Minerals are the formation of the earth's crust, consisting of minerals, the chemical and physical properties of which allow them to be used in a production-household sphere. Without a variety of substances rich in the earth, our world would not be so diverse and developed. Technical progress would be unattainable and prohibitive. Consider the concept, types of minerals and their characteristics.
Concepts and terms relating to the topic
Before disassembling the types of minerals, it is necessary to know the specific definitions relating to this topic. It will be easier and easier to understand everything. So, minerals are mineral raw materials or the formation of the earth's crust, which may have organic or inorganic origins and applied in the production of material and real objects.
The mineral deposit is called the accumulation of a certain amount of mineral substance on the surface or in the depths of the Earth, which are divided into categories depending on the scope of application in industry.
Ore is called mineral education arising in natural conditions and consisting of components such and in such a relationship that its use is possible and appropriate for the industrial and technical sphere.
When did you start mining minerals?
It is not known that the first mining of fossils occurred. According to historians, the ancient Egyptians opened the veil. The expedition was sent to the Sinai Peninsula in 2600 BC. It was assumed that they would add to the mica. However, there was a breakthrough in the knowledge of the ancient residents about raw materials and materials: copper was found. The mining and processing of silver is known from the History of Greece. The Romans learned about such metals as zinc, iron, tin and lead. Based on the mine from Africa to Britain, the Roman Empire carried out their prey, and then used to make guns.
In the XVIII century, after the industrial revolution, minerals became sharply necessary. In this connection, their mining has developed a rapid pace. Modern technologies are based on the discoveries of that period. In the XIX century, the famous "Golden Fever" occurred, during which a huge amount of precious metal was produced - gold. In the same places (South Africa) several diamond deposits opened.
Featuring minerals in physical state
Of the lessons of physics, it is known that substances are capable of being in one of the four aggregate states: liquid, solid, gaseous and plasma. In ordinary life, everyone can easily blame the first three. Minerals, like any other chemical compounds, can be detected on the surface of the Earth or in its depths in one of three states. Thus, the types of minerals are primarily divided into:
- liquid (mineral water, oil);
- solid (metals, coals, ores);
- gaseous (natural gas, inert gas).
Each of the groups is an important and integral part of industrial life. The diversity of resources allows countries to develop in the technical and economic sphere. The number of mineral deposits is an indicator of the wealth and welfare of the country.
Industrial types, mining classification
After the detection of the first mineral rocks, the man seriously thought about what benefit they could bring in his life. With the emergence and development of industry, the classification of mineral deposits based on their use in the technical sphere was formed. Consider these types of minerals. The table contains complete information about their characteristic:
| Type of fossil deposit | Groups in its composition | Types of fossils |
| Fuel (fuel) | Solid state | Peat, coal |
| Liquid / gaseous condition | Gas, oil | |
| Metal | Metals black | Manganese, chrome, titanium, iron |
| Colored metals | Lead, Copper, Cobalt, Aluminum, Nickel | |
| Metals noble | Platinum, gold, silver | |
| Rare metals | Tin, tantalum, tungsten, niobium, molybdenum | |
| Radioactive connections | Thorium, radium, uranium | |
| Non-metallic | Raw mining | Mica Magnezit, Talc, Limestone, Graphite, Clay, Sands |
| Chemical raw materials | Fluoritis, phosphoritis, barite, mineral salts | |
| Construction Materials | Marble, Gypsum, Gravel and Sand, Clay, Facing Stones, Cement Raw Materials | |
| Self-color stones | Precious and diverse stones |
The considered types of minerals together with fresh water reserves are the main characteristic of the riches of the Earth or a separate country. This is a typical gradation of mineral resources, with which all natural substances used in an industrialized household sphere are grouped depending on physical and chemical properties. We will get acquainted with each category separately.
Flashing fossils
What kind of mineral resources is oil? And gas? Useful fossil is often solid metal than incomprehensible fluid or gas. Metal is familiar from early childhood, while understanding what oil is or even household gas comes a little later. So, what kind of classifications already studied, it is worth attributed to oil and gas? Oil - to a group of liquid substances, gas - to gaseous. Based on their use, unambiguously, fuel or, differently, fuel minerals. After all, oil and gas are used primarily in the form of a source of energy and heat: they work machines of machines, they are driven by residential premises, with their help prepare food. Energy itself is released due to burning fuel. And if you look even deeper, then it contributes to carbon, which enters all combustible fossils. What kind of mineral resources is oil, they figured out.
What other substances here include? These are solid fuel compounds formed in nature: stone and brown coal, peat, anthracite, combustible slate. Consider a brief characteristic. Mineral types (combustible):
- coal is the first fuel that the person began to use. The main source of energy used in large-scale sizes in production, precisely thanks to this fossil, an industrial revolution occurred. It is formed by plant residues without air access. Depending on the specific mass of carbon in the corner, it distinguishes its varieties: anthracites, brown and stone coal, graphics;
- the combustible slate was formed at the bottom of the sea about 450 million years ago from the residues of vegetation and animals. Consists of a mineral and organic part. With a dry distillation, it forms a resin, which is close to oil;
- peat - accumulation of not fully decomposed residues of plants in conditions of swamps, more than half of its composition - carbon. Used as fuel, fertilizer, thermal insulation.
