nature of Antarctica, to learn the relationship between the components of nature, to establish a connection between the geographical location, natural conditions and the uniqueness of the Antarctic continent. Didactic: - create conditions for comprehending and comprehending the block of new educational information, applying knowledge and skills in familiar and new educational situations, checking the level of mastering the educational material by means of the technology of the method of independent learning projects. Educational:- the formation of a dialectical-materialistic worldview based on philosophical categories: "cause-effect", "whole-part", "general - special - individual".
Tasks: Educational: - to contribute to the understanding of the regularities of the zonal belt nature of changes in natural conditions in Antarctica. Developing: - continue training in the methods of geographical research: a systematic approach - the allocation of climate as a leading element in the NTC system of Antarctica. Educational: - to form the experience of equal cooperation between the teacher and students in the process of group and independent teaching of schoolchildren. Methods: reproductive, partially exploratory, research. Forms of organization: group, frontal, individual. Lesson equipment: textbook “Geography. Our home is the Earth ", atlases, wall maps" Physical map of the world "," Antarctica ", encyclopedic dictionaries, exhibition creative works students "Antarctica", presentations, business cards of the mainland, computer, interactive whiteboard, Internet.
During the classes
Stage 1 - Immersion in the project- physical education, students' attitude to interesting work, a clear and specific explanation by the teacher of the goals and objectives of the lesson, drawing up projects and its final result, creating working groups. Stage 2 - Organization of activities. Teacher. In the last lesson, we studied the geographical location, discovery and exploration of the Antarctic continent.
Today our lesson is attended by guests - scientists who have visited the ice continent "Antarctica", a geologist and a polar explorer, and before starting to draw up projects, they will ask you questions they are interested in, and then take part in the evaluation of your projects.
The geologist asks the first group of questions on the FGP of the mainland: What is the name of the southern polar region, which includes Antarctica with the adjacent islands and the southern parts of the oceans up to about 50-60 southern parts. latitude? (Antarctic).1. What is the area of Antarctica? (fourteen mln. km 2).
Name the extreme point of the mainland and its coordinates? (Cape Sifre 63 ° S and 58 ° W)
What is the widest and deepest strait separating Antarctica from South America. (Drake Passage).
What does the word "Antarctica" mean in translation from Greek? ("Anti" - against, "Artikos" - north. Antarctica - against the north).
Who discovered Antarctica and when? (F. F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev in 1820).
When and by whom was the South Pole first conquered? (Norwegian Roald Amundsen December 14, 1911).
Which traveler reached the Pole second and died? (Englishman Robert Scott January 18, 1912).
Which state does Antarctica belong to? (Antarctica does not belong to any state).
What was the name of the sloops of the Russian sailors, on which they sailed when they discovered Antarctica? ("East" and "Peaceful").
An iceberg is …… (continental glacier sliding into the water)
Teacher. Guys! In the last lesson, the creative teams received their homework to make a description of the phased exploration of Antarctica. Using your data, we will enter the information into the table. In the future, we will use the information when creating projects (slide)
| 1 student: the initial stage of the exploration of Antarctica. Discovery of the islands around Antarctica and the search for the mainland. (16th century - early 19th century) | Long before the discovery of the mainland, various assumptions about the existence of a hypothetical southern land, in search of which expeditions were sent, which discovered large islands around Antarctica. The French expedition Bouvet de Lozier in 1739 discovered an island in the South Atlantic Ocean called Bouvet. In 1772, the French navigator J.J. Kerguelen discovered a large archipelago in the southern part Indian Ocean, consisting of one large island (Kerguelen) and 300 small ones. |
| 2nd student: the second stage of the exploration of Antarctica. Discovery of Antarctica and the first scientific research (19th century) | The discovery of Antarctica as a continent was carried out on January 28, 1820 by the Russian expedition of F.F. Shishkov, Mordvinov, Alexander I Land and specifying the coordinates of some of the previously discovered islands. Bellingshausen crossed the Antarctic Circle six times, proving the possibility of sailing in Antarctic waters. |
| 3rd student: the third stage of the exploration of Antarctica. Exploring the coast and interior of Antarctica (first half of the 20th century) | The first trip in our century to Antarctica was made by R. Scott, who in 1901-04 came to the shores of the continent on the Discovery ship, explored the coast of the Ross Sea, discovered the Edward VII Peninsula, the Ross glacier, along the western edge of which reached 82 ° 17th. NS. During this expedition, one of the most productive for its time, extensive material was collected on the geology of Antarctica, its flora, fauna and minerals. In 1902, E. Drygalsky discovered and explored the territory called the Land of Wilhelm II. On the basis of the collected material, he developed a theory of moving ice. Scottish navigator and physician W. Bruce in 1892-93 and 1902-04 conducted oceanological research in the Weddell Sea, discovered the Cotes Land. He developed a project for the transantarctic crossing, which was completed half a century later. A French expedition under the command of J. Charcot in 1903-05, conducting research off the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, dug up the Land of Loubet. |
