(Picture from here: http://www.27region.ru/news/index.php/newscat/worldnews/19908-----L-R-)
"Japan claims four islands in Kuril's ridge - ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and Habomai, referring to a bilateral treatise on trade and borders of 1855. The position of Moscow is that the southern smokers entered the USSR (which Russia was continued) at the end of World War II, and Russian sovereignty over them, which has the relevant international legal design, is not doubtful. "
(Source: Correspondent.net, 02/08/2011)
A bit of history (Which explored and published A.M.Ivanov here - http://www.pagan.ru/lib/books/history/ist2/wojny/kurily.php)
"The 50s of the 19th century - the period of" opening of Japan "by the Americans and Russians. Representative of Russia performed counter-admiral E.V. Putyatin, who arrived in the Fregate "Pallada", which in a letter to the Japanese Supreme Council of November 6, 1853 insisted on the need for a distinction, indicating that ITUPI owned Russia, because for a long time he was visited by Russian industrialists who have created long before the Japanese His settlements. The border was supposed to spend on the strait of Laperose "
(E.I. Fainberg. Russian-Japanese relations in 1697-1875, M., 1960, p.155).
Article 2 "Russian-Japanese tract on trade and borders" of January 26 (February 7) of 1855 signed by the parties in the city of Simodas states: "From now on the borders between Russia and Japan will be held between the islands of ITUURUP AND STRUCT. The whole island is the ITUPIA belongs to Japan, and the whole island island and other Kuril Islands to the north account for the ownership of Russia. As for the island of Kraftto (Sakhalin), it remains unrequited between Russia and Japan, as it was until now. " (Yu.V. Klektikov and A.V. Sabanin. International policy of the modern time in contracts, notes and declarations. Part I. M., 1925. C.168-169). See the picture above.
But on April 25 (May 7), 1875, the Japanese forced Russia, weakened by the Crimean War of 1953-1956, to sign a treaty in St. Petersburg for which:
« Instead of the concession of Russia rights to Sakhalin Island ... His Majesty Emperor All-Russian ... inferior to His Majesty Emperor to the Japanese group of islands, called the Kurilish, which he owns, so from now on, the group of Curil's Islands will belong to the Japanese Empire. This group encompasses the following 18 islands (follows list), so the border line between the Empires of the Russian and Japanese in these waters will pass through the strait between the pod of the Kamchatka's shovel and O-B Schoshu. "
(Yu.V. Klektikov and A.V. Sabanin. International policy of the latest time in contracts, notes and declarations. Part I, M., 1925, p.214)
To be clear, you should explain that at that time, the southern part of Sakhalin island belonged to the Japanese, and North - Russia (by the way and Lapewo, and Kruzenshtern considered Sakhalin peninsula).
"On the night of August 8 to 9, 1945, the USSR violated its obligations related to the neutrality package, and began a war against Japan, although on its part there was no threat to Russia, and captured Manchuria, Port Arthur, South Sakhalin and Kurila Islands. A landing on Hokkaido was also prepared, but the Americans intervened, and the occupation of the island of Hokkaido Red Army was not previously implemented.
After the war, there was a question about the conclusion of a peace treaty with Japan. In accordance with international law, only a peace treaty takes the final line under war, finally solves all the controversial issues between the former enemies, finally settles the territorial problems, clarifies and establishes state borders. All other decisions, documents, acts are all the prelude to a peace treaty, its preparation.
In this sense, the Yalta Agreement between Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt is a non-final solution to the problem of the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin, but only the "Protocol of Intention" of the Allies in the War, the presentation of their positions and the promise to hold a certain line in the future, in the preparation of a peace treaty . In any case, there is no reason to believe that the problem of the Kuril Islands has already been solved in Yalta in 1945. Finally, it should be solved only in a peaceful agreement with Japan. And anywhere else ...
Some say that if you return the four islands to Japan, then you need to return Russia to Alaska. But what kind of return can we talk if Alaska was sold to the United States in 1867, the sales contract was signed, money was received. Today you can only regret it, but all the talk about the return of Alaska do not have any soil.
Therefore, there is no reason to fear that the possible return of the four Kuril Islands of Japan will cause a chain response of activity in Europe.
It should also be understood that this is not a revision of the results of the Second World War, because the Russian-Japanese border is not internationally recognized: the results of the war have not yet been listed, the passage of the boundary has not been fixed. To date, not only the four southern Kuril Islands, and all the Kuril Islands and the southern part of Sakhalin below the 50th parallels of law of Russia do not belong. They still have an occupied territory. To the great regret, the truth is the historical, moral and, most importantly, the legal - not on the side of Russia. "
Nevertheless, when in 1955, there were talks on the normalization of Soviet-Japanese relations in London, the Soviet delegation agreed to include in the draft peace agreement an article on the transfer of Japan of the islands of the Small Kuril Ridge (Haboma and Sicotan), which was reflected in the joint declaration signed after The stay of the Japanese Prime Minister Hatoyama in Moscow October 13-19, 1956:
"The USSR, going to meet the wishes of Japan and taking into account the interests of the Japanese state, agrees to the transfer of Japan of the Islands of the Habomai and Islands of Sycotan in order, however, that the actual transfer of these Isles of Japan will be made after the conclusion of a peace treaty between the USSR and Japan."
Wikipedia material - free encyclopedia
Kurile Islands
- The chain of the islands between the Kamchatka peninsula and the Island of Hokkaido, a little convex arc separating the Okhotsk Sea from the Pacific Ocean. The length is about 1200 km. Total area - 10.5 thousand sq. Km.
Islands are populated extremely unevenly. The population lives constantly only on Paramushir, Itupe, Kunashir and Shikotan. There is no permanent population on other islands. At the beginning of 2010, there are 19 settlements: two cities (North-Kurilsk, Kurilsk), urban-type settlement (South Kurilsk) and 16 villages.
The maximum value of the population was noted in 1989 and was 29.5 thousand people (excluding military servicemen).
