Riddles of Kola ultragool. Ultra-rotary well on the Kola Peninsula: History and Secrets

It occupies the first position in the list of "ultra-deep well of the world". It was drilled in order to study the structure of deep earthly breeds. Unlike other available wells of the planet, this has been drilled exclusively from a research point of view and was not used to mining useful resources.

Location of Kola ultra-deep station

Where is the Kola ultra-deep well? ABOUTon is located in the Murmansk region, near the city of Zapolyarny (about 10 kilometers from him). The location of the well is truly unique. It was laid on the territory in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kola Peninsula. It is where the land every day pushes various ancient rocks to the surface.

Near the well there is Pechenga-Imandra-Warzugian riftogenic deflection, resulting from a fault.

Kola ultra-deep well: the history of appearance

In honor of the century of anniversary on the occasion of the birthday of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in the first half of 1970, the beginning of the drilling of the well was laid.

On May 24, 1970, after approval by the geological expedition of the location of the well, the work was started. Up to the depth of about 7 thousand meters everything went easy and smoothly. After the intersection of the seven thousandth turn, the work went more difficult and permanent collaboration began to occur.

As a result of constant closens of lifting mechanisms and bugs of drill heads, as well as regular walls of the wells, the cementing is subject to the process. However, due to permanent problems, work continued for several years and was extremely slow.

On June 6, 1979, the depth of the well crossed the border of 9583 meters, thereby having broken the world record of oil production in the United States of America Berta Rogers, located in Oklahoma. At this time, in the Kola well, the order of sixteen scientific laboratories continuously worked, and the drilling process was controlled personally by the Minister of Geology of the Soviet Union Kozlovsky Evgeny Alexandrovich.

In 1983, when the depth of the Kola ultra-deep well reached 12,066 meters, the work was temporarily frozen in connection with the preparation for the International Geological Congress of 1984. At its end, work was resumed.

The renewal of works fell on September 27, 1984. But on the first descent, the drilling column was torn off, and once again there was a borehole. Work resumed from the depth of about 7 thousand meters.

In 1990, the depth of the drill well reached a record 12,62 meters. After the cliff, the next column received an order to stop drilling well and complete the work.

The current state of the Kola well

In early 2008, the superhong of the well on the Kola Peninsula was considered abandoned, the equipment was dismantled, and a project to demolish the existing buildings and laboratories was already launched.

In early 2010, the director of the Kola Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences reported that at present the well was subjected to the conservation process and destroyed independently. Since then, the question has not risen.

The depth of the well today

Currently, the Kola ultra-deep well, the photo of which are represented by the reader in the article, is considered one of the large-scale drill projects on the planet. Its official depth is 12,63 meters.

Sounds in the Kola Well

When the drill plants crossed the frontier of 12 thousand meters, the workers began to hear strange sounds emanating from the depth. At first they did not attach importance to this. However, when all the drilling techniques silence, and in the well there was a coffin silence, the unusual sounds came, which the workers themselves called "screams of sinners in hell". Since the sounds of the superhong of the well were considered rather unusual, it was decided to record them with the help of heat-resistant microphones. When the records were listened, everyone was amazed - they were like shouts and screams of people.

A few hours after listening to records, workers found traces of a powerful explosion of previously unknown origin. The works were temporarily discontinued until the circumstances clarify. However, they were resumed after a few days. Having descended again in the well, all with a fading of the heart expected to hear the human shouts, but there was truly a sobral silence.

When the proceedings began on the origin of sounds, questions began to be asked about who I heard. The affected and frightened workers tried to avoid response to these questions and only disgusted by the phrase: "I heard something strange ..." Only a few times and after closing the project, the version was put forward that the sounds of unexplored origin were the sound of tectonic plates. This version was refuted with time.

Seculate wells

In 1989, the Kola ultra-deep well, the sounds of which excitement of the human imagination was called "Road to Hell". The legend originated on the air of the American television company, who perceived the firsthapel article in the Finnish newspaper about the Kola wells for reality. The article stated that each drilled kilometer on the way to the 13th brought a solid misfortune country. As the legende says, at a depth of 12 thousand meters, workers have been shattered by human cries about the help, which were recorded on ultra-sensitive microphones.

With each new kilometer on the way to the 13th in the country there were cataclysms, so, on the above route was collapsed by the USSR.