Combustible natural substances are essential mineral types. Thanks to them, humanity learned how to produce and use energy, and also created many industries. Currently, the need for fuel fossils is very acute for most states. This is a major segment of the global economy, on whom the well-being of the countries of the whole world depends.
Metal minerals: species, characteristics
We know the types of minerals: fuel, ore, non-metallic. The first group was successfully studied. We are moving on - ore, or metal, fossils - that, for which, the industry is generally emerged and developed. Since ancient times, a person has understood that the metal gives much more opportunities in everyday life than its absence. In the modern world it is already impossible to submit life without any metal. In household appliances and electronics, in the houses, in the bathroom, even in a small light bulb, it is everywhere.
How to mining? Only noble metals, which, due to their chemical properties, do not react with other simple and complex substances, can be found in its pure form. The rest actively interact with each other, turning into the ore. Metal mixture, if necessary, shared or left unchanged. Alloys formed by nature, "stuck" due to mixed properties. Iron, for example, can be done more solid if you add carbon to metal, it turns out the steel is a durable connection, withstanding heavy loads.
Depending on the individual characteristics, as well as the applications of ore minerals are divided into groups: black, colored, noble, rare and radioactive metals.
Black metals
Black metals are iron and its diverse alloys: steel, cast iron and other ferroalloys. It is used in the production of the most different directions: military, shipbuilding, aircraft engineering, mechanical engineering.
Many iron products are used in everyday life: kitchen utensils are made of steel, it covers many plumbing elements.
Non-ferrous metals
A large number of minerals are included in the non-ferrous metals group. The name of the group occurred from the fact that many metals are specific. For example, copper - red, aluminum - silver. The remaining 3 types of minerals (noble, rare, radioactive) are essentially a subspecies of non-ferrous metals. Many of them are mixed in alloys, since they have better properties.
Colored metals are classified on:
- heavy - highly toxic with large atomic weight: lead, tin, copper, zinc;
- lightweight with low density and weight: magnesium, titanium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, sodium, rubidium, strontium, cesium, beryllium, barium, potassium;
- noble due to high resistance practically do not enter chemical reactions, beautiful ones: platinum, silver, gold, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, osmium;
- small (rare) - antimony, mercury, cobalt, cadmium, arsenic, bismuth;
- refractory possesses high melting point and wear resistance: molybdenum, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten, manganese, chrome, zirconium, niobium;
- rare-earth - the group is 17 elements: Samariya, Neodymium, Lanthan, Cerium, Europe, Terbium, Gadolini, Disposions, Erbium, Holmies, Intrbium, Lutetia, Scandium, ITrium, Tuly, Vetyi, Terbium;
- scattered occur in nature only in the form of impurities: Tellur, Tallal, India, Germany, Renny, Gafny, Selenium;
- radioactive independently emitting the flow of radioactive particles: radium, plutonium, uranium, protactinia, california, fermia, americium and others.
Aluminum, nickel and copper are of particular importance for humanity. Developed countries tend to increase their production, because the number of these non-ferrous metals does directly affect technical progress in aircraft industry, cosmonautics, atomic and microscopic instruments, electrical engineering.
Non-metallic natural elements
Let's summarize. Main categories from table "Powerfinks" (fuel, ore, non-metallic) are studied. What elements relate to nonmetallic, i.e., non-metallic? This is a group of solid or soft minerals found in the form of individual minerals or rocks. Modern science knows more than a hundred such chemical compounds that are nothing more than the product of natural processes.
Over the scale of their production and use, non-metallic fossils are ahead of only fuel types of minerals. The table below contains basic rocks and minerals that make up a non-metallic group of natural subsoil, and their brief description.
| Non-metallic minerals / breeds | Breed / Mineral Type | Characteristic |
| Raw mining | Asbestos | Non-government rock. Apply for the manufacture of fire-resistant materials, roofs, fabrics of fire prevention. |
| Limestone | Sedimentary rock is widely used in construction. With his firing it turns out a negared lime. | |
| Mica | Breeding mineral. By chemical composition is divided into aluminum, magnesia-ferrous lithium mica. Used in modern technique. | |
| Chemical raw materials | Potash salts | The sedimentary rocks whose includes potassium. It is used as a raw material for the chemical industry and in the manufacture of potash fertilizers. |
| Apatite | Minerals containing a large number of phosphoric salts. Apply for the manufacture of fertilizers, as well as in the production of ceramics. | |
| Sulfur | It is found in the form of ore native sulfur and in connections. It is used mainly for the production of sulfuric acid, with volcanization of rubber. | |
| Construction Materials | Gypsum | Sulphate mineral. Used in various fields of human activity. |
| Marble | Mountain Breed based on calcite. Used in electrical engineering, for the manufacture of plaster and mosaic, monuments. | |
| Self-color stones | Precious | Have a beautiful pattern or color, shine, easily grinding and cutting. Apply to the manufacture of jewelry and other decorations. |
| Semi-precious | ||
| Note |
Nermetal minerals are very important for different industries, construction, and also needed in everyday life.
