Phoe teacher:
Class: 4
Number of those present:
Number of absent:
Learning goals that need to be achieved on this lesson:
Get acquainted with ore minerals. Learn properties of ore minerals.
You can distinguish ferrous metals from color, able to show large deposits iron Rud. and ore non-ferrous metals.
Objectives of training
All students will be able to:
answer what ore is; sharing the ore of black and non-ferrous metals;
Most students will be able to:
distinguish ferrous metals from color,
Some students will be able to:
some are able to show large deposits of iron ore and ore of non-ferrous metals in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Language goal
Students can:
Tell the meaning of the word "ore"
Key words and phrases:
Cast iron, steel, copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, bauxite, polymetallic ore, lead, zinc.
Language style suitable for dialogue / classroom letters
Issues for discussion:
What is the ore?
What is contained in rudes of ferrous metals?
What is absent in non-ferrous metal ores?
What alloys get from iron ore?
What would happen if all the iron disappeared?
Can you say why ...?
Aluminum, magnesium, zinc, copper refer to non-ferrous metals ores?
Nail sticks to magnet?
Where are the ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals?
Tips:
Because there is no ....
Because there is ...
Because everywhere apply
Previous training:
tell that refers to minerals; Metal mining methods
Plan
Planned time
Planned Actions
Resources
teacher
pupils
Greeting
Creating a collaborative learning environment
Workout
2 minutes
Welcome. It offers the warm-up "Smile and wish ..." picture
Greet. Smile, wish each other have a good mood, health, success on study
Division into groups
1 min
Divides into groups.
Purpose of Speaker, Time Speaker, Secretary
Offer to designate
speaker gives a sheet of estimation
Children in their groups appoint a speaker, speaker and participants discuss for what parameters today will evaluate each other. Speakers write the evaluation criteria
Paper A4.
feltolsters
Preparation for the post new topic.
Puzzles
Goal.
Very durable and elastic
Builders reliable friend.
Houses, steps, posts insert pictures
Beautiful will become and noticeable (granite)
Without it will not run
No bus nor taxi
Does not rise rocket.
Guess what it is? (oil)
Lit, yes not the sun.
Cheyren, yes not night,
Solid, yes not a stone.
On the whole world of Slary! (Coal)
From him a medal pour
And for the feat, and for work.
And rings, and serving,
Watch, bracelets, brooch (gold)
- Guys, what are you called now? (Minerals)
What it is? 6 verys.
Listen and solve riddles
Actualization of knowledge. Poll over the topic
3 min
Reception "Thin fat questions"
Slide useful claims.
What is minerals?
Minerals are natural resourceswhich person mines from the depths of the earth and from its surface and uses them for their needs.
What does the concept of "mineral deposit" mean?
The deposit is the place where useful minerals are focused in sufficient quantities.
People, what profession find mineral deposits?
Geologists.
What groups are minerals share?
Solid, liquid, gaseous.
What types of minerals are minerals?
Combustible, ore and nonmetallic.
What useful fossils are mined with drilling rigs?
Oil Gas.
How is the coal deposit?
Black square.
How is the rail ore field indicated on the map?
Black triangle.
Ask questions to each other in groups
Questions of each group
Definition of the lesson.
3 min
- Why are they called fossil and, while still useful? (D)
Benefit - Good, positive consequences, benefit.
Dig - 1) disappear, drop off, separating and lifting;
2) dropping the earth, make a deepening;
3) Cutting the earth, get, extract.
Practical work.
Take in the hands of the samples of minerals (cast iron, steel, aluminum, lead, tin, silver, etc.) to each of them bring the magnet. What did you notice? Some of them are attracted by a magnet, some are not.
What do you think, why some objects attracted a magnet?(there is iron)
Why don't other objects attracted a magnet?(missing iron)
Iron - this is also a useful fossil, which lies in the bowels of the earth?(No, this is a product from iron ore).
Who can answer the question: What is ore?
( Iron ore - This is a useful fossil from which iron is obtained).
What are we talking about today in class?
sweet
Theme of our lesson:"Rudes of black and non-ferrous metals"
Your tasks : know what ore is, what belongs to the ores of black and non-ferrous metals and how they are used in everyday life,
And at the end of the lesson we will find out why some items attracted a magnet, and some - no.
In depths.
Listen and comprehend.
There are rocks, of which, with special processing, you can get metals that are called ore.
Study of a new topic
8 min
So what does a person get metals?(From ore)
Teacher: Metals are obtained from ore. Ore is divided into the ore of black and non-ferrous metals.
ORE
Metals
Black colored
Everyone reads his paragraph
Textbook "Knowledge of the World"
"Learning together"
15 minutes
And now you will conduct a study: what metals are black, and which to color.
Work in groups.
1) Additional material About iron ore.
2) material textbook on non-ferrous metal ores.
Specify page
Work on the table approach the group and suggest.
Rudes of ferrous metals A4
Namefield
properties
Method of mining
Where used
Designation on the map
Ore non-ferrous metals
namefield
properties
Method of mining
Where used
Designation on the map
Each explains his paragraph on the topic
Paper format A4, Flomers, Pencils, Colored Paper
Groups exchange received information.
If the time remains you can ask each other questions on the topic. What you remember about non-ferrous metal ores.
Fastening and generalization
6min
The man received underground wealth as a gift: some mountains consist of minerals, there are whole seas and oil rivers in the depths of the Earth, empties are filled with gas, the underground palaces are full coal. Man uses them. Do you think he can empty all underground pantry?
Creative work in groups.
1 group "Imagine on the moment that reserves of minerals on Earth dried up ... What happens? "
On the sheet to write a name and add essay.
