Russia is a huge country with practically inexhaustible natural resources. The greatest variety minerals stand out among them. The Russian Federation is the world's leading exporter natural resources, which are estimated at trillions of rubles. However, not all deposits of oil, gas, coal or metals are easily accessible.
Despite the uniqueness, diversity and large number of natural resources, they characterized by uneven distribution across the country... Unfortunately, they are often located in hard-to-reach regions, the extraction of which is very difficult due to remoteness and difficult climatic conditions up to permafrost. At the same time, large-scale exploitation of known sources leads to a rapid depletion of raw materials from them.
Currently, several types of resources are allocated that provide the country's wealth.
Fresh water is a vital resource, but its reserves are not endless. Most of its entire volume is in the form of glaciers and icebergs, which makes such water practically inaccessible. A potential source is permafrost... The water used today comes from rivers, lakes, reservoirs and underground sources.
Russia accounts for 20% of the world's water reserves, this fact provides the country with the first place in terms of resource volume. However, net sources account for less than half of them. The situation can be corrected only by holding environmental activities, in particular, by limiting the runoff of waste from enterprises into fresh waters.
Land resources
Russia has millions of hectares of land, a quarter of which are actively used in agriculture. Thanks to arable land, which is especially abundant in Siberia and the Urals, pastures for various farm animals, including deer, the population can be fully provided with food, and industrial complexes receive raw materials.
Forest riches
Almost half of the entire territory Russian Federation occupy forest belts, for the most part educated conifers... There are especially many of them on Far East and in Siberia. Russia's timber reserves are huge, but the approach to using this resource leaves much to be desired. Deforestation is more active than planting new trees. This does not allow full efficient use of the resource. The situation is aggravated by the need for long-term transportation across the country, as well as hot summer season leading to large-scale fires.
Renewable energy sources
Solar energy, wind can be excellent alternative sources for power plants. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Chukotka, in Krasnodar Territory, Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions a number of installations are already in operation using the sun, wind or geothermal resources. These projects are interesting, but so far they do not reach the industrial scale.
Minerals
There are practically all types of mineral resources in Russia, developed in several tens of thousands of deposits, however, in industrial scale only about 7 thousand are used. Oil, gas, coal, metals, mining and chemical raw materials, minerals and gems- Russia is fully rich in all this.
On average, Russia accounts for:
Due to its vast territory, Russia occupies one of the first places among countries rich in deposits of precious and rare earth metals. V early XXI century, the total amount of minerals in Russia was estimated at about 840 trillion rubles. Of these, 270 trillion are for gas, 200 for coal, 130 for oil, 120 for non-metallic raw materials.
Further development of deposits, especially gas and oil, according to forecasts, will be estimated from 73 to 240 trillion rubles. However, minerals mined in Russia are often of poor quality due to the poor content of useful components, which can be half as much as in similar raw materials located in another territory. In addition, their extraction is complicated by climatic conditions and the inaccessibility of remote areas for transport.
Since fossils are distinguished by a variety of groups, they are given the most attention when studying natural resources in geography. They are found almost throughout the country.
The variety of natural resources is combined with very large reserves of some of their types, significant volumes of extraction and use. This gives rise to a special role resource potential Of the Russian Federation in the world natural resource complex.
Oil, gas and coal
Russia's first place in gas reserves and seventh in terms of the number of oil sources allows the state to receive stable income from the export of this raw material. There are currently 14 billion tons of oil, and in the future this figure may reach 63 billion. The north and east of the country and the sea shelves are rich in deposits. Half of the known sources are not being developed, of the discovered, only 50% of the total volume is sold, researchers predict the discovery of new deposits in Siberia.
Deposits are usually found in sedimentary rocks ah, it is assumed that they were formed hundreds of millions of years ago. The main oil and gas provinces of Russia:
In each province, there can be up to three hundred sources, which are located throughout the entire thickness of the earth. Some oil and gas bearing rocks are more than 500 million years old and are the oldest.
Russia ranks third in coal production... It is overtaken by the United States and China. The total tonnage of coal is over one and a half trillion. List of famous pools:
- Kuzbass.
- Pechorsky.
- South Yakutsk.