Also noted that, drilling a well to 14.5 thousand meters, the workers stumbled into void "rooms", the temperatures in which reached 1,100 degrees Celsius. Lowering one of the heat-resistant microphones into one of these holes, recorded moans, crops and screams. These sounds were called "voice of hell", and the well itself became referred to as "the road to hell".

However, soon the research team itself has refuted this legend. Scientists reported that the depth of the well at that time was only 12,263 meters, and the maximum fixed temperature is 220 degrees Celsius. Only one fact remains irrefutable, thanks to which there has such a dubious glory of the Kola ultra-deep well, - sounds.

Interview with one of the workers of the Kola ultra-deep well

In one of the interviews dedicated to the refutation of the legend of the Kola well, David Mironovich Guberman said: "When I ask me about the truthfulness of this legend and about the existence of a demon, which we found there, I answer that this is a complete nonsense. But if you are honest, I can not refute the fact that we encountered something supernatural. At first we began to disturb the incomprehensible origin of the sounds, then there was an explosion. When we looked into the well, on the same depth, a few days later, everything was absolutely normal ... "

What benefits brought by the drilling of the Kola ultra-deep well?

Of course, one of the main advantages of the appearance of this well can be called significant progress in the field of drilling. New methods and types of drilling were developed. Also personally for the Kola ultra-double well created drill and scientific equipment, which is used to this day.

Another advantage was the opening of a new location of valuable natural resources, including gold.

The main scientific goal of the project for the study of the deep layers of land has been achieved. Many existing theories (including about the basalt layer of the Earth) were refuted.

The number of ultrahooth wells of the world

In total on the planet there are about 25 ultra-deep wells.

Most of them is located on the territory of the former USSR, however, about 8 are located all over the world.

Ultra-deep wells located on the territory of the former USSR

In the territory of the Soviet Union, there was a huge number of ultra-short wells, but such: such:

1. Murutau well. In the depths of the well reaches only 3 thousand meters. Located in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in a small village Murutau. The drilling of the well began since 1984 and has not yet been completed.
2. Krivoy Rogo well. In the depth reaches only 5383 meters from 12 thousand conceived. Drilling began in 1984 and ended in 1993. The location of the well is Ukraine, the neighborhood of the city of Krivoy Rog.
3. Dneprovsko-Donetsk well. It is a barehouse of the previous one and is also located in Ukraine, near the Donetsk Republic. The depth of the well today is 5691 meters. Drilling began in 1983 and continues to the present.
4. Ural well. Holds a depth of 6100 meters. Located in the Sverdlovsk region, near the city of Upper Tour. Works lasting for 20 years, starting from 1985 and ending 2005.
5. Bikhikhlskaya well. Its depth reaches 6,700 meters. Drilling well took place from 1962 to 1971. It is located on the Caspian lowland.
6. Aralsol well. Its depth of one hundred meters more than Bichagal and is only 6,800 meters. The year of drilling and the location of the well are completely identical with the Biizhal well.
7. Timan-Pechora well. Its depth reaches 6904 meters. Located in the Komi Republic. To be more accurate, then in the Vuktyl area. Works last about 10 years, starting from 1984 ending 1993.
8. Tyumen well. Depth reaches 7502 meters from 8000 planned. There is a well near the city and the village of Korochuevo. Drilling took place from 1987 to 1996.
9. Shevchenko well. It was drilled during one 1982 in order to mining oil in Western Ukraine. The depth of the well is 7520 meters. Located in the Carpathian district.
10. EN-Yakhinskaya well. It has a depth of about 8250 meters. The only well, which exceeded the drilling plan (was originally planned 6000). Located in Western Siberia, near New Urengoy. Drilling lasted from 2000 to 2006. Currently, there was a last active borehole in Russia.
11. Saatlinskaya well. Its depth is 8324 meters. Drilling was carried out in the period from 1977 to 1982. It is located in Azerbaijan, 10 kilometers from the city of Satail, within the Kursk Arc.

World ultra-deep wells

On the territory of other countries, there are also a number of ultra-deep wells that can not be bypass:

1. Sweden. Silyan Ring is a depth of 6,800 meters.
2. Kazakhstan. Tasim southeast depth of 7050 meters.
3. USA. Bighorn depth of 7583 meters.
4. Austria. Creekdorf is a depth of 8553 meters.
5. USA. University depth of 8686 meters.
6. Germany. KTB-Oberpfalz depth is 9101 meters.
7. USA. Beydat-unit depth of 9159 meters.
8. USA. Berta Rogers depth is 9583 meters.