Classification of resources for exhaustibility
In addition to the gradation of minerals in their physical condition and characteristics, consider the indicators of their exhaustibility and renewability. The main types of minerals are divided into:
- exhausted, which at a certain point can end and will not be available to mining;
- inexhaustible - relatively inexhaustible sources of natural resources, such as solar and wind energy, oceans, sea;
- renewable - fossils that at a certain level of exhaustibility can be partially or fully restored, for example, forests, soil, water;
- non-renewable - if resources were completely exhausted, to resume them, as a rule, fails;
- replaceable - fossils that can be replaced if necessary, for example, fuel species.
- indispensable - those without which life will be impossible (air).
Natural resources require a careful relationship and rational use, since most of them have an exhaustive limit, and if they are renewable, it is very soon.
Minerals play an important role in human life. Without them, there would be no technical and scientific discoveries, and the usual life in general. The results of their extraction and processing surround us everywhere: buildings, transport, utility household goods, medicines.
Mineral resources are customary to call minerals learned from the subsoil. Minerals are natural minerals in the earth's crust, which in this state of the development of technology can be extracted with a sufficient economic effect and used in the national economy in natural form or after pre-processing.
Modern farm uses about 200 species of mineral raw materials. Unified, generally accepted system of their classification. Depending on the physical or chemical properties of the extracted raw materials, from the industry of the economy, where it finds the use of the characteristics of the emergence in the earth's crust, well-known minerals are divided into groups.
The classification of minerals based on the technology of their use is widely used: fuel and energy raw materials (oil, coal, gas, uranium), black, alloy and refractory metals (iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, etc.), color Metals (aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, etc.), noble metals (gold, silver, platinum), chemical and agronomic raw materials (potash salts, phosphorites, apatite, etc.), technical raw materials (diamonds, asbestos, Graphite, etc.), fluxes and refractories, cement raw materials.
World predictive geological reserves of mineral fuel exceed 12.5 trillion t. With a modern level of production of these resources should be enough for 1000 years. These reserves consist of coal (up to 60%), oil and gas (about 27%), as well as shale and peat.
Among the fuel and energy resources, the largest stocks in the world comes to coal. The world explored reserves of stone and brown coal are over 5 trillion tons, and reliable - about 1.8 trillion tons.
Coal resources are divorced in 75 countries of the world. The largest coal deposits are concentrated in the United States (445 billion tons), China (272 billion tons), Russia (200 billion tons), South Africa (130 billion tons), Germany (100 billion tons), Australia (90 billion tons), United Kingdom (50 billion tons), Canada (50 billion tons), India (29 billion tons) and Poland (25 billion tons).
In general, world coal resources are abundant, and the provision of them is much more than other types of fuel. With the current level of world coal mining (4.5 billion tons per year), reserves brought to date may be enough for about 400 years.
In Europe, as well as in many coal basins of Russia, the upper layers of deposits have already been developed, and it is unprofitable to extract coal from the depth of over 1000 m in the current technique and technology. It is advantageous only to develop coal deposits in the open way (in the West Basin of the United States, Eastern Siberia, South Africa, Australia). Thus, the extraction of 1 tons of Anthracite in Germany costs three times more than imports from South Africa, including shipping costs.
Most of the oil fields are dispersed in six regions of the world and is timed to the internal polishes and in the outskirts of the mainland: the Persian Bay - North Africa; Mexican Bay - the Caribbean Sea (including the coastal areas of Mexico, USA, Colombia, Venezuela and about. Trinidad); Islands of the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea; Western Siberia; Northern Alaska; North Sea (mainly Norwegian and British sectors); about. Sakhalin with adjacent sections of the shelf.
World oil reserves amount to more than 132.7 billion tons. Of these, 74% fall into Asia, including the Middle East (more than 66%). The largest oil reserves are: Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, UAE, Kuwait, Iran, Venezuela.
The volume of global oil production is about 3.1 billion tons, i.e. Almost 8.5 million tons per day. Mining is conducted by 95 countries, moreover, more than 77% of crude oil products are accounted for by 15 of them, including Saudi Arabia (12.8%), USA (10.4%), Russia (9.7%), Iran (5.8 %), Mexico (4.8%), China (4.7%), Norway (4.4%), Venezuela (4.3%), United Kingdom (4.1%), United Arab Emirates (3.4 %), Kuwait (3.3%), Nigeria (3.2%), Canada (2.8%), Indonesia (2.4%), Iraq (1.0%).
It should also be borne in mind that with the currently existing production technique on the surface, only 30-35% of oil occurring in depths is extracted on average.
The explored stocks of this type of fuel over the past 15 years have increased from 100 to 144 trillion m 3. The increase is explained as the discovery of a number of new fields (in particular, in Russia - in Western and Eastern Siberia, on the shelf of the Barents Sea) and the translation of a part of geological reserves in the category of explored.
The largest integrated natural gas reserves are concentrated in Russia (39.2%), Western Asia (32%), they are in North Africa (6.9%), Latin America (5.1%), North America (4.9 %), Western Europe (3.8%). Recently, significant reserves of it in Central Asia have been revealed. At the beginning of 1998, natural gas reserves were: Russia - 47600 billion m 3; Iran - 21200 billion m 3; USA - 4654 billion m 3; Algeria - 3424 billion m 3; Turkmenistan - 2650 billion m 3.
Providing natural gas at the current level of its production (2.2 trillion m 3 per year) is 71 years. In terms of conditional fuel, gas reserves approached the explored oil reserves (270 billion tons).
