Among the boundless green silence of the swamps, you feel like a grain of sand in the ocean. There is a feeling of abandonment, detachment from everything earthly. As if all ties with the familiar world are being broken. Somewhere in the distance - the horizon line, and around - swamps, swamps without end and edge, riddled with rivers, interspersed with lakes, here and there with islets of forest vegetation.
The swamps are very beautiful. Like a huge motley carpet, luscious, golden-red with green and brown spots. Frequent and gradual, smooth transition to dark brown tones. Against this background, countless blue lakes and lakes of the most bizarre shape are interspersed, sometimes large, the area of which reaches tens and even hundreds of square kilometers, sometimes only a few meters. The blue of lakes with pairs of white swans and flocks of ducks, tussocks covered with cranberries in such abundance that their surface looks red, amber fields of ripe cloudberries, dew drops sparkling with diamonds on the eyelashes of sundew ... ...
So, let's start our journey on an airplane tested by the AN-2, from which everything is perfectly visible. Below us is a zone of arctic swamps. To the north of the Arctic Circle, there are swampy areas of the tundra for many kilometers. From the height of our flight, we can clearly see areas similar to the polygons of giant honeycombs. As if an unknown land surveyor, for some unknown reason, laid out the land into plots - polygons of almost regular shape. This peculiar type of polygonal bog is very characteristic of the tundra. The sizes of the "honeycomb" are different - from five to twenty meters in diameter. In winter, snow is blown away from the surface of the swamps by the wind, and during severe frosts, they are covered with deep cracks up to 80 cm deep. They are bordered by convex ridges with a layer of peat, formed during uneven freezing, thawing of permafrost and soil swelling. Rollers hinder the flow, and a significant part of the landfill is constantly waterlogged. The accumulation of peat in such bogs is small, but it is truly of great importance: peat is abundantly covered with lichens (the famous reindeer reindeer fodder base), as well as shrubs and mosses.
On the shores of the Kara Sea, there are also coastal bogs, flooded with seawater during surging winds. Occasionally, along the river valleys, you come across islets of stunted larch forest and willow. The strong swampiness of the tundra can be explained by three main reasons: the already mentioned location of the frozen layer close to the surface, which prevents the penetration of water into the depths, the flatness of the territory and the fact that the amount of atmospheric precipitation here exceeds evaporation.
To the south of the polygonal, a zone of flat-hilly bogs begins. The mosaic landscape is composed of low (no more than two meters) hillocks, separated by watered depressions - hollows. The area of some elevations can reach several tens or even hundreds of meters. Permafrost forms a continuous shell here. The tops of the hills are covered with lichen, the slopes are covered with mosses. There are few flowering plants, they are oppressed and undersized. In the hollows there is a carpet of hypnum or sphagnum mosses.
In the north Western Siberia frozen peat bogs extend up to about 64th parallel. To the south, between 64 and 62 degrees north latitude, permafrost occupies only separate areas. This is mainly a zone of large hilly bogs. Hillocks also alternate with hollows, but the sizes of both are much larger: hillocks up to eight meters high. Similar to the ancient Scythian burial mounds, whitish-gray from the lichens covering them, they create a unique kind of landscape. Both types of bogs often coexist. Large hillocks usually gravitate towards river valleys, old channels, and flat-hilly ones are located on watersheds. It is rather difficult to draw a clear line between them.
The hollows are covered with humid sedge communities or, again, with a moss cover. Sometimes the vegetation is poorly developed, and bare peat is visible. During the summer, the peat thaws to the bottom and then the swamps become completely impassable. You can hardly get through only where there are bumps or small rises among the hollows.
As the mounds grow, winter winds blow them more and more furiously; the peaks are completely freed from snow and even resistant northern plants die on them. Under the influence of frosty weathering, the exposed peat spots become covered with cracks, which give shelter to the oppressed but stubbornly surviving Arctic dwarf shrubs, dwarf birch, crowberry, wild rosemary, and marsh myrtle. They live much better on the leeward slopes of the hills. At the foot, they even form closed thickets, in which dwarf birch often predominates.
They tried to dig up mounds in the swamps: it was interesting to find out what was inside. Under the layer of peat, which serves as an excellent insulator, permafrost is well preserved, and in it, as in a shell, lies a core of sand and loam, also reliably soldered by ice like cement and penetrated by numerous ice layers.
