Ways and methods of rational use of mineral resources. Abstract: Mineral resources of Russia

Noble (precious) metals

Mineral resources of the world have a variety of value. The most expensive of metals (not counting rare-earth) are so-called noble: platinum, gold, silver. Gold is a dense, soft and macked metal with bright yellow and glitter. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements solid under standard conditions. Therefore, the metal is often found in a free elementary (natural) form, in the form of nuggets or a garn in rocks, veins and alluvial sediments. Less often meets minerals. Previously, the main volume was the nuggets who were looking for prospectors. Now most of the gold is mined in special factories, on which the breed is processed with a large content of valuable raw materials.

China, Australia, USA, South Africa are the largest gold producers on the planet. And Rudnik Withersrand is the leading gold mining center of the world. Also, large districts include: Rand Fields, Kimberly, Livingston, Cape of Good Hope, Natal and others. Canada is also a significant manufacturer of gold. Russia allocated the territories of the Ural Mountains, Baikalia and Transbaikalia, Lensky Pool. The reserves of the Kolyma region have exhausted significantly. A lot of gold is mined in the USA (Alaska, California, Rocky Mountains region), Australia (Calgohurly, Yumbi, Mount Morgan), India (Carnataka, Andhra Pradesh).

Mineral resources of the world: Table

The valuable mineral resources include about 200 names of metals, hydrocarbons, minerals, technical and building materials. Consider the main types of raw materials and leaders in their production:

The mining of resources should be carried out "with a loan for the future." Many countries, having developed their deposits, faced the so-called resource hunger. To maintain the economy, they are forced to export raw materials. The rational use of natural wealth is the key to long-term prosperity.

What it is?

Mineral resources are minerals that are in the depths of the Earth both on the continental part of it and at the Day of the World Ocean. They should be accessible to modern production methods and are suitable for use in the sectors of the national economy. Their reserves need to be assessed in quantitatively with geological studies.

Useful minerals are divided into areas of their application. According to this classification, they are divided into fuel and energy, ores for ferrous metallurgy, ore raw materials for non-ferrous metallurgy and production of alloyed metals, mining ores, diverse and precious and semiprecious stones, industrial non-metallic raw materials, non-metallic fossils for construction and production of building materials, hydraulic mineral resources . Recall that the classification of mineral resources is conditional: some of them can be in demand by various industries.

List of various applications

Fuel and energy mineral resources are all that he gives the heat and energy: coals (stone and brown), natural gas and oil, peat, flanges combustible, uranium ores. Rudes of ferrous metallurgy: iron, chromium, manganese and others. Ores for non-ferrous metallurgy and production of alloyed metals: copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, lead, mercury and antimony, vanadium, titanium, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, cobalt. Mining ores are phosphorites and apatites, deposits and brine of salts - stone, potash, magnesia, combustible sulfur and its compounds, barite, borogne ores, iodine-containing solutions, fluorite, bromine. Precious and semi-precious stones - all variety of jewels, ranging from diamond (hereinafter - alphabetically) and ending with spinel and zircon; Also, the stones are nulls, starting with amethyst and ending with Jasma. Industrial non-metallic raw materials represent such major mineral resources as graphite, asbestos, talc, mica, quartz. Nonmetallic materials for construction work - limestone, marble, granite, basalt, tuffs, sewer, clay, raw materials for cement production, glass, slate slate. Hydromineral resources are underground water: drinking fresh and balneological mineral, thermal, industrial.

First, mineral resources are non-renewable, with the exception of hydromineral, which are capable of partially precisely. The uneven distribution of mineral resources in the depths of the planet is the second feature of them. The third distinguishing feature is the impermanence of resources in time and their dependence on the level of development of both society and technology, from the opportunities of the economy and the need for them industry. The fourth feature is mineral resources characterize the economic condition of any country. Mineral substances acquire the status of mineral resources when the need arises in their use and are new ways of use in practice. The range of mineral resources is constantly updated with new types of minerals that are in industrial production.

Mineral resources of the Earth over the Millenniums remain the main source to obtain a variety of materials that ensure the existence and development of society. Building stone, metal ores, coal, and later oil, natural gas, uranium and other types of natural mineral wealth continue to play an extremely important role and now.