(Children's responses)
Total lesson
Reflection
2 minutes
Stair of success
Evaluation Sheet, Signal Cards
Acquaintance with iron ore .
Iron ore - This is a mineral mineral, from which iron is obtained.
The iron ores include Red Zheleznyak, Magnetic Zheleznyak, Brown Zheleznyak.
Hematite contains 70% iron. It is red, has a semi-dollar shine, leaves a cherry-red feature on a ceramic tile, solid (leaves scratch on glass), heavier than water. This is the main ore to obtain iron.
Magnetic Zheleznyak (magnetite) contains up to 73% iron. It is black, has a metallic shine, harder glass, leaves on a ceramic tile the black line, heavier than water. This ore is very important for the national economy.
Brown Zheleznyak contains up to 60% iron. Color Brown Zheleznaya Various - Brown, Yellow, Black; It is softer glass, on the ceramic tile leaves the line of brown color, heavier than water. This ore is most common on the surface of the Earth.
Cast iron, steel, iron are smelted from iron ore. And of them, in turn, make household items: knives, scissors, details of cars, cars, tractors, railway rails.
In some places, iron ore occurs a shallow, in such deposits it is mined in an open way. First, the reservoir explode, and then in the career formed huge excavators draw the ore and ship it into cars or railway cars.
In other places, Ruda lies deeply, then for its prey makes deep mines.
On the physical map of the iron ore field is denoted by a black triangle.
According to the reserves of iron ore, Kazakhstan occupies one of the first places among other countries. More than 85% of the entire stock of the republic's iron ore is concentrated in the Kostanay region. The largest Field of Sokolovsko-Sorbaistan. Other deposits of iron ore are available in Saryarka and in the northern priaral.
Iron silver - white viscous and macked metal. Hematite, lymonitis, magnetite, shampots, tyrichet and siderite main iron-containing minerals. Classify the deposits of iron ores as industrial when metal content of at least several tens of millions of tons and a shallow occurrence of ore bodies. So that you can be preyed in an open way. The iron content in large fields is calculated by hundreds of millions of tons. General world production Iron ore exceeds one billion tons (1995). The mining of iron ore in a large scale is conducted in Canada, South Africa, Sweden, Venezuela, Liberia and France. Most of the ore is mined in China 250 million tons, in Brazil 185 million tons, Australia more than 140 million tons, Russia 78 million tons, US and India for 60 million tons. Total world resources of raw (non-skilled) ore exceed one Thousands of four hundred billion tons, industrial - more than 360 billion tons. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe lake, the highest amount of iron ore is produced. The main share of which comes from the deposit of ferrous quartzite (Takonites) in the Mesabi area pcs. Minnesota. In second place is the pc. Michigan, where ore pellets are produced. Iron ore is mined in the states of California, Wisconsin and Missouri in smaller quantities. The total reserves of iron ores in Rossi make up one hundred one billion tons. At the same time, 59% of reserves focused in the European part, and 41% to the east of the Urals. In Ukraine, there are significant mining of iron ore in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Krivoy Roda basin. The first place in the world is Australia (143 million tons), in terms of exports of commodity iron ore. There, the total reserves of ore reaches twenty-eight billion tons. In the Hammersley district, Pilbara District, Western Australia mainly produces production - 90%. Brazil is in second place - 131 million tons, which has exclusively rich deposits. Many of which are concentrated in the Minas Gerais iron ore basin. In 1988 The world leader in smelting unrefined steel was the USSR (180.4 million tons). Japan has occupied the first place since 1991. to 1996 Then there were US and China (93 million tons) and Russia (51 million tons).Manganese
Manganese silver - white fragile solid metal. In the production of alloy steel and cast iron, manganese is used. Also as a doping additive to alloys. To give them strength, viscosity and hardness. A significant amount of manganese is produced in India and Brazil. Most of the world industrial stocks of manganese ores fall on Ukraine (42.2%), South Africa (19.9%), Kazakhstan (7.3%), Gabon (4.7%), Australia (3.5%), China (2.8%) and Russia (2.7%).Vanadium
One of the most rare representatives ferrous metals is vanadium. Production of vintage castors and steels one of the main applications of Vanadium. For the aerospace industry, Vanadium additive provides high characteristics. It is widely used in obtaining sulfuric acid as a catalyst. In nature, Vanadium meets in the composition of titaniumagnetite ores. Rarely phosphorites. Also in uranium-containing sandstones and aleurolites, where its concentration does not exceed two percent. Vanadium's main ore minerals in such fields - Vanadium Muskovit-Luxer and Carnost. Sometimes present significant quantities Vanadium also in bauxites, brown coals, heavy oils, bituminous slates and sands. As a by-product of Vanadium is usually obtained when extracting the main components of mineral raw materials. For example, of ash from oil burning, coal or from titanium slags in the processing of titanagnetite concentrates, etc. According to the reserves of Vanadium, South Africa, Australia and Russia leading. The main producers of Vanady are South Africa, USA, Russia, mainly the Urals and Finland.Chromium
Chrome is grayish - white, very solid metal. It is one of the main components of stainless heat-resistant, acid-resistant steel and an important ingredient. Pretty large chromium deposit is in Armenia. In Russia, a small deposit in the Urals is being developed. Of 15.3 billion tons of alleged reserves of high-grade chromite ores 79% fall on South Africa, where production in 1995. amounted to 5.1 million tons. in Kazakhstan, production amounted to 2.4 million tons, in India - 1.2 million tons and Turkey - 0.8 million tons.Date: 18.10.2017 Class: 4 lesson 7
Subject: Minerals. Ore of black metals. Ore non-ferrous metals (pp 3338)
The purpose of the lesson: the organization of students in perception, understanding and memorizing knowledge of the types of minerals and their role in life
man.