Iron ore reserves have important for the production of ferrous metals. World forecast resources of iron ore reaches approximately 600 billion tons, and explored reserves - 260 billion tons. The world's largest railway deposits are located in Brazil, Australia, Canada, Russia, China, USA, India, Sweden. The mining of iron ore in the world is 0.9-1.0 billion tons per year. The resource of the world economy is this kind of raw materials - about 250 years.
From raw materials for the production of non-ferrous metals in the first place are bauxites. The largest bauxite deposits are concentrated in Australia, Guinea, Brazil, Venezuela, on Jamaica. Boxitite mining reaches 80 million tons per year, so that current reserves should be enough for 250 years. In Russia, bauxite reserves are relatively small.
The geological reserves of copper ores are estimated at 860 million tons, of which explored - 450 million tons (in India, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Congo, USA, Russia, Canada). With the current amount of production - 8 million tons per year - the explored stocks of copper ores are enough for about 55 years.
The largest stocks of bauxite (main raw material of the aluminum industry) have Guinea (42% of world stocks), Australia (18.5%), Brazil (6.3%), Jamaica (4.7%), Cameroon (3.8%) and India (2.8%). Australia occupies first place on the scale of production (42.6 million tons).
The total amount of gold in the world is 2200 tons. The first place in the world for gold mining is occupied by South Africa (522 tons), the second - the United States (329 tons). The oldest and deepest gold mine in the USA - Homestake in the Black Hills Mountains (South Dakota); Gold mining there is more than 100 years. Modern extraction methods (imanation) make profitable extraction of gold from numerous poor and poor deposits.
Approximately 2/3 of global silver resources are associated with polymetallic copper, lead and zinc ores. Silver is extracted mainly along the galley (lead sulfide). The deposit is predominantly custody. The largest silver manufacturers - Mexico (2323 t), Peru (1910 tons), USA (1550 tons), Canada (1207 tons) and Chile (1042 tons). Australia (more than 20% of world reserves), Kazakhstan (18%), Canada (12%), Uzbekistan (7.5%), Brazil and Niger (7%) are possessed by the largest explored stocks of uranium. The major deposit Uach Shinkolobve is in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. China, Germany and the Czech Republic are also placed in significant reserves.
Another important mineral resource is a table salt - get from the stone salt deposits and by evaporating the water of salted lakes and sea water. World resources of cook salt are practically inexhaustible. Almost every country has either deposits of stone salt, or installations for evaporation of saline water. The colossal source of the cooking salt is the world ocean itself. The first place for extraction of cook salt is occupied by the United States (21%), then China (14%), Canada and Germany (6%) are followed. Significant salt mining is conducted in France, Great Britain, Australia and Poland.
Diamonds are the most famous of precious stones - play an important role in industry due to their extremely high hardness. World diamond mining is 107.9 million carats (200 mg); Including technical diamonds produced 91.2 million carats (84.5%), jewelry - 16.7 million carats (15.5%). In Australia and Congo, the share of jewelry diamonds is only 4-5%, in Russia - about 20%, in Botswana - 24-25%, South Africa - more than 35%, in Angola and Central African Republic - 50-60%, in Namibia - 100 %.
Separate types of minerals
Oil and gas
According to the reserves of oil of the Russian Federation, it takes the fifth, and gas - 1st place in the world (). Country's total forecast oil resources are estimated at 62.7 billion tons. Most of these resources are focused in the eastern and northern regions of the country, as well as on the shelves of the Arctic and Far Eastern seas. At the beginning of the XXI century, less than half the oil deposits open in Russia are involved in Russia, and the reserves of exploited deposits are generated by an average of 45%. However, the initial potential of Russia's oil resources was realized by about a third, and in the eastern regions and on the Russian shelf - no more than 10%, so it is possible to open new large reserves of liquid hydrocarbons, including in Western Siberia.
The deposits of oil and gas are installed in sedimentary rocks from Weda to Neogen, but the greatest resources of hydrocarbon raw materials are concentrated in Paleozoic (Devon, Carbon, Perm) and Mesozoic (Yura, Mel) sediments. On terr. RF allocated the following oil and gas provinces: West Siberian, Timano-Pechora, Volga-Ural, Caspian, North Caucasian-Mangyshlak, Yeniseiso-Anabar, Leno Tunguskaya, Leno-Vilyuyskaya, Okhotsk and oil and gas areas: Baltic, Anadyr, East Kamchatka .
Furious shale
OSN. The shale deposits are located in the European part of the Russian Federation. The most important in prom. The relationship is the S.-Petersburg (former Leningrad) deposit that is part of the Baltic shale pool. The deposits of combustible shale, dedicated to the Breeds of the Upper Yura, were also found in Volzhsky, Timano-Pechora and Wich year slate basins. In Siberia, the shale formations of the early Paleozoic found in the pool of the city of Olenek and in the Leno-Alandan region.