Urup
Island of the South Group of Large Ridge of the Kuril Islands. Administratively enters the Kuril City District of the Sakhalin Region. Uninhabited.
The island stretched from the northeast to the southwest of 116 km. With its width up to 20 km. Area 1450 sq. Km The relief is mountainous, heights up to 1426 m (high mountain). Between the mountains, the high and oblique ridge of Cristofovich at an altitude of 1016 m is located high. Waterfalls with a maximum high up to 75 m.
Currently, we are uninhabited. On the island there are non-residential settlements by Kastritis and Kompanyovskoye.
Strait of Frieza - Strait in the Pacific Ocean, separates the island island from the island of ITUURUP. Connects the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. One of the largest straits of the Kuril Ridge. Length about 30 km. Minimum width 40 km. Maximum depth of over 1300 m. Coast breakdown, rocky.
(Today, Japan and Russia shares the Soviet strait, the length of which is about 13 km. The width is about 10 km. Maximum depth of more than 50 m. See picture at the top)
ITUP
The island is stretched from the northeast to southwest to 200 km, width from 7 to 27 km. Area - 3200 square meters. km. It consists of volcanic arrays and mountain grains. On the island many volcanoes and waterfalls. Itupouris is separated by the freezing of the Frieza from the island of a masra station located 40 km away. northeast; The Strait of Catherine - from the island of Kunashir, located 22 km to the southwest.
In the central part of the island on the shore of the Kuril Bay of the Okhotsk Sea is located the city of Kurilsk, in 2010, the population was 1,666 people.
Rural settlements: Raidovo, Whale, Fishermen, Hot Keys, Petrel, Shumi-Town, Mountain.
Non-residential settlements: active, glorious, September, wind, hot water, pioneer, iodine, Lesozavodsky, Berezovka.
Kunashir
The island is stretched from the northeast to southwest by 123 km, width from 7 to 30 km. Area - 1490 sq. Km. The Kunashir structure resembles the neighboring ITUP and consists of three mountain arrays. The highest peak is a volcano (1819 m) with a proper truncated cone, crowned with a wide crater. This beautiful high volcano is located in the northeast of the island. Kunashir is separated by the Strait of Catherine from the island of ITUURUP, located 22 km northeast. The Kunashir River, as well as everywhere on the smoking, short and low-water. The longest river - tetaitis, taking the beginning of the volcano to the toy. Lakes are predominantly lagoon (sandy) and caldera (hot).
In the central part of the island on the shore of the South Kuril Strait is located pGT Yuzhno-Kurilsk - Administrative Center for the South Kuril City District.In 2010, the population of the village was 6,617 inhabitants.
Non-residential settlements: Sergeevka, Urvitovo, Dokuchaevo, Sernovodsk.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the islands are part of the territory of the Russian Federation, according to the administrative-territorial division of Japan, the district of Nemuro Hokkaido Prefecture of Japan.
In fact, Habomaia is, firstly, the name of the village on the island of Hokkaido - the center of the same name, and secondly, uniting the Japanese name of a group of small islands, derived from the former administrative division of Japan. In Russian cartography, these islands are part of the Small Kuril Ridge, where they come with a larger island of Shikotan.
[…]
For, it would seem, about 20 islands and cliffs, which have their own Russian names, traveling to the national self-consciousness by the alienated name of Habmioma.
As for the problem of border dressing, Official Tokyo, formally refused to have a "linking" development of bilateral relations. With the solution of the territorial problem, nevertheless, does not miss the case to emphasize that "Building a strategic partnership with Russia based on genuine confidence is possible. With simultaneous progress towards the solution of the tervopros, "of course, on the basis of a well-known Japanese position (the recognition of the Japanese sovereignty over the South-Rie Islands of Kunashir and Itupuru, as well as the Small Kuril Girdo - about. Shikotan and group of Haboma Islands.)
The President of the Russian Federation and the Prime Minister of Japan, adhering to a common understanding of the need to overcome the last-sided relations of the last one of the difficult heritage of the past, conducted serious negotiations on the affiliation of the Islands of ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and Habomai. The parties agree that negotiations should be continued with the aim of a speedy conclusion of a peace treaty by solving the specified issue, based on historical and legal facts, and on the basis of the documents developed by agreement between the two countries, as well as the principles of legality and justice and thus fully normalize bilateral relations.
... based on this, agreed to speed further negotiations in order to conclude a peace treaty by resolving the issue of belonging to the Islands of ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and Khabomai and thus achieve the complete normalization of bilateral relations on the basis of the 1993 Tokyo Declaration.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ascending Sun of Fumio Kisida called the unacceptable future trip of the Prime Minister of Russia Dmitry Medvedev to Kuriles. He stressed that a similar visit will go "a contrary to Japan's position on a territorial issue and wounds the national senses of the Japanese."
To the national senses of the Japanese, I do not have a case. But to our national feelings - there.
I remember well the reaction of many of my readers to post Putin Japan's controversial islands? She was sharply negative, some accused me almost in the treacher of the national interests of Russia. And someone in the hearts promised that if the president gives two islands out of four, then he will lose their support.
I think this is exactly what happens. Unfortunately, we often do not be ready to look into the truth.
An invitation day-TV comment on the upcoming trip to our premiere was surprised me too. It turns out that I am counting a specialist in this narrow question, although probably exist in nature and more informed comrades. However, I really have my opinion, which I voiced there. And now I want to convey to you.
Pthe rarestoria of the occurrence of the conflict situation is described in the past post in detail, I will not repeat. I will dwell only on the most important document on which our relationship with Japan has been based for almost 60 years. It is called the Joint Declaration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan. It is for her that other things will refer to Putin, then laurels, inviting the Japanese to the negotiations and hinting that a controversial issue can be settled.