World records in ultra-deep wells in the world

In 2008, the global record of the Kola well was beaten by the oil well of Maersk. Its depth is 12,290 meters.

After that, several more world rectors of ultra-deep wells were recorded:

1. In early January 2011, the record was beaten by a well for the production of oil production "Sakhalin-1", which reaches 12,345 meters.
2. In June 2013, the record breaks the well of the Chavinsky field, the depth of which was 12,700 meters.

However, the riddles and secrets of the Kola superhong of the well until today are not disclosed and not explained. Regarding sounds present during its drilling, new theories arise to this day. Who knows him, maybe this is really the fruit of a stormy human imagination? Well, where then so many eyewitnesses? Maybe, soon there is a person who will give a scientific explanation of what is happening, and possibly a well will remain a legend that will retell many more centuries ...

In 1970, the Soviet scientists began accurately for the 100-year anniversary of Lenin, one of the most ambitious projects of modernity. On the Kola Peninsula, ten kilometers from the village of Zapolyarny, the drilling of the well started, which as a result was the deepest in the world and entered the Guinness Book of Records.

The grand scientific project was more than twenty years. He brought a lot of interesting discoveries, entered the history of science, and at the end he hurts in such a number of legends, rumors and woven, which would not be enough for one horror movie.

THE USSR. Kola Peninsula. October 1, 1980. Advanced boreholes that have reached a record depth - 10,500 meters

Entrance to hell

During his heyday, the drilling rig on the Kola Peninsula was a cyclopic structure with a height of a 20-storey house. It worked up to three thousand people in shift. The team was headed by leading geologists of the country. The drillings were built in Tundra in ten kilometers from the village of Poundlar, and in the polar night she shone with lights like a spacecraft.

When all this magnificence suddenly closed and the lights went out, rumors immediately went. For all standards, drilling went unusually successfully. Nobody in the world has not yet managed to achieve such depth - Soviet geologists lowered the burrow more than 12 kilometers.

The sudden completion of a successful project looked as absurdity as the fact that the Americans closed the flight program to the moon. In the collapse of the moon project accused of aliens. In the problems of Kola ultragool - devils and demons.

The popular legend says that from the big depths of the corner more than once been delivered. There was no physical reasons for this - the temperature under the ground did not exceed 200 degrees Celsius, and the boring was designed for a thousand degrees. Then the audio devices allegedly began to catch some moans, shouts and sighs. Dispatchers that ensured the testimony of devices complained about the feelings of panic fear and anxiety.

According to the legend, the geologists did get to hell. Pieces of sinners, extremely high temperatures, the atmosphere of horror on the drill, - all this explained why all work on Kola ultragool was suddenly rolled.

Many treated these rumors skeptically. However, in 1995, after stopping the work, a powerful explosion thundered on the drill. What could explode there, no one understood, even the head of the whole project, prominent geologist David Guberman.

Today, an abandoned drilling tour and tours and tell tourists a fascinating story about how scientists have drilled a hole in the underground kingdom of the dead. As the installation wanders wandering ghosts, and in the evening demons come out on the surface and strive to wash into the abyss of the gone of the extremal.

Underground Moon

In fact, the whole story with the "Well in Hell" was invented by Finnish journalists by April 1. Their comic article reprinted American newspapers, and the duck flew into the masses. Perennial drilling of Kola ultrawife went without any mysticism. But what happened there in reality was more interesting than any legends.

Start with the fact that the ultra-deep drilling in the pioneering was doomed to numerous accidents. Under the gift of the giant pressure (up to 1000 atmospheres) and high temperatures did not withstand the boos, the well was hampered, the pipes were broken, which was strengthened with a vent. The countless number of times the narrow well was twisted so that we had to smash all new branches.

The worst accident occurred shortly after the main triumph of geologists. In 1982, they were able to overcome the mark of 12 kilometers. These results were solemnly announced in Moscow at the International Geological Congress. Geologists from all over the world were brought to the Kola Peninsula, showed them drilling and samples of rocks extracted on a fantastic depth, to which mankind had never achieved.

After the celebration, drilling continued. However, the break in the works was fatal. In 1984, there was the most terrible accident on the drill. We broke off and scored a well with a total of five kilometers of pipes. It was impossible to continue drilling. Overcoming, the results of five years of work were lost.