Peat
Carbonatite deposits - Perovskit-Titanoagnetite and apatite-magnetite deposits of the Baltic Shield (Africand, Kovdorsky) and the Siberian platform (Gulinsky array). Skarne fields are developed in the Urals (High-Ukrainian, Goroblyodatskoe, Sev.-Peschanskoye, etc.) and in Zap. Siberia (Tashtagolsky, Abakanskoye, etc.). Magnetite deposits of magnesian-skarn formations are mainly in the areas of the development of ancient shields and Precambrian folding. Such deposits are known in Kuznetsk Alatau (Teansky), in Mountain Shoria (Sheregheshivskoye) and Yakutia (Taiga). Volcanogenic hydrothermal deposits, paragressically associated with the tramps of the Siberian platform (Angaro-Ilimskaya Ironaper, Angaro-Katsky, Seedneangarian, Canco-Taseyevsky, Tungusky, Bakhtinsky and Ilmärore ore region) are widely developed. The largest deposits of this group are Korshunovskoye, Rudnogira, Nenundy and Taganskoye. Ore bodies - spraction zones, veins and plastic deposits. The Volcanogenic and sediment fields belong to the TsSINA Group (Kuznetsky Alatau) and Holzian deposit (mountain altai). Owl oolithic ores of wildlife cinema deposits are presented in the deposits of North. Urals (Elizabetan, Serovskoye), southern. Urals (Akkermaniv, Novokyevskoye, Novopetropavilde, etc.), on sowing. Caucasus (Malkinskoe).
Manganese
Deposits of manganese ores on terr. RF numerous, but small, mainly carbonate type. In Gosbalance, 14 deposits were taken into account, the explored reserves of which are about 150 million tons. - 2.7% of the world (). Quality ore is low. OK. 91% of reserves belong to a low-content carbonate type and severe enrichment. The largest deposits are known in the Urals, in Siberia and on D. East. The largest of them in the Urals - Yurkinskoye, Catherine, Berezovskoye, etc. (carbonate ores), Novoberesovskoe, midnight (oxide ores). Ore sowing Ural bass. Characterized by the content of manganese approx. 21%. South. The Urals with the volcanogenic sedimentary formation of the Magnitogorsk synclinory associated numerous small deposits of oxidized manganese ores. The largest in Siberia is an effergeful manganese field (Kemerovo region), which contains 65% of the stocks of manganese ores of Russia, ores in the OSN. Carbonate. In addition, there are small clusters of manganese on the Yenisei crown (Prazhinskoe locomotive), Salair Kryazh, Angarsk ridge, on Zap. Coast Oz. Baikal, in a number of areas of Siberia, D. East (group Major. Small Hingana), Inimian field. In the Udea-Shartar district, on sowing. Caucasus (Labinsk). In Russia, the carbonate type of ores with an average manganese content of 20% (more than 90% of Russian reserves) is dominant. Oxide ores (with a content of 21%) make up 4.7%, oxidized (27% Mn) - 4.5%, mixed (16% Mn) - hundredths of percent.
Tin
At the explored reserves of the Tin of the Russian Federation occupies one of the leading places in the world. According to Russia's resources, Russia occupies a sixth place among the countries of the world (after Brazil, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand) - 7.6% of world resources (3.6 million tons). The basis of the mineral-raw material base of tin in Russia is the mesozoic indigenous deposits of residential and stocking ores (over 86% of the explored metal reserves), the reserves of placer deposits are less than 14%. Almost 95% of all Russian reserves of explored deposits are concentrated in the Far Eastern region, including 41% in Yakutia, 20% in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Magadan region, 13% in Primorsky Krai. The leading industrial importance has indigenous deposits of cassiterite-silicate (tourmaline and chlorite) geological and industrial type located in Yakutia. Thus, the main fields are associated with the Pacific ore belt and the zones of the Mesozoic activation in Vost. Transbaikalia. The deposits are presented in the OSN. Cassiciterit-sulphide and cassiterit-welder ores. The largest locomotive. Tin is known in Yakutia (Deputy, E.-Khayskoye, Alice Hai, Ilin-Taste, Burgochaan, Kester), in Chukotka (Iulinskoye, Valkuman, Prackakai Tin Knot), in the Khabarovsk Territory (Sunny, Festival, Transfer, etc. . Komsomolskaya Rudny district), in the Primorsky Territory (Crystal, Upper, Arsenyevskoye, Levitskoy, Dubrovskoe), in Transbaikalia (Hapcheranginskoye, Sherlovogorskoye, Trejcanskoye, etc.), in Karelia (China). Tin plaque is in Yakutia and in the Magadan region. The metal content in Russian ores is low - mostly 0.4-0.6%, whereas in the ores of Brazil, Bolivia, China - (1-1,5)%.