Humanity constantly increases the pace of use of mineral raw materials. Only for the first half of the XX century. The number of mined minerals exceeded that humanity consumed for the entire previous existence. The need for mineral raw materials continues to grow steadily.
There is not a single state in the world that would satisfy their needs in mineral raw materials only at the expense of its own stocks. It is known that most countries of Western Europe imports iron and manganese ore, chromites and bauxites, copper, nickel, tin, tungsten and a lot of other raw materials from other regions of the world.
Feling minerals are represented by coal, oil and natural gas. They are the main source of electricity and heat production and are called energy resources. The main world coal reserves are concentrated in the 10 largest basins of Asia, Europe and North America. The largest global resources of oil and gas are located in the Persian Gulf and Western Siberia.

Ore minerals

Ore minerals, as you know, are divided into ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The stocks of rudes of ferrous metals - iron and manganese - concentrated in Brazil, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, Australia, the United States and India.
The main stocks of copper ores are concentrated in Chile (South America), USA, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (forming the so-called threats of Africa), tin - in the countries of the Pacific region of Asia ("tin belt"). About 2/3 world stocks of raw materials for the production of aluminum are in five countries: Australia, Guinea (Africa), Jamaica (Antilles), Suriname and Brazil (South America).

Nonetic minerals

The mineral raw materials are rarely remembered. However, it plays a significant role in industry. No limestone, for example, cement production and cast iron gas production will stop. Ordinary clay is necessary for the manufacture of bricks, and white clay (kaolin) - porcelain and faience. Without sulfur not to get sulfuric acid. Gypsum is used in construction and medicine, as well as for the production of paints. There is no natural substitute for asbestos in the manufacture of fire-resistant clothing and slate. And who does not know the cook salt? It has long been used in the chemical industry.

Non-metallic minerals are common everywhere on platforms and in the fields of folding.
It is important to remember that most mineral resources are exhausted. So, according to some data, the copper is enough for 50 years, nickel - by 25, silver - by 10. That is, our generation will still be provided with mineral resources. However, several decades of the unreasonable use of minerals can lead to their complete disappearance.

In the development of world economy, a complex of problems associated with the use of mineral resources is played. The economic shocks of the mid-70s convincingly showed that under certain conditions these problems can seriously affect the entire course of economic development, adversely affect the state of the production, currency and financial, foreign economic and other fields of the economy of a number of groups of states.
The production and consumption of mineral resources has become global, covering all countries through the international division of labor. Mineral raw materials is the source material of any production process, its material basis.

The extractive industries occupy a significant place in world production - 4.7% of the WPM. They account for 14.6% of industrial products (data 2003).

Mineral resources played a significant role in the economies of many countries, being one of the sources of wealth and income. In a long retrospective, the opening of new minerals, alloys, new methods for extracting and producing minerals have an important impact on industrial development and consumption. In recent decades, qualified labor and capital resources have become more significant components of national wealth than mineral resources.

Rhodotrozit. Photo: Teo Romero

Natural resources on the globe are placed extremely unevenly. Not only individual countries, but large regions differ in terms of security by certain resources. The level of security had a significant impact on the initial development of industry and its specialization to the era of the Scientific and Technical Revolution (HTR). Resource support is an important, but not decisive factor in the development of the territory. For example, Japan, the Republic of Korea, some Western European countries with minimal resource potential have reached significant economic and social success, using the achievements of HTR, human and financial resources, international integration, etc. There are reverse examples when natural resource potential Countries are used irrational (most countries of Africa, India, Russia, Kazakhstan, etc.).
The use of natural resources and measures to preserve them were called environmental management. According to rational nature management, the environment does not experience the catastrophic influence of human production activities, but is in a state of ecological equilibrium. For irrational environmental management of the environment, every year deteriorates, which leads to local, regional and global environmental issues. 