Tasks: Create conditions for:
using knowledge of the terminology that characterizes minerals, about the possibilities of useful minerals.
consciousness of the value of the value of the material of minerals underway.
Explicit result; ability to make a comparison, generalization, conclusions, establish causal relationships and make conclusions; skills
work and interact in a group of classmates.
Teacher's activities
3
min.
10
min.
I. Organizing time. Welcomes students, checks the readiness for
lesson, wishes success. To create a psychological atmosphere spends the game
"Sunny Bunny"
Take your hands and smile at each other. Tell me that you are now
senake?
II. Check material passed.
According to the strategy "Phil Table" conducts a test of homework.
Phila table
Accurate
information
Naught
opinion
Questions about
Plan of text
text
Activities teaching
Multiple the goal.
Pupils are taken by hand. They say that
what did you feel from touch
his classmates.
visuality
Demonstrate their knowledge, skills
life and creativity M. Gorky (by
homework.)
Phila table
15
min.
III. Actualization of knowledge
Working in groups, students are independently learning new Material.
During the discussion, a plan is drawn up.)
Salted
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term
avidi
Climb
nye
cord
aemy.
Appreciated
ix
e.
Where I.
as
Leader
mining
ness
awesome
human
a PO
mining
security
1 group What is called minerals? What is deposits?
2 Group - What is called mine, quarry?
You are planted in groups. How the first step, you need to do to find a reply with the group on all the questions? (distribute the roles in
group: Organizer,
In the textbook on S.6465, read the material about the types of minerals.
Ore of black metals
Places where useful fossils in quantities sufficient for development are called useful deposits
fossils. (Sitting on the board, and in children on the desks)
C) acquaintance with minerals
Kazakhstan ranks third after Russia and Ukraine in the CIS in the reserves of iron ore (16.6 billion tons). Deposits are B.
mostly in Northern Kazakhstan, where 85% of the explored stocks of iron ore are concentrated. Special meaning Have Kacharskaya I.
Sokolovskosarbay deposits.
The Sarabai Iron deposit was opened in 1948 by the pilot M. Surgutanov. During the flight over the field he
drew attention to the sharp deviation of the compass arrows under the influence of the magnetic anomaly. Soon a rare iron deposit was opened.
Ore these deposits high Quality and contain 5060% of pure iron. Rudes of sedimentary origin are found in deposits
Ayyatko and Lisakovskoye in the Kostanay region and are mined in an open way at a depth of 30 meters. Clean iron content in ore 37
40%. Small deposits of iron ore are available in Karaganda (Kartaja, Kartas) and Northskazakhstan (ATANOR) regions.
Message Children (Show on the map)
Manganese. (dark purple) to the largest deposits of manganese include Atasoy and Zhezdinskoye, located in
Central Kazakhstan. In local ores, the manganese content reaches 27%. The manganese deposits were also found in Saryarka (in
in particular, in Ulytau), Karatau and Mangystau.
Chromium. 99% of the chromium deposits are found in the Mourga Mountains. Big fame enjoy the Kempirsay and Don Group
deposits containing high-quality ores. The chromite deposits are also open in Kostanay and Riftskazakhstan
regions.
Kazakhstan came to second place in the world in terms of reserves and annual mining of chromite ores (dark green). These ores are mandatory
component when smelting stainless steel. Chromium is exported to 40 countries. 97% of chromites in the CIS is mined in Kazakhstan.
Nickel (green). Significant nickel reserves are concentrated in Muurgary. More than 40 large nickel deposits are in
Buryctilempirsays massif in the Aktobe region »Large reserves of high-quality nickels are divorced in the Akkarg deposits
and Aktau in Kostanay, Karaganda and Easternocajahstan regions.
Aluminum (light yellow). The main aluminum raw materials of Kazakhstan Boxites. The main deposits are located north
east Saryarka (surroundings of Astana) and in Turgai Progibe (Amangeldinskaya Group). In them, bauxite reserves are insignificant. therefore
the ability to use other sources of raw materials, which contains alumina. Kazakhstan occupies one of the first
places in the CIS for the production of aluminum.
Copper (green). Kazakhstan has the richest reserves of copper ore. Main industrial types of ores Medist sandstones (71%) and
mednocorphic (24%). The largest deposit of the ore of meditute sandstones is Zhezkazgan. Zhezkazgan ore
the field in terms of its potential occupy the first place in the CIS and second place in the world. Kazakhstan for copper mining takes seventh place in
world. 92% of copper is exported to foreign countries.
Large deposits of the ore of the copper-type Congorate, Bozshakol. They are developed in an open way, but the ores differ
low metal content.
Polymetals. Polymetallic ores contain valuable lead and zinc components, as well as copper compounds, gold, silver and
other metals. The richest leaders and zinc deposits, Zyryanovskoe and others are located on Rudn Altai. In local ores
many metals. Polymetallic deposits are available in Tekels in the Jungar Alatau, in Achisa and Moorgalessae in the Karatau Mountains. IN
last years Rich lead deposits in Central Kazakhstan (Kyzylops, Kaskaijr, etc.).
Gold. Kazakhstan has 190 gold deposits. Gold is mined in the east of the republic in Altai, in the Kalbinsky district
range, on Northwest in Zetagarinsky district of Kostanay region. Golden deposits on the northern outskirts of the central
Kazakhstan (Stepnyak, Aksu, Maykaain) are represented by quartz veins, secondary quartzites and placers. Deposit in the area
Kalbinsky ridge also contain quartz veins and placer. Small quartzoye deposits are in the Jungar and Zailovsky
Alatau.