I had to resume drilling with a 7-kilometer mark. Only in 1990, geologists again managed to transfer 12 kilometers. 12 262 meters - Such is the final depth of the Kola well.

But in parallel with terrible accidents, incredible discoveries were going. Deep drilling - an analogue of the time machine. At the Kola Peninsula to the surface, the ancient breeds are suitable, the age of which exceeds 3 billion years. Taketing deeper, scientists received a clear idea of \u200b\u200bwhat happened on our planet during her youth.

First of all, it turned out that the traditional scheme of the geological cut, compiled by scientists, does not correspond to reality. "Up to 4 kilometers everything went on the theory, and then the lighting began," the Guberman told him later

According to the calculations, drumming the layer of granite, it was supposed to get to even more solid, basalt rocks. But no basalt was. After the granite, loose layered rocks were walked, which constantly crumbled and made it difficult to go deep into.

But among the breeds of 2.8 billion years, petsenger microorganisms were found. This made it possible to clarify the time of the birth of life on Earth. At even greater depths found huge methane deposits. This clarified the question of the occurrence of hydrocarbons - oil and gas.

And at a depth of over 9 kilometers, scientists have discovered a gold-flow olivine layer, so brightly described by Alexey Tolstoy in the Garina hyperboloid.

But the most fantastic discovery occurred in the late 1970s, when the Soviet lunar station brought samples of lunar soil. Geologists in amazement saw that its composition completely coincides with the composition of rocks mined at a depth of 3 kilometers. How was it possible?

The fact is that one of the hypotheses of the origin of the moon assumes that several billion years ago the Earth faced with some kind of celestial body. As a result of the collision from our planet, a piece broke off and turned into a satellite. Perhaps this piece broke away precisely in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Kola Peninsula.

The final

So why did the Kola ultra-deep closed?

First, the main tasks of the scientific expedition were fulfilled. It was created, in extreme conditions, a unique equipment for drilling at high depths was tested and noticeably improved. The collected breed samples were studied in detail and described. The Kola's well helped much better understand the structure of the earth's crust and the history of our planet.

Secondly, the time itself did not contribute to similar ambitious projects. In 1992, the scientific expedition was covered with financing. Employees quit and drove home. But today the grand building of the drill and mysterious well is impressive with its scale.

Sometimes it seems that Kola ultrawowing has not yet exhausted all the margin of his wonders. This was confident about the head of the famous project. "We have the deepest hole in the world - you need to use it!" - Exclamated David Guberman.

In the distant already in 1990, in the southern part of Germany, a group of scientists decided to look at our planet's depths at the junction of two tectonic plates faced more than 300 million years ago, when the continent was formed. The final goal of scientists was drilling one of the deepest wells in the world of well to 10 km.

It was originally assumed that the well will be a kind of "telescope", which will give an opportunity to learn more about the depranes of our planet and try to learn about the Earth's kernel. The drilling process was held as part of the Continental Deep Drilling program and lasted until October 1994, when the program had to be collapsed due to financial problems.

They called the Kontinentales TiefesRemporogramm der Bundesrepublik, abbreviated by KTB, and the closing time was drilled by more than 9km, which did not add enthusiasm to scientists. The drilling process itself was not to say that it would be easy. For 4 years, scientists, engineers and workers had to face the whole chamber of complex situations and quite complex tasks. For example, Buru had to pass through the rocks heated to a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius, but even under such conditions, the drillers were still cope with the cooling of the well with liquid hydrogen.

However, despite the fact that the program was rolled out, scientific experiments did not stop and carried out them until the end of 1995 and it is worth noting, they were not in vain. During this time, we managed to open new, fairly unexpected facts of the structure of our planet, new temperature distribution cards were drawn up and data was obtained on the distribution of seismic pressure, which allowed to create models of a layered structure of the upper part of the earth's surface.

However, the most interesting scientists were descended. Dutch scientist Lottt Given, who, together with acoustics engineers and scientists from the research center of Geophysical Research (Germany), did what many dreamed of - practically in the literal sense of the word, he "heard the heartbeat" of the Earth. To do this, he and his team needed to conduct acoustic dimensions, with which the research team recreated the sounds that we could hear at a depth of 9 kilometers. However, now you can hear these sounds and you.