- Part of Donbass.
Oil shale and peat
Tar is obtained from oil shale, which has similar properties and composition with oil. The oil shale deposit, which is of the greatest industrial importance, is located on the territory of St. Petersburg. In addition, deposits were found in Siberia, Pechora and Volzhsky regions.
Peat can be used as fuel and fertilizer. Previously, gas was extracted from it by distillation and used for lighting. The overwhelming majority of Russian peat fuel deposits are located in the Ural and Siberian districts.
Metal ores
Russia occupies a leading position in the extraction of iron ore minerals, which are characterized by strength, as well as complexity of composition, which includes many components. Main iron ore basin of Russia is called the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly.
Mainly in the Urals and Siberia, there are several small deposits of low-quality manganese. The content of the base metal in them is low; for industrial use, a complex enrichment process is required.
The bulk of the titanium mined in the country falls on placer deposits containing small amounts of iron titanate compounds. Also in Russia there are several primary deposits characterized by a low content of titanium oxides.
Chromium is mainly mined in Perm Territory , as well as a small share of production comes from the Urals. Researchers predict the discovery of new large bowels of this metal. Chromium ores contain a large amount of admixtures of oxides of aluminum, magnesium and iron and require additional enrichment.
Vanadium, alloys of which are widely used in nuclear power engineering and metallurgy, is mined in Russia from titanomagnetite containing it. This iron ore is common near the Caspian Sea and in Kuril Islands... Vanadium can be found in coal and iron deposits.
Aluminum is mined in the Urals and Siberia, but its volume is not enough to cover all the needs of the country. This is despite the fact that Russia ranks second after China in the production of primary aluminum. However, the ores are of poor quality. Prospects for the discovery of new deposits are highly dubious.
Complex ores of molybdenum and niobium are found in the Caucasus; separately, these transition metals are found in Yakutia, Chukotka and other regions. Ores usually contain too little trioxides. There are few deposits of molybdenum, and its export is unprofitable in the world market, since mining is fraught with difficulties due to inconvenient territorial location deposits. In addition, it requires large financial costs, while the quality of the final product is very low. All this makes Russian molybdenum uncompetitive in Europe, but in the future it is possible to discover new deposits containing better quality metal.
Russian copper has good quality, but its development is hampered by climatic conditions. The Norilsk region, the Kola Peninsula, the Caucasus and the Urals are rich in copper. Moreover, the content of the metal itself in ores usually does not exceed 20%, and sometimes is at the level of tenths of a percent.
Cobalt and Nickel, along with platinum and copper, is widespread in Norilsk and in Kola Peninsula... The length of such deposits sometimes reaches several kilometers. In Tuva, there is a deposit rich in arsenic along with the metals under consideration.
Tin, developed in the Far East region, accounts for almost 8% of the world's production of this metal. Thanks to this, Russia ranks sixth in the extraction of this ore, however, the metal content in it is very low, tin is three times less than in the sources of other countries and does not even reach a percentage, and therefore the sources of Russian origin little value.
Zinc in Russia is often mined from ores that also contain large amounts of lead and copper. Along with them, tin, gold, silver, platinum and its transition elements, rare earth metals, inert gases and minerals are found in the deposits.
Uranium used in production nuclear fuel, more than 50 fields are being developed in Russia. The main part is in Transbaikalia. This will be enough for development within 15-20 years. Currently, about two-thirds of all production is exported, the rest is used for the needs of nuclear power plants within the country.
Noble and rare metals
Gold resources in Russia make it possible to obtain this metal in an amount of more than 3 thousand tons per year. There are forecasts that this figure will increase several times. V eastern regions There are a few ore deposits, in Magadan and Transbaikalia - there are gold placers.
Silver is presented in ores complex with other noble metals and in individual deposits. In terms of silver mining, Russia ranks first in the world.
8% of the total world volume of platinum is divided between the Urals and the Murmansk region.