Rare metals. This group includes tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, bismuth, antimony, etc. by quantity and industrial
the value of deposits Central Kazakhstan ranks first in the CIS. Some rare metals (cadmium, india, bismuth, selenium, mercury
et al.) There are also in the Polymethal deposits of the Jungaria and Altai.
Iron Ore is a mineral mineral, from which iron is obtained.
The iron ores include Red Zheleznyak, Magnetic Zheleznyak, Brown Zheleznyak.
Red Zhemenyak (hematite) contains 70% iron. It is red, has a semomettallic shine leaves on
ceramic tiles of a cherry peasant line, solid (leaves scratch on the glass), heavier than water. This is the main ore to get
gland.
Magnetic Zheleznyak (Magnetite) contains up to 73% iron. It is black, has a metal glitter, harder glass leaves on
ceramic tiles line black, harder water. This ore is very important for the national economy.
Brown Zheleznyak (Limonite) contains up to 60% iron. Color Brown Zheleznyak Various Brown, Yellow, Black; He is softer glass, on
ceramic tile leaves the line of brown color, heavier than water. This ore is most common on the surface of the Earth.
Cast iron, steel, iron are smelted from iron ore. And of them, in turn, make household items: knives, scissors, details
machines, cars, tractors, railway rails.
In some places, iron ore occurs a shallow, in such deposits it is mined in an open way. First, the reservoir explode,
and then in the career formed huge excavators draw the ore and ship it into cars or railway cars.
In other places, Ruda lies deeply, then for its prey makes deep mines.
On the physical map of the iron ore field is denoted by a black triangle.
According to the reserves of iron ore, Kazakhstan occupies one of the first places among other countries. More than 85% of the total stock ore stock
the republic is concentrated in the Kostanay region.
The largest Sokolovskosarbai field was opened with an airplane (which influenced the magnetic arrow of the device
plane?). Other deposits of iron ore are available in Saryarka, in the north of Aral.
The teacher tells how the iron ore is mined in mines and in open-way careers.
In our country, iron ore is produced mainly in an open way, since this method of production is profitable.
Shows the largest deposits of iron ores on the map.
Cast iron and steel are obtained from iron ore. They are not found in nature in its pure form. Metal is in a mixture with other substances.
First, the cast iron is paid in domain furnaces. Currently, blast furnaces are fully mechanized. The height of the furnaces exceeds 10
floor house, outside they are covered with steel frame.
Small trolleys are continuously delivered to the domain of ore and coke. From the lower hole, the domain is constantly blowing hot air. IN
the domain is the restoration of iron from oxides.
The temperature inside the furnace reaches 20,000 C. Metal, located in the composition of ore melting and flows down, accumulates at the bottom of the furnace.
The assembled metal is gradually follows from the lower opening of the furnace in a huge bucket located on the iron rails moving
trolley. Next, the movable bucket spills the cast iron in the form.
Blast furnace
(Schematic image)
Blast furnace
The cooled, hardened cast iron, is sent to the melting furnaces. Steel is smelted here from cast iron.
In Kazakhstan, the largest factory where steel is paid is in the city of Temirtau. On this
the factory began his work path as steelmaster The first President of our Republic Nursultan
Nazarbayev.
It is interesting
Teacher's story.
In the human body, too, there are metals. Most of all in the body of a person of iron, and most of it is in the blood in special calves
erythrocytes. They live up to 100 days and are replaced by new ones. For life, a person produces 500 kg of red blood cells. For this, he needs 0.5 kg
gland. Iron enters the human body with food. Most of all iron in sea caratens, bean liver, beans, parsley, oatmeal, etc.
Oil and bob.
That there is in the fountain of this
Everyone needs it in winter and summer.
In it, then will find gasoline,
And Mazut, and Kerosene. (Oil)
2. Higher Powder
Very winter helped us.
They laid the stove
Toto was heat!
The poker it was hampered
Like a firewood.
This powder, my friend.
Miner underground. (Coal)
3. Me, guys, after smelting
Steel be hunting.
Steel is needed for pins,
And for the cosmolete.
And my samato is not obvious,
I am dark.
Underground, in the caves of gloomy
Often location. (Ore)
4. cover them roads
Streets in the village,
And he is in cement.
He himself fertilizer. (Limestone)
5. This wizard is white.
The school does not lie without a case:
Runs on the board,
Leaves a white track.
Our ceiling is also white
After all, he is bitten ... (chalk)
6. One does not eat it,
And without her little eating. (Salt)
7. In the kitchen at Mom, the assistant is excellent,
It flourishes a blue flower from the match. (Natural gas)
8. Grew on the swamp of the plant ...
And now it is fuel and fertilizer. (Peat)
Task for group:
Group 1: Read the text, respond to questions and perform tasks.
Group 2: Describe items from cast iron and steel, found in everyday life.
3 Group: Notify on the contour map of the iron ore deposit.
IV. Fixing lesson. Problem issues.
V. The result of the lesson. - Today we are guys, I was convinced that the truth was
everyone has its own. Perhaps you have not yet decided what
life principles you will adhere to life, but I
i'm sure you do faithful choice. Conducts reflection.
Did you like the lesson?
What was hard for you?
What did you like more?
Vi. Homework. Page 3338.
10
min.
5
min.
2
min.
Pupils demonstrate their own
knowledge.
Rate the work of their own
odnoklassniki.