| 4th student: the fourth stage of the study of Antarctica. International systematic studies of Antarctica (second half of the 20th century) | In preparation for the International Geophysical Year, about 60 bases and stations belonging to 11 states were founded on the coast, ice sheet and islands (including Soviet ones - Mirny Observatory, Oasis, Pionerskaya, Vostok-1, Komsomolskaya and Vostok stations, American - Amudsen-Scott at the South Pole, Byrd, Halett, Wilkes and McMurdo). |
Teacher: We still know little about this huge icy continent, what is hidden under its ice armor, what riches its bowels conceal, how various geophysical processes take place in this area of the globe, connected, in one way or another, with the processes developing on the entire planet. Mysteriousness, mystery, unknown, beauty of the continent always attracts scientists, travelers, explorers of the whole world.
So guys, we learned that the nature of Antarctica develops in harsh, extreme conditions... Everything grows and develops very slowly. The amount of food is limited. Nature will recover very slowly if it is disturbed, or it may not recover at all. She is very vulnerable! Therefore, documents were adopted to preserve a delicate balance in the natural environment of Antarctica: the prohibition of weapons testing, the prohibition of hunting animals and birds, the convention on the conservation of marine animals, the rules for the protection biological resources Antarctica, Antarctica Biological Resource Exploration and Conservation Program.
Teacher. Today in the lesson we have to explore the features of the nature of Antarctica. The class is divided into 5 groups of designers, each participant contributes to the study, research and conservation of the nature of the mainland. Information projects are being carried out on 5 topics:- geology and relief of the continent; - study of the ice sheet of Antarctica; - zoobiological features of Antarctica; - weather and climate on the continent; - practical use of Antarctica in various fields of human activity.
Goals and objectives of the project: 1. Control of knowledge, skills and abilities to create presentations, generalization and systematization of knowledge about the nature of Antarctica. 2. Show the possibilities of using a computer and an interactive whiteboard as a tool for practical and educational human activities. 3. To contribute to the development of the creative potential of students. 4. Develop an interest in cognition, conscious and independent acquisition of new information. 5. To develop communication skills, the ability to lead a discussion, give arguments in favor of different versions, prove your point of view, concisely and clearly express your thoughts. 6. To be able to listen and respect the opinion of a friend. 7. Analyze information and synthesize new ideas.
Stages of implementation of an information project
| Stages of work | Tasks | Student activities | Teacher activity |
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| Dive into the project | Preparation | 1.Selection of topics for information projects | Each group discusses the topic of the project with the teacher and receives, if necessary, the necessary information, sets goals (questions) | Introduces the meaning of the project approach and motivates in setting goals (questions) |
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| Organization of activities | Planning | 1. Determination of information sources 2. Determination of methods of collecting and analyzing information 3. Determination of the way of presenting the results. 4. Division of responsibilities between team members. | Choose an action plan, form tasks | Suggests ideas, makes suggestions |
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| Implementation of activities (answer questions) | Study | 1. Search and collection of information, solution of intermediate tasks. 2. Analysis of information, formulation of conclusions | They carry out research, solving intermediate problems, analyze information. | Observes, advises, indirectly manages activities. |
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| Results presentation. Protection of projects. | Presentation or report. | 1. Generalization 2. Reporting | They report on the results of their work. Participate in assessment through brainstorming and self-assessments. | The teacher organizes an examination, involving a geologist and a polar explorer, evaluates the efforts of students, the quality of execution and use of sources, the quality of the report. |
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| Reflection | Evaluating the results of the process as a whole. | 1. Expressing your point of view 2. Summing up | They reflect on the process, themselves in it, taking into account the assessment of others. Group reflection is carried out. | Evaluates its activities in pedagogical guidance of the activities of children, takes into account their assessments |