A variety of assumptions have been made about the origin of the mounds. As a result, the main reason was considered the uneven freezing of the soil. It leads to the swelling of the soil, then the work of water and wind joins. As a result, such a peculiar relief gradually appears.
We move further and further south. Behind the Siberian ridges, there are convex raised bogs. There are a huge number of them. In practice, they occupy about half of the entire plain. In the northern taiga, the so-called sphagnum lake-ridge-hollow bogs. This is really a natural combination of ridges, hollows and lakes. Plants on them are typically oligotrophic, adapted to life on soils extremely poor in nutrients. The accumulation of peat is quite intensive, its deposits reach 2 meters in thickness.
As you move to the southern taiga, among the swamps, there are fewer and fewer lakes until they disappear altogether. Swamps become ridge-hollow, often alternate with pine-dwarf shrub-sphagnum. Nature has created optimal conditions for the accumulation of peat here. Its average thickness is 3-4 m, and in some massifs peat occurs to a depth of 10-12 m.
Here we are in the south of the West Siberian Plain. The southern taiga is gradually giving way to small-leaved, aspen-birch forests. The shape of the swamps is also changing. Most of them are flat, low-lying, with an abundance of sedges and green mosses. Upper pine-dwarf shrub-sphagnum bogs are found in the form of islands. Woody vegetation also occupies low ridges stretching over the surface of the bog. Herbaceous vegetation is quite diverse. Sedges, watch, saber, poisonous milestone, green mosses cover the surface of the swamp with a lush green carpet.
There are swamps on the southernmost edge of Western Siberia, although this is a kind of paradox - a zone of insufficient moisture begins here. Of course, the nature of the bogs is different, they are often grassy - with a predominance of reeds or sedges. Wide swampy strips stretch along river valleys, occupy interfluves, to the south they capture lake basins, oxbows and other depressions where nearby groundwater creates constant local waterlogging of the upper soil layers.
Grass swamps(they are more often called borrowing) sometimes stretch for tens of kilometers without interruption. The wind ripples the grasses, and green waves roll over the surface of the swamp. In general, this is called the Baraba steppe, although over a quarter of its territory is occupied by swamps. The bays are widely scattered between the Ishim and Tobol rivers, especially in their middle reaches. Swampy grassy areas surround the lake with a wide ring, descend into lowlands and old channels. The formation of peat also occurs. The deposits are up to 1.5 meters thick.
Vegetation borrower peculiar. Their aborigines are reed, reed, reed, various sedges. They belong to salt-tolerant plants. Reed grass growing along the edges and even outside the bogs, in the zone of variable moisture, serves as a geobotanical indicator of mixed chloride-sulfate salinization. In general, there are a lot of salts in the soils of Baraba, especially in non-swampy areas, where there are favorable conditions for capillary rise to the surface of saline groundwater. In such places, salt spots are common. Some dirt roads in the Barabinskaya steppe turn completely white from salt and in summer they give a strange impression: they seem to be covered with non-melting snow.
Another curious feature: often small areas of raised bogs, the so-called ryamas... Their vegetation does not tolerate salinization at all and can exist only when completely isolated from the rest of the bog thanks to the underlying peat layer. The convex surface of the ryam with asymmetrical slopes usually rises above the grass cover of the hare. Pines grow on them, sphagnum and marsh shrubs are common at their roots. The area of the ryam ranges from 4-5 to several hundred hectares. How do ryamas appear among the saline soils of the West Siberian forest-steppe? The answer is pretty simple. In the forest-steppe, with strong winds, the snow cover from open spaces is blown off, the peat deposit freezes, the salts are redistributed. A layer of fresh ice forms on top. This process is repeated several times, and with intensive freezing, there is a desalination of individual, most watered central sections of the bogs. Then sphagnum mosses and other plants of raised bogs settle on them. The age of the ryam is different. They arose during the entire Holocene (post-glacial time) and are still being formed.
Western Siberia is a vast storehouse of minerals. In addition to peat, deposits of coal and iron ores are known, but the main value lies in oil and gas reserves. This land is rich in forest, fish, fur-bearing animals, mushrooms, berries. For the successful economic development of such a swampy region, it is necessary to know as much as possible about the bogs, fully restoring the history of their formation and the dynamics of development at the present time.