Despite the fact that CTB is currently considered the deepest well in the world, there are several similar wells, which, however, are already sealed. And among them there is a well, which during its existence managed to miss the legends, this is the Kola ultra-deep well-well, better known as "road to hell". Unlike other KTB competitors, the Kola well reached 12.2 km deep and was considered the deepest well in the world.

Its drilling began in 1970 in the Murmansk region (the Soviet Union, now the Russian Federation), 10 kilometers west of the city of Polarmar. During the drilling, the well survived several accidents, as a result of which the workers had to concrete a well and start drilling with a much lesser depth and at a different angle. Interestingly, it is with a series of accidents and pursuing a group of failures associate the cause of the legend that the well was drilled to the very same thing that neither there is a real hell.

As the text of the legende says, after passing a line of 12 km, scientists, with the help of microphones managed to hear the sounds of screams. However, they decided to continue drilling and during the passage of the next mark (14 km), suddenly stumbled upon emptiness. After the scientists have lowered the microphones, shouts and moans of men and women came to them. And after some time, an accident occurred, after which drilling work was decided to stop

And, despite the fact that the accident really was, no cries of people did not hear scientists, and all the talk about the demons, no more than fiction - said David Mironovich Guberman, one of the authors of the project, the well drilling was drilling under whose leadership.

After another accident in 1990, to achieve a depth of 12,262 meters, the drilling was completed, and in 2008, the project was abandoned, and the equipment was dismantled. Two years later, in 2010, the well was presserved.

Note that such projects as drilling wells as KTV and Kola, are for geologists' scientists at the moment the only way and the ability to study the subsoil of the planet.

An attempt to explore the geological incision and the thickness of volcanic rocks emerging on the surface of the Earth, promoted scientific centers and, inequate with them, research organizations to identify the origin of deep faults. The fact is that the structural samples of rocks previously extracted from the subsoil of the Earth and the Moon were then equal to the study. And the selection of the mouth of the mouth of the mouth fell on the existing huge cup of deflection, the origin of which binds to the presence of deep fault in the portion of the Kola Peninsula.

It was believed that the Earth is a sort of sandwich consisting of bark, mantle and core. By this time, close to the surface, sedimentary rocks were sufficiently investigated when developing oil fields. Intelligence on non-ferrous metals was rarely accompanied by drilling below 2000 - meter marks.

Kola SG (ultrawow), below the depth of 5000 meters, assumed to detect the section of granite and basalt formations. This did not happen. The drill shell stitched solid granite rocks to a mark of 7000 meters. Then the penetration went on, relatively, soft soils, which was the cause of the collapse of the walls of the trunk and the formation of a cavern. Sapered soil jammed the head of the tool so much that when the column was closed, the pipes broke down, leading to the accident. The Kola well was supposed to confirm or refute these long-standing exercises. In addition, scientists did not risk specifying the intervals, where the boundaries between these three layers are passing. The Kola well was intended for intelligence and study of mineral resources deposits, determining the patterns and phased formation of fields of raw materials. The basis was based on, first of all, the scientific validity of the theory of physical, hydrogeological and other parameters of the depths of the Earth. And reliable information about the geological structure of the subsoil could only be given to the ultra-deep trunk penetration.

Meanwhile, long-term preparation for the beginning of the drilling work, provided for: the possibility of increasing the temperature as deposits, an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the formation, the unpredictability of breed behavior, their stability due to the presence of mountain and reservoir pressures.

From a technical point of view, all possible difficulties and obstacles were taken into account, which could lead to a slowdown in the process of deepening due to the loss of time on the end-raising of the projectile, reducing the drilling rate due to the change in the category of rocks, an increase in energy costs to the bottomhole propellers.
The most complex factor was considered a constant increase in the weight of the casing and the drill pipe as the deepening.

Technical developments in the field of successful steel:
- increase load capacity, power and other characteristics of drilling snap and equipment;
- heat resistance of a rock separating tool;
- automation of management of all stages of drilling process;
- processing information coming from the bottomhole zone;
- warnings about emergency situations with a drill pipe or a casing.

The underflow of the ultra-deep trunk was supposed to identify the loyalty or erroneousness of the scientific hypothesis about the depth structure of the planet.