4. Presentation of results. Protection of projects.
Teacher: Projects are drawn up. Each group presents its research work - a project. Experts - geologist and polar explorer will appreciate the work. Each participant of the press conference listens to the presented projects, assesses and expresses his point of view.
Group # 1. Project "Geology and relief of the continent"
| Questions | Notes (edit) |
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| 1. Results of geological studies of Antarctica. 2. What are the features of the subglacial topography of the continent? 3. What are the prospects for the development of mineral deposits on the mainland? | Designers: 1st: Our project is based on the results of Antarctica research. Scientists studying fossils in sedimentary rocks of the Antarctic Peninsula have found evidence that plant life thrived here in humid temperate climates. Confirmation of this finding of fossilized remains of deciduous forests and inhabitants warm seas... In 1981, paleontologists unearthed the fossilized part of the jaw of a marsupial animal that lived about 40 million years ago. The found marsupial confirmed the theory of the migration of marsupials from their original habitats of America and Antarctica to Australia. Recently, geologists have found fossilized remains of the skeletons of dinosaurs that lived 75 - 80 million years ago. All this indicates that the continents were close to each other, and it was warm in Antarctica. Even 40-50 years ago it was impossible to answer the question of what was under a thick ice sheet, now scientists have established that the Antarctic Platform lies at the heart of a large part of the continent. We offer further exploration of the Antarctic continent, in collaboration with all interested countries of the world. 2nd: Almost the entire continent is covered with an ice sheet, the average thickness of which is about 2000 m, and in the eastern part maximum thickness reaches 4500 m. The average height of the continent, taking into account the ice sheet, is 2040 m. This is almost three times higher than the average height of other continents. About 1/3 of the mainland relief lies below ocean level. At the same time, mountain ranges and massifs were discovered under the glacial shell. West Antarctica is highly dissected. Along the Antarctic Peninsula and the western edge of the mainland, there are mountains that serve as a continuation of the Andes of South America. The highest mountain range (5140 m) is also located here. In East Antarctica, under a continuous ice cover, flat areas of the surface alternate with mountain ranges 3000 - 4000 m high. They are composed of ancient sediments. On the outskirts of the mainland, on one of the coastal islands of the Ross Sea, the active volcano Erebus rises - a witness to active mountain-building processes in this area. We offer to lay excursion trails on skis in summer time of the year. 3rd: In the bowels of Antarctica, a variety of minerals have been discovered: coal, iron ore, non-ferrous metals, diamonds, traces of oil, natural gas were found. The signs of deposits of mica, graphite, rock crystal, as well as many non-ferrous metals have been established. But the mainland's international status and harsh weather do not give the opportunity to extract minerals. In 1985, 17 zones were established in Antarctica enhanced security and 21 areas of increased scientific interest, which can only be accessed with special permission. In this way, international safe mining for scientific purposes can be ensured. Teacher question: What assessment will the geologist give to this project? Geologist's answer: the assessment of the project is positive, because this drilling rig project is already actively used in the development of the Shtokman oil field in the Barents Sea. | Atlas, Illustrations, drawings, Map "Relief and minerals of Antarctica" |
Group No. 2. Project “Study of the Antarctic Ice Cover”.