In P.9, the joint declaration said the following:
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan agreed to continue after the restoration of normal diplomatic relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan's negotiations on the conclusion of a peace treaty. At the same time, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, going towards the wishes of Japan and taking into account the interests of the Japanese state, agrees to the transfer of Japan habomai Islands and Sycotan Islands In order, however, that the actual transfer of these Islands of Japan will be made after the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan. |
The joint declaration was ratified by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Government of Japan on the same day - December 8, 1956. The exchange of ratification certificates was produced in Tokio December 12, 1956
I dare to assume that my patriotic readers did not see this document. Otherwise, they would understand that Russia, declaring himself the successor of the USSR, took on not only pleasant obligations such as the preservation of all embassies and other foreign property, but also unpleasant. It seems that those mean in the notorious joint declaration.
The reputation of my country as a state that does not hold the word, hurts my national feelings. Approximately the same as the Japanese - an attempt to doubt their "northern territories" belonging.
In fact, Shikotan and Khabomai either the Japanese nor do not need us. First, they are too small - their cumulative territory ranks 6.5 percent of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe controversial islands. Secondly, in militarily, they cannot compare with Kunashir and Ituupur, the transfer of which speech has never been and never goes. Thirdly, the Okhotsk Sea, even after their transfer of Japan, still remains our inner - on the map it is clearly seen that Kunashir and ITUURUP "closure" by the water area, while Shikotan and Habmioma do not have a relationship to it.
But most importantly - fourth: Americans are categorically against the settlement of the border dispute. In 1956, Washington officially presented Tokyo Note, which threatened that in the event of Japan's removal of claims to the Islands of Kunashir and ITUURUP USA will forever remain under the occupation of the Ryuku archipelago and Okinawa Island.
Washington is noted that this hot point of trel, and in between Russia and their ally remained irreconcilable relationships.
The Japanese were forced to give up pressure, and since then all four islands are demanding. Perfectly giving a report in the futility of their requirements. Japan's legal grounds are only on Shikotan and Habomai, but the whole generations of politicians who made a career on the return of "Northern Territories" have grown.
The Russian side, recalling the joint declaration of 1956, understands the praziness of the position of any Japanese policy, which will sign a peace treaty with us. After all, after half a century pumping, the population, without going into historical details, expects to get everything in return, it does not suit him a compromise. I think that is why our authorities are so easy to call back to 60-year-old agreements.
In order for the Japanese, the Japanese are still satisfied with chicotan and haboma, it takes several dozen years of planned information processing of the population. Actually, about the same as Russia is required to prepare public opinion in favor of fulfilling its obligations.
I don't like it at all that in 1956 we ourselves offered these two islands to the Japanese. Nobody for the tongue did not pull. But this is our premature proposal entered the document that replaced us a peace treaty and allowed embassies to exchange.
If the obligations prescribed in the joint declaration will ever be fulfilled, only Americans will be played in the loss, who will lose the pressure lever on their faithful Vassal in the Far East. And on the planet will become one zone of conflict less.
About this I said in the studio day-TV.
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habmioma Map, Habomai
(Yap. 歯舞群島 Habomai-Gunto?, Suisyo, "Flat Islands") - the Japanese name of a group of the islands in the north-west of the Pacific Ocean, together with the island of Shikotan in the Soviet and Russian cartography included in the minor Kuril ridge. The group of hubomai includes the islands of Polonsky, fragments, green, tangflix, Yuri, Demin, Anuchi and a row of small. Separated by the Soviet Strait from Hokkaido Island. Area - 100 km².
- 1 etymology and the use of the name
- 2 Description
- 3 List of Islands
- 4 Notes
- 5 Links
Etymology and the use of the name
The uniting Japanese name of the islands group is derived from the previous administrative-territorial division of Japan: until April 1, 1959, there was a County of Habomai.
In recent years, a discussion on the admissibility of the use of the title "Habomai" in Russian has been following in Russian society. Thus, in the Resolution of the Sakhalin Regional Duma of February 18, 1999, it was noted that the name of Habomai was used in a number of Russian-Japanese agreements of 1998, which led to the widespread use of this name in Russian media. Delivery paid attention to the letter of the Interdepartmental Commission on the Geographical Names of the Russian Federation (MVK N 2257 of October 1, 1997), as well as the requirements of Art. 8, 11 of the Federal Law "On the Names of Geographical Objects" N 152-FZ dated December 18, 1997. Based on these documents, Sakhalin Regional Duma
- demanded to consider invalid use of such Japanese geographical names in Russian official documents and media;
- he proposed to make appropriate changes to the 1998 Russian-Japanese agreements.
Responding to this kind of criticism, Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov explained that the name "Habomai" was used "... in the joint declaration of the USSR and Japan on October 19, 1956, which was ratified by the USSR Supreme Council and is an existing international treaty. Since international treaties have priority to domestic legislation, the name "Habomai" was subsequently used in official Russian-Japanese documents. "
In the summer of 2006, IA "Sakh.com" spoke about the situation when the use of the title "Habomai" on the website was recognized as an administrative offense, for which a fine of 30 minimum wage (equal to 3000 rubles) was recovered from the site.
Description
The islands are elongated in a line parallel to the big Kuril ridge, 48 km south of the latter. Straits between the islands are shallow, filled with reefs and underwater cliffs. Strong tidal flows and stable thick fogs make straits extremely dangerous for swimming.
Most islands are low. Landscapes deserted, stony, meadow; There are no forests, there are shrubs and swamps. For this group of islands, the wet marine climate is characterized with a cool summer and soft winter. Judging by the observation of the reproduction period of some rodents, which lasts here until November, the Khabomaev climate is still softer than Kunashir.
There are no civilian population on the islands - only Russian border guards.
The Khabomai Archipelago, along with the islands of Kunashir, ITUURUP and Shikotan, is the subject of a territorial dispute between Russia and Japan.
List of islands
View of Habmioma with Hokkaido- Green Island (Yap. 志発 島 Somboota:?, Against Ashiva Island)
- Polonsky Island (Yap. 多楽島 Taraku:?, Ass. "Island of Big Wear")
- Tangflieva Island (Yap. 晶島晶島 Suisyo: -Dzima?, Ass. "Crystal Island")
- Yuriy Island (Yap. 勇留島 Yu: Ri-TOT :?)
