On December 23, 2014, the State Duma of the Russian Federation at once in two readings adopted a bill "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On Production and Consumption Departments ", individual legislative acts of the Russian Federation and recognition of certain legislative acts (provisions of legislative acts) of the Russian Federation" . On December 25, the draft law was approved by the Federation Council, and on December 29, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Federal Law of December 29, 2014 No. 458-FZ with the appropriate name (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 458-FZ). This law makes significant changes to the legislation regulating the sphere of waste management. The entry into force of many provisions was postponed until January 1, 2016, individual provisions - until 2017 and even until 2019, this article provides an overview of the main changes in legislation that have already entered into force in the near future. Since changes are too extensive, we will dwell on only the most relevant in our opinion. Some of the new provisions of the legislation will require the adoption of additional subtitle acts, but we will briefly affect these provisions.

The named bill was made by the Government of the Russian Federation to the State Duma on July 21, 2011, and on October 7 of the same year he was adopted in the first reading. More than three years it took for the law to be finally adopted. Initially, the goal of the bill was set to the creation of economic incentives for the involvement of waste into the economic turnover as secondary material resources, but in the process of working on the laws of the goal were expanded. So, the federal law No. 458-FZ is intended:

• increase the efficiency of regulation in the field of waste management;
• form new economic instruments to engage waste into the economic turnover;
• create conditions for attracting investment in the sphere of municipal waste management.

Let us try to figure out what the number of changes provided for by Federal Law No. 458-ФЗ in legislation.

First of all, the changes were made to the terminology applied in the field of waste management. First of all, they touched Art. 1 of the Federal Law of 24.06.1998 No. 89-FZ "On the waste of production and consumption" (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 89-FZ).

New definition of the concept of "waste"

The usual formulation of the concept "Production and consumption waste" It was changed (highlighted and emphasized by the author):

[...] - residues of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products that formed in the process productionor consumption, as well as goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties;	production and consumption waste […] — substancesor Itemsthat formed in the process production, performance of work, provision of services or in the process consumptionthat removeare intended to be deleted or subject to removal in accordance with this Federal Law;

If earlier waste (according to the wording of the previous version of the Federal Law No. 89-ФЗ) could be formed exclusively in the process productionor consumption, as well as in the loss of goods and products of their consumer propertiesnow waste can also be formed when performance of work and providing services. Of course, this clarification is quite logical, and you can only be surprised why it was done only now. True, the new wording is excluded the mention of the goods lost their consumer properties, but the legislators have allocated such waste (along with some other waste) into separate categories, which will be discussed further.

Looking attentively to the new wording, it can be noted that before the concept "Waste" was determined only from the point of view of the process education (appearance) waste. Now, besides the actual description of the waste generation process, the wording includes a mention of removal appropriately formed substances and objects. At the same time, the second part of the new definition (if we consider it in the context of domestic legislation) causes many questions:

1. That in this case should be understood under removal substances or items? In the Federal Law No. 89-FZ, the term "deletion" is not disclosed. Linguistic interpretation of this rule of law can make us in a dead end, because in Russian there are many values \u200b\u200bof this word and different dictionaries give various interpretations of the noun "delete" and, accordingly, the verbs "delete" / "Delete". In GOST R 53692-2009 "Resource saving. Waste handling. Stages of the waste flow cycle "(hereinafter referred to as GOST R 53692-2009) (clause 3.1.26) there is such a definition:" Waste removal is the last stage of the waste flow cycle, which produces decomposition, destruction and / or disposal of waste of I-IV classes Hazards with environmental protection. " However, we note that here it is not about substances or subjects, and Ob. wasteAt the same time, the removal is considered as the last stage of the technological cycle of waste.

2. For what purpose, the definition was complemented by reference to removal Waste? It was referred to in mind that certain substances and items formed accordingly may not be subject toremoval I. do not be intended for removing? If such substances and items have formed in the process of activity of the enterprise, then in this case should not be considered waste?

3. How to determine if a substance is subject to removal? Or was it meant that all appropriately formed substances and items should be deleted?

4. What is the purpose of the reservation " ... in accordance with this Federal Law "? Perhaps it is simply excessive mention (in addition to paragraph 2 of Art. 2 of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ) that the removal of certain substances and objects can be regulated by the relevant legislation? Or was it meant that the removal of ordinary waste could occur in methods not specified in the Federal Law No. 89-FZ, and in this case of substances or items will not be considered waste?

In general, much in the new wording looks incomprehensible. But specialists familiar with Basel Convention on Control for Transboundary Transportation of Hazardous Waste and Removal (hereinafter - the Basel Convention), when looking at this formulation immediately becomes obvious that it is a hybrid formulation from the early edition of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ and the wording of the Basel Convention: "Waste" are substances or items that are deleted are intended for Removal or be deleted in accordance with the provisions of national legislation. " But, first, the scope of the Basel Convention is quite specific - waste, which is the object of transboundary transportation, the transportation itself and their removal. Secondly, in the Basel Convention, a link to that as The term should be understood "waste removal" (A specific list of waste operations is shown). And if the reference to national legislation in the Basel Convention is understandable (because in different countries, legislation may vary), then tracing from it "... in accordance with this Federal Law"in the new formulation of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ looks somewhat strange.

It seems to us that the mechanical transfer of the provision of the Basel Convention to Federal Law No. 89-FZ was not very successful. Let us assume that the resulting "hybrid" wording and lack of concept "Delete" In federal legislation, they will cause a lot of problems with enterprises in the future, especially considering the new provisions of legislation in the field of licensing (they will be discussed further). If the removal is considered as moving substances or items from the territory of the enterprise is one situation. If you consider moving and recycling within one enterprise - another situation. And if removal is removed to consider waste operations in accordance with GOST R 53692-2009 (destruction, decomposition or disposal) - the third situation.

Other changes in the terminology applied in the field of waste management

1. Instead of concept "Using waste" Now the term is introduced "recycling" , moreover, the definition of this concept is given exactly through the noun "using" (allocated and emphasized by the author):

Previousdition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1)	New edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1)
using waste - the use of waste for the production of goods (products), performing work, the provision of services or to produce energy;	recycling — using waste for the production of goods (products), performing work, provision of services, including reuse of waste, including re-applying waste for direct purpose ( recycling), their return to the production cycle after appropriate training ( regeneration), as well as the extraction of useful components for their reapplication ( recovery);

In one of the articles published in the previous issues of the magazine, we have already referred to the topic of the ratio of concepts. "Using waste" and "recycling" , having in mind and the draft law preceding the emergence of Federal Law No. 458-FZ. Taking into account the amendments to changes in the legislation, the specified material is largely relevant.

We will remind, in the article mentioned, we wrote that in the current practical activity under the utilization of waste could be understood as you like, including disposal of waste; And even serious waste management companies, when concluding contracts in their subject, often indicated waste disposal, although in fact it was about neutralization. Now the legislation is the definition of the term "recycling" . Therefore, we consult ecologists of enterprises to be particularly attentive at concluding contracts and insist on the use of terms in accordance with legislation.

It is important to note that now under the utilization of waste is also understood recycling, I. regeneration, I. recovery. Let's return to this when discussing the issue of licensing.

2. Subscribments added to types Added species - treatment of waste .

According to the new position of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ (emphasized by the author) waste processing - preliminary Preparation of waste K. further disposal, including their sorting, disassembly, cleaning.

It should be noted that the processing of waste (if it is carried out) - the stage preceding the disposal of waste in its new meaning. But can it be considered waste treatment, for example, sorting the waste batch intended for the burial from which 10-15% of the waste suitable for further disposal (glass, metals, paper, cardboard, rubber, polyethylene) are selected? Indeed, in this case, sorting is essentially the preparation of waste to further disposal. Most likely, the supervisory authorities will interpret sorting as waste treatment, especially since the extraction of beneficial components to reuse them is related to waste disposal. On the other hand, now the regulatory authorities will not be a temptation to call the sorting with neutralization (than it is, of course, is not). We also wrote about such curioshs.

3. Concept « dehydration of waste " Given a new definition (allocated and emphasized by the author):

Previousdition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1)	New edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1)
dehydration of waste - Treatment of waste, including burning and disinfection of waste on specialized installations, in order to Prevention harmful	dehydration of waste - Reducing the mass of waste, change their composition, physical and chemical properties (including combustion and (or) disinfection on specialized installations) in order to Reduction negativeimpact of waste on human health and the environment;

As in the previous edition of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ, neutrality waste is characterized by its own purpose . This is the main criterion in determining what the waste disposal should be considered (we also indicated). Earlier in the wording, it was about preventharmful impact now - about reductionnegative Impact.

Replacing the adjective "Harmful" on the "Negative"probably related to the provisions of Art. 4.1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, in accordance with which "Waste depending on the degree of negative impact on the environment are divided[…] for five classes of danger ". That is, on the basis of criteria for reducing the negative impact (hazard classes) specified in Art. 4.1, it is possible to determine whether a decrease in waste mass or a change in waste disposal is disposed of.

Replacing the noun "prevention" on the "Reduced"Apparently, due to the fact that not always after the relevant procedure (process), the resulting waste can be attributed to practically non-hazardous waste (ie, to V class). After all, if the waste has treated the I class of danger before carrying out the process, and another waste of III or IV of the hazard IV was obtained at the exit, then the negative impact of waste decreased (although it was not fully prevented). Of course, such a process is also neutralizing. Therefore, we believe that a new formulation of the concept "Dehydration of waste" more logical.