The list rare metals Russia includes:
- tantalum in Eastern Siberia;
- beryllium in the Khabarovsk Territory;
- germanium in Sakhalin region, Primorsky and Trans-Baikal Territories;
- niobium price Yakutia |
Mining and chemical raw materials
Among the fossils, related to mining and chemical raw materials, are widespread in Russia:
- potassium and magnesium salts (Perm region);
- sodium cations (Siberia);
- calcium salts (Primorye);
- phosphates (Ural, Krasnoyarsk region, Irkutsk region);
- sulfur (Far East);
- barium sulfate minerals ( Western Siberia, Khakassia).
Gems
Russia is rich in deposits of the following precious stones:
Thus, the reserves of minerals in Russia are enormous. There is practically no such resource that would be absent in the state. And the primary task should be the competent use of wealth and their renewal, as much as possible.
Natural resources of Russia
There are many natural deposits of substances important for humans. These are resources that are depleted and should be conserved. Without their development and production, many aspects of human life would be extremely difficult.
Mineral resources and their properties are an object and subject of study in the geology of mining. The results obtained by her are used in the future for the processing and production of many things.
Minerals and their properties
What are generally called minerals? These are rocks or mineral structures that are of great national economic importance and are widely used in industry.
Their variety is great, so the properties are specific for each species. There are several main variants of the accumulations of the substances under consideration in nature:
- placers;
- layers;
- veins;
- stocks;
- nests.
If we talk about the general distribution of fossils, then we can distinguish:
- provinces;
- districts;
- swimming pools;
- Place of Birth.
Minerals and their properties depend on the specific type of raw material. This is what determines the area of their use by humans, as well as the method of extraction and processing.
Mineral types
There is more than one classification of the raw materials in question. So, if the signs are based on aggregate state, then such varieties are distinguished.
- Solid mineral. Examples: marble, salt, granite, metallic ores, non-metallic.
- Liquid - underground mineral water and oil.
- Gas - natural gas, helium.
If, on the basis of the division into types of use of minerals, then the classification takes the following form.
- Flammable. Examples: oil, combustible coal, methane and others.
- Ore or igneous. Examples: all metal-containing ores, as well as asbestos and graphite.
- Non-metallic. Examples: all raw materials that do not contain metals (clay, sand, chalk, gravel, etc.), as well as various salts.
- Gemstones. Examples: precious and semi-precious, as well as (diamonds, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, jasper, chalcedony, opal, carnelian and others).
From the presented diversity, it is obvious that minerals and their properties are the whole world, which is being investigated by a huge number of geologists and miners.
Main deposits
Various minerals are distributed around the planet fairly evenly according to geological features. After all, a significant part of them is formed due to platform movements and tectonic eruptions. There are several main continents that are richest in almost all types of raw materials. It:
- North and South America.
- Eurasia.
- Africa.
All countries that are located in the designated areas make extensive use of minerals and their properties. In the same areas where there are no raw materials of their own, export deliveries take place.
In general, of course, it is difficult to define overall plan deposits of mineral resources. After all, it all depends on the specific type of raw material. Some of the most expensive are precious (containing noble metals) minerals. Gold, for example, is found everywhere except Europe (from the continents listed above plus Australia). It is highly prized, and its extraction is one of the most common occurrences in mining.
The richest in combustible resources is Eurasia. Mining minerals (talc, barite, kaolin, limestone, quartzite, apatite, salt) are widespread almost everywhere in large quantities.
Mining
Different methods are used to extract minerals and prepare them for use.
- Open path. The required raw materials are extracted directly from the quarries. Over time, this leads to the formation of vast ravines, therefore, it is not sparing for nature.
- The mine method is more correct, but expensive.
- Fountain method of pumping oil.
- Pumping method.
- Geotechnological methods of ore processing.
The development of mineral deposits is an important and necessary process, but it leads to very disastrous consequences. After all, the resources are depleted. Therefore, in last years special emphasis is placed not on large volumes of extraction of mineral resources, but on their more correct and rational use by man.
Ore (igneous) rocks
This group includes the most important and largest in terms of production of minerals. Ore is such a formation of a mineral nature, in which one or another desired metal (another component) is contained in large quantities.
Places of extraction and processing of such raw materials are called mines. Igneous rocks can be classified into four groups:
- colored;
- noble;
- non-metallic components.
Here are some examples of some ore mineral resources.
- Iron.
- Nickel.
- Argentite.
- Cassiterite.