With the help of modern research methods, it is not so difficult to travel back thousands of years in order to find out in detail how and when the swamps arose.
In Russia, wetlands account for about 10% of the total area of the country, or 1.4 million km 2. According to various estimates, about 3000 km 3 of static reserves of natural waters are concentrated in the bogs. The total average long-term volume of the input component is estimated at 1500 km 3, of which about 1000 km 3 / year is spent on runoff feeding rivers, lakes, underground horizons, natural resources, and 500 km 3 / year - for evaporation from the water surface and through plant transpiration.
Distribution of wetlands in Russia.
Russian swamps map.
Marshes in Russia are found in all natural zones, however, the north-western regions of the country and the central regions of Western Siberia are characterized by the largest area of wetlands.
Swamps of Russia and Siberia. Arid regions of Russia.
In arid areas swamps are found in valleys and deltas of large rivers. These are mainly low-lying bogs, which are fed by ground or river waters.
Swamps of Russia and Siberia. Tundra and taiga zone.
In the tundra and taiga zone raised bogs are widespread, feeding mainly on atmospheric precipitation.
Swamps of Russia and Siberia. Asian part.
To the share of the Asian part of Russia accounts for 84% of all peat areas, of which 73% are located in permafrost regions, where the active layer of peat deposits reaches a meter thickness in some places. The active layer is the top layer in which moisture and heat exchange with the environment is most active.
Swamps of Russia and Siberia. European part.
In the European part of Russia the most swampy regions are Karelia and the Kola Peninsula. Bogs here occupy about 30% of the entire territory, and in the Belomorsky region of Karelia - up to 70%. The North European swamps of Russia are different from all other swamps in the world. They even received a special name - "Karelian". The peculiarity of these swamps is that the swamps are located between the hills formed by ancient glaciers. These bogs are interconnected by peat "channels", forming a complex pattern that resembles lace.
The share of Russia's land area occupied by bog ecosystems (%).
Russian swamps map.
Swamps of Russia and Siberia. Western Siberia.
Western Siberia is the leader in swampiness in the world., the area of bogs here reaches 32.5 thousand hectares or 42% of the entire territory. The swamps stretch here from north to south for 1,700 kilometers, and the same kilometers from east to west. Half of the bogs in Western Siberia are raised, peat is actively formed here. Mainly due to the West Siberian peat deposits, Russia is the owner of two-thirds of the peat areas of the entire globe.
The swamps of Western Siberia contain about 994 km3 of water, and about 218 km3 in a free form not associated with peat. This concentration of water leads to a constant expansion of wetlands. "Tongues" extend from the swamps in all directions, which, moving and bending around elevated areas, annually reclaim thousands of hectares of land.
An incessant struggle is being waged between the forest and the swamp, and the preponderance of forces is often on the side of the swamp. At present, forests in Western Siberia have survived in relatively dry areas along river banks and on individual heights. If everything goes at the same pace, then, according to scientists, the forest zone of Western Siberia will turn into one large peat bog in 5,000 years. Already, the thickness of peat deposits in the forest zone of Russia reaches 4-6 meters.
Swamps of Russia and Siberia. Central and Eastern Siberia.
East of the Yenisei, in Central Siberia, there are significantly fewer swamps than in Western Siberia. On the banks of the great river, swampiness is only 10% of the territory. But further to the east, closer to the Lena River, the kingdom of swamps is again advancing, especially with regard to relief depressions, river valleys. The highly swampy regions of Eastern Siberia include the Central Yakutsk lowland, the valley of the lower reaches of the Lena and its delta, the North Siberian and Yano-Indigirskaya lowlands.
The natural conditions for the formation of bogs are so favorable here that swamps penetrate even into mountainous regions. The accumulation of moisture here is facilitated by prolonged cold weather and permafrost. The swamps, spreading between the ridges, gradually rise higher and higher along the gentle slopes of the mountains, and even the tops on the Vitim plateau are swamps.
A feature of the East Siberian bogs of Russia is their shallow depth. This is due to the extremely slow formation of peat. For example, the peat layer in Central Yakutia is no more than 0.3-0.4 meters, and on river terraces it reaches one meter. Only swamps formed as a result of overgrowing of lakes are deep here. For example, in the Verkhoyansk region, in swamps in place of lakes, the thickness of peat occurrence reaches 4-5 meters, and along the cliffs on the banks of the Lena and Aldan rivers - five meters. These layers of peat were formed in ancient times, when the climate of Eastern Siberia was milder.