4. Definition of the term "Waste storage" Also undergoing adjustment (highlighted and emphasized by the author):

As before the term "Waste accumulation" , Concept "Waste storage" Now revealed through the noun "Warehousing". Waste storage has a new term - more than 11 months. The accumulation of waste Until January 1, 2016, temporary storage of waste for a period of not more than 6 months will be considered, and from January 1, 2016 - for a period of no more than 11 months. To which type of waste management will need to attribute waste wrecking from 6 to 11 months In 2015? This question is currently open.

5. According to the new edition of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ (highlighted and emphasized by the author) depotations with waste - collection activities, accumulation, transportation, processing, recycling, neutralization, waste disposal.

6. In the previous edition of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ, a definition was found "Waste placement facility" . Now in the law some clarification appeared (highlighted by the author):

Separately given definitions new concepts:

• objects of disposal of waste - those provided for the use of the subsoil, underground structures for the disposal of waste of I-V hazard classes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsoil;
• waste storage facilities - Specially equipped structures that are equipped in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of providing sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and are intended for long-term waste storage in order to follow their subsequent disposal, disposal, disposal.

7. In federal law No. 89-FZ appeared concept "Objects neutralizing waste" - "Specially equipped structures that are equipped in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and are intended for disposal of waste".

Changes in licensing waste management activities

According to the changes made by Art. 9 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ with July 1, 2015 It will be called "licensing activities for the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, the placement of waste of I-IV hazard classes". From July 1, 2015 The content of this article will be changed (allocated by the author): "one. Licensing of activities bycollection, transportation, processing, recycling , Neutuals, the placement of waste of I-IV classes of danger is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of May 4, 2011 No. 99-FZ "On the licensing of certain types of activities", taking into account the provisions of this Federal Law[…]» .

Federal Law No. 458-FZ also made appropriate changes in paragraph 30 of Part 1 of Art. 12 of the Federal Law of 04.05.2011 No. 99-FZ "On the licensing of certain types of activities", taken to the licensed activities collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, waste placement of I-IV hazard classes. These changes come into force on July 1, 2015

Thus, from July 1, 2015, all types of waste activities, except accumulation, should be licensed (respectively, waste generation is also not subject to licensing).

How to be with previously issued disposal licenses and waste disposal (incl. Perpetual)? In the Federal Law No. 458-ФЗ on this question is a stunning answer in its simplicity: "Licenses for the disposal activities and the placement of waste of I-IV classes of danger, issued until the day of entry into force of this Federal Law, are valid until June 30, 2015."

Well, as they said in the old days: "Here is your grandmother, and Yuriev day!" The current grandmothers - if you rephrase a modern song - it remains to nervously smoking the tube ... You are noted: not only that perpetual licenses overnight were urgent (and enterprises that received licenses recently will be forced a few months to re-start the licensing process) so Also on all operations on waste management, you need to obtain a license (except for the formation and accumulation of waste - and Thank you!).

For example, If at the enterprise in the production of main products, any substances and materials are formed (including marriage of products), which can be used (we are intentionally not talking "Recycled") in the same enterprise (for example, re-included in the production process in the same workshop or sent to the next workshop for the production of another type of product), then the position of the supervisory authorities predictable by us will be that they will require a license (and when Her absence of the enterprise will threaten penalties). The same problem may arise when agreed by the draft standards for the formation of waste and limits on their placement (hereinafter - NOOGR): Rosprodnadzor authorities will require these substances and materials to the nomenclature of waste, and to the NOOG project to attach a license ...

Or another example: let's say, in a large office building, where baskets are installed for the accumulation of office garbage (in the event that this is a waste, it will be withdrawal of the IV class of danger), to minimize the cost of export and disposal of waste in one of the premises (before moving The contents of baskets in the overall bunker, exported to the polygon of solid household waste) takes place of glass, cardboard, metals, and the like. It is not necessary to be Cassandra to assume that in the case of verification, Rosprirodnadzor classifies the process of selection of useful components as waste sorting (i.e., as waste treatment), which requires a relevant license.

Thus, many enterprises in the near future will face a dilemma - either to obtain licenses for the implementation of recycling and / or waste processing activities, or to prove (when conducting inspections and in court proceedings) that certain substances and materials are not waste. As for the above examples, in the first case it will be necessary to prove that substances and materials are by-product (and / or raw materials), and in the second - that substances and materials called the office garbage are becoming a waste after the selection of the glass, cardboard Metals. Not only the ambiguity of the term can come to the rescue "Delete" In relation to substances and materials, but also an existing arbitration practice, in which the courts noted that individual entrepreneurs and legal entities are entitled to independently determine which substances and materials formed as a result of their production activities fall under the definition of "waste and consumption waste".

By the way

Besides Art. 1 of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ, when making decisions and decisions, the judge referred to the relevant position of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, set out in the letter dated January 10, 2013 No. 12-47 / 94.

As we believe that the licensing of new (and "new old") types of waste activities are in relation to enterprises specializing in such activities, it can theoretically contribute to streamlining and effective monitoring in the field. But we fear that the desire to force through the licensing procedure a significant part of the organizations, de facto non-waste or disposal of waste, will create unnecessary administrative barriers that in the conditions of the uneasy economic situation, it will not be possible to increase the economic growth in our country.

Changes in the provisions on the right of ownership of waste

Article 4 "Waste as an object of ownership" of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ in the new edition became extremely concise: "The ownership of waste is determined in accordance with civil law".

And all! There are no more references to the fact that the ownership of waste owned by the owner of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products, as well as goods (products), as a result of the use of which these waste formed. And most importantly, there is no longer a provision that the owner of the waste of I-IV class of danger has the right to alienate these waste to the ownership of another person, transfer to him, remaining the owner, the right of ownership, use or disposal by these waste, if such a person has a license to carry out activities on the use, disposal, transportation, placement of waste of no less hazard class. Recall these conditions were provided for in the previous edition of this article.

It turns out that the right to ownership of waste (including donation) can be transmitted to any person, regardless of whether the last license has. Another thing is that in the development of NOOG projects, the preparation of technical reports or reporting of small and medium-sized businesses (hereinafter - SMSP) will still need to indicate the names of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs who will carry out further operations on waste management (indicating types of circulation With waste and details of licenses).

Now waste- as one of the varieties of movable things - are the object of ownership. The founding of the emergence and procedure for the implementation of the right of ownership is governed by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which we recommend to explore all environmentalists (at least the provisions of articles on the ownership of movable property). We also will also be the study of chapters and articles on the types of contracts relating to movable property.

Let us give excerpts from the Civil Code that may be useful to ecologists:

Extraction
From the Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Article 136. Fruits, products and income

3. A similar situation from January 1, 2016 will also arise in the submission of the notification reporting of SMSP. The procedure for submitting and monitoring reporting on education, disposal, disposal, on the placement of waste (with the exception of statistical reporting) of SMSP, in the process of economic and (or) other activities of which are formed waste at facilities subject to federalstate environmental supervision will establish authorized federal executive body; and on objects subject to regionalstate Environmental Supervision, Commissioner the executive authority of the subject of the Russian Federation.

4. The wording about the possibility of suspending the activities of enterprises in cases of violation of NOOGR will be changed. If in the previous editorial board, it was about the suspension of activities in the field of waste management (this provision remained since the waste treatment included and the formation of waste), then from January 1, 2016, the indicated norm of Federal Law No. 89-FZ will Look as follows (highlighted and emphasized by the author): « In violation of waste management standards and limits on their placement economic and (or) other activities of individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, in the process of which waste is formed, may be limited, suspended or stopped In the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation. "

Changes in the field of waste certification

Changes will be made in Art. 14 "Requirements for the treatment of I-V classes of hazards" of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ:

1. From January 1, 2016 Enterprises, in the process of which are formed i-V Class Waste Difficultand will be required to exercise assignment of waste to a specific hazard class to confirm There is such an assignment in the manner established by the authorized federal executive authority (the same body will be confirmed by the assignment of waste of I-V hazard classes to a specific hazard class). This, as they say, "bad news" (we recall that currently there is a procedure for carrying out waste to the I-IV hazard classes, and for the Waste V class, the need to assign waste to the hazard classes, as a rule, occurs only when developing a NOOD project) .

2. "Good news" is that From January 1, 2016, confirmation of the assignment to a specific hazard class of waste included in the federal classification catalog of waste, will not be required . With sadness, we note that the legislators did not complicate over ordinary ecologists and did not provide for the recoverable entry into force of this provision.

Changes in making fees for negative impact on the environment and measures of economic stimulation

Federal Law No. 458-FZ also amended in Art. 23 "Fee for a negative impact on the environment under the placement of waste" of Federal Law No. 89-FZ. January 1, 2016 The following important provisions come into force:

1. Making fees For the negative impact on the environment (hereinafter - NVOS) when placing waste (with the exception of TKO) carried out by individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, in the process of carrying out that economic and (or) other activities are formed.

2. Payers of the board for NVOS. when placing TKO are operators for TKO, regional operators engaged in their placement.

Thus, perennial disputes (including disputes in high courts) on whether enterprises should make a fee for NVIOS when placing waste, and who exactly should make this fee, now they have a wound in the fly. The ambiguity of the legislation will be eliminated: ownership of waste, be it transferred or not transmitted, the NVIP fee will not have any relationship.