- Beryl.
- Bornite.
- Chalcopyrite.
- Uraninite.
- Asbestos.
- Graphite and others.
Gold is an ore mineral
There are among the ore and special minerals. Gold, for example. Its production has been relevant since ancient times, because it has always been highly valued by people. Today, gold is mined and laundered in almost every country in whose territory there are at least small deposits of it.
In nature, gold is found in the form of native particles. The largest ingot was found in Australia, weighing almost 70 kg. Often, due to the weathering of deposits and their erosion, placers are formed in the form of sand grains of this precious metal.
It is recovered from such mixtures by washing and sieving. In general, these are not very widespread and voluminous minerals in terms of content. That is why gold is called a precious and noble metal.
The centers for the extraction of this ore mineral are:
- Russia.
- Canada.
- South Africa.
- Australia.
Fossil fuels
This group includes such mineral resources, how:
- brown coal;
- oil;
- gas (methane, helium);
- coal.
The use of such minerals is fuel and raw materials for obtaining various chemical compounds and substances.
Coal is such a fossil that lies at a relatively shallow depth in wide layers. Its quantity is limited in one specific deposit. Therefore, having exhausted one pool, people move to another. In general, coal contains up to 97% pure carbon. It was formed historically, as a result of the withering away and tamping of plant organic remains. These processes lasted for millions of years, so now coal reserves great amount all over the planet.
Oil is also referred to as liquid gold, which underscores how important a mineral resource it is. After all, it is the main source of high-quality combustible fuel, as well as its various components - the basis, raw material for chemical syntheses. The leaders in oil production are countries such as:
- Russia.
- Algeria;
- Mexico.
- Indonesia.
- Venezuela.
- Libya.
Which is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, it is also an important industrial fuel. It belongs to the cheapest raw material, therefore it is used especially on a large scale. The leading countries in production are Russia and Saudi Arabia.
Non-metallic or non-metallic species
This group includes such minerals and rocks as:
- clay;
- sand;
- pebbles;
- gravel;
- crushed stone;
- talc;
- kaolin;
- barite;
- graphite;
- diamonds;
- quartz;
- apatite;
- phosphorite and others.
All varieties can be combined into several groups by area of use.
- Mining chemical minerals.
- Metallurgical raw materials.
- Technical crystals.
- Construction Materials.
Gemstone fossils are often included in this group. The areas of use of non-metallic minerals are multifaceted and extensive. it Agriculture(fertilizers), construction (materials), glass making, jewelry, technology, general chemical production, paint production and so on.
Mineral resources are valuable formations that lie inside and partially above the earth's crust, their physical and Chemical properties, as well as the composition are valued for the possibility of using in various spheres of human life. Fossils can be solid and liquid or gaseous.
Accumulations of fossil resources are called deposits - in these zones they are represented in large quantities in the form of placers, veins, layers, stocks. Russian PI is a colossal set of valuable metals, ores, combustible materials and others. Many of them on the territory of the Russian Federation are concentrated in more than anywhere else.
general information
Russia, possessing the most large territory in comparison with other countries, it occupies a leading position in the extraction of the most important minerals. The total number of deposits is more than 200,000, and this number is constantly increasing, as the methods of searching for new deposits are being improved. The cost of the estimated resources is over $ 30 trillion. dollars. The amount of natural gas and coal breaks records in most other countries: they are represented by 32% and 30%, respectively total world reserves.
Relation between relief and minerals of the Russian Federation
The territory of Russia is extremely complex and diverse due to its great length from west to east and from south to north. Huge territories combine different terrain, rich in a full range of PI:
- in the European and central region;
- mountains in the south, east and northeast, as well as unique Ural ridge crossing the country;
- northern slope with waters flowing into the seas of the Arctic Ocean.
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Exceptional underground riches are concentrated in the depths of our Motherland. Russia occupies one of the leading places in terms of the number of deposits and production of minerals. What kind of mineral resources are contained in the bowels of our country?
Mineral resources of Russia
About 200 thousand fields operate on the territory of the Russian Federation, and the total cost of all underground resources is $ 30 trillion. Our most important underground resources are oil, natural gas, coal, iron, cobalt, and potassium salts. Russia contains 60% of the world's gas reserves, 30% of coal, 20% of oil.