Swamps of Russia and Siberia. Far East.
The swamps of Russia in the Far East have a number of characteristic features. During the summer rainy season, the soil is so saturated with moisture that the muddy earth becomes completely impassable, turning into a sticky clay mass. For example, in the Amur Region, 36% of the territory is occupied by swamps, a fifth of which are impassable.
In Primorye, swamps are located along river valleys. These bogs are called "swamps" - there is a layer of liquefied peat under the peat deposits.
In the Khabarovsk Territory, many plains are swampy.
Sakhalin and Kamchatka are also heavily waterlogged, especially the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Swamps cover here not only the plains, but even the tops of the watersheds.
Swamps of Russia and Siberia. Names and descriptions of 10 unique bogs in Russia.
1. Swamps of Russia and Siberia - Swamp Staroselsky moss
- Swamp name: Staroselsky moss
- The location of the Swamp: Russia, Central-Forest Reserve, Tver region, 330 km from Moscow.
- Square: 617 ha.
- Peat deposit depth: maximum - 5.5 m, average - 3.2 m.
- Swamp type: riding.
Description of the swamp: Swamp Staroselsky moss is a state complex reserve of regional significance. Here you can see the real taiga, untouched by man since ancient times, walk along the ecological path with a guide and walk along the springy wooden flooring, which will take you deep into the swamp, which is about 10 thousand years old! In the middle of the swamp, there is an opportunity to climb a wooden tower and enjoy complete silence.
2. Marshes of Russia and Siberia - Sestroretskoe swamp
- Swamp name: Sestroretsk swamp
- The location of the swamp: Russia, Kurortny district of St. Petersburg.
- Square: 10 km 2
Description of the swamp: Sestroretsk swamp- a specially protected natural area (SPNA) of regional significance, adjacent to the Sestroretsk Razliv, created under Peter I. The Sestra River divides the swamp into two parts. Here, in the swamp, battles took place during the Great Patriotic War, and military dugouts still remain on the towering dunes. The Sestroretsk bog is unique in that it is almost untouched by the human hand and typical bog values have been preserved here, giving an idea of the place on which St. Petersburg was built.
3. Marshes of Russia and Siberia - Mshinskoe swamp
- Swamp name: Mshinskoe swamp
- The location of the swamp: Russia, Luga and Gatchina districts of the Leningrad region
- Square: 60 400 ha.
- Peat deposit depth: maximum - 6 meters, average - 3 meters.
- Swamp type: riding.
Description of the swamp: Mshinskoe swamp- a state nature reserve of federal subordination. The territory of the swamp is home to many rare species of animals and birds. It conducts research activities and organizes tourist excursions, where you can take pictures of representatives of marsh flora and fauna, as well as observe them for a long time.
4. Marshes of Russia and Siberia - Rdeyskoe swamp
- Swamp name: Rdeyskoe swamp
- The location of the swamp: Russia, Novgorod region, the territory of the Rdeysky reserve
- Square: 37 thousand hectares.
Description of the swamp: Rdeyskoe swamp- the largest swamp massif in Europe, is one of the most unique bog systems in Russia. The Rdeysky Monastery, which is located in a hard-to-reach part of the swamp, also plays an important role. The monastery was founded in the middle of the 17th century. Its first inhabitants were 12 hermit monks, who considered this place ideal for solitude and prayer. It’s easy to believe that getting to this place today, even with modern technical means, is very difficult, sometimes even impossible. The reserve was established here in 1994 with the aim of preserving and studying bogs, rare and endangered species of plants and animals. This place has the old Russian name "Rdeisko-Polistovsky", associated with the names of two local lakes.
5. Swamps of Russia and Siberia - Vasyugan swamps
- Swamp name: Vasyugan swamps
- Swamp location: Russia, Western Siberia, between the Ob and Irtysh rivers, most of it in the Tomsk region.
- Square: 53,000 km 2, length from west to east - 573 km, from north to south - 320 km.
- Water reserves- 400 km³.
- Peat deposit depth: maximum - 10 meters, average - 2.4 meters.