Speaking about the NVIOS fee for the placement of TKO, we note another new norm of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (enters into force on January 1, 2016): "The cost of a fee for the negative impact on the environment when placing solid utility waste is taken into account when setting tariffs for a solid operator.municipalwaste, regional operator in the manner prescribed by pricing in the field of solid circulationmunicipalwaste ". This norm concerns not only ecologists, but also of all citizens. Since the specified costs are likely to be included in utility payments, the total amount of utility payments will have to grow. Ideally, it should be an incentive to reduce waste generation by the users of residential premises - as directly (each resident should strive to reduce waste generation, and secondary resources - to pass in redemption items), and through impact on management companies (voluntary or forced Organization with them separate collection of waste).

Federal Law No. 458-FZ made amendments to the provisions of the Federal Law of July 21, 2014 No. 219-FZ "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On Environmental Protection "and individual legislative acts of the Russian Federation" on the use of lower coefficients to NVOS rates (changes will enter into force January 1, 2016). So, in order to stimulate legal entities and individual entrepreneurs who carry out economic and (or) other activities, to carry out activities to reduce NVIs when calculating the NVIA fees when placing waste to the rates of such fees, the following coefficients will be applied:

• coefficient 0 - when placing waste V hazard class of the mining industry by laying artificially created cavities in rocks during land reclamation and soil cover;
• coefficient 0.5 - when placing waste IV, V classes of hazards formed during disposal of previously placed waste of the processing and extractive industry;
• the ratio of 0.67 - when placing the waste of the III of the hazard class, formed in the process of neutralizing the waste of hazard class II;
• the coefficient of 0.49 - when placing waste IV of the hazard class, formed in the process of deteriorating waste of the III hazard class;
• the coefficient of 0.33 - when placing the waste of IV of the hazard class, formed in the process of neutralizing the waste of hazard class II.

January 1, 2016 The provision of Federal Law No. 89-ФЗ is effective that in the production of packaging, finished goods (products), After the loss of consumer properties that are formed wastewhich are represented biodegradable materials (The list will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation) can be applied various measures of economic stimulation.

Changes in professional training requirements

The need to make changes to Art. 15 "Requirements for the professional training of persons admitted to the deposit of the I-IV of the hazard class" of the Federal Law No. 89-FZ, many provisions of which (especially after the entry into force of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation ") turned into a certain kind of atavism (suffice to say that the concepts of" vocational training "in the last federal law is not), has long been long. Nevertheless, legislators who are passionate about the development of new large-scale concepts, the first two points of Art. 15 did not touch at all, but supplemented it paragraph 3 of the following content: "3. The procedure for professional training of persons admitted to the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, disposal, disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes, and its implementation requirements are established by the federal executive body, carrying out functions to develop public policies and regulatory education in education In coordination with the federal executive body, carrying out state regulation in the field of environmental protection ". This provision enters into force on July 1, 2015, and we are very interested to see how it will be implemented.

On some prohibitions

Previously, we talked about "gingerbread" provided for in new legislation standards. Now let's say a few words about new prohibitions ("Knuta") in the Federal Law No. 89-FZ:

• from January 1, 2016 in art. 11 will be prohibited on the commissioning of buildings, structures and other objects that are not equipped with technical means and technologies for neutralization and safe placement of waste;
• from January 1, 2016 in art. 12 introduced prohibition of the use of TKO for land reclamation and quarries;
• from January 1, 2017 In accordance with the new edition of Art. 12 the burial of waste, which includes useful components to be disposed of, will be prohibited. The list of types of waste, which includes useful components prohibited to the burial, will establish the Government of the Russian Federation. Will there be canceled previously issued documents on the approval of Nooo, if these limits allowed the disposal of useful components, while it is unknown.

Conclusion

In the article, we tried to dwell on the most important innovations of legislation in the field of waste management. Some of them were touched into a greater extent, some only outlined. The framework of the magazine article, the more written literally "on the hottest" adopted federal law No. 458-FZ, do not allow too much to tell about large-scale changes in the field of waste management. As it seems to us, today questions to this regulatory act more than answers in it. We are confident that the authors of the articles will not turn back to the analysis of the Federal Law No. 458-FZ on the pages of "Ecologist's Directory". Much will be clarified in the process of practical implementation of the provisions of this document, incl. As appropriate subtitle acts adopted.

In this regard, you want to draw your attention to the portal http://regulation.gov.ru.which publishes projects of all regulatory acts and where everyone can take part in the official public discussion. Immediately after the adoption of Federal Law No. 458, there were projects of several registered acts on this portal. We believe that the active participation of the environmental community in the official discussion can help develop optimal versions of regulatory acts.

For example, according to a large sensible dictionary of the Russian language ed. S.A. Kuznetsova (St. Petersburg: Norint, 2009) "Delete" - 1) Move to a longer distance, removed; 2) Remove, endure, output, etc. be unnecessary, unnecessary interfering; 3) eliminate whatever in the way (remove, cut, snatch, etc.); 4) Make a less sensible effect, the influence of which; get rid of some influences, impact, etc.

We are talking about emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, discharges of harmful substances into water bodies, substances that destroy the ozone layer, radioactive waste, biological waste, medical waste.

We mean new methodological instructions on the development of projects of waste management standards and limits for their placement, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Economics of Russia of 05.08.2014 No. 349. For more information, see: Prokhorov I.O. New Methodical Instructions for Development PNOLER: Comments and Reflections // Ecologist's Handbook. 2014. № 12. P. 9-25.

It seems to us that if this news first sounded at the meeting of the environmentalists, then after it was to hang a pause, after which it was to follow loud and prolonged applause ... After all, the fact that Rosprirodnadzor "arranged" after August 1, 2014 with the confirmation of classes The dangers of waste - with the release of numerous explanatory letters and especially with the introduction of the so-called "portal to certify waste" - Ecologists will remember for a long time.

Exportation, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard

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What is waste consumption and production? This term is disclosed in the Law of the Russian Federation (24. 06. 1998) - "On the waste of production and consumption". All remnants of materials, raw materials, products, semi-finished products or products that are the result of the production / consumption process - waste and consumption waste. That is, this trash of all spheres of life of humanity.

The rules for the treatment of production and consumption waste are established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Utilsyrigh Production / Consumption". The concept of processing production and their management scheme is described in the Basel Convention.

General provisions of the program

The scheme and the rules for the management of production and consumption are designed by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The methods of waste management are described in detail in regulatory acts that regulate the protection of land from the garbage of this type. Collection, short-term storage, and waste placement, subsequent transmission and reuse of garbage, that is, all processes should not negatively affect the environment and people.

Environmental Programs and Sunpine Regulations oblige organizing organizations to comply with certain conditions:

• Warehousing or waste placement should be carried out in a room with all the necessary equipment.
• Maintaining compulsory accounting, which reflects the presence of garbage and the possibility of its secondary use.
• In a timely manner to transfer reliable data into the bodies of SanPiN about the presence of garbage for recycling and its quantity.
• Proper logging on the movement movement.
• Once a year lead briefing for employees of the division.

Sanpin prohibits:

• Uncontrollably discharge the garbage outside the organization without prior neutralization.
• Burn garbage outside of special equipment (ovens with gas cleaning system). Disposal of waste with methods not provided for by SanPiN.
• Place a warehouse on the territory of your own enterprise, other organizations and settlements. Exception: Use of a combustion device that complies with air protection standards.
• Use chemical elements with unknown properties.
• Organize burls from toxic garbage.

It is necessary to follow all the rules installed by SanPiN. Otherwise, serious sanctions from the fine are imposed on violators to closing the organization.

Programs for control

The scheme of using harmful garbage in production must comply with sanitary standards.

Main standards:

• The company assists the person responsible for handling garbage (collection, storage, disinfection, processing)
• All waste steps must be recorded in the account log. They are also responsible for the appointed person.
• Every month on the set day should be verified all objects and processes.

Classification of manufacturing garbage

Law (FZ No. 89) and Sanpin distinguishes five classes of waste. The classification of production and consumption waste is designed, based on the potential hazard of production waste. There are the following types of waste:

1. Extremely dangerous. These are toxic substances. The burial of such substances in landfills is prohibited. They must be isolated and disposed of by another.
2. Highly hazardous trash containing lead in itself.
3. Moderate danger. Used automotive oils. According to Sanpin, you can send them to the burial grounds.
4. Low hazard. There is a probability of negative impact. This category includes bitumen, solid asphalt, etc.
5. Non-hazardous trash. For example, foam or ordinary plastic.

The hazard class of the substance dictates the ways and the rules for handling it. Before deciding with the methods of circulation, it is necessary to evaluate and fix the hazard class.

Safety techniques when handling trash

The waste management system set a number of restrictions when handling substances of such origin. The law establishes ways to regulate these rules. In violation of the requirements, it will be punishable in the form of imprisonment or large cash fine.

The following provisions must be followed by:

• Before working with waste of 1 - 3 classes, persons whose age is equal to or more than 18 years can be allowed. They must complete the preliminary instructions and the necessary training. After that, they should be able to quickly respond to any circumstances, until first aid.
• The production of production is prohibited to store more than established by the legislation of the country.
• Storage and placement of waste is carried out in a room free from heating devices and spark-forming sources.
• If several types of hazardous substances are stored in the same room, their compatibility should be taken into account.
• The premises are forbidden to leave personal foreign things.
• After contact with hazardous materials, observing safety equipment, rinse hands well with soap in warm water. If something bothers, consult a doctor.
• The room should be equipped with a fire alarm.