The purpose of this, very expensive, construction was envisaged:
1. The deep structure of the Pechenga field of nickel and the crystal soles of the Baltic Peninsula shield. Deciphering the contour of the field of polymetals on Pechenga, with manifestations of ore bodies.
2. The study of the nature and forces causing the section of the reservoir boundaries of the continental bark. Identification of the zones of the reservoirs, motifs and the nature of the formation of high temperature. Determination of the physical and chemical composition of water, gases formed in cracks, pores of rocks.
3. Preparation of exhaustive material on the real composition of rocks and information on the intervals of the section of the granite and basalt "pads" of the bark. Comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of the extracted core.
4. Development of advanced technical tools and new technologies of leakage of ultrahooth stems. The possibility of using geophysical research methods in the ore manifestation zone.
5. Development and creation of the latest surveillance equipment, testing, research, drilling process control.

The Kola wells mostly answered scientific purposes. The task was the study of the oldest rocks, of which the planet and the knowledge of the secrets of the processes are composed, in them.

Geological substantiation of drilling on the Kola Peninsula

Intelligence and mining of deposits of useful ores are always predetermined by the drilling of deep wells. And why on the Kola Peninsula and it is in the Murmansk region, and necessarily on Pechenge. The prerequisite for this was the fact that this region was considered a real storeroom mineral resources, with the richest reserves of a wide variety of ore raw materials (nickel, magnetites, apatites, mica, titanium, copper).

However, the geological layout, made on the basis of the core from the well, revealed the absurdity of global scientific opinion. Seven kilometer depth turned out to be folded from volcanic and sedimentary rocks (tuffs, sandstones, dolomites, breccia). Below this interval was supposed to be breeds separating granite and basalt structure. But, alas, basalts never appeared.

I am expressed by geological terms, the Baltic Peninsula Shield with partial coverage of the territories of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Karelia Millions of centuries were subjected to erosion and evolution. Natural bursts, destructive processes of volcanism, phenomena of magmatism, metamorphic rock modifications, sedimentation are most clearly imprinted on the Geological Chronicles of Pechengi. This is the part of the Baltic Folded Shield, where the billions of years there was a geological history of reservoir and ore manifestations.

Especially, centuries-old corrosion was subjected to the northern and eastern parts of the shield surface. As a result, the glaciers, wind, water and other natural cataclysms, as it were, were drilled (scrapers) top layers of rocks.

The basis of the selection of the well bookmark location served as serious erosion of the upper layers and the exposure of the ancient Archean formations of the Earth. These outcrops significantly climbed and facilitated access to underground storage facilities.

Design of ultraglible well

Superfloor structures have a mandatory telescopic design. In our case, the initial diameter of the mouth had 92 cm, and the final 21.5.

The design guide of the column or the so-called conductor with a diameter of 720 mm provided a penetration to a depth of 39 rose meters. The first technical column (stationary casing), a diameter of 324 mm and a length of 2000 meters; Removable casing 245 mm, 8770 meters metrah. Next, the drilling was scheduled to lead an open barrel to the project mark. Crystal rocks allowed to calculate on the long stability of the non-plated part of the walls. The second removable column marked with magnetic labels allowed to carry out a solid selection of core over the entire length of the trunk. Radioactive labels on a bottomhole tube were configured to fix the temperature of the drilling environment.

Technical equipment of the drilling rig for drilling ultra-deep well

The penetration from scratch was carried out by installing Uralmash-4E, that is, serial equipment used for drilling deep oil and gas wells. Up to 2000 meters, the barrel was held with steel drill pipes, with a turbobobe at the end. This turbine in 46 meters long with a flux in the end was driven under the action of a clay solution, which was pumped into a pressure pipe 40 atmospheres.

Further, the penetration was carried out from the interval of 7264 meters by the domestic installation of Uralmash-15000, from an innovative point of view, a more powerful structure, a lifting capacity of 400 tons. The complex was equipped with a variety of technical, technological, electronic and other advanced developments.

The Kola well was equipped with a high-tech and automated structure:
1. Exploration, with a powerful base, on which the sectional tower is mounted, 68 meters high. It was intended for implementation:

• scroll of trunk, operation descent - shell lifting and other auxiliary actions;
• holding the lead and the entire pipe column, both on the weight and drilling process;
• placing sections (candles) of drill pipes, including weighty (UBT), melting system.

In the inner space of the tower there were also products of the joint venture (descent - lifting), tools. The safety and possible emergency evacuation of the rover (helperberry assistant) was also placed here.