Polymetal
Silver
According to Russian sources, Russia ranks first in the world in silver reserves. The main ones (73%) are concentrated in complex ores of non-ferrous metals and gold deposits. Actually, silver deposits are 27% of stocks. Among the complex deposits, the highest amount of silver (23.2% of all its reserves) is characterized by copper-penny (Gajskoye, Uzenskoye, Podolskoye in the Urals, in the ores of which the silver content ranges from 4-5 to 10-30 g / t.). In the lead-zinc fields of Goringe, Ozerny, Coldinsky in the East Siberian Economic District, Nikolaevsky, Smirnovsky and Primorye, 15.8% of silver reserves were concluded with an average content of it in ores 43 g / tons. At 9.0-9.5% of reserves entered into the fields of polymetallic Rudov Novoshirokinskoe, Pokrovskoe, Vozdvizhenskoe in the Chita region, Rubtsovsk, Korbalikhinskoye in the Altai Territory, etc., sulfide copper-nickel fields October, Talnakh and Udokan fields of medivate sandstones. The silver content in this group of deposits ranges from 4.5 to 20 g / t. A actual silver belongs to 16 fields, in the ores of which the average silver content exceeds 400 g / t. The main reserves of silver ores (about 98%) are in the hunting Chukotka and East-Sikhote-Alin volcanic belts. All prom. The silver ores deposits are postmagmatic and belong to volcanogenic hydrothermal formations. The Silver-Gold Formation Deposit is Khakandzhinsk in the Okhotsko-Chukotka volcanic. Belt, silver-lead formation - Mangazea group of silver-polymetallic deposits of Yakutia.
Platinoids
On Russia, based on the assessment of the US geological service, accounts for 10.7% of the world reserves of platinoids and 8.1% of platinum. According to forecast resources, Russia ranks third in the world - 6-10 thousand tons (after South Africa - 15-25 thousand tons, and the United States - 9-10 thousand tons; in the world only 40-60 thousand tons). Metal deposits Platinum Group (MPG) are represented by late-aggregate indigenous and marginal types. The Platinum Belt of the Urals includes a paramagmatic Nizhnya Magille deposit. The eluvial, deluvual and alluvial placers of platinoids are known. Among them prom. The permanent alluvial placers of the Urals have meaning (in the Osn. already spent). Platinum and metals of the platinum group are carried out alongside also from sulphide copper-nickel ores of magmatic deposits. In the Murmansk region there is the largest in the country in the reserves of Palladium and platinum Fedorovo-Panskield, Malosulfide Rud.
Antimony
According to the resources of antimony (8% of the world), Russia ranks third among the countries of the world (after China and Tajikistan). According to the stocks of antimony of the Russian Federation ahead of all CIS countries. The antimony content in gold-stivil ores is high - up to 18-20% (in other countries from 1-1.5 to 5-10%). The antimony is localized mainly in hydrothermal deposits of a residential type on the Yenisei crown (Razdanninskoye and Underegsky), in Yakutia (Sarilah, Sentchan).
Hydrothermal deposits of mercury ores are common. Caucasus (Transfer, Sakhalin, White, etc.), in Kuznetsk Alatau (Bilosypivskoye), in the Mountain Altai (Chagan-Uzun, Aktashka), in Tuva (Chazadirskoye, Terlig Khansky), in Chukotka (Zap.-Palage and Flame) , on the Koryak Highlands (TamVatnoe, Olyutornovskoye, Lyardganai, etc.), on the P-Oves Kamchatka (Champurinskoye, etc.), on about. Sakhalin (Svetlovsky).
Ores of rare metals and elements
In the Russian Federation on the Kola Poland, in the foothills of the Caucasus, in the Urals, in Siberia and in the Far East there are well-known deposits, oreroy and zones of mineralization of various genetic types. The high content of Tanthalla is marked in tantalonia pegmatites of Eastern Siberia. According to various sources, the forecast resources of beryllium in Russia account for about a third of the world (that is, about 650 thousand tons), most of them are concentrated in Eastern Siberia (Buryatia, Khabarovsk Territory). Increased concentrations of Germany are found in iron ores and angle. Russia occupies a 2nd place among the countries of the world according to the forecast resources of Niobia (after Brazil). Russia has a unique tomtor deposit, which accounts for about 58% of the total reserves of Niobium pentoxide in the world. 100% of the Russian tantalum is currently produced from the blades of the excrave field. In the high-counter pegmatites of the central part of the Kola Peninsula, more than 50% of Russian reserves of lithium, rubidium and cesium are concentrated.
Mining raw materials
Mining raw materials of the Russian Federation presented by deposits barita, phosphate ores, potassium, potassium-magnesium and stone salts, sodium sulfate and natural soda, native gray, boric ores, etc. Stratiform barite and barite-containing polymetallic deposits are located on the Polar Urals, in Zap. Siberia, in Khakassia. Prom. Boric raw materials deposits are represented by endogenous and exogenous types - for example, deposits in Primorye. Russia's largest barite deposit in Russia in the Polar Urals, 95 km south of Vorkuta. General reserves of the field for 2000 reach 9.2 million tons. The content of Baso 4 in ore - 85.44%. Barite ore bodies of deposits are reservoir deposits and lenses localized in Central-and Verkhnedyevon flishoid terribution-carbonate-siliceous strata. The main reserves of the Khulinsky field are concentrated in three ore bodies: Western (medium capacity of 3.5 m), central (6.4 m) and east (15 m). The deposit can be developed in an open method with almost no autopsy.
RF is rich potash salts The main fields of reshuulfate (chloride) type. Approximately 95% of the confirmed reserves of potash salts fall on one field - Verkhnekamsky salty pool in the Perm Territory. Main potash minerals - Silvin and Carnallitis. Potash salts are manifested at depths of 250-350 m in mining way. The average content of K 2 O in ores is significantly lower than in Canadian fields, about 17%. Also known deposits dedicated to salt-dome structures (eg, Elon). Perspective is the non-Gajazhsky Dalitary Pool in the Irkutsk region.