- Anunai Island (Yap. 秋勇留島 Akia: Ri-TOT:?, Ass. "Island of Autumn Yuri")
- Demin Islands (Yap. 春苅島 Harukari:?, Ass. "Spring Harvest Island")
- Ostrovka Islands
- Rock Kira
- The cliff cave (Cancando) - on the rock of the silence rookery.
- Rock sail (hockey)
- Rock Candle (Rosok)
- Fox Islands (Todo)
- Cute Islands (Kabuto)
- Dangerous bank
- Watchtail Island (Homosiri or Tree)
- Scala Behapping (odox)
- Reef Island (Amagi Syo)
- Island alarm (Yap. 貝殻島 Kaigara-Jima?)
- Rock amazing (Hanaren)
- Rock Chaika
Notes
- What is "northern territories"?
- 1
2
3
4
S. A. Ponomarev // Gubernskie Vedomosti (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). - September 19, 2001. - № 176.
In fact, Habomaia is, firstly, the name of the village on the island of Hokkaido - the center of the same name, and secondly, uniting the Japanese name of a group of small islands, derived from the former administrative division of Japan. Russian cartography These islands are part of the small Kuril ridge, where they come with a larger island of Shikotan.
For, it would seem, about 20 islands and cliffs, which have their own Russian names, traveling to the national self-consciousness by the alienated name of Habmioma.
- The main control of geodesy and cartography at the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Atlas of the USSR. - M., 1990. - P. 76.
- Oleg Alekseevich Rogatikov. Institute of Geology of Ore deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Petrographic committee. Oceanic magmatism: Evolution, geological correlation. - Moscow: Science, 1986. - P. 186.
- V. Barkalov, S. S. Kharkevich. Biolean-Soil Institute (Academy of Sciences of the USSR), All-Union Botanical Society, Scientific Council on the Problem "Biological Fundamentals of Rational Use, Transforming and Protection of Plant World" (USSR Academy of Sciences). Far Eastern compartment. Plant world of high-mountain ecosystems of the USSR: a collection of scientific papers. - Vladivostok, 1986. - 159 p.
- N. N. Mikhailov. My Russia. - Soviet Russia. - M., 1971. - P. 232.
- Japan
As for the problem of border dressing, Official Tokyo, formally refused to have a "linking" development of bilateral relations. With the solution of the territorial problem, nevertheless, does not miss the case to emphasize that "Building a strategic partnership with Russia based on genuine confidence is possible. With simultaneous progress towards the solution of the tervopros, "of course, on the basis of a well-known Japanese position (the recognition of the Japanese sovereignty over the South-Rie Islands of Kunashir and Itupuru, as well as the Small Kuril Girdo - about. Shikotan and group of Haboma Islands.)
- "On the use of Russian names of geographic objects on the Kuril Islands." Resolution of the Sakhalin Regional Duma (February 18, 1999 No. 16/4/52-2). Checked September 14, 2011. Archived from the original source March 31, 2012.
- Igor Ivanov. Russia must be active in the APR, independent newspaper (02.23.1999). Checked September 15, 2011.
- Natalia Krapivina. Khabomai - 2, Sakhalin.info, Ia Sakh.com (June 7, 2006). Checked September 15, 2011.
- Discollection.ru :: Small mammals of the South Kuril Islands
- Country studies: Southern chickens or northern territories?
- Soviet - Japanese Declaration of 1956
At the same time, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, going to meet the wishes of Japan and taking into account the interests of the Japanese state, agrees to the transfer of Japan of the Islands of the Habomai and Islands of Sycotan in order, however, that the actual transmission of these Isles of Japan will be made after the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan .
- Tokyo Declaration on Russian-Japanese Relations
The President of the Russian Federation and the Prime Minister of Japan, adhering to a common understanding of the need to overcome the last-sided relations of the last one of the difficult heritage of the past, conducted serious negotiations on the affiliation of the Islands of ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and Habomai. Parties agree that negotiations should be continued with the aim of a speedy conclusion of a peace treaty by solving the specified question based on historical and legal facts, and on the basis of the documents developed by agreement between the two countries, as well as the principles of legality and justice and thus fully normalize bilateral relations.
- Irkutsk Statement of the President of the Russian Federation and the Prime Minister of Japan on the further continuation of negotiations on the problem of a peace treaty
... based on this, agreed to speed further negotiations with the aim of concluding a peace treaty by solving the issue of belonging to the Islands of ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and Khabomai and thus achieve the complete normalization of bilateral relations on the basis of the 1993 Tokyo Declaration.
Links
- Topographic map of Khabomai archipelago
- Small Kuril Gang
| Large Kuril Gang |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small Kuril Gang | Shikotan Ayvazovsky * Alexei Gnechko * Migra * Far Falnie * Ninth Val * Igor Farhutadinova * Sergey Kapitsa * Middle * Polonsky * O-Vagon Breakfast * Green * Tangfilieva * Yuri * O-Va Dömin * Anchina * Watchman * Signal * Reef * | ||||||
| * islands, also known under the general name | |||||||
habomai, Haboma Map
Haboma information O.
Northern territories and their current positionWhat are indispensable territories?
The northern territories are referred to as four northern island education, which consist of the islands of Habomai, as well as the islands of Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUURUP. Habomai is a totality of small islands and islands-cliffs. The closest of them to the island of Hokkaido Kaigar Island (about. Signal) is located just 3.7 km from Cape NosaPPU from the city of Namuro, as they say, at the distance "stretched hands", and Kunashir Island is simply visible with the naked eye from the Siretoko Peninsula and From the shore of Namuro Bay, located on the island of Hokkaido.
"Northern Territories" is a term that was introduced at the end of World War II by the Japanese side, which put forward the demand for Russia to return these four northern island education, which are the original territories of Japan.
That is why the Russian side for a long time set this phrase in quotes or wasted the definition of "so-called".