CHANGE WASHING PRODUCTION

Actions concerning production and consumption waste should be carried out by specialized services that have the necessary transport, personnel and license. The waste management of production and consumption is controlled by environmental departments.

The placement of production and consumption waste is performed according to the established rules in special territories:

• Storages
• Polygons
• Complexes
• Facilities

All actions are performed in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN and with a license to fulfill any activity with hazardous efforts. On the placement of the subtle also affects the conclusion of the degree of danger of spent substances.

The list of workflows that are placed on TBB polygons is determined by the authorities of Rospotrebnadzor. At the location of the material used on the landfill, the entrepreneur must calculate the limit to accommodate the workout. At the same time it is necessary to indicate:

• Number of rubble
• Its composition
• Hazard Class

There is a list of substances, the placement of which is prohibited on the TBM polygons:

• Utilsyrigh 1-3 hazard classes
• Radioactive testing of various aggregate states
• Toxic testing 1-3 degrees of harmfulness
• Explosive substances
• Confiscated raw material from the battle of meat processing plants
• The corpses of fallen animals
• Utilsyrigh therapeutic institutions

For neutralizing and burial, such raw materials use special buildings that meet the requirements of sanitary and environmental organs. The Russian Federation has established fees for placing production waste. The limit sizes of the fees are established for harming the environment. The fee approval was carried out according to Resolution No. 632 (28.08.1992).

Disposal of waste substances

It is customary to allocate three types of disposal:

• Primary - the use of waste materials perform without prior processing
• Secondary - materials used as a result of special refining
• Mixed - combination of the first two types

It is impossible to dispose of production residues that contain harmful substances: mercury, valuable metals, cadmium and others. For these materials, a secondary utilization is used by separating the spent substance on the fraction. Modern methods of disposal of waste disposal are presented in such areas:

• Pyrolysis. The scheme is the combustion of materials in a special chamber at a very high / low temperature.
• Gardening. Such a system contributes to a rapid decrease in the volume of garbage and the preservation of land territories.
• Composting. Suitable only for organic residues. As a result, an organic fertilizer can be obtained, which can be used in agriculture. It is important to know that toxic substances may be in industrial workflows, in which case this method of recycling is not suitable.
• The system of comprehensive processing of a highly specialized enterprise. The most promising direction of garbage disposal. It is performed at enterprises equipped with modern technological equipment.
• Burial in landfills / polygons. The cheapest option, but occupies significant areas.

Possible ways of using garbage from production

Despite the fact that such a garbage in most cases is little suitable for recycled, there are a number of areas that include programs for the possible use of waste:

1. Sweep road, country reclamation, etc. In general, all areas that are actively used by pebbles, sand and other industrial trash garbage of a solid type. Economic benefit with this use is obvious, but only 15% of all waste goes to these needs.
2. Construction Materials. There are methods of recycling waste for use in the production of building materials.
3. Like fertilizer. There are programs developed by specialists in the field of C / X, which allow you to use waste as fertilizer for the Earth. For example, phosphogyps can easily obtain ammonium sulfate (NNH4) 2SO4. The procedure for the transformation is relatively inexpensive, however, there are its own problems: there is a chance of finding heavy metals in the workouts, like arsenic and selenium, which can harm the soil.
4. As fuel. Waste and woodworking waste can be used as fuel in industrial activity.

Responsibility for violations of the rules in the field of hazardous trash

Hazardous waste management programs are governed by article 28 of the Federal Law of waste. According to this act, a complete or partial violation of the appropriate law will entail administrative, criminal or legal punishment.

• Disciplinary responsibility. If the procedure for handling production and consumption waste is broken. At the same time, the head of the organization has the right to apply disciplinary recovery to the workers.
• Property liability. This system of material responsibility that applies to legal entities. That is, to those subjects of economic activities that violated the basic requirements and programs for the use of hazardous waste.
• Civil law

Handling production and consumption currently is an urgent problem. According to statistics, for 1997, more than 300 tons of production waste were thrown into unauthorized landers, the damage is caused to a huge number of territories that will be restored only hundreds of years. It happened almost 20 years ago, but positive trends are not traced. Environmental programs and laws that were adopted in the Russian Federation over the past years contributed to a decrease in the volume of illegal waste, but the importance is still large.

2017 in Russia named the year of ecology. The state affects the important sphere of human life, its interaction with nature. We will be careful and caring towards the environment. Planet - our second home.

With ratification by the Russian Federation of the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary transportation of hazardous waste and their removal of the Federal Law of 25.11.1994 N 49-FZ in 1994 "On the ratification of the Basel Convention on Control for Transboundary Transportation of Hazardous Waste and Removal" "Meeting of the Legislation of the Russian Federation" , 11/28/1994, N 31, Art. 3200 The Russian Federation assumed the obligation of the formation in the national legislation of the rules relating to among other, and medical waste. From this time, the development of necessary regulations was launched.

With the adoption of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation", "Russian newspaper" N 263, 11/23/2011 The definition of the term "Medical Waste" was first for the first time. According to Art. 49 FZ "On the basis of the health of citizens' health in the Russian Federation", medical are all types of waste, including anatomical, patrol and anatomical, biochemical, microbiological and physiological, formed in the process of medical activities and pharmaceutical activities, activities for the production of medicines and medical products.

To determine the place of medical waste in the system of objects of legal regulation, we turn to the ratio of the concept of "medical waste" with related concepts.

The ratio of concepts "Medical waste" and "production and consumption waste" is the greatest interest.

The content of the concept of waste production and consumption is quite wide, unconditionally, the waste generated during medical, pharmaceutical activities and medicines and medical products should be recognized by waste production and consumption. We do this conclusion, since medical waste, as well as production and consumption waste, have the following features previously identified:

• - such objects are formed as a result of production or consumption, as well as due to the loss of those or other objects of their consumer properties;
• - unsuitability for further use (extraction of beneficial properties) without processing;
• - social significance, due to environmental impact and danger for the latter, as well as for society;

But together with general features, it should be noted that the waste and consumption waste should be allocated as a generic concept, and medical waste is species, since only those production and consumption are in the process of carrying out medical, pharmaceutical activities to medical waste. Production of medicines and medical devices. Thus, the main element for the allocation of medical waste as a special type of production and consumption waste is a specific subject, in the process of which waste is formed.

It is much more complicated by the determination of the place of medical waste in the system of hazard classes of production and consumption. As follows from Art. 49 FZ "On the basis of the health of citizens' health in the Russian Federation", medical waste is divided into the degree of their epidemiological, toxicological, radiation danger, as well as negative impact on habitat in the following classes:

• · Class "A" - Epidemiologically safe waste approximate in composition to solid domestic waste;
• · Class "B" - epidemic and hazardous waste;
• · Class "B" - Extremely epidemiologically hazardous waste;
• · The class "g" - toxicological hazardous waste, approximate in composition to industrial;
• · Class "D" - radioactive waste.

That is, for medical waste, its own classification of hazard classes is established, which does not coincide with the classification of FZ "On production and consumption waste". At the same time, the foundations of the classification of medical waste include not only their influence on the environment, but also other aspects. The criteria for the assignment of medical waste to this or that class are fixed in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation from July 04, 2012 No. 681 "On the approval of the criteria for the division of medical waste into classes by the degree of their epidemiological, toxicological, radiation hazards, as well as a negative impact on the habitat »" Meeting of the Legislation of the Russian Federation ", 09.07.2012, N 28, Art. 3911:

• · The criterion for the danger of medical waste class A is the absence of infectious diseases in their composition;
• · Criterion for the danger of medical waste class B is infection (possibility of infection) by microorganisms of 3-4 groups of pathogenicity (pathogenic biological agents) in accordance with "SP 1.2.036-95. 1.2. Epidemiology. Accounting, storage, transfer and transportation of microorganisms I - IV pathogenic groups. Sanitary rules "M., Information and Publishing Center of the State Committee forces State Committee forces, 1996, the concept of" pathogenic biological agents "includes: bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, mushrooms, simplest, mycoplasm, toxins and poisons of biological origin or material, suspicious Their content, as well as new microorganisms, including fragments of the genome of the named PBA and representing the danger to humans. The classification of pathogenic for human organisms by groups of pathogenicity with 1 to 4 is given in Appendix 5.4. SP 1.2.036-95. , as well as contact with biological fluids;
• · The criterion for the hazard of medical waste class B is infection (possibility of infection) with microorganisms of 1 - 2 groups of pathogenicity;
• · The criterion for the danger of medical waste class g is the presence of toxic substances in their composition;
• · Criterion for the risk of medical waste class D is the content in their composition of radionuclides with the excess of levels established in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Use of Atomic Energy".

Medical waste in most countries belong to the category of hazardous waste N.K. Efimova waste of medical and preventive institutions as a factor of medical and environmental risk issues of examination and quality of medical care ", No. 4, April 2011, however, as follows from the above classification, adopted on the territory of the Russian Federation, medical waste can be non-dangerous.

From 75 to 90% of the waste generated in the health system, do not relate to risk groups or are "conventional" health waste, comparable with household waste. The remaining 15-20% of health waste is treated as hazardous waste, and they can become the causes of various risks to human health by Orlov A.Yu. Justification of the sanitary and chemical danger of medical waste: the Dissertation of the candidate of medical sciences: 14.02.01. Moscow, 2010.

We believe, it should be recognized that as a result of existence, the currently parallel classifications of waste production and consumption and medical waste in hazard classes, law enforcers may arise a logical question of whether in addition to a special classification of medical waste by hazard classes to apply to them also common Waste production and consumption classification. The answer to this question we plan to give later in the present work.