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Potassium salt |
Fluorite. |
Sedimentary deposits stone Soloi. There are reservoir and lenzov (Usolskoe, Ziminskoe to Vost. Siberia). Among the lake deposits are the largest - Altonian, Baskunchak in the Caspiani, Kuchuk Lake, Oh. Kulundinskoye, Ebeita, etc. Lakes in Zap. Siberia. Sources sulfur The indigenous deposits of native sulfur sulfur, hydrogen sulfide gases (Orenburg and Astrakhan deposits), sulfur oil, sulfur chest (pyrite) and polymetallic ores. In addition, sulfur is present in volcanogenic clans. D. East: in Kamchatka (Maletoyavoymskoye) and on Kurilla (new).
Nonet industrial raw materials
The depths of the Russian Federation are rich in various types of this raw material (asbestos, graphite, mica, etc.). Place of Birth asbestos represented by various genetic and mineralogical types, but a large prom. Value has accumulations of chrysotile asbestos. Most means to date. Fields belong to Bazhenovsky and Krasnouralskoye in the Urals, Kiemybai south. Urals, Actovraskoe, Sayan and Ilchirskoye in Sayanov and Youth in Transbaikalia.
Nia graphite Known in the Urals, in Vost. Siberia and D. East. The predominant part of the deposits belongs to the metamorphic and metamorphogenic type (Taiga and others. In the Urals, Noginskoye, Kuressi, Union, and others. In Vost. Siberia and D. East). Botogol deposit in Eastern Sayanov, timed to the array of Nefelins Yavl. magmatic. The largest deposits with crystalline ores are Taiga in the Urals, nameless in the Irkutsk region, and with the amorphous - Kuressi and Noginskoye in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
As a child, I dreamed of becoming a geologist. I wanted to know everything about the wealth of the geosphere. It seemed that it was in the depths of the earth's crust that all the secrets of the universe are hidden. Unfortunately, this profession went around me. But children's curiosity is still growing.
The concept of "minerals"
Pi is the natural wealth of land that people are mined from the depths of the earth's crust or from its surface. These include oil, sand, gas, etc.
The crust is formed by mountain rocks, which consist of minerals. Minerals are natural bodies that consist of atoms and molecules. These include quartz, salt, diamond and others.
Classification of minerals
Magmatic rock rocks are put on the surface of the earth's crust together with magma. Such minerals and rocks differ in density. These include: iron, copper and other ores.
Sedimentary rocks are on the surface of the Earth. They were formed in the process of long-term accumulation of elements or as a result of the destruction of the mountains. These include, for example, limestone, sandstone, crushed stone.
Organic sedimentary rocks formed from plants and animal residues accumulated for many years. These include: seven, oil, etc.
By physical state, PI is distinguished:
- solid (gold);
- liquid (mercury);
- gaseous (hydrogen sulfide).
Depending on the use and composition of pi, they are divided into ore and non-metallic (construction and combustible).
Application of oil in everyday life
It was always interesting for me that it gives us so discussed fossil as oil. It turns out that most of the household items are precisely from it. For example, in my apartment there is a TV, toothbrush, computer and printer, plastic bags, clothing from synthetics ... All these items are made of plastic and contain in their composition "Black Gold".
When refining oil, it is divided into many fractions. Of these parts, at various stages of processing, fuel, cosmetic elements, plastics, etc. are obtained.
Minerals are not limitless! We must take care of our planet from the unreasonable use of natural wealth!
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Because I live in the region rich Coal depositsI could not but interest the question how coal was formed. The information that I found was very interesting, so I will tell not only about what is mineralsBut I will describe the process of coal formation in detail.
What does the term "mineral resources" mean
Under this term implies representing the value for a person minerals and rocks. By nature, it is customary to distinguish the following types of these resources:
- sediment - this group includes flammable fossils, for example, coal and oil;
- igmatic - represent this group of metals;
- metamorphic - For example, marble or limestone.
What is a stone coal
Almost to the 70s of the last century, this type of fuel had the status of the most common energyHowever, after it was replaced with other species. Despite this, it is widely in demand primarily in metallurgy as the main resource for the production of cast iron. Like most other types of energy carriers, it is a modified organic nature substance - the remains of ancient plants. This process passed throughout the world through the impact of various factors.
How coal was formed
Most of the resource produced by their education belongs to 300-350 million years agoWhen huge mass organices accumulated under the conditions of the complete absence of oxygen. This process can be described as follows:
- at the beginning was formed bed peat, as a rule, in wetlands;
- over time, the reservoir increased, which means pressure increased on the lower part;
- huge pressure pushed oxygen, which ultimately led to education compressed peat - Stone coal.
As a rule, the greater the depth of ground peat reservoirsThe higher the pressure, and, therefore, the highest quality of coal reservoir. The following main types of this fossil are distinguished:
- brown - for its formation it took a layer of injuries to a kilometer;
- stone - In this case, the starting material was tested by a pressure of 3 kilometers of nanos;
- anthracite - Pressure over 7 kilometers of nanos.
However, this does not mean that high-quality fuel lies at large depths, on the contrary, Tectonic processes The reason for lifting the valuable resource to the surface, which has made it available to prey.