On stickers write their
opinion about the lesson.
Phila table
Tree blob
stickers
Record homework in
diaries.
A person uses anyway all the minerals and the Earth breed. Black and non-ferrous metalshow minefinks are part of the earth's crust ore.
According to the scientist A. Vinogradov The following elements predominate in the deposits of the earth's crust (the content is given in percent): Magnesium (2.2), potassium (2.5), sodium (2.8), calcium (3.7), iron (5.5), Aluminum (8.5), silicon (27), oxygen (48). These elements are part of silicates and aluminosilicates, which are foundation.
Iron
Iron - Common element. His number B. earth Kore It is calculated by several percentages, but iron is produced from rich ores with a content of at least 25 percent of the metal.
Iron Ore
Types of iron deposits are the most diverse. So-called ferricular quartzites - thin-ride breeds in which black stripes - Iron Minerals Magnetite - magnetic Zheleznyak and less hematite - hematite - Welerers of light ribbons quartz. Such deposits conclude many billion tons iron Rud. and are known mainly in the oldest three years of age and more than a billion years old! They are developed in ancient crystal shields and platforms. They are widespread in North I. South America , in the West Australia, in Africa, in India. Stocks of iron ores of this type are almost limitless - more than 30 trillion tons, truly astronomical digit! It is assumed that ferruginous quartzites were formed under the action of ferructure in ancient pools due to iron, which entered into solutions with surrounding elevations, and maybe in hot deep solutions.
Deposition sedimentary iron ores It occurs in lakes, seas - modern "natural laboratories". In recent years, discovered iron Spaces (grata) at the bottom of the oceans. They conclude huge reserves not only iron, but also related to him manganese, nickel and other elements.
The types of iron deposits include and so-called contact or skiard fieldswhich are located on the border granite rocks and limestigov And formed by solutions that brought from the magmatic body. The deposits of this type are composed of rich ores.
It seems that the iron minerals seem. The main one: magnetite, Hematitisas well as various varieties brownie Zheleznyakov, Siderit (iron carbonate). These minerals give big variety types of deposits.
Manganese
With iron is similar to the conditions of education and technical application manganese.
Sedimentary ores
It usually accompanies the gland in sedimentary ores and ancient metamorphic fields. He, like iron, the base of ferrous metallurgy, It is used to produce high-quality steels.
Chromium
To ferrous metals belongs and chromium. His main mineral - chromite - forms black solid masses and intersions of crystals in ultrasound Breeds.
Chromite deposits
Chromite deposits, as well as their arrays of ultrasound rocks, are found in the depth fault zones. Rudongenous Magma came from subcoring depths, from the mantle. The chromite deposits are known in Southwest Africa, on the Philippines, on the Cuba, on the Ural.
Used chrome in metallurgical production for putting special hardness, in chromium surfaces of metals and in the production of paints, it gives compounds green color.
To the same technical group belongs titanium. It is mined from the main magmatic rocks in the form of ilmenite and from the placers, terrestrial and very widespread on sea beaches and shelves ( Brazil, Australia, India) Where the source serves Titanoagnetitis, Ilmenit and Rutile.
Titan is applied in production special varieties of steel. it heat-resistant, light metal.
I. is also important vanadium - Frequent titanium satellite in deposits and places used for manufacture especially durable varieties of steelsused in the production of armor and shells, in the automotive industry, in nuclear power. Here, new combinations of elements in alloys are becoming increasingly gaining. For example, vanadium alloy with titanium, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, aluminum is used in the production of rockets and atomic techniques. And composite new materials are also prepared from mineral raw materials.
Nickel and Cobalt
Nickel and CobaltAlso elements of the iron family are more common in the main and ultrabasic rocks, especially nickel.
Nickel ores
It forms large deposits in Southwest Africa, on the Kola Peninsula and in the area Norilsk. These are magmatic fields. Nickel sulphides crystallized from a igneous melt from a mantle or hot water solutions. A special type is represented by the residual nickel deposits formed as a result of weathering of nichelopic main breeds, for example basalt, gabbroids. At the same time, oxidized nickel minerals occur in the form of loose greenish masses. These are residual nickel ores It is enriched with iron, which allows them to be used for the manufacture of iron-leather alloys. Such deposits are found on Uralbut they are especially widespread in tropical zone - on islands Indonesia, on the Philippineswhere the breeds are intensified on the surface.
Non-ferrous metals
Important for industry has non-ferrous metals. Many of them geochemically belong to the group of chalcophilic, related copper (Halcos - copper): copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, bismuth. In nature, these metals form connections with gray, sulfida.
Minerals of non-ferrous metals for the most part from hot aqueous solutions; The main ones are for copper chalcopyritis - Golden mineral, bornet. - Lilish mineral, chalcopyrite permanent satellite, as well as black sage halcozinwhich is found at the top of many copper deposits.
Copper ores
The copper deposits are very diverse. In recent years, the poor into the so-called porphyry type of the so-called porphyry type has been very importantly acquired, which are often in volcanic jerlaces. They were formed from hot solutions received from deep magmatic foci. Reserves of such ores are huge, especially in South and North America.
Large importance also reservoir deposits copper ores formed by volcanic eruptions At the bottom of the seas. This is the so-called cole-shaped type in which the copper cchedan - chalcopyritis - It is found together with the Iron Colenom - pyrite.. These deposits for a long time served as the main source of ore in the Urals.
Finally, the role of the so-called medical sandstonescontaining copper minerals. This type includes deposits in Chita region, and abroad the largest deposits Katany in Africa.