The ridge of the islands to the south of Kamchatka to the mentioned indiscriminate territories is called the Islands of Tiscima (Kuril Islands) - in English "Kuril Islands".
The above name "Apartment territories", their definition and limits are not only a matter of word consumption or geographical term, but have an extremely important political meaning. This is explained by the fact that in relations between Japan and Russia, the general definition of the limits of the Kuril Islands did not exist, and this circumstance makes it difficult to discuss the territorial conflict between Japan and Russia and its permission for a common average.
When at the end of August - early September 1945, the Covenia army carried out an illegal occupation, about 17 thousand Japanese lived on the Islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUPUP. Three years later, they were all forced to be forcibly deported to the Japanese metropolis. After violent inclusion, I. Stalin of these territories, the Russian and other citizens of the USSR voluntarily moved to the UPO-bent, and other citizens of the USSR, attracted by more favorable working conditions. After the tsunami, which rolled in 1953 as a result of an earthquake in the open sea in the area of \u200b\u200bTokati, the permanent population on the Islands of Habomai no longer lived.
Furukamappu (Yuzhno-Kurilsk), which is the center of Kunashir Island, where the administration of the South Kuril district of the Sakhalin region is located, in the period of Japanese Board, it was a village that stretched along the sea coast. After the tsunami, this village and many utility facilities were upgraded at about 30 m above the previous and got the name of the "New District". After the 1994 earthquake in the open sea to the east of Hokkaido island brought and new buildings, huge damage, residential and other houses were again built in a new place.
In 1978-1979, after the conclusion of the Japanese-Chinese Treaty on the World and Friendship on the Islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUURUP were again posted by the Soviet troops with respect to one division. True, after in 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist, the number of Russian troops decreased, and at present they are most likely less than 3 thousand people, and the civilian population is about 16 thousand people.
Where are the overall territories?
The Islands of Habomai and Shikotan, which are part of the overall territories, are drawn by a chain to the northeast of Cape Nosappu Namouro Peninsula, located on the eastern edge of Hokkaido Island, forming as if the continuation of this Cape. Kunashir Island is inclined between Namouro Peninsula and the Syretoko Peninsula, which as it were to cover it on both sides, and the island island stretches to the northeast of this island and is located at the southern tip of the island arc stretching in the ocean to the north to Russia owned by Russia the Kamchatka Peninsula.
The nearest Khabomai Islands group, which is very close to Japan, is located on the distance of the elongated arm. As for the distance from Cape Nosappu to the islands of Habmioma, then to the island of Kaigar (about. Signal) 3.7 km. The Lighthouse, built here by the Japanese in 1936, is currently used for safe swimming on the Soviet strait (Soviet), which has long been considered dangerous for ships due to the high speed of the sea current. This island is replete with a high-quality sea cabbage and therefore a non-governmental agreement on its production was concluded between Japan and Russia (Soviet Union), thanks to this island, the Japanese fishing vessels are suitable for this island and lead the sea cabbage.
From Cape Nosappu to Suisyo Island (Fr. Tonflisheva) 7 km, to the acute-va Akiyuri (oh. Anuina) 13.7 km away, to the island of Yuri (about. Yuri) 16.7 km, to Syboot Island (O. Green) 25.6 km, and Shikotan island is 73.3 km.
In clear weather, the island of Habmioma and Kunashir Island can be observed from the NOSAPPA Cape the naked eye. And from the coast of Hokkaido Island, from the Namuro Peninsula to the Syratoko Peninsula, Kunashir is visible. From the tip of the NTSUCE Peninsula, located almost in the center of Namuro Bay, to Caramui Cape (Cape Veslovsky), which is located in the southernmost part of Kunashir Island, just 16 km.
From the port of Namuro to the administrative center of Kunashir Island G. Furukamappu (South Kurilsk) can be reached by steamer coming at a speed of 11 knots per hour, for only four hours. From Moscow to Khabarovsk, the plane flies about nine hours, from Khabarovsk to Sakhalin - less than two hours, and with Sakhalin, passengers with sea or air routes are sent to the islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUP. Russian citizens who come to the Japanese metropolis on "visa-free exchange" say that the islands to Moscow are terribly far away, and the difference in time is seven hours. And despite the fact that from these islands to Namuro "served as a hand", the difference in time is one hour (in the summer - two hours).
What is the area of \u200b\u200bnorthern territories?
The total area of \u200b\u200bthe islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and Itupourc 5036 square meters. km. This is just 0.029% of the total area of \u200b\u200bRussia.
Place Lake Baikal 31.5 thousand square meters. km. This is 315 times more than the root of the Islands of Habomai (100 square meters. Km), 124 times more area of \u200b\u200bthe island of Shikotan (253 square meters), 21 times the island of Kunashir (1499 square meters) and 9.9 times more Islands ITUP (3184 sq. Km). And the area of \u200b\u200ball islands forming the northern territories (5036 sq. Km) is not more than 100/625 Square of Lake Baikal.
What are the northern territories?
The northern coast of the Islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and Itupourc addressed to the Okhotsk Sea, and the southern - to the Pacific Ocean. Under the influence of the sea climate in the winter season, the average temperature drops to 4.5 degrees below zero. This is warmer than in the area of \u200b\u200bKushiro. From time to time, the temperature is reduced to 10 degrees below zero. Snow in winter it falls here relatively little - on the plains on average 0.5 m. From the beginning to the midst of the summer, due to the interaction of warm and cold flows on the islands, dense fogs specific to these places reign. Sunny days little. The average temperature is approximately 16 degrees of heat. If the fog is dissipated, then in some days the temperature exceeds 28 degrees. Since the end of the summer, fogs cease and good pleasant weather occurs, which does not differ from the weather in the eastern regions of Hokkaido Island.
Landscapes inside the islands have their own characteristics. On the islands of Kunashir and ITUPU, under the influence of the Kuril volcanic zone, various types of volcanoes are drawn; Nature awarded them countless rivers, lakes and swampy meadows; Hot springs beat the islands from under the ground.