Rice. 1. Largest deposits Russia.
Despite the huge reserves of minerals, there may be even more of them. Indeed, in the geological sphere, the territory of Russia is poorly studied. So the area of Eastern Siberia, where many deposits are located, has been studied by only 4%.
Deposits of Russia
In the crystalline basement of the platforms lie iron ores(Kola Peninsula), in sedimentary covers are oil and gas deposits (Volga-Ural basin, West Siberian plate). The largest deposits of hard and brown coal are located in the Vorkuta region, in the Donetsk basin, Kuzbass, Tunguska, Lensk, Kansk-Achinsk basins.
Rice. 2. Kansk-Achinsk basin.
Iron ores are found in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, the Aldan Shield, Angara-Pitsky and Angara-Ilimsky regions, nickel - on the Kola Peninsula, polymetallic - near Norilsk.
Mountain regions are rich in ore minerals. There are deposits of ores of non-ferrous and rare metals: copper (Ural, Transbaikalia), lead, zinc ( North Caucasus, Primorsky Krai, Altai), tin (Far East, Eastern Siberia), bauxite ( Northern Ural, Krasnoyarsk region).
There are gold deposits in Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, in the north of the Far East, and platinum deposits in the Urals.
There is a diamond deposit in the west of Yakutia, apatite deposits on the Kola Peninsula, potassium salts in the Volga region and the Urals, and graphite in the Far East.
Rice. 3. Deposits of diamonds in Yakutia.
Table "Our underground wealth"
| Name | Properties | Place of Birth |
| Oil | Flammable liquid, dark in color | Samotlorskoe, Fedorovskoe, Romashkinskoe deposits |
| Coal | hard, but fragile; is black | Donetsk basin, Kuzbass, Tunguska, Leninsky and Kansk-Achinsky basins |
| Natural gas | flammable and explosive | Urengoy, Yamburg, Leningradskoe, Rusanovskoe deposits |
| Cobalt | metal similar to iron, but darker | Murmansk region, Ural, Norilsk |
| Iron ore | has a dark color and the ability to attract metal objects | Kursk Magnetic Anomaly area, Aldan Shield, Kola Peninsula |
Russia ranks first in the world in the production of diamonds, oil and natural gas
What have we learned?
Russia is a huge country, in the depths of which a large amount of natural resources are hidden. ore, coal, oil, metals, precious stones and much more are mined in our country. In many branches of the extractive industry, Russia is in first place (production, oil, gas).
Assessment of the report
Average rating: 4.6. Total ratings received: 19.
Good afternoon, my reader. Today I will tell you about the largest mineral deposits in the world and separately in our country. And first, I will remind you what minerals are.
All over the world, natural resources are considered to be organic and mineral formations located in the earth's crust, the composition and properties of which can be effectively used by the national economy.
One of the varieties of natural resources are mineral resources - rocks and minerals used in mineral resource base world economy.
Today world economy uses over 200 types of ore, fuel, energy and mineral resources.
In the distant past, our Earth has experienced numerous natural disasters, one of which was volcanic eruptions. Hot magma from the crater of the volcano spilled over the surface of our planet and then cooled down, flowing into deep crevices, where it crystallized over time.
Magmatic activity was most manifested in areas of seismically active zones, where, for a long time, the development crust formed useful resources, which are distributed relatively evenly throughout the planet. The main continents of the distribution of raw materials are South and North America, Eurasia and Africa, Asia and Australia.
As you know, different metals different temperature melting, and the composition and location of accumulations of ore minerals depends on the temperature.
The placement of these deposits had their own specific patterns, depending on geological features and weather factors:
- the time of the appearance of the earth,
- structure of the earth's crust,
- type and relief of the area,
- shape, size and geological structure territory,
- climatic conditions,
- atmospheric phenomena,
- water balance.
Areas where minerals are located are characterized by a closed area of concentration of local mineral deposits and are called basins. They are characterized by the commonality of rock formations, one process accumulation of sediments in the tectonic structure.
Large accumulations of minerals of industrial importance are called deposits, and closely located, closed groups of them are called basins.