The question of the relationship of the concepts of "biological waste" and "medical waste" is subject to research and clarity, since in the literature and in regulatory acts, these concepts are used in different combinations. FZ "On the waste of production and consumption" in part 2 of Art. 2 shares the concepts of biological waste and medical waste (referred to as waste treatment and prophylactic institutions), using them as two independent concepts. However, a number of authors adheres to the position that medical waste is the type of biological.

Determination of biological waste in veterinary and sanitary rules for collecting, disposal and destruction of biological waste (approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation 12/04/1995 N 13-7-2 / 469) "Russian news", N 35, 22.02.1996 is given in the form of transferring specific species of such Waste: biological waste are:

• · The corpses of animals and birds, incl. laboratory;
• · Abortion and stillborn fruits;
• · Veterinary confiscates (meat, fish, other products of animal origin), identified after veterinary and sanitary expenses in slaughter points, westings, in meat, fish-processing organizations, markets, trade organizations, and other facilities;
• · Other waste obtained in the processing of food and non-food raw materials of animal origin.

Among the listed biological waste should pay special attention to aborted and stillborn fruits. Due to the lack of refinement of the nature of their origin, such waste can also be assigned to medical, since in fact, as a result of medical activities, abortized and stillborn human fruits can form. We believe, it is necessary to clarify the formulation used in the veterinary and sanitary rules for the collection, disposal and destruction of biological waste: instead of "aborted and stillborn fruits", it is necessary to indicate "aborted and / or stillborn fruits of animals and birds".

It should be noted that biological waste may be mistakenly equal to the waste of organic natural origin (hereinafter - "Organic Waste"). At the same time, as we have noted above in the present work, organic waste can have both an animal and plant origin. In addition, the formation of biological waste, in contrast to organic, directly related to the implementation of certain types of activities (veterinary services, processing of animal raw materials, etc.). Medical waste due to the diversity of its composition may contain organic waste, but cannot be attributed to organic waste. We believe the ratio of the concepts of "biological waste", "medical waste" and "organic waste of natural origin" can be depicted as follows:

To determine the limits of regulation of relations associated with the appeal of medical waste, the ratio of the terms "Waste of medical and preventive institutions" and "Medical waste", because Federal Law "On the Department of Production and Consumption" operates the term "waste of medical and preventive institutions", and FZ "On the basics of the health of the health of citizens" - the term "medical waste".

In 1999, by the Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of January 22, 1999 N 2, SanPine 2.1.7.728-99 soil, purification of settlements, household and industrial waste were approved. Sanitary protection of the soil. Rules for the collection, storage and disposal of waste of therapeutic and preventive institutions. Sanitary rules and norms »M., Federal Center for GosanaPidadzor of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 1999 raised the force in which the concept of" waste of medical and prophylactic institutions "was introduced - all types of waste generated in hospitals, (citywide, clinical, specialized departmental, conducted, as part of research, educational institutions), polyclinics (including adults, children's, dental), dispensaries; ambulance stations; blood transfusion stations; privacy institutions for patients; research institutes and educational institutions of medical profile; veterinary hospitals; pharmacies; pharmaceutical industries; recreational institutions (sanatoriums, pretabria, rest houses, boarding houses); sanitary and prophylactic institutions; institutions of forensic medical examination; medical laboratories (including anatomical, pathologyanomatic, biochemical, microbiological, physiological); private medical care facilities. It should be noted that the legislation of the Russian Federation did not contain and does not contain a uniform and unambiguous interpretation of the term "therapeutic and prophylactic institution" (hereinafter referred to as LPU):

• · Under the establishment by virtue of Art. The 120 Civil Code of the Russian Federation is understood to be a non-profit organization established by the owner for the implementation of managerial, socio-cultural or other functions of a non-commercial nature. The corresponding Civil Code of the Russian Federation seems to the definition of LPU, which is contained in the order of Rostechregulation dated October 13, 2008 No. 241-state "On Approval of the National Standard" ATP "Consultant Plus", - Health Establishment related documents of the State Health Department of the Russian Federation to the category of medical and preventive ... ".
• · According to Sanpin 2. 1.3.2630-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations carrying out medical activities", approved by the Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of 05/18/2010 N 58 "Bulletin of regulatory acts of federal executive authorities", N 36, 06.09 .2010, LPU - all types of organizations, regardless of the organizational and legal form and form of ownership, the main activity of which is an outpatient polyclinic and / or stationary medical care. Based on the content of the term "Waste LPU", taken by us from Sanpin 2.1.7.728-99, the presented interpretation seems to be the most suitable under the context.

Currently, the term "medical and prophylactic organizations" (LDO) is also used in regulatory acts, which, we believe, comes to replace the LPU, but it should be noted that along with LDO, the legislation of the Russian Federation allocates the concept of "organization carrying out medical activities" (medical Organizations) - legal entities regardless of the organizational and legal form, implementing medical activities as the main (statutory) type of activity on the basis of a license issued in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation (paragraph 11 of Art. 2 FZ "On the basis of the health of citizens in RF "). In pursuance of Art. 14 FZ "On the basics of the health of citizens in the Russian Federation", the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation developed a draft of the order "On Approval of the Nomenclature of Medical Organizations", according to which organizations carrying out medical activities are proposed to divide on the species and in particular, along with therapeutic and preventive medical organizations are also offered Allocate medical organizations of special type and medical organizations to oversee the protection of consumer rights and human well-being.

Taking into account the concept of waste of the LPU, set forth in SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99, it seems that at present, the continuity concept against LPU was the term "waste of medical organizations".

The following fact is indicated to the adjacent nature of the concepts of "medical waste" and "waste": in 2010, SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99 2.1.7 has lost its strength due to the introduction of Sanpin 2.1.7.2790-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for applying With medical waste. " At the same time SanPine 2.1.7.728-99. 2.1.7. contained chapter 3 "Medical waste", in which the classification of LPU wastes for five hazard classes according to the degree of their epidemiological, toxicological and radiation hazards, and this classification was used almost unchanged to Sanpin 2.1.7.2790-10.

Once again we turn to the legislative definition of medical waste. To the medical waste of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation" refers all types of waste generated during the implementation process:

• · Medical activities;
• · Pharmaceutical activity. The capacious concept of a pharmaceutical organization is given in Art. 2 FZ "On the basis of the health of citizens' health in the Russian Federation" is a legal entity regardless of the organizational and legal form, carrying out pharmaceutical activities (the organization of wholesale trade in medicines, pharmacy organization). It should be added that a pharmaceutical organization should recognize an organization with a license for pharmaceutical activities;
• · Activities for the production of medicines and medical devices.

That is, with the introduction of the Federal Law "On the basics of the health of citizens' health in the Russian Federation", the concept of medical waste has become wider in its content. In confirmation of the above, it is impossible to not pay attention to the interpretation of the legislation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs contained, in particular, in a letter dated December 16, 2011 N 12-46 / 18775 "On regulation of environmental activities with medical and biological waste" ATP Consultant Plus: "Currently (...) Questions of the treatment of medical and preventive institutions, and medical waste in general, are governed by the sanitary rules and the norms of SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10 ... ". That is, in accordance with the position of the Ministry of Environment, LPU waste is included in the group of medical waste, the term "LPU waste" is narrower in its content.

Some authors, for example, Orlov A.Yu., Orlov A.Yu. Justification of the sanitary and chemical danger of medical waste: the Dissertation of the candidate of medical sciences: 14.02.01. Moscow, 2010 also use the term "health waste", while we believe that bearing the waste of medical organizations.

Evidence of the urgent need to bring to the uniformity used in various regulations and the doctrine of terms is the draft federal law "On Amendments to Selected Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in connection with the adoption of the Federal Law" On the Fundamentals of Citizens Protection in the Russian Federation ", in most The present time of regulatory documents The term "medical and preventive institutions" will be replaced by "medical organizations", and the term "LPU wastes" used in the Federal Law of Production and Consumption Waste will be replaced by the term "medical waste". With the adoption of the above-described dispute changes regarding the ratio of the concepts of "LPU waste" and "Medical waste" will lose its relevance, therefore, in this work, we will use the term "medical waste" as an equivalent term "LPU waste".

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Ulyanovsk State Technical University"

Department of Safety of Life and Industrial Ecology "

Abstract for the discipline "Ecology"

Essay theme: Handling production and consumption waste.

Performed: student of the TGVBD-11 group

Gorbunov A.V.

Checked: Ivanova teacher Yu.S.

Ulyanovsk

Introduction

1. Waste classification

2. The current state of the problem of waste in Russia

3. Basic methods of waste processing

3.1 Collection and Intermediate Waste Storage

3.2 Dummy waste

3.3 Burning

3.4 Recycling

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The human activity is associated with the advent of a huge number of various waste. A sharp consumption growth in recent decades has led to a significant increase in the formation of solid household waste (MSW).

Solid industrial and domestic waste (TP and Bo) clog and litter the natural landscape around us.

In addition, they may be the source of the receipt of harmful chemical, biological and biochemical drugs into the environment. This creates a certain threat to the health and life of the population.

On the other hand, TP and BO should be considered as technogenic formations that need to be industrially accurately characterized by the content of a number of valuable practically free components, ferrous, non-ferrous metals and other materials suitable for use in metallurgy, construction industry, mechanical engineering, in the chemical industry, energy , in rural and forestry.