The islands of Habmioma consist of seven islands, each of them has a small amount of elevations and lowlands, they are flat on its relief. This is similar to Namuro Peninsula.
The island of Shikotan as a whole has the detached lines of relief. Dark green groves, contrasting with yellow glades, low bamboo, create a peculiar atmosphere. A valuable wild high-altitude plants that can be seen here can be seen on the island. In small islands at the coast of the Okhotsk Sea, valuable sea birds live on the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk Sea.
On the island of Kunashir, peaks of toy (the highest mountain in the northern territories) with a height of 1822 m, by its form resembling Fujiima. Many lakes, swamps, lowland and rivers. There are also large waterfalls. Most forests consist of coniferous in-kind - Sakhalin fir and Japanese ate; Here are launched striped owls and brown bears. On the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, facing the opposite Cape Syretoko, climbs cliffs similar to the trunks of trees, with thumbs of rocks, which were formed as a result of eruptions from magma flow volcanoes.
ITUP is the entire island consists of existing and temporarily extinct volcanoes. In his eastern part, the coastline in many places is circularly cut down, and rivers flow into the sea, forming waterfalls. There is confirmation that in the water area the eastern part of this island has sea beavers. In the western part of this island, the earth's surface has a gentle slopes, and its shores form a bay in which the armatures of large ships can throw.
Islands of Khabomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUP
Has a treasury of nature. There are confirmations that there are 50 striped owls on the island of Kunashir, on the witness of the ITUURUP - 2650 marine beavers, on all the above-mentioned islands - 825 rocks of high-mountain plants, etc. Efforts are made to explore and preserve other animals and plants.
Nature awarded these islands with water resources. Here it is possible to grow agricultural crops in sufficient quantities, such as vegetables. The water area around the northern territories under the influence of stirring warm and cold flows is replete with seafood, starting with crabs, salmon and sea cabbage.
Who currently lives in the northern territories and how does their population live?
Currently, citizens of the Russian state live on the Islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUURUP.
On the Islands of Habomai, 6.5 thousand Japanese lived at one time. Now, except for border guards, there is no permanent population on these islands.
On three other islands there are ordinary families of Russian citizens. After the forced evacuation of the Japanese in 1947-1948, there was not enough technicians and specialists on these islands, and the Soviet people who lived here were difficult. Since the 1960s, the authorities have conducted a set of technicians and workers, paying high wages and resorting to the provision of unprecedented privileges compared to other areas of the former Soviet Union, such as elevated pensions and especially long-term leave. Using such methods, the authorities were purposefully sent to these islands of seafood processing professionals and organized production and removal of finished products at the State Fishwork Reserving Plant. From the mid-1980s, such an order has ceased to be strictly observed, there were free arrival and departure of labor and entrepreneurs began to move on these islands.
It can be said that there is almost no infrastructure. And after the collapse of the Soviet Union, due to the fact that the wilts for the processing of seafood began to be lacking raw materials, working ceased to pay wages, prices rose and various other problems arose, the Russian population of the islands faced very serious difficulties. The strong earthquake that occurred in October 1994 in the open sea at the island of Shikotan (in Japanese - "Earthquake to the East of the Hokkaido East"), and the tsunami to the ground destroyed the life of the island population. As a result, many Moreton-Duktov processing plants, schools, kindergartens were destroyed either completely or dilapidated. Due to the fact that cash even for disassembly and demolition of the affected buildings lacked, people were allocated to reside emergency rooms, and destroyed buildings were left in the same condition. Workers who worked with downtime for seafood processing due to difficulties in their financing were on the verge of bankruptcy. Some families who had acquaintances on the mainland began to move towards them. Family remained on the islands to go to the mainland of Nowhere. They barely support their existence due to household plots, growing vegetables on them. There is nothing to say that their living conditions are very heavy.
From the mid-1990s, Russian military units began to quickly remove from the islands. Despite this, the military and their families due to the fact that in the case of moving to the mainland they could not provide work and housing there, after demobilization, were often forced to remain on the islands and conduct an independent lifestyle. In the period before the 1994 earthquake happened, 25.4 thousand Russian citizens lived on the Islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir, but by July 1998 their number decreased to 16.14 thousand people (in Shikotan - 2, 45 thousand people, on Kunashir - 5.5 thousand people and in ITUPU - 8.19 thousand people).
According to the political and administrative division of Russia, Khabomai Islands, Shikotan and Kunashir are included in the South Kuril district, and the island is the island of ITUP - to the Kuril district. Administration is appointed to control each area [in South Kuril district, it is located in Furukamappu (Yuzhno-Kurilsk), in the Kuril district - in Xian (Kurilsk)].
The main production on these islands is the processing of marine products. In recent years, fishing vessels in personal property have also appeared, and fishermen engaged in fishing independently. For messages with the islands, residents use regular steamboats that go with Sakhalin and run between the islands, as well as flights flying from Sakhalin (only on Kunashir Islands and Itupourc). As for port equipment, it can be found that it is completely absent. For landing ashore use boats. Outdated vessels were thrown in ports, and the ports themselves are contaminated by unclean.
Despite the fact that on the basis of the federal program of social and economic development of the Kuril Islands for 1993-1995 and until 2000, preparatory work was carried out on the construction of the main road through all of these islands and work on the replacement of bridge beams across the rivers, on the islands until now (With the exception of the part of the island of Kunashir), the highways are absent, and on the island of Shikotan such construction work did not begin at all.
On Kunashir and Itupe there are libraries, the release of newspapers. As for medical care, there are not enough drugs and medical equipment, and residents cannot get full-fledged treatment. Many of them for treatment are specifically sent to Sakhalin and on the mainland to Russia. The Government of Japan, carrying out urgent humanitarian assistance, built on Shikotan and ITUPUP of the ambulatory, was given ultrasound medical devices in Kunashir, and at the three of these islands granted drugs and ambulances.