Types of resources of our planet
The main resources on our planet are found on all continents - South and North America, Africa and Eurasia, Australia and Asia, are distributed unevenly and therefore on different territories their set is different.
The world industry requires more and more raw materials and energy every year, so geologists never stop searching for new deposits, and scientists and industry experts are developing modern technologies extraction and processing of extracted raw materials. 
This raw material is already being mined not only, but also at the bottom of the seas and coastal oceans, in remote areas of the earth and even in permafrost conditions.
The presence of proven reserves over time required specialists in this industry to account for and classify them, therefore all minerals were divided according to physical properties into: solid, liquid and gaseous.
Examples of solid minerals are marble and granite, coal and peat, as well as ores of various metals. Respectively liquid - mineral waters and oil. And also gaseous - methane and helium, as well as various gases.
According to their origin, all fossils were divided into sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic.
Magmatic fossils are attributed to the places of surface or close occurrence from the surface of the outcropping of the crystalline basement of the platforms, during the period of activity of tectonic processes.
Sedimentary fossils have been formed over centuries and millennia from the remains of ancient plants and animals, and are mainly used as fuel.
Fuel minerals form the largest oil and gas and coal basins. Metamorphic fossils were formed as a result of changes in sedimentary and igneous rocks due to changes in physicochemical conditions. 
According to the scope of use for combustible, ore and non-metallic, where precious and ornamental stones were designated as a separate group.
Fossil fuels are natural gas and oil, coal and peat. Ore minerals are rocks containing metal components. Nonmetallic minerals are rocks of substances that do not contain metals - limestone and clay, sulfur and sand, various salts and apatites.
Availability of general reserves of minerals
For industrial development, not all explored mineral deposits, due to their unfavorable and inaccessible conditions, mankind could have mined, therefore, in the world rating for the extraction of natural raw materials, each country hovers over its definite place.
Every year, mining engineers and geologists continue to identify new reserves of underground resources, which is why the leading positions of individual states change from year to year.
So it is believed that Russia is the richest country in the world in terms of natural resource production, namely, 1/3 of the world's natural gas reserves are located here.
The largest gas fields in Russia are Urengoyskoye and Yamburgskoye, which is why our country ranks first in the world ranking for this raw material. In terms of reserves and production of tungsten, Russia is in second place.
Our largest coal pools are located not only in the Urals, but also in Eastern Siberia, the Far East and in Central Russia Therefore, in terms of coal, Russia is in third place in the world ranking. In fourth place - for gold, in seventh - for oil.
The main gas and oil fields on the continents are located in the foothill troughs and depressions, but the world's largest deposits of this raw material are located in seabed continental shelf. So in Africa and Australia, large reserves of oil and gas were found in the shelf zone of the mainland coast.
V Latin America there are huge reserves of non-ferrous and rare metals, therefore this country takes first place in the world for this natural raw material. V North America the largest coal basins are located, therefore, these natural resources in their reserves brought this country to first place in the world. 
The Chinese platform can be considered very promising in terms of oil reserves, where such fossil fuels as oil and gas have been used for lighting and heating human homes since the 4th century BC.
V overseas Asia the richest in diversity minerals are concentrated, which was influenced by volcanic and seismic landforms, as well as activities permafrost, glaciers, wind and flowing waters.
Asia is famous all over the world for its reserves of precious and semi-precious stones, therefore this continent is very rich in a variety of minerals.
Tectonic structure in history geological development such a continent as Eurasia caused the diversity of the terrain, which is why there are the richest oil reserves in the world in comparison with other countries.
Large reserves of ore minerals in Eurasia are associated with the basement of the Mesozoic folding platforms.
In search of fuel and other raw materials, mankind is moving more and more confidently to where black gold and natural gas is extracted at continental depths of over 3000 meters, because the bottom of this area of our planet has been little studied and precisely contains innumerable reserves of precious natural raw materials.
And that's all for today. I hope you enjoyed my article on the largest mineral deposits in Russia and in the world, and you learned a lot from it. Maybe you also had to engage in amateur mining of some of them, write about it in your comments, it will be interesting for me to read about it. Let me say goodbye to you and see you again.
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