The solution to the problem of processing TP and Bo acquires paramount importance in recent years.

In addition, due to the coming gradual exhaustion of natural sources of raw materials (oil, stone coal, ores for non-ferrous and ferrous metals), the full use of all types of industrial and household waste is becoming particularly important for all sectors of the national economy.

In the conditions of a market economy, in front of researchers and industrialists, the municipal authorities make it necessary to ensure the most possible harmlessness of technological processes and the full use of all production waste.

The complexity of solving all these problems of utilization of solid industrial and household waste (TP and BO) is explained by the lack of their clear scientifically based classification, the need to apply complex capital-intensive equipment and the lack of economic validity of each specific solution.

1. Waste classification

Under the departments understand the remnants of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products that were formed in the production or consumption process, as well as products (products), which have lost their consumer properties.

In practical tasks, the three following methods of waste classification are most often used: by aggregate state, by origin, by type of impact on the natural environment and humans.

By aggregative state, waste is divided into: solid, liquid and gaseous.

By origin, industrial, agricultural and household waste are distinguished: industrial, agricultural and domestic waste.

By type of impact on the natural environment and a person allocate: toxic; Radioactive, fire hazardous, explosive, self-turning, corrosive, reactive, waste, infectious diseases and hazardous waste.

Dangerous are waste that contains harmful substances with hazardous properties (toxicity, explosion hazardous, fire hazard, high reactivity) or containing causative agents of infectious diseases, or which can be directly or potentially dangerous for the environment and human health independently or when entering into contact with other substances.

The hazard class of waste is established using experimental or calculated methods in the degree of possible harmful effect on the environment with a direct or indirect impact of hazardous waste on it.

To assess the risk of waste for the environmental environment, the following hazard classes are installed: I class I - extremely dangerous waste; Class II - highly hazardous waste; III class - moderately hazardous waste; IV class - few hazardous waste; V Class - practically non-hazardous waste.

Under the appeal with waste, it is necessary to understand the activities in the process of which waste, as well as the collection, disposal, disposal, disposal, disposal, disposal, disposal (storage and disposal) of waste.

Under disposal of waste, it is necessary to understand the activities related to the treatment (including with incineration and disinfection) of waste on specialized installations in order to prevent their harmful effects on human health and the environment.

Under the storage of waste, it is necessary to understand the temporary content of waste in the objects of accommodation in order to follow their subsequent disposal, neutralization or use.

Under the disposal of waste is understood as wasolation of waste not subject to further use, in special storage facilities in order to prevent harmful substances in the environment.

Enterprises involved in waste management are divided into three categories (groups), taking into account the hazard class of waste, their education in the enterprise and the procedure for circulation.

To the I categories (group) of natural waste management services include enterprises (organizations) with technological cycles of education (circulation) of waste production of I and II classes of danger and / or in their activities technological operations for receiving, sorting, disposal, disposal, rehaperation of waste And other ways to dispose of them.

The II Category (Group) of Natural Supplies: Enterprises (organizations), having technological cycles (sites), where production waste III and IV hazard classes are formed; Natural users not referred to the I and III group.

To the III category (group) of natural waste management purposes include the organization of non-productive sphere that meet the following criteria: the total amount of waste generated does not exceed 30 tons per year; The main mass of waste is the waste V and IV hazard classes; The weight of the Waste III of the hazard class does not exceed 1% of the total mass of waste generation; Establishment of waste placement places eliminates their harmful effects on the environment.

Solid industrial and household toxic and hazardous waste are actuated as the main object of environmental rationing.

The main mechanisms for environmental rationing in the field of waste management are: certification; licensing; Limit, economic regulation.

As the main elements of pedal consumption in the field of waste management (as one of the mechanisms of environmental rationing), the development and use of: state waste cadastre; Hazardous waste passports; Waste placement passports.

As the main elements of licensing in the field of waste management (as one of the mechanisms of environmental rationing), licensing activities related to waste disposal, waste storage, waste transportation; disposal of waste; disposal of waste; Destruction of waste.

As the main elements of economic regulation in the field of waste management (as one of the mechanisms of environmental rationing), they are: payments for placing waste of established limits, payments for placing waste in excess of the established limits.

The ratio of waste generation determines the established number of waste of a particular type in the production of a unit of products. Limits for waste disposal establish an extremely permissible amount of waste of a particular type, which are allowed to be placed in a certain way for a prescribed period in waste placement facilities, taking into account the environmental situation in this area.

2. The current state of the problem of waste in Russia

The situation in the Russian Federation, the situation in the field of education, the use, disposal, storage and disposal of waste leads to dangerous pollution of the environment, the irrational use of natural resources, considerable economic damage and presents a real threat to the health of modern and future generations of the country.

For almost all subjects of the Russian Federation, one of the main objectives in the field of environmental protection is to solve the problems of disposal and processing and processing of household and industrial waste.

Every year about 7 billion tons of waste is formed in the Russian Federation, of which only 2 billion tons are used, or 28.6 percent. About 80 billion tons of solid waste are accumulated on the territory of the country in dumps and storage facilities. A special anxiety causes accumulation in dumps and dumps toxic, including containing carcinogenic substances, waste.

On the territory of the Russian Federation in storage facilities, storage, warehouses, burial grounds, as well as on polygons, landfills and other facilities belonging to enterprises, over 1.9 billion tons of hazardous waste has been accumulated. The assessment of the situation allows us to conclude a constant increase in the number of waste in the country. At the same time, the indicator of the use and disposal of waste decreased to 43.3%. Due to the lack of polygons for warehousing and disposal of waste, the practice of their placement in places of inorganized storage (unauthorized walkers) is common, which represents greater danger to the environment.

Dynamics of waste generation in the Russian Federation from 2002 to 2004. Reflected in the figure, the corresponding data is shown in the table.

Table 1

Indicators of waste management and consumption in the Russian Federation, million tons

| Indicator | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 |

| Formed for the reporting year | 2034.9 | 2613,5 | 2634.9 |

| Used at enterprises | 1210.8 | 1287.8 | 1126.4 |

| Neutralized in enterprises | 3.5 | 54.9 | 14.3 |

| Used and neutralized,% of the amount of waste formed | 59.7 | 51.4 | 43.3 |

| Posted on the territory owned by enterprises | 1305.9 | 1747.2 | 2355.2 |

Figure 1. Waste formation.

The greatest amount of waste was formed in 2004 in the Siberian Federal District (the contribution of which is 62%). Here is the Kemerovo region - the subject of the federation with the highest amount of waste for the year, equal to 1.27 billion tons (48.2% of the All-Russian waste).

Unused waste is billions of tons of irrevocable material resources of irrevocable material resources, many species of which the country almost no longer has.

The transition to a market economy did not cause waste recycling. The need to combine the flexibility of a market economy capable of raw material reorientation, with far-sighted state support that stimulates the use of raising a decrease in their negative impact on the environment is aggravated.

Due to the insufficient economic interest of enterprises, low technical level of technologies used, the deficit of funds and modern equipment, only a few dozen types of waste are subjected to processing and use. In this regard, the pace of their formation and accumulation (including large-tonnage waste) remains the same in Russia.

The rapid growth of the urban population is one of the most important trends of the coming century. Increases in cities and the number of various waste, primarily solid household waste, which require the most timely removal and safe disposal.

In Russia, the share of urban population is 73%, which is slightly lower than the level of European countries. But, despite this, the concentration of MSW in large cities of Russia has now increased dramatically, especially in cities with population from 500 thousand and higher people. The amount of waste increases, and territorial capabilities for their disposal and processing are reduced. Delivery of waste from places of their education to recycling items requires more and more time and money. In Russia, it is necessary to improve the organization of the process of utilization of urban waste.

Now waste is simply going for burial on landfills, and this leads to the alienation of free territories in suburban areas and limits the use of urban areas for the construction of residential buildings. Also, the joint disposal of various types of waste can lead to the formation of dangerous compounds.

Problems of increasing the number of waste and their environmental impact creates great difficulties in the development and implementation of territorial policy. Traditionally, the city authorities were engaged in such problems in Russia, but recently in connection with the transfer of responsibility for solving urban environmental problems, local authorities, the situation changes. According to the 2006 law on the law on the general principles of the organization of local governments in the Russian Federation "on the local level of the organization of" collection and export of household waste and garbage ", as well as" utilization and processing of household and industrial and industrial Waste ". But for a complete solution, the problem should be raised the question of the allocation of cities in the economic complex of the Special System of Sanitary Cleaning. This system involves the implementation of a whole complex of economic activities for the collection, disposal and disposal of waste in order to preserve the health of residents and landscaping. In addition to collecting, storing, transporting, neutralizing and disposal of garbage in the system of sanitary cleaning of settlements, measures should be included in reducing the scale of the waste generation process and the organization of recycling of secondary resources.

Now in Russia the very concept of sanitary cleaning means only the implementation of hygienic requirements, and the operation of installations and structures intended for disposal and disposal of solid and liquid and industrial waste. And this concepts should include the implementation of programs to work with the population, heads of housing and operational organizations and specialists involved in collecting garbage, managers and specialists of enterprises for transportation of waste, managers and specialists of garbage processing enterprises, representatives of government authorities, potential investors.

Also an important task of sanitary treatment is the discharge of substances from the mass of substances to be reused or recycled. After all, these are tons of irretrievably lost resources, many species of which the country almost no longer has. After all, in landfills you can find a large number of precious metals.