2. Power and technological equipment, energy and pumping units.

3. Circulation and anti-corrosion system, cementing equipment.

4. Automation system, control, process control.

5. Electrotechnical support, mechanization means.

6. Measuring equipment complex, laboratory equipment and more.

In 2008, the Kola ultra-deep well was completely abandoned, all valuable equipment was dismantled and exported (mostly handed over to scrap).

Until 2012, the main drill tower was dismantled.

Now only the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in which to this day is studying Kern mined from the ultra-double well.

Kern himself exported in the city of Yaroslavl, where now is stored.

Documentary video about Kola ultrahooth well

New Records Super Aglubokoki Wells

Kola ultra-dust well was considered the deepest well in the world until 2008.

In 2008, in the oil basin, Al-Shahin was drilled at an acute angle to the surface of the Earth, the oil well Maersk Oil BD-04A, the length of which is 12 290 meters.

In January 2011 and this record was beaten, and his oil well was drilled in the northern dome (Odopti-Sea - a gas oil field in Russia), this well also drilled under an acute angle to the ground surface, the length was 12,345 meters.

In June 2013, the well of the Z-42 of the Chavinsky field again broke the reset of the depth, the length was 12,700 meters.

Many scientific and production work are associated with drilling underground wells. The total number of such objects only in Russia is unlikely to be calculated. But legendary Kola ultraglubokay Since the 1990s, it remains unsurpassed by going into the crowd of the Earth by more than 12 kilometers! It is boring not for the sake of economic benefits, but from purely scientific interest - to find out which processes occur inside the planet.

Kola ultra-dust well. Drilling first stage (depth of 7600 m), 1974

50 candidates for place

The most amazing well in the world is located in the Murmansk region, 10 kilometers west of the city of Polarmar. Its depth is 12 262 meters, the diameter of the upper part is 92 centimeters, the diameter of the lower part is 21.5 centimeters.

The well was laid in 1970 in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin. The choice of place was not accidental - it was here that in the territory of the Baltic Shield, the ancient breeds are published on the surface, the age of which has three billion years.

From the end of the XIX century, the theory is known that our planet consists of bark, mantle and kernel. But where exactly ends with one layer and the following begins, scientists could only assume. According to the most common version, granites are down to three kilometers down, then basalts, and at a depth of 15-18 kilometers the mantle begins. All this was to check in practice.

Underground studies of the 1960s reminded the cosmic race - the leading countries tried to get ahead of each other. The view was expressed that the richest deposits of minerals are at great depths, including gold.

The first ultrahooth wells began to bury the Americans. In the early 1960s, their scientists found out that the earth was much thinner under the oceans. Therefore, the area near the island of Maui (one of the Hawaiian Islands group) was chosen as the most promising place for work, where the earthly mantle is at a depth of about five kilometers (plus a 4-kilometer water thickness). But both attempts by researchers from the US ended unsuccessfully.

The Soviet Union needed to answer. Our researchers offered to create a well on the continent - despite the fact that it was necessary to bury the longer, the result promised to be successful.

The project has become one of the most ambitious in the USSR. 16 research laboratories worked on the well. It was no less difficult to get here than to get into the cosmonaut detachment. Private employees received a triple salary and an apartment in Moscow or Leningrad. It is not surprising that the frames of frames were not at all, and at least 50 candidates claimed every place.

Space sensation

Before the depth of 7263 meters, the penetration was carried out using a conventional serial installation, which was used at the time during oil or gas production. This stage took four years. Then there was a one-time break for the construction of a new tower and the installation of a more powerful installation of Uralmash-15000, created in Sverdlovsk and called Northerkhanka. In her work, a turbine principle was used - when the entire column rotates, but only the drilling head.

With each passed meter, the penetration was becoming more difficult. It was previously believed that the temperature of the breed even at a depth of 15 kilometers would not be higher than 150 ° C. But it turned out that at a depth of eight kilometers it reached 169 ° C, and at a depth of 12 kilometers and at all amounted to 220 ° C!

The equipment quickly failed. But the work continued without stopping. The task is the first in the world to reach a 12-kilometer mark was politically important. She managed to decide in 1983 - just at the time of the beginning of the International Geological Congress in Moscow.

Congress delegates showed soil samples taken from a record depth of 12 kilometers, for them a ride to the well was organized. Photos and articles about Kola ultraglube went around all the leading world newspapers and magazines, in several countries, postage stamps were released in her honor.