Lead and zinc
His features have a field lead and zincThese inextricably interconnected metals. The main mineral lead is lead glitter, or galena, silver-white mineral in cubic crystals.
Lead Rudy
From lead concentrates extract silver, bismuth, antimony. The latter are formed in lead glitter only a minor impurity, but with a huge scale of smelting lead ore They constitute a very important additive to the extraction of these valuable elements from their own minerals.
Zinc Mineral - sfallerit (zinc cheating). It is called him because it has a rather diamond shine, and not a metal, like a ore. His color is different: from brown to black and cream. These two minerals, Galenit and Sfalerite, as mentioned, are constantly meeting together.
Zinc concentrates
Of zinc concentrates mining germany, India, Cadmium and Gallium. They form a very insignificant admixture in zinc destruction, where the zinc atoms are replaced in the crystal lattice, becoming in their place. And, despite the insignificant content, it is the extraction of these small impurities from zinc debris is the main source of their receipt.
They have greater value! For example, cadmium is used in the production of nuclear reactors, batteries, low-melting alloys. Galya due to its low melting (melting point of only 30 degrees Celsius) is used as a mercury substitute in thermometers. Cadmium with tin and bismuth gives an alloy of Wood with a melting point of 70 degrees. India added to silver gives the last large glitter, and in the copper alloy protects the corrosion vessels sea water. Germany is used in the production of semiconductors.
Sulfide ore
Often together with lead and zinc in the ores meet silver, bismuth, arsenic, copperSo lead-zinc fields are called polymetallic. These deposits are formed from hot water solutions and are especially common in the form of deposits and lived among limestigovthat are substituted sulfide ore.
Tin and tungsten
Tin and tungsten Refer to more rare metals and represent a special group (in practice they are now related to the group "Color"). The use of non-ferrous metals is very widely: in mechanical engineering, other fields of technology, in a military business.
Imagine for a minute that the resources of such a metal, like Tolovo, would immediately be mastered all life: all the alloys of tin goes to the bearings necessary in any mechanism, without alloys of tin it would not be possible to produce cars, electric locomotives, machines; - metal cans). It would seem that such a small metal, like tin, is the extremely necessary link of the entire technique.
Minerals of rare metals
These metals are found in the form of oxygen compounds: tin - in oxide, cassiiteriteor tin stone, tungsten - in tungstenic salts: tungsten and Sweet. Minerals. These elements are often found in quartz veins among granites or near them. Shiny black or brown tungsten crystals are dramatically distinguished against white quartz background. Sometimes they meet in other types of deposits: sheelit on the contacts of granites with limestone in Skarnna, cassiterit - in sulfide veins.
Oxygen compounds form many so-called rare metals: Lithium, Rubidium, Cesium, Beryllium, Neoby, Tantalt - They are often found in pegmatite veins. Ancient Precambrian Pegmatites is especially rich in them ( Africa, Brazil, Canada).
Easy Metals are important. aluminum And his even lighter fellow - magnesium and beryllium. These metals are competitions of omnipotent gland, designed in many areas to replace it. These metals and their alloys are widely used in the technique, especially in aircraft construction, rocket articles, in the production of drilling pipes - everywhere where light metal is needed.
Raw materials for aluminum - Boxites
Aluminum, as is well known, is very widespread in the earth's crust, and in the future it will be possible to receive from any aluminosilicate mountain breedsrich in this element. Still traditional raw materials for aluminum are bauxites. They consist of alumina's aqueous compounds formed both by sedimentary by depositing in marine pools and in the weathelation of aluminosilicate rocks.
Recently, a method for obtaining aluminum from ancient crystal shaleformed in the metamorphism of clay deposits, as well as from alkaline magmatic rocks. Thus, the problem of sources of production of aluminum will never stand in front of a person: this metal with excess is enough for all subsequent generations. It is only for the technology of its extraction and electricity to create powerful energy-intensive industries.
Any business beryllium. This is about rare Metal. It is part of berylla and other minerals that are found in high-temperature fields in pegmatites, as well as in the veins formed from hot water solutions. This valuable metal is used in special alloys for the manufacture of X-ray tubes.
Increases comprehensive use mineral. For example, extracted from coal rare elementsmainly extremely valuable germanium.
Such an element like selenium, not often found in independent minerals, but is present in pyrite
The ores of ferrous metals are part of all both erupted and sedimentary rocks, but under the name of black ores understand such accumulations of ferrous compounds, of which metal iron can be obtained in large-size and with a profitability. Iron ores (Fig. 1) are found only in limited spaces and only in well-known locations. In the chemical composition are oxides, hydrates of oxide and carbonic salts of iron zaiski, are found in nature in the form of a variety of ore minerals, of which the most important: Magnetic Zheleznyak or Magnetite, iron shine and the dense variety of red iron, brown Zheleznyak, Lake ores, finally, Zheleznyak in his variety of spherosiderite. Commodably every accumulation of these ore minerals represents a mixture of them, sometimes very close, with other minerals that are not containing iron, such as, for example, with clay, limestone, or even with component parts crystalline erupted rocks. Sometimes in the same field there are some of these minerals together, although in most cases some one prevails, while others are associated with it genetically.
The beginning of the use of iron relates to the III millennium BC, when people from meteorites made tools and hunting, decorations. In the first millennium BC. People began to pay iron from ore, an eyelve age came to replace the bronze century. With the development of metallurgy, the brownie Zhelezniki began to melted in the domains first on charcoal, and from the XIX century. On stone coal and coke. From the cast iron they learned to pay steel. And in the twentieth century. and high-quality alloyed steel by adding manganese, chromium, titanium, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum.