Mineral resources

(a. Mineral Resources; n. MineralressourCen, Mineralische RESSOURCEN; f. RESSOURCES MINERALES; and. RECURSOS MINERALES) - a set of minerals identified in the depths of depth. Regions, countries, continents, the bottom of oceans or land as a whole, available and suitable for Prom. Use and, as a rule, quantitatively valued geol. research and geol. Intelligence. M. p. are non-renewable natural resources. Part of M. p prepared for the development. Called the mineral resource base.
The concept of M. p. has several aspects. B Gorno-Geol. Aspect M. p. are a combination of clusters (mrenions) of various p., in which hem. The elements and minerals formed by them are in a sharply increased concentration compared with Clark content in the earth's crust, providing the possibility of their prom. use. B economy. Aspect M. p. serve as the raw material basis for the development of the most important industries prom. Production (Energy, Fuel Prom-ST, Black and, Chem. Prom-St, PR), and also a possible object of international. cooperation. B Capitalist conditions. Societies M. p. Can be one of the reasons for the international. conflicts caused by the struggle of capitalist. State-in the seizure of the richest sources of mineral raw materials.
Po areas of use M. p. are divided into fuel and energy (, natural gas, coals, peat,); ore of ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chromium, etc.); Ore colored and alloying metals (aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony, mercury, etc.); ores of rare and noble metals; mining (, apatite, stone, potash and magnesial salts, CEPA and its compounds, bromine and iodine solutions, fluorite, etc.); ; Nonet industrial raw materials (mica, asbestos, quartz, etc.); nonmetallic (cement and, marbles, slate, clay, tuffs, granite); Hydromerineral (underground fresh and mineralized water, incl. Balneologic., Thermal and others). The given is conditional, because Areas Prom. Applications of some p. and. may be diverse, for example. They are also raw materials for Chem. Prom-st, etc. - Raw materials for metallurgy, production, chemical. Prom-STI and prom.j builds. Materials.
The concept of M. p. varies in time and depends on the level of society, on the needs of production, as well as on the level of technology and the opportunities of the economy. Natural minerals become M. p. Only after the need for them also appears and their practices appear. use. The higher the tehn. Armediation, the wider the range of p. and. And the larger number of new types of mineral raw materials is involved in prom. production For example, Kam. It became p. and. having prom. Value, only C con. 17 V., Oil - C CEP. 19th century; ores of aluminum, magnesium, chromium and rare elements, etc. - C con. 19 - Nach. 20 centuries; Uranium ores - C CEP. 20 V. OB of the history of the development of M. p. cm. in art. Mining .
Spaces. M. p. In the depths of the land as a whole, and is also off. Continents and countries are characterized by unevenness.
CV. 80% of the explored coal reserves of industrialized and developing countries are concentrated in the depths of five capitalist. countries - USA, Germany, Great Britain, Australia and South Africa, 87% of manganese ores - in South Africa and Australia, 86% of potash salts - in Canada. Significant part of M. p. MN. The most important species p. and. Focused in the depths of developing countries (Fig. 1).

As a rule, M. p. Quantitatively estimated by mineral reserves and forecast resources. B Mineral resource balance in the world, and also in the balance sheet. countries of sv. 70-80% of stocks of each species p. And. It is necessary for a relatively small number of large Ms and Mr. Giants, the rest are focused on medium and numerous. Small Mashers. PO prom. The value and size of stocks p. Conditionally distinguish between unique ms, which are of great importance in the world stocks of the planet as a whole, are large - in stocks of large on the territory and secured M. p. countries, average - in CP stocks. and small countries or off. Regions of large countries, small and small - in reserves of small countries or deposit. P-new and enterprises. Data O reserves species p. and. According to the continents, are given in Table., And their distribution by country - in the articles on PL. See and. and state-whale.


The most studied long-acting miner. P-us, Socialist territory. and industrialized capitalist. countries, to a lesser degree - territory of developing countries in Africa and Asia, some P-new Latin America, and the World Ocean;. Despite the depletion of the long exploited separation. Mr. and reducing the explored reserves. In some countries, mining levels achieved in the world. 80-X., Provided for long. Terms (Fig. 2).