In addition to this, the Government of Japan also began to supply fuel in the winter season as emergency humanitarian assistance in the winter season. As a gift, schoolchildren of the island of Shikotan, who has suffered more than others from the earthquake, at the expense of Japanese funds was granted primary school. And the pier is built on Kunashire, where boats and small ships are on anchor. Technical guidance in the field of agriculture and marine fishery is underway. In 1999, Kunashir Japan also assisted, building refuge in case of emergency situations, and in all other islands, electric generators and other equipment installed.
Recently, on the island of ITUURUP, where among all the South Rooms, the most Russian population lives, enterprises of the company "Hydrostroy" have been successfully developed, which is mainly engaged in the processing of marine products. More than half of the island's population is working in this company and on the enterprises related to it. In July 1999, this company decided to establish his enterprise during this year and on Shikotan Island.
On the island of Kunashir (though, in very small quantities), sausages and beer are made, and on the island of ITUURUP, a school-acquired school is being built in America, which is a sample of purity.
As for the island of Shikotan, it was also a time when the development of seafood processing industry was developed here, mainly crabs. One third of the crab canned food of the entire Soviet Union was produced. But at present, due to poaching, depletion of fishing resources, damage from earthquakes, insufficient material supply, etc. Plant for the release of seafood almost does not work. The inhabitants of the island inevitably come across everyday difficulties. The situation was aggravated in particular in the first half of 1999, when the supply of fuel stopped and almost ceased to submit electricity.
The buildings built on these islands during the belonging of their Japan, such as the placement of mail and the seafood cooperative, are preserved only in small quantities on the island of ITUURUP in Xian (Kurilsk).
What is a "visa-free exchange"?
In April 1991, President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev arrived on a visit to Japan. It was the first in the history of the Japanese-Russian and Japanese-Soviet relations a visit to Japan of the Supreme Head of the neighboring state. In the Joint Japan-Soviet statement signed by him during this visit with the then Prime Minister of Japan, Toshika Kaifa, contained an agreement on visiting by Russian citizens living on these islands, the Japanese Metropolis and the Japanese of the Islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUURUP without passports and visas . These visits were implemented on the proposal of the Soviet Union. In November of the same year, the agreement was specified in letters, which exchanged ministers of foreign affairs of both states exchanged. Mutual visits began to be carried out since May 1992. Until June 1999, inclusive on both sides, such mutual trips alternately made about 2.8 people on each part, which strongly contributed to the strengthening of mutual understanding and friendship.
Russian citizens from the northern territories, visited Japan, visited the districts of Northern Japan - Hokkaido, Akita and Mi-Yagi, Central Japan - Gumba, Tokyo and Yokohama, as well as areas of Western Japan - Isicawa, Wakica, Hego and Hiroshima, got familiarized there with schools , plants, historical sights, other facilities and took part in conversations with the local population. And the Japanese who visited the Northern Islands (in fact, on three of them, as there are no people on the islands of the population), they also got acquainted there with children's gardens, schools, plants for the processing of marine products and other objects and, having been in families, established with them .
Since 1997, Russian citizens living in agriculture and fisheries since the northern territories have begun to implement advanced training programs on Hokkaido Island, calculated for several days. In addition, despite the shortest possible, Japanese volunteers from the national detachment of the youth corps of foreign cooperation were given on the island of Japanese lessons. These lessons conducted in accordance with the persistent wishes of Russian residents on the island of Kunashir, since the summer of 1999 were even more expanded and held for three weeks on the three-Islands -Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUP students of the Tokyo University of Women and the forces of the Organization mentioned for This is two people and two more assistants. One of the results of the visit to Moscow of the Prime Minister of Japan Katezo Training in September 1998 was a decision (in addition to the "visa-free exchange") on the free visit to the Northern Territories by the Japanese, former residents of the Islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUURUP.
Russian citizens who reside in the northern territories would have to oppose the return of four island education Japan ...
In fact, everything is exactly the opposite. According to the results of a public opinion polling among residents of the Northern Territories, which Radiotelevian Corporation En-Key instructed to hold the All-Russian Central Institute of Public Opinion in September 1998 on the basis of a selective survey of 1000 people from three islands - Kunashir, ITUURUP and Shikotan, agree to the Return of Japan Northern Territories without any conditions or under certain conditions answered 44% of respondents, and there were 42% of the respondents (information on the television of En-Key Corporation on November 5, 1998).
In addition, to survey the information agency "Kyodo Tsuchin", which was held on the islands of ITUURUP and Shikotan among 100 local residents, 65% of the inhabitants of Shikotan, agreed to the return of Japan of northern territories, and 87% of the inhabitants of the ITUURUP was opposed to the return of Japan (Agency Kyodo Tsuchin dated September 20, 1998).
And with a survey of 404 inhabitants of the three islands - Shikotan, Kunashira and ITUPUP, the ratio between supporters and opponents of the return of Japan northern territories was 73% to 20.3% (Iomiuri newspaper dated July 17, 1993).
There are also data published by the Russian side. Socuarly survey 100 Russian specialists in Japan from among the members of the government, parliamentarians and scientists, which was pro-led by the International Sociological Center in Moscow in Yang Vare in 1996, 45% of respondents spoke for the return of the northern territories of Japan, against - 20% ( The newspaper "Minity Simbun" dated December 2, 1996).
There is no doubt that with such a large scattering results of the survey on them, it is not necessary to rely on them. However, with trust conversations during "visa-free exchanges" the overwhelming majority of Russian residents of the above-mentioned islands agree to the return of the northern territories of Japan. Moreover, many of them even resolutely declared: "The sooner the Japan will be returned, the better."
In the newspaper "Izvestia" on February 17, 1998, a report was published in the reporting from the northern territories that such a position was published, in which the northern territories are rapidly absorbed by the Japanese economic zone. At the same time, it was stated that the majority of the inhabitants of the South Kuril Islands share the realistic opinion, which is the "absence of objections to their return of Japan."