Fig.1. Iron ore
Among iron ore deposits, the formation of the weathered bark are distinguished by three types - axle, residual (bourgeogelase and mardite ores) and oxidation zones (iron hats). Important industrial importance is only residual deposits. The residual deposits are formed mainly on hyperbasites, gabbro, diabases and basalts, as well as on ferrous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. When leaching silicates and removal from the cortex of weathered silica, sulfur and alkalis, hydroxides and oxides of iron, aluminum, manganese, chromium, titanium, cobalt, nickel and other components accumulate. Weather-resistant minerals (magnetite, chrombinelide, ilmenit, etc.) contained in mother breeds, concentrate in the weathered cortex, enriching iron ores increased content Chromium, Titan, Nickel, Vanadium, Cobalt.
Buruezoneal naturally dodged ores are formed in the weathelation of ultrabasic and major rocks and ores of other formations (siderite, olith et al.). Such Type includes the Bilbao deposit in Spain, where the limonite and hematomic ore bodies with a capacity of up to 30 m were formed on primary siderite and anquerite deposits of up to 3 km long and a width of up to 1 km. Similar deposits are known to SRV (Thainguen), Algeria, Guinea, Indonesia, New Caledonia, in Cuba and Philippines. The iron content in ores reaches 60%.
The rocks of iron-siliceous (Jiable) formations in the middle and latevone stages of the core formation were subjected to intensive weathelation with the decomposition of alkaline and alkaline earth silicates, oxidation (martitization) of magnetite, leaching silica and the formation of rich iron ores. Such ores form powerful and deeply flowing down by cutting a vertical profile of the deposits on some KMA deposits.
All rich iron ores known in KMA are represented by two genetic types: residual and sedimentary. The deposits of rich ores are located in the upper (head) parts of ferruginous quartzite. Rich ores, as a rule, inherit the texture and mineral composition of ferrous quartzite and are heavy (3-3.8 volumetric weights), weaklyagnetic, fine and fine-grained rocks folded by martitite, magnetite (rarely), iron mica, carbonate (siderite and Calcite), thin-bloodedhematitis and hydrohematite, hydrogenetite and chlorite type of chamositis. The contour of iron ore deposits is determined by the contour of the yield of ferrous quartzites under sedimentary rocks. As a result, the deposits of rich ores are usually elongated by stretching with a relatively small width of the stretch. The erosion erosion of rich iron ores was also of great importance in the formation of morphology of deposits.
In areas of high absolute marks, usually on wide fields of ferrous quartzites, rich ores have small power Or are absent at all. At the deposits located in the southwestern part of KMA, where the zones of ferrous quartzites are linearly stretched, the power of rich iron ores is enormous, and the length of the deposits along the stretch is measured with tens of kilometers. Alloy metals include: manganese, chrome, titanium, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten are mainly used as alloying additives for the manufacture of alloyed steels.
Manganese
Manganese ores were used since the end of the XVIII century. For the manufacture of paints and medical preparations. In connection with the development of ferrous metallurgy, manganese ores began to be widely applied from the second halves XIX. in. Currently, metallurgy is the main consumer of manganese. An additive of manganese increases the viscosity of steel, its hardness and hardness, contributes to the transition to the slag of many harmful impurities. In small quantities, the manganese is used in the electrical, chemical and ceramic industries. The main deposits of manganese ores in the post-Soviet space are Nikopolski (Ukraine) and Chiatur (Georgia). Nikopol deposit (Dnepropetrovsk region) is the largest deposit, its reserves are estimated at 1 billion tons (world resources of these ores - 3 billion tons). Of all the reserves of the ore deposit, 80% are pyrolyzit, and the rest are carbonate ores. The content of manganese depending on the reservoir, the site, etc. varies from 23 to 31%, but on average by the pool it is 27-28%.
Fig.2. Pitar ruda
The mined, mainly pyro-rudded ores (Fig. 2) are richer than carbonate. Empty rock silica. The development of the basin, which is the main base of ferrous metallurgy of the country, is in the direction of expanding the extraction of the open method, magnetic enrichment and obscuration of concentrates. South G. Zaporozhye explored a powerful more-Tokmak deposit of carbonate manganese ores with an average content of manganese 20%. The ore is easily enriched before the content of 27% Mn at 0.17% R. Basic breed is basic, which increases the value of this ore. This deposit is not yet developed.
The Chiaatur field is the second after Nikopol on the meaning and reserves. Its reserves are estimated at 180 million tons of a relatively rich ore of two mineralogical types: a mixture of pyrolusitis with ppi-ppiraline and carbonate ores. The content of manganese ranges from 25 to 47%, phosphorus - 0.18-0.2%. Low iron content gives you the opportunity to pay rich ferromarganese varieties. The main part of the ore is rich in washing and magnetic separation. The deposit is intensively developed and is a supplier of high-quality ores for the ferroalloy industry. In addition to these deposits in the Urals, Kazakhstan and Western Siberia have a number of others, but with much less reserves of less high-quality ores. From foreign deposits the greatest value have Brazilian (Rio de Janeiro district, 60 million tons, 48-51% Mn), Golden coast (Ghana, 30 million tons, 46-61% Mn), South African (50 million tons, 40-50% Mn), Indian and number of others.
Chromium
Chrome-containing ores were first revealed in the Urals in 1799. IN early XIX. in. They were used as a refractory material for the lining of metallurgical furnaces, obtaining paints and tug-in skin. At the end of the XIX century. Chrome began to be widely used as a alloying metal. Currently, the main consumer of chromo-containing ore is the metallurgical industry 65%, the remaining are used in the refractory and chemical industry. Chromium is used for the production of stainless, heat-resistant, acid-resistant, instrumental and other steels.