However, it means. Part of the revealed p. and. Focusing in Mures with relatively poor ores or in large depths and in complex mining and geol. Conditions.
Prom. Mastering M. p. Includes their assessment (N.-I., search and geol. - exploration works) and actually mastering (mining, enrichment and processing), the scale and intensity of the K-POGO are determined by the peculiarities of the prom. and socio-economic. The development of society, the role of the X-VA mineral and commodity sector in the country's economy. Non-renewability M. p. Determines the need for their rational use, reduce losses in mining, processing and transportation, as well as disposal of secondary raw materials and compliance with environmental and economy. Operating approach M. p. Literature : Bychover H. A., the economy of mineral raw materials, (t. 1-3), M., 1967-1971; Mirin Mr. A., Mineral resources at the turn of the XX and XXI centuries, "Izv. AH CCCP, Cep. Geol.", 1983, NO 9. G. A. Mirin.

Mountain Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984-1991 .

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mineral resources - 24 Mineral resources predicted potential reserves of minerals in the earth's crust, suitable for extracting and use both in modern conditions and in perspective

Mineral resources of the world are all the variety of minerals that give the nature of humanity. Fuel, metals, building materials, chemical raw materials, precious alloys and stones - all these natural wealth people enjoy for many years. Despite the fact that the mineral resources of the planet is great, they are still not limitless, so the successful development of humanity is impossible without their rational use.

Classification of mineral resources

Depending on its purpose and geological origin, mineral raw materials are divided into 5 basic classes:

• mineral fuel;
• metals of their iron and ferroalloys;
• non-ferrous metals;
• precious metals;
• industrial minerals.

Mineral raw materials can also be divided into two large groups:

• conventionally renewable - products of organic origin (coal, oil, methane), for the formation of which specific conditions are necessary in nature and not one thousand years;
• not renewable - Minerals and metals whose stock will never be restored in nature.

Fig. 1. Coal

Humanity steadily continues to increase the pace of use of land resources. Only in the first half of the twentieth century, the total number of mined mineral raw materials exceeded the fact that the human race used for the entire time of its existence. At the same time, the need for resources continues to increase.

Geography of mineral raw materials

The distribution of mineral resources on the planet is uneven: some regions are rich in all sorts of minerals, others - they have a lot of need. The placement of natural raw materials depends largely on the nature of the terrain, its location above the level of the world ocean, the nature of origin. The science of geology is engaged in these and many other issues related to mineral raw materials.

Large fields of fuel and energy resources are located in Russia, USA, Canada, China, Venezuela, in the Persian Gulf. The greatest volume is occupied by coal and oil.

Fig. 2. Oil production

Ore fossils are usually located on ancient platforms and folded areas. Often they form extended ore belts. The most rich in all sorts of types of US RUD, Russia, India, China. The most common metal on the ground is aluminum.

Non-hard mineral resources are common worldwide, both in the areas of folding and platforms.

Fig. 3. Asbest

Table "world reserves of mineral resources"

Mineral resources value

The resource supply of countries is the ratio between natural mineral reserves and the speed of their consumption. This concept, first of all, is socio-economic, because it depends not only on the number of natural resources, but also on how quickly humanity uses them.

Resource support is an important, but not determining factor in improving the state economy. So, many Western European powers, Korea, Japan, with a minor potential of natural raw materials, were able to achieve enormous success, using other tools for the formation of the economy: the achievements of HTR, international integration, financial and human resources.

Of great importance for the development of the world economy plays a territorial combination of natural resources - a set of mineral resources within a particular region, the countries necessary for complex processing of raw materials. Thanks to this factor, the management and planning of socio-economic development occurs much more effectively.

It should be remembered that the mineral resources of water, land, mineral and forest resources must be used very carefully, rationally. Natural raw materials, with the exception of individual species, is irrelevant, and sooner or later the moment will come when the reserves of the Earth will be exhausted. Currently, the threat of a sharp deficit of certain resources has already arisen, and every year the situation will only deteriorate.

To prevent global catastrophe, humanity should look for alternative ways to solve production and economic needs.

What did we know?

When considering the topic "Mineral resources of the world" under the 8th grade program, we learned what the main types of natural raw materials and how they are distributed on the planet. We also found out that such a territorial combination of mineral raw materials and what is the rational use of resources.

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