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What is common between gold and coal? It would seem that gold is an expensive metal from which there are beautiful jewelry. Sign of luxury and grace. And coal is a solid mineral, black and dumping. It is used as fuel. But there is one general concept that combines two of these objects - both of themrefer to minerals. Now I will explain in detail.
Useful finds
What can be found in the depths of our land? Sometimes almost on the surface itself, and sometimes very deeply, hid from our eyes natural minerals and rocks. Refer to them to useful fossil. They are widely used by people in various fields of activity. May differ in properties and states. There are:
- gaseous (inert gases and natural combustible);
- solid (peat, salt, ore, coal);
- in liquid state (Mineral waters and oil).
Since the ancient years, people started get and use minerals.The first attempts of their prey originated in the ancient Egyptians. Over the centuries, all new and new types of fossils were investigated, and since the 18th century their mining significantly scored the tempo, new deposits were opened. Contributed to this development of the world of modern technologies.
One of methodshow mineral minerals are mined - open, in quarries. As a result, ravines are formed. Coal is mined in minesDepth can reach up to 1200 m. Oil is obtained fountain and pumpingmethod.
Not all natural fossils exist in unlimited quantities. There are those that renew, but are those that can end in our nature at a certain point (for example, coal, oil). Therefore, it is necessary to choose the right approaches to the process of mining natural minerals and use modern technologies in the search for places of origin.
The most ancient metal
The most ancient metal gold is considered. It is quite rare, therefore the price of it is high. The greatest gold deposits are located in South Africa, the United States, also in China, Peru and Australia. Mining his methods of washing, amalgamation and cyanization. There are big gold deposits in Russia. The history is known for the Golden Fever period. When Alaska was sold by Russia America and large deposits of this precious metal were discovered.
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At one time I was read in fairy tales of P. P. Bazhov. They opened beauty for me Ural Mountains rich in minerals, especially - gems. I also wanted to have my malachite casket. I later learned about ural village Murzinka - famous for the whole world of semi-precious stones.
Term Minerals
In the earth's crust, organic and mineral formations are called minerals. Physical properties and chemical composition allow a person to use minerals for their needs, that is, to benefit. Minerals form three groups: metal (iron, copper, tin), combustible (peat and coal oil and gas), non-metallic (salt, clay, apatite).
Minerals of the group of gems also include non-metallic mineral resources. It is rarely found and therefore very expensive stones.
The Russian land is rich in gems, there are 27 species of valuable stones in its depths. Most deposits are located in the Urals.
Ural - pantry minerals
- It is a treasury of minerals. And if the Mendeleev table has almost 120 elements, then 50 of them are mined in the Urals. It is here that most is focused Useful elements, so necessary for the vital activity of our country. The most important of them are:
- oreSince it produces most of both black and non-ferrous metals. Most of all ore reserves are located in the Urals;
- oil and gold Also mined in the Urals. Their reserves are not so great (20% of all sources of this raw material in the country), but they are still not exhausted. Moreover, scientists find new deposits of these fossils;
- rhinestone. Many local enterprises are occupied by its processing.
Precious and colored stones are a special group of rare and valuable minerals. The right is proud of its bright green emeralds and golden topazami, red-green Alexandrites and gentle-lilac amethysts.
All the world are famous for products of local logs-borders. So, the village Murzinka became famous for gems: amethyst and tourmaline, beryl and blue topazwhich brought Murzinka world glory. A unique find was found here - the topaz of blue, called "victory", weighing more than 43 kilograms! Now this unique mineral is in the state boot of Russia. And urals alexandrites are recognized as the best in the world.! This is the rarest mineral. Therefore, its search, mining and transportation takes place under the strictest control. And famous Alexandrite the fact that Changes its usual green color (with artificial lighting) on \u200b\u200bpurple pink. And of course, the business card of the Ural gems - malachite.
Many malachite was found in copper mines. There was a time when his prey was several thousand pounds per year! A huge malachite piece weighing 250 tons was found in 1835.
Here they are ural gemsBrought by the Urals and Russia world glory!
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I am from Kuzbass, and, in my opinion, it sounds proudly. My region specializes in mining minerals. All men in my family were engaged and continue to engage them production. Until recently, I knew only a stone coal, because Kuzbass - Coal Capital. My acquaintance with a variety of minerals began a year ago, after my husband changed the place of work and except coal began to produce other fossils. He brought the most beautiful copies home, at that moment I decided to get acquainted with minerals in more detail.
Determination of minerals
Minerals are rocks, as well as minerals., who find their application in the national economy. In their own experience, I would like to notice that minerals are most beautiful from minerals.
Allocate varieties of minerals:
- gas, this group includes methane, helium and gases;
- liquid - mineral waters, oil;
- solid, the largest group and includes coal, salt, granite, ore, marble.
How mining minerals
There are two ways to extract minerals. Open and closed. An open way is made in quarriesWhere, by the way, and brings my husband interesting specimens.
Closed method produced coal mining in mines. This is a very dangerous type of production, but in our region there is a closed mining is the most common.
The most beautiful minerals, with whom I managed to meet
Granite. Solid, dense breed, applied in construction.
Quartz. It has a very diverse flower gamut from white to black. It is used in optics, radio equipment, electronic devices.
Copper. Plastic metal applied in electrical engineering, in the production of pipes, in jewelry alloys.
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