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| 1. What is glaciology? 2. What is special about Antarctica ice? 3. What types of research are conducted on the mainland? 4. Formation of icebergs. | Designers: 1st: Glaciology is the science of ice in all forms of ice formation. 2nd: If you melt all the ice of Antarctica, which is 85% of all glaciers on Earth, then the level of the World Ocean will rise by 60 meters, since the average thickness of the glacial shell is 1780 meters, and the largest is 4300 meters. The average speed of ice movement from the interior to the coast is about 200 meters per year. At such a speed, in 5000 years, Antarctica would have doubled its area, and in 20 thousand years it would have united with Africa, Australia and South America, but the ocean tears off the ice from the mainland and carries them into warm waters. We propose to use Antarctica as a world refrigerator. 3rd: Drilling the ice cover gives scientists the ability to judge the Earth's climate in past geological eras and the temperatures at which ice accumulated. At Vostok station, a well was drilled with a depth of 1800 meters, and at the station of the United States of America - Byrd - a depth of 2164 meters. This is how subglacial salt lakes lying below the level of the World Ocean. Based on the admixture of volcanic ash in the ice layers, conclusions are drawn about the past activity of Antarctic volcanoes. 4th: On the edge of the mainland, the glacier breaks off, forming "icebergs". There was an iceberg 170 km long and 40 km wide. Individual icebergs float for up to 10 years. In one of the icy mountains, we saw frozen shelves with dishes. These were the remains of an American expedition. Teacher question: What assessment will the polar explorer give to this project? Polar explorer's answer: the project is assessed positively. Guys, you have the opportunity to continue exploring the continent, not only theoretically, but also practically. | encyclopedic Dictionary Drawings, slides |
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| 1. What is the uniqueness of the organic world of Antarctica? 2. Why the emperor penguin is considered a symbol of Antarctica | Designers: 1th: The harsh conditions of the mainland are the reason for the poverty of the organic world of Antarctica. It is here that the southernmost natural land area is formed - Antarctic desert in an arctic climate, characterized by the predominance of glaciers, an almost complete absence of soil and scarce vegetation in ice-free areas with lichens, mosses, algae, microscopic fungi and bacteria. These areas of life are called Antarctic oases. The fauna is associated with the waters washing the mainland, the waters are rich in plankton, krill, squid, from fish - ice, grenadier, blue whiting, notothenia. Large animals include whales, killer whales, seals (elephant seal, fur seal, leopard seal) and walruses. Despite the poverty of the organic world of Antarctica, there are many endemics here. We offer, using air transport - a helicopter, to organize tourist routes. 2nd: It counts more than 44 species of birds(penguins, petrels, skuas, albatrosses). There are 17 varieties of penguins on the mainland. The most common are Adelie and Emperor penguins Imperial ones reach 120 cm and weigh up to 60 kg. Adélie penguins 2 times shorter... They weigh 5 - 6 kg. They are mobile and curious. All penguins feed on fish. In winter, only emperor penguins remain on the mainland. It is they who do not leave the mainland on the long polar night and breed at the height of the winter season. It is for this reason that emperor penguins are the symbol of Antarctica. I suggest watching a video about life in Antarctica. Teacher question: the project is assessed by a geologist. Geologist's answer: the project is positive. I recommend creating an international reserve for the protection of the organic world of Antarctica. | Slide Show encyclopedic Dictionary Slide Show Video about life in Antarctica |
Group No. 4. Project "Climate on the Continent".