But the main thing - a real sensation was specially prepared for the congress. It turned out that breed samples taken at the 3-kilometer depth of the Kola wells are completely identical to the lunar soil (he was first delivered to the land of the Soviet Automatic Space Station "Luna-16" in 1970).

Scientists have long assumed that the moon was once part of the Earth and broke away from her as a result of a space catastrophe. Now it was possible to say that the breakaway part of our planet billions years ago was in contact with the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Kola Peninsula.

The ultra-deep well became a real triumph of Soviet science. Researchers, designers, even simple workers honored and awarded almost a year.

Kola ultra-deep well, 2007

Gold in depth

At this time of work on Kola ultragool, were suspended. They were resumed only in September 1984. And the first launch led to the largest accident. Employees seemed to have forgotten that inside the underground stroke there are constantly changes. The well does not forgive the work stop - and makes starting to start first.

As a result, the drilling column was breaking, five kilometers of pipes remained deep. They were trying to get them, but after a few months it became clear that it would not be possible to do it.

Drilling work began again with a 7-kilometer mark. At 12 kilometers depth, only six years later approached. In 1990, a maximum was achieved - 12,262 meters.

And then at work, the wells affected both the failures of a local scale and the events occurring in the country. The possibilities of the existing technique were exhausted, government financing decreased dramatically. After several serious accidents, drilling in 1992 stopped.

The scientific value of the Kola ultragool is difficult to overestimate. First of all, work on it was confirmed by a guessed about the rich deposits of minerals at large depths. Of course, the precious metals were not found in pure form. But at the mark of nine kilometers, layers were discovered with a gold content of 78 grams per ton (active industrial production is carried out when such a content is 34 grams per ton).

In addition, the analysis of the ancient deep breeds allowed to clarify the age of the earth, it was one and a half a billion years older than it was customary to think.

It was believed that there are no organic life on superglises, but in the samples raised on the surface, the age of which was three billion years old, 14 previously unknown species of petrified microorganisms were discovered.

Shortly before the closure, in 1989, the Kola ultragowing was again in the center of international attention. Academician David Governor suddenly began to call and write from all over the ends of the well. Scientists, journalists, just inquisitive citizens were interested in the question: is it true that the ultra-deep well became the "well in hell"?

It turned out that representatives of the Finnish press talked with some employees of Kola superhong. And those admitted: when the boron overcame a mark of 12 kilometers, strange noises came from the depth of the well. The workers lowered instead of the heat-resistant microphone head - and with it, they recorded the sounds resembling human screams. Someone from employees put forward the version that it screaming sinners in hell.

How such stories are the truth? Technically place instead of a borah microphone is difficult, but perhaps. True, the work on its descent may take several weeks. And it would hardly be possible to conduct it on the regime object instead of drilling. But, on the other hand, many well employees really heard strange sounds that came regularly from the depths. And what could it be, no one religiously knew.

With the filing of Finnish journalists, the world press published a number of articles with allegations that Kola ultra-choke is "the road to hell". Mystical significance began to attribute the fact that the USSR collapsed when the drillings led the penetration of the "unfortunate" thirteenth thousand meters.

In 1995, when the station was already molded, an incomprehensible explosion occurred in the depths of the mine - at least for the reason that there was nothing to explode. Foreign newspapers reported that through people done by people from the depths of the earth to the surface flew out the demon (edition of the Penrette titles of the "Satan ran out of hell").

David Governor's well director in his interview honestly admitted: he does not believe in hell and demons, but incomprehensible explosion really took place as strange noises resembling votes. Moreover, the survey conducted after the explosion has shown that all equipment is in perfect order.

Kolya ultra-deep well, 2012

Well well (welded), August 2012

Museum for 100 million

For a long time, the well was considered canned, about 20 employees worked on it (in the 1980s, their number exceeded 500). In 2008, the object was completely closed and part of the equipment was dismantled. The ground part of the well - the building with a 12-storey house, now it is abandoned and gradually collapsed. Sometimes tourists arrived here attracted by the legends of the voices from hell.

According to the approval of the staff of the Geological Institute of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the conduct of which there was a well before, its recovery would cost 100 million rubles.

But the scientific works at the depth is no longer coming: on the basis of this object, you can only open the institute or other enterprise to train the shelf drilling specialists. Or create a museum - after all, the Kola well continues to remain the deepest in the world.

Anastasia Babanovskaya, magazine "Secrets of the twentieth century" №5 2017