The competitive opportunities of the city will also depend on the improvement of the urban environment. The state of the tourist attractiveness of cities depends on this. Competitive advantages of cities determines the andralating routes of specialized vehicles carrying household and industrial waste.

3. Basic methods of waste processing

3.1 Collection and Intermediate Waste Storage

Waste collection is often the most expensive component of the entire disposal and waste disposal process. Therefore, the correct organization of waste collection can save considerable funds. The system of collecting TWW should remain standardized in terms of efficiency. At the same time, additional planning is necessary in order to solve new problems (for example, the waste of commercial kiosks whose collecting often lacks resources).

Sometimes funds for solving these new problems can be found by introducing a differentiated fee for collecting garbage.

In densely populated areas, it is often necessary to transport waste over long distances. In this case, the temporary storage station may be the station of temporary storage of waste from which garbage can be exported by large-capacity machines or railway.

In many cities, unitary municipal municipal enterprises for the collection and warehousing of MSW have been created in many cities on the basis of land and special auto interests. At the same time, clearly distinguishing the powers between urban organizations in the TWW region has not yet happened. Such organizations include the management of housing and communal services, the city center of SanEpidnadzor, Gorometrod, Forestry and Vodniki. Theoretically, they are responsible for residential and industrial zones, suburban forests, water protection and sanitary protection zones. Almost the significant city territories do not have a clear status, the real owner and in the first place unauthorized landfills are formed.

It turns out the further development of two-stage removal of MSW using high capacity transport dealers and removable containers.

3.2 Dummy waste

One of the main ways to remove (MSW) around the world remains the burial of the private-surface geological environment.

Given the high chemical and sanitary and epidemiological danger of the inorganized storage and storage of MSW, before choosing a platform for such a storage, it is necessary to carefully consider a number of questions: features of the terrain, terrain, features of the geological structure of earthly layers of the alleged place of storage and storage of MSW, the prevailing wind rose, the features of the surrounding Natural landscape.

The unsatisfactory situation using, neutralizing and accommodating industrial and household waste is due to a number of objective reasons. First of all, it is extremely insufficient financing for the construction of plants for the disposal and the use of waste, objects of their placement, as well as the reconstruction of either the recultivation of existing waste placement facilities, eliminate unauthorized places of their placement.

For highly-tubed territories (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk agglomeration, etc.), regardless of the presence of in them dangerous from the environmental point of view of production, a serious environmental problem is the placement of polygons of storage of solid household waste (MSB) and Ilov Wastewater sediment sites from urban treatment facilities, since suburban areas with valuable recreational and environmental landscapes are used to build these objects.

In storage facilities, storage, warehouses, burial grounds, polygons, in landfills and other facilities there are 1691 million tons of toxic waste production and consumption, of which 2.66 million tons of waste of the I class of hazards, including 4 thousand tons of mercury, 4 , 8 thousand tons of galvanic production waste, 11.4 thousand tons of chlorine, 2.6 million tons of hexavalent chromium and others.

Due to the insufficient number of polygons for warehousing and disposal of industrial waste, the practice of placing industrial waste in places of inorganized warehousing (unauthorized) is widespread, which is particularly dangerous to the environment. The volume of placement of toxic waste on unauthorized landfills is constantly growing.

Basic requirements for the Polygon TWW:

Polygon for storage and storage MBO in no way should be filled with flood waters.

The polygon should be surrounded by solid forests and the direction of the prevailing wind roses should be so that the air from the surface of the landfill could not get to nearby settlements.

Storage and storage of MSW should be made on a prepared waterproof base.

MSW should be stored and distributed over the section with a relatively thin layer and this layer must be compacted so that there is no separation of small and light particles.

It is unacceptable to enter groundwater on the base of the DPO polygon.

The layer height of the TBB layer should not exceed 2 m. The compacted TBW must be coated by the intermediate layer, which would prevent the injecting the wind of small and light TBB fractions.

MSW should be stored, stored and move on pre-planned areas (cards) as they are separated and processing.

Failure of MSW (taking into account the location of the cards) and the availability of the material reserve for the covering layer.

Non-burning of MBC in the territory of the landfill.

Irrigation of cards with stored MSW in periods of increased fire hazard in a dry summer period.

The joint storage and storage of MSW with even single corpses of animals, as well as toxic, explosive industrial waste, is not allowed. For the correct operation of the TBM polygons, constant monitoring of the relevant sanitary epidemiological centers and the Commodities for Nature Protection is carried out.

The aging of TP and Boy chemical materials containing arsenic As, sulfur S, halogens (chlorine cl; Brom Brom), heavy metals CD, PB, CR, SN, AU, AU, CU, HG will cause gradual slow, imperceptible soil poisoning. For example, scattered and broken rechargeable batteries containing PBSO4 also bleaching decomposing, poison primarily soil and reservoirs. Heavy metals have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.

The aging of TP and BO from the substances of organic origin is manifested in the flow of a number of chemical and biochemical processes.

Dangerous aging of TP and Bo from polymeric materials of synthetic chemistry, especially those of which can be formed by carcinogenic substances (i.e. causing cancer).

Due to various chemical reactions, as well as microbiological activities, the temperature in various places of the dump body can range from 50 to 100 degrees, causing spontaneous ignition and supplied to the surrounding medium. When exposed to light on aqueous solutions of aromatics (when evaporation after precipitation, as well as the combustion of plastics and organics), dioxin class connections are formed in abundance. Dioxin is the strongest poison, mutagen, carcinogen, teratogen, is extremely resistant in the external environment.

Atmospheric precipitates help migration of chemical elements, their meeting with each other, contact, as well as penetration into groundwater. Dangerous periodic flow of chemicals with superficial and subsorative drain. Toxic gas separation from the landfill is capable of extending over long distances mainly in the direction of prevailing winds, as well as to react with emissions of surrounding industrial facilities, exacerbating the already intense ecological situation. An unpleasant side effect of the landfill for nearby houses may be the invasion of rats and cockroaches, especially resistant to chemical preparations.

On polygons, waste is subjected to intensive biochemical decomposition. Under the conditions of burials, which flows almost 80% of the total waste flow, the anaerobic conditions are rapidly forming, in which the bioconversion of organic matter (s) proceeds with the participation of the methanogenic community of microorganisms. As a result of this process, biogas or, so-called fatigue gas (SG) is formed. Emissions of landfill gases (SG) entering the natural environment form negative effects of both local and global nature.

3.3 Burning

Gardening is the most complex and "high-tech" waste management option. The combustion requires the pretreatment of MSW (to obtain the so-called. Fuel extracted from waste). When separated from MBS, it is trying to remove large objects, metals (both magnetic and non-magnetic) and additionally grind it. In order to reduce harmful emissions from waste, batteries and batteries, plastic, leaves are also removed. The incineration of undivided waste flow is currently considered extremely dangerous. Thus, the incineration can be only one of the components of the integrated utilization program.

The burning allows for about 3 times to reduce waste waste, eliminate some unpleasant properties: the smell, separation of toxic liquids, bacteria, attractiveness for birds and rodents, and also obtain additional energy that can be used to produce electricity or heating.

Serious problems also arise with the burial of ash from incineration, which in weight is up to 30% of the original waste supply and which, by virtue of its physical and chemical properties, cannot be buried on ordinary landfills. Special storage facilities with control and wastewatering are used for safe burial.

In Russia, the incineration factories are not serially produced. Speaking about the socio-economic aspects of incineration, it should be noted that usually the construction and operation of the MSZ is not affordable to the city budget. Equipment Processing Storage Waste

It is MSZ, according to specialists, are the main sources of superstoms - dioxins.

3.4 Recycling

Recycling - reuse or return to the disposal of waste or garbage.

The reference method, from an economic point of view, is ineffective, requiring colossal budget costs. And these costs are not justified from an ecological point of view: there is an irrevocable loss of irreplaceable natural resources.

Options for collecting secondary raw materials in different countries and territories may be different depending on the local conditions: garbage collectors near the house, specialized secondary raw materials collection centers, paid collection centers. Depending on the garbage collection option, transport is selected for transportation. The next stage is the choice of type and capacity of the processing enterprise: a number of small local plants, a large company of a territorial unit or transportation of raw materials to a major regional processing enterprise.

After the separation of MSW on the fraction, each fraction enters the subsequent technological stage - the processing stage in the final product.

Glass is usually processed by grinding and melting (it is desirable that the starting glass is one color). Glass low quality battle after grinding is used as a filler for building materials (for example, so-called "Glassfalt")

Steel and aluminum banks are interpretable in order to obtain the appropriate metal.

Paper waste of various types for many decades are used along with conventional pulp cellulose - raw materials for paper. From mixed or low-quality paper waste, you can make toilet or wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for the production of high-quality paper from high-quality waste (trimming of typography used paper for copier and laser printers, etc.).

Recycling plastic as a whole - more expensive and complex process. It should be noted that not all types of polymers are used for recycling, but only some. In Russia, plastic processing is made by extractive quantities.

The main problem in recycling is not the lack of processing technologies - modern technologies allow recycling up to 90% of the total amount of waste - and the separation of recycling from the rest of the garbage (and separation of various components of recycling). There are many technologies that allow division waste and recycling. The most expensive and complicated of them - the extraction of recyclable from the already formed common waste flow at special enterprises.