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| 1. The role of the Russian Vostok station in determining the planet's climate? 2. Antarctica is the coldest continent. Is it so? 3. What role do winds play in climate formation? | Designers: 1st: Antarctica is a continent of a hard sun, frost and a terrible blizzard. Russian polar station"East"located in the region of the South geomagnetic pole of the Earth at a distance of 1250 km from the coast in East Antarctica, on the Soviet plateau,has been operating since 1957. This is the highest station at 3488 meters above sea level. Sanno -the track train gets here from the Mirny station in 1.5 months, and planes fly to Vostok only in summer. 2nd: Wintering in the "Vostok" is difficult because of the absolute dryness of the air and atmospheric pressure, which is two times lower than normal here, which can cause dizziness and nosebleeds. The atmosphere is very rarefied (a laden airplane with a strain rises into the air, it is calculated that the oxygen content in the atmosphere here is the same as at an altitude of 5000 meters). It is here that Antarctic air masses of air are formed. 3rd: A sultry eastern summer is held here with an averageJanuary temperature -35 * C. At the Vostok station July 21, 1983 was registeredthe lowest temperature in the entire globe-89.2 ° C. This is the world pole of cold. It happened that people froze the cornea of the eyes, lungs. Precipitation in Antarctica falls small, from 50 mm per year in internalareas up to 600 mm off the coast. Average temperature and in January on the mainland (-7 ° C), July temperature (-36 ° C). 4th: Katabatic winds blow from the center to the periphery. In the coastal zone, these winds blow at a speed of 360 km / h. The second name for these winds is the glacial winds of Antarctica. The strength of the wind is explained by the large difference in atmospheric pressure between the central and coastal parts of the continent. Hurricanes raise 25 million tons of snow, and prevent the passage of warmer air masses from the ocean to the mainland. The climate is very harsh. 1st: We offer all people with bad habits to send to Antarctica for fresh ideas and getting rid of bad habits. Teacher question: the assessment of the project is given by the polar explorer. Polar explorer's answer: many interesting facts provided by the designers. The assessment of the project is positive. | Presentation Textbook, encyclopedic dictionary Illustrations, photos, drawings |
Group No. 5: "Project practical use Antarctica ".
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| 1. What is the international status of the continent. 2.How to organize a tourist route around the mainland? | Designers: The mainland Antarctica does not belong to anyone, it is a nuclear-free zone, no one can store and use radioactive substances on this continent, it is forbidden to use nuclear-powered icebreakers, only diesel icebreakers. Therefore, we propose a project of practical use called: Antarctica - an area of international tourism We offer a guide to the mainland: 1.Village Peaceful- this is the very first Antarctic station in our country, named after the sloop on which Antarctica was discovered. 2. The path lies to the station Youth, where the scientific center is located, where scientific information flows from all stations. 3.At the station Novolazarevskaya you can see ice shelves. 4. Go to the heart of Antarctica to the polar station Amundsen - Scott(USA) and visit the South Pole. 5 visit the station East, which is the coldest place on earth. 6. Visit the foot of the only volcano Erebus with its mysterious origins. 7.Finish the route at R. Scott Valley, where there is a small museum of the brave explorer. 8.Swimming around The oceans will make this journey unforgettable. modern aviation will take tourists to the mainland. Tourists are extreme, dream of visiting Antarctica Ship in ice Bathing in a hot spring Antarctica Buses You need warm clothes to visit the mainland 2nd: Have a nice trip! Teacher question: What assessment of the listened projects will the polar explorer and geologist give? Polar explorer's answer: Considering that 10 thousand tourists visit Antarctica every six months on a polar day. The project is relevant and can be accepted for further development. Geologist's answer: unique geological structure the mainland gives it more mystery, and it attracts tourists. The future belongs to this project. | Physical map of Antarctica Schemes, drawings, route sheet |
5. Reflection(students express their opinion, their point of view on the given topic)
* Teacher. What factors do you think influenced the formation of the nature of Antarctica? (Clustering, using the interactive whiteboard)
Cluster "Nature of Antarctica".
Summarizing.
Homework: №37, creative tasks of choice: - create a presentation on the topic: "The flora and fauna of Antarctica", - make a scientific forecast that the ice of Antarctica will melt, - identify and write the most, the most (single) ... in Antarctica (for example: the highest , the coldest, etc.).
Literature
1. Geography: Interesting materials for lessons and extracurricular activities in grades 6-8 / Comp. N. A. Kasatkina. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2009. 2. I.V. Dushina, V.A. Korinskaya, V.A. Shchenev. Geography. Continents, oceans, peoples and countries. Our home is Earth. 7th grade. Bustard, Moscow, 2006. 3. Zotova MA Games at the lessons of geography. 6-7 grades: Toolkit for the teacher - M: Bustard, 2008. 4. Magazine "Geography in school", No. 3, 2010. 5. Korinskaya V.А. and other Geography of continents and oceans. Grade 7 Study Guide educational institutions... 6th edition - M .: Education, 2009. 6. Internet resources: http://www.antarktis.ru/ 7 . http:// festival. Iseptember. ru/ articles/
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