In 1946, ordinary Soviet citizens began to move for the first time. Initially, during the course of two years, the situation was maintained, in which the Japanese population lived together with the population from the Soviet Union, including in the houses belonging to the Japanese. Later, all the Japanese were forcibly sent from these islands. Russian families who continue to live here since that time remains very little, almost all immigrants are those who came to the islands starting from the 1950s.
Since 1992, a visa-free exchange has begun between the Japanese and modern residents of the northern territories.
Most Russian population only after establishing direct contacts with former Japanese residents of these islands learned about the historical facts related to the rejection of the Soviet Union of Northern Territories from Japan after the Second World War and exile from the above-mentioned islands of their Japanese population.
It is a deep interest that compared with the predominance of the votes of ordinary Russian residents of the northern territories in favor of their return of Japan, local leaders from the executive bodies and the deputy corps are mostly expressed against the return of the mentioned Islands of Japan.
If you carefully listen to the voices of the Russian residents of the northern territories, it will become clear that people are experiencing an early serious concern regarding how they feel after returning the above-mentioned Islands of Japan.
In this sense, most of all of them sympathize with the former Japanese residents of these islands expelled earlier in the metropolis. The development plan for the Northern Territories (1991), prepared by the research organization, mainly from the former inhabitants of the islands, put forward the basic principle: when returning the overall territories of Japan, modern Russian residents of these islands should not tolerate the grave EUKE employment, similar to those who experienced themselves in their time Former Japanese residents of the territories mentioned, and therefore they need to provide the opportunity to live together with the Japanese.
In addition, published in March 1999, a non-governmental project "Issues related to the return of the cevory-rhetorius" proceeded from the prerequisite for the joint residence of the Jasom and Russian population (see Question 79). The Japanese government stated that in resolving the issue of emergency territories, the tendency will continue to fully respect the rights, interests, as well as the aspirations of Russian citizens who are currently living on the Islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and ITUURUP.
The concerns of the indigenous Russian residents of these islands should disappear without a trace thanks to the aforementioned measures. A considerable number of Russian residents openly states: "The Government of Russia and the administration of the Sakhalin region do not give us anything. This is nothing but a policy at which they are thrown to the arbitrary of fate. " That is why the degree of dependence of the life of the Russian residents of these islands from Japan is becoming more and more noticeable.
Does the Government of Japan do not seek by the promises of the modern Russian population of the northern territories to achieve the consent of this population on their return of Japan?
The Russian government has not yet officially advocated the return of the northern territories of Japan. Therefore, the Government of Japan, for its part, adheres to the next position: it cannot officially promise that in the case of the return of Northern Territories, Japan will provide the Russian population living at present in these territories, the protection of various living conditions, including its rights and interests that could be guaranteed to him from the Japanese side.
What, despite this, will the life of the Russian population named above the islands after the return of the Northern Islands of Japan? This is a relevant and important question. Therefore, non-governmental research groups from the number of Japanese scientists, experts, former diplomats, former residents of the Northern Territory and other persons also believe that after the return of Japan's islands on the above, the rights and interests that are already available at the current Russians are sufficiently protected. residents of these territories (see questions 78-81). Apparently, there will be no mistake to consider this fact as a reflection of the moods of the Japanese government, as well as most Japanese people.
The Russian population, which currently lives in the northern territories is divided into two large groups - those who, after the return of the northern territories of Japan, would like to stay at the same place of residence, and those who, having left for the same place of residence, would like to move to Sakhalin or in the metropolis. Since the existing legislation does not allow dual citizenship, the persons who will remain in Japan, after a few years of their stay in this country, will likely be before the choice - or to preserve Russian citizenship, or acquire a new, Japanese citizenship. However, if you exclude this moment, the current Russian population of the above-strokes named above is likely to not be after the return of the northern territories of Japan to experience B / Higher difficulties, which they are currently experiencing in the economic and social areas of life. Persons who wish to stay on these islands will retain their current work, and their standard of living will be in general the life level of Japan.
As for the persons who, after the return of Japan, the northern territories wish to move from these islands into mainland Russia, non-governmental research groups offer the Japanese government so that it would pay them the funds necessary for resettlement from the very beginning to be accompanied by changing the place of residence, work and etc., although these costs would have to take over the rules of Russia.
Dishonest people and mafias that are counting on obtaining large income or profits as a result of changing sovereignty over the northern territories are likely to be disappointed without having any chances in order to adapt to this setting. With the exception of such persons, the current serious Russian residents of the above-mentioned islands are counting on obtaining decent compensation (to the extent that they think rationally in such cases). These conditions must be taken into account so that the situation does not arise when someone would have been excessively high income, and someone remained on Bobah as a result of a conscientious fulfillment of agreement between the governments of Japan and Russia. And such a scrupulous concern for the fate of immigrants is probably characteristic of the Japanese.
Northern territories are the islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and Itupouris - represent the territory of Russia, because Russia has already actually manages these islands for more than 50 years.
In the event that, on the part of any countries, claims against the fact of managing the territories of another country are not put forward, the right of the latter for these territories could be recognized by natural. However, in relation to the illegal occupation of the northern territories, obviously objected against it, the Japanese side continues to demand the return of these territories of Japan.
In conflicts for the right to own the territory for the decision of the dispute has long been and often resorted to wars. Wars for conquering territories were unleashed up to World War II. However, after World War II, a rule was established: "to expand the territory of the state through wars is unacceptable" (the principle of non-exposure of the territory).
Citizens of Russia (Soviet Union) first moved to the northern territories after the end of World War II. From time to time it is necessary to hear the following statement: "Russian citizens live on these islands, master them, there are graves of three generations of their ancestors." However, before citizens of Russia in 1946 came to the northern territories, only the Japanese lived on these islands. Not a single Russian there was there. The Japanese lived on these islands for five to six generations and continued to master them. During the reign of I. Stalin, the Soviet Union expelled from there these Japanese, and this error so far remains defective.
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