The organization of the procurement process should be started with working with the population. At the same time, without the participation of private companies, the implementation of the collection and subsequent disposal projects is unlikely. The prerequisite is a clear organization of the collection process and gradual, stepped selection of secondary raw materials, as well as the chain's closure, i.e. Products obtained from selected waste. At the same time, the decisive moment in determining the strategy to attract residents to the selective collection will be an economic factor: the price of receiving secondary raw materials at the processing enterprise. The role of the federal center should be to prepare the conditions for their successful implementation of projects of the selective collection and recycling of MSW and the formation of a regulatory and legal and tax base, which contributes to the establishment of the secondary raw materials market.

Conclusion

In Russia, the processing industry is poorly developed, work is under the preparation and education of the population on a separate collection of waste, a system for collecting secondary resources is not organized, the system of exporting waste formed, weak control over their formation is established everywhere. It entails the deterioration of the environment, negative impact on human health.

It is obvious that no technology in itself the problems of MSW will not solve and the polygons are sources of emissions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and other hazardous substances. The effectiveness of technologies can only be considered in the total chain-feed cycle of consumption items - waste.

Polygons for a long time will remain in Russia the main way to remove (recycling) waste. The main task is to arrange the existing polygons, the extension of their life, reduce their harmful effects.

In order to further reduce the pollution of the environment and economic savings, due to the use of waste, it is necessary: \u200b\u200bconducting certification of waste of any natural user with a clear definition of their danger and certification; Creating the necessary conditions for reducing waste education, increasing their use by improving legal, economic, organizational and management and other regulators of education, use.

Bibliography

1. Dreier, A.A. Solid industrial and household waste, their properties and processing / A.A. Dreier, A.N. Sachkov, K.S. Nikolsky, Yu.I. Marinin, A.V. Mironov. - M.: Collection, 1997.

2. Justification of the choice of the optimal method of neutralizing the solid household waste in the cities of Russia. [Electronic resource] / Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Management - Electron. Text Dan. - M.: The Ministry of Protection of the Russian Federation, 2009. - Access mode: http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/global/russia/report/toxics/comments_prirodnadzor.pdf - Zavel. From the screen.

3. Site of the National Information Agency "Natural Resources" (NIA-Nature) [Electronic Resource] / Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. - electron. Text Dan. - M.: Ministry of Protection of the Russian Federation, 2009. - Access mode: http://www.priroda.ru/regions/waste/ - Zavel. From the screen.

4. Modern situation with disposal of waste in Russia. [Electronic resource] / Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. - electron. Text Dan. - M.: The Ministry of Protection of the Russian Federation, 2012. - Access mode: http://www.naturetooday.ru/naturs-1099-1.html - Zavel. From the screen.

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8. Environmental law as a branch of science, branch of law and educational discipline.

10. Constitutional fundamentals of environmental law.

11. Characteristics of the FZ "On Environmental Protection".

12. The concept and function of environmental law objects.

12. The concept, content and form of ownership of natural resources and objects.

14. Environmental rights and obligations of citizens.

15. Rights and obligations of legal entities in the field of environmental protection.

16. The right of environmental management.

17. The concept and types of environmental management and environmental protection.

18. Types of general competence bodies with the field of environmental management and environmental protection.

19. Special Environmental Management and Environmental Management Bodies.

20. Legal mechanism for environmental protection.

21. Economic regulation in the field of environmental protection (economic mechanism).

22. Fee for negative environmental impact.

23. Economic stimulation.

24. Environmental insurance.

25. Environmental certification.

26. Environmental audit.

27. Concept, value and classification of environmental standards.

28. Environmental quality standards.

29. Standards of permissible environmental impact.

30. Environmental licensing.

31. Concept, tasks and system of environmental control (supervision).

32. State environmental control.

33. Production environmental control.

34. Public environmental control.

35. State environmental impact assessment.

36. Public environmental expertise.

37. Environmental monitoring.

38. The concept of environmental information.

40. Criminal liability for environmental crimes.

41. Administrative responsibility for environmental offenses.

42. Disciplinary responsibility for environmental offenses.

43. Civil law (property) responsibility for environmental offenses.

44. The concept and significance of environmental requirements for various types of economic and other activities.

45. Environmental requirements for land reclamation, the use of land reclamation systems and hydraulic structures.

46. \u200b\u200bEnvironmental requirements in the field of chemical system of the village.

47. Environmental requirements in the implementation of urban planning activities.

48. Environmental requirements for hazardous substances.

49. Handling production and consumption waste.

2. Prohibited:

50. Environmental requirements in the energy sector.

51. The concept and legal protection of land.

1. Rated land organization includes:

52. Legal protection of subsoil.

53. Protection of the subsoil of the continental shelf and the disposal of waste in it.

54. Legal protection and protection of forests.

55. Legal regulation of water relations.

56. Objectives, types and methods of water use. Restrictions on the use of water bodies. Environmental requirements for water use. Water protection zones.

57. The concept and principles of the legal protection of the animal world.

58. The right to use the animal world.

59. Protection of the animal world. (see text in the previous edition)

59. Legal measures for protection of atmospheric air.

60. Features of atmospheric air monitoring.

61. Protection of the ozone layer of the Earth.

62. The concept of specially protected natural territories and objects.

64. State Natural Reserves and National Parks.

65. Natural parks and government reserves.

66. Monuments of Nature, Dendrological Parks and Botanical Gardens.

67. Medical and recreation areas and resorts.

68. Red book.

69. Emergencies and environmental disaster zones.

72. Principles of international legal cooperation in the field of environmental protection.

73. International Org-AI, involved in environmental protection.

49. Handling production and consumption waste.

FZ "On Environmental Protection" Article 51. Requirements for environmental protection when handling production and consumption waste

1. Waste production and consumption, including radioactive waste, are to be collected, use, disposal, transportation, storage and disposal, the conditions and methods of which should be safe for the environment and regulate the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. Prohibited:

discharge of production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, into surface and underground water bodies, water collection areas, in subsoil and at the soil;

placing hazardous waste and radioactive waste in the territories adjacent to urban and rural settlements, in forest parking, resort, medical and recreational, recreational areas, in the ways of animal migration, near spawning and in other places in which environmental hazard can be created, natural environmental systems and human health;

the disposal of hazardous waste and radioactive waste on the catchment areas of underground water bodies used as water sources, in balneological purposes, to extract valuable mineral resources;

import of hazardous waste to the Russian Federation in order to grave and neutralize;

importation of radioactive waste to the Russian Federation for the purpose of storage, processing or disposal, except in cases established by this Federal Law and Federal Law "On the contact with radioactive waste and on amending the individual legislative acts of the Russian Federation";

the burial in the objects of placing waste production and consumption of products that has lost their consumer properties and containing ozone-depleting substances, without recovery of these substances from the specified products in order to restore them for further recirculation (recycling) or destruction.

Waste production - These are the remains of raw materials, materials, substances, products, items formed in the production process, performance of work (services) and incurred fully or partially source consumer properties. For example: Metal chips, wood sawdust, paper trimming, etc. The production of production also belongs to the processed substances that are generated during the production process that are not applications in this production. For example: solids captured during the purification of exhaust technological gases or wastewater. Along with the waste of production at industrial enterprises, consumption was also formed, which are mainly solid, powdered and pasty waste (garbage, glass, scrap, waste paper, food waste, rags, etc.), resulting from the vital activity of enterprise workers.

Waste production and consumption require not only significant areas for storage, but also contaminate with harmful substances, dust, gaseous secretions atmosphere, territory, surface and underground water. In this regard, the activities of the Natural user should be aimed at reducing the volume (mass) of waste formation, the introduction of low-waste technologies, the transformation of waste into the secondary raw materials or obtaining from them any products, minimizing the formation of waste not subject to further processing, and disposal them in accordance with applicable law. In accordance with Article 11 of the Federal Law "On Production and Consumption Departments", individual entrepreneurs and legal entities in the operation of enterprises, buildings, buildings, structures and other facilities related to waste management are required:

comply with the environmental requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection;

develop projects of waste management standards and waste disposal limits in order to reduce their education;

introduce low-waste technology based on scientific and technical achievements;

carry out inventory of waste and objects of their placement;

monitor the state of the environment in the territories of waste placement facilities;

provide in the prescribed manner the necessary information in the field of waste management;

comply with the requirements for preventing accidents related to waste management and make urgent measures to eliminate them;

in the event of or threat of accidental accidents, which are caused or may cause damage to the environment, health or property of individuals and legal entities, immediately inform specially authorized federal executive bodies in the field of waste management, executive authorities Subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments.

In accordance with Article 14 of the Federal Law "On Production and Consumption Departments", individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, in the process of which waste are formed, are obliged to confirm the attribution of waste data to a specific hazard class. A passport must be drawn up for hazardous waste, which is a document certifying the waste to waste the appropriate type and class of hazards, as well as containing information about their composition.

Article 9 of the Federal Law "On Waste Production and Consumption" law prescribes that hazardous waste management activities are subject to licensing. The procedure for licensing activities on the treatment of hazardous waste is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with Article 19 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", individual entrepreneurs and legal entities operating in the field of waste management are obliged to lead in accordance with the established procedure for the accounting, used, neutralized, transferred to other persons or received from other persons as well as Placed waste. With tatistan accounting in the field of waste management, it is carried out in form 2TP - (toxic waste) (clarification, see below).

Failure or improper execution of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of waste management by officials and citizens entails disciplinary, administrative, criminal or civil liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In the absence of technical or other possibilities to ensure security for the environmental environment and human health, hazardous waste management activities may be limited or prohibited in the procedure established by the law.