Chromites (chromium ores) are natural mineral units containing chrome in concentrations and quantities in which the extraction of metal chromium and its compounds is economically advisable. Actually, the ore component is the so-called chromspinelides; In terms of composition, they allocate chromite, magnochromite, aluminumchromite and chromapicotes. The term "chrome" is sometimes used to designate the entire mineral group of chromspinelides. Serpentine, Olivine, chlorite, sometimes chromium grenades are constantly found in the association with chromshpinelide in chromites. Paragmentally related elements of the platinum group are poingenetically connected. By areas of application, chromites are divided into metallurgical, refractory and chemical.
Titanium
Titan was opened in 1791, but began to be used only from the middle of the XX century. Titan properties are unique: melting point 1725 0. Titanium has high strength and corrosion resistance. Titanium alloys, characterized by high strength, forging and weldability, are used in space technology, aviation, automotive, shipbuilding, food and medical industries. Titan's carbide is used for the manufacture of superhard alloys, titanium dioxide for the production of resistant titanium spans, plastics and in the pulp and paper industry.
Fig.3. Ilmenite
The fields of titanium ores are divided into igneous, exogenous and metamorphogenic. Magmatic fields are associated with ultrasound, basic and alkaline rocks, contain 7-32% TiO2. Enclosed and solid titanium ores having a reservoir or dilome-shaped form. Transitions between interspersed and solid titanium ores are usually gradual. Along with Ilmenit, they contain titanomagnetite and hematite. Large magmatic fields are known in the USSR, Canada, USA, Norway, South Africa, India. Among the exogenous fields of titanium ores are distinguished: ilmenite and rutile in the edges of weathering (3-30% TiO2); eluvial-deluel and alluvial placers ilmenite (0.5-25% TIO2); Coastal-sea (ancient and modern) oscilutes of ilmenite (Fig. 3), leukeoxen, rutila (0.5 - 35% TiO2), as well as zircon, monazita, etc.
Coastal marine placer - the main industrial type of titanium ores. They are characterized by reservoir and lens-shaped deposits, the capacity of which reaches several tens m, and the length of several tens of kilometers with a width of up to several thousand m. Large placers are known in the USSR, Australia, India, Brazil, New Zealand, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Sierra Leone. Among metamorphogenic deposits, sandstones with leukeoxine (8-10% TiO2) are distinguished; Ilmenit-magnetite in amphibolites (12.2% TiO2); Rutile in Gneis, chlorite slates, etc.
Vanadium
Vanadium was opened in 1801, used from the beginning of the XX century. For doping cast iron and steel. It increases hardness, elasticity, wear resistance and resistance to break. Titano vanadium alloys are used for the manufacture of jet aircraft and space technology. Also known alloys V with CU, TA, NB, ZR, NI, CO, AL and MG are also known. IN chemical industry Vanadium is used as a catalyst for oil cracking, the production of paints, rubber. Vanadium refers to the scattered elements and in nature is not found in free form. The content of vanadium in the earth's crust is 1.6 · 10-2% by weight, in water oceans 3 · 10-7%. The highest average content of vanadium in magmatic rocks is marked in Gabbro and Basaltach (230-290 g / t).
Fig.4. Vanadinit
In sedimentary rocks, a significant accumulation of vanadium occurs in biolites (asphaltitis, coals, bituminous phosphates), bituminous slates, bauxites, as well as in oolithic and siliceous iron ores. The proximity of the ion radius of vanadium and widespread in the magmatic rocks of iron and titanium leads to the fact that Vanadium in hypogenic processes is entirely in the scattered state and does not forms its own minerals. Its carriers are numerous titanium minerals (titaniumagnetite, SPHEN, RUTIL, Ilmenite), mica, pyroxes and grenades with an increased isomorphic capacity with respect to vanadium. Major minerals: Patronizes V (S2) 2, Vanadinite PB5 (VO4) 3CL (Fig. 4) and some others. The main source of production of vanadium is iron ores containing vanadium as an admixture.
Nickel
Nickel is known to S. deep antiquity, but industrial production It began in the first half of the XIX century. Nickel is used to cover metal products to give them high chemical and thermal resistance. Additive to steels increases their viscosity, elasticity, anti-corrosion properties. Ni alloys with Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, the coin alloy contains 75% Cu + 25% Ni.
Cobalt
Cobalt paints were used in ancient times. Metal cobalt was first obtained in 1735. A sharp increase in cobalt consumption refers to the beginning of the XX century. Currently, over 40% CO is used to produce alloys and super alloys, superhard alloys CO with Ni, Fe, Cr, W, Mo.
Molybdenum
Molybdenum was opened in 1778, but wide application In industry, he found only in the XX century. Over 80% of the total Molybdenum is used in the metallurgical industry mainly to doping steels and obtaining super alloys. Molybdenum steel acquire high hardness, viscosity, refractory, acid-absorption and a number of other valuable properties. Metal molybdenum is used in the production of electrollamps, electrical accumulative devices. In addition, it is used in chemical, oil refining, ceramic, glass and other industries.
Tungsten
Wolfram in the form of the WO 3 compound was opened in 1781, and industrial use of it to doping steels began with end XIX. in. Tungsten is used in the production of special steels, tungsten additive to steel increases its hardness, strength, refractory, these are high-speed, instrumental, armored steel used in the manufacture of weapons and shells. Tungsten in combination with CR, NI, CO is used to manufacture heat-resistant and superhard alloys - winning, carbides, borides.
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