Description of the swamp: Vasyugan swamps- one of the largest swamps in the world. More than a quarter of the peat bogs of the Earth are concentrated here. The swamps are constantly expanding. Although the Vasyugan bogs are 10 thousand years old, three quarters of the bogs were formed in just the last 500 years. It is home to many rare and endangered plant and animal species. In summer, most of the swamps are impassable.
The Vasyugan swamps are a source of fresh water for the whole of Western Siberia, but they are on the verge of ecological disaster due to oil and gas fields, as well as because of the constantly falling stages of launch vehicles from the Baikonur cosmodrome.
6. Marshes of Russia and Siberia - Tyuguryuk swamp
- Swamp name: Tyuguryuk swamp
- The location of the swamp: Russia, Republic of Altai, Terekta ridge.
- Square:
- Height above sea level: 1500 meters .
- Swamp type: base.
Bog description: Tyuguryuk bog- the largest in Altai and as beautiful as everything in this region. The Tyuguryuk swamp is surrounded by high mountains up to 2400 meters above sea level, which, capturing and precipitating precipitation, formed this swamp. It grows plants listed in the Red Book.
7. Marshes of Russia and Siberia - Great Marsh
- Swamp name: Great swamp
- The location of the swamp: Russia, Vologda region.
- Square: 32.9 km². The bog is about 11 km long and 4 km wide.
Swamp description: Great swamp on all sides it is surrounded by mixed forests, and on the territory of the swamp itself there are several lakes and islands, some of which are up to a kilometer in length. Legends about the swamp are widespread among the locals. For example, they talk about a "swamp child" with long gray hair, living in the abandoned village of Tretnitsa on the bank of a swamp, and about the remains of a wooden boat with gold at the bottom. But this does not prevent residents from visiting the swamp to collect cranberries and blueberries.
8. Marshes of Russia and Siberia - "Crane Homeland"
- Swamp name:"Crane Homeland"
- The location of the swamp: Russia, Moscow region.
- Square: 300 km 2.
Description of the swamp: Crane homeland is a state nature reserve of regional significance. One of the oldest sanctuaries in the Moscow Region is the site of the largest premigratory gathering of gray cranes in central Russia; in autumn, their number reaches 1,500 adults. In winter, snowy owls arriving from the north find their home here. The list of birds found on the territory of the reserve includes 229 species, of which 54 are included in the Red Data Book of the Moscow Region and 14 in the Red Data Book of Russia. "Crane Homeland" consists of two parts: "Dubnensky swamp massif" and "Apsarevskoe tract" and is currently fighting illegal construction on its territory, which may lead to the destruction of the unique reserve.
Here are preserved habitats of rare species of animals and plants, stopping places for waterfowl and cranes on migration, relic landscapes - swamps and lakes of glacial origin, river sources, old spruce forests. This entire complex is included in the reserve list of Wetlands of International Importance and is a Key Bird Area of Russia. In the near future, it is planned to design a Natural Park.
V.V. Blayten1, E.D. Lapshina2, A.A. Velichko3, IM. Gadzhiev, S.V. Vasil-ev4, S.P. Efremov5, K.V. Kremenetsky, V.A. Klimanov, E.M. Zelixon3
1 University of Utrecht, Netherlands; 2Tomsk State University
sitet; 3Institute of Geography RAS Moscow; 4Institute of Soil Science and
Agrochemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk; 5Institute of Forest and Wood SB RAS,
Krasnoyarsk
In 1998, work began on a joint Russian-Dutch project supported by the Netherlands Science Foundation (NWO).
About half of the world's peat reserves are concentrated in Western Siberia. Based on general estimates, the annual increase in carbon stocks in the wetlands of Western Siberia is about 500 kg / ha. However, until now, global models of the continental carbon cycle have very little taken into account the carbon stocks concentrated in the wetlands of Western Siberia. If, as a result of human activity during the observed global warming, a massive release of carbon bound in peats of Western Siberia into the atmosphere begins, this could have a serious impact on global climatic processes.
Existing climate models are based on the important climatic role of greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide) that enter the atmosphere to a large extent during economic activities. To assess possible climatic consequences, it is important to take into account the buffering role of peat bogs, which are the largest reservoir of carbon sink from the atmosphere. The increase in carbon stocks is estimated based on the calculation of the increase in stocks; peat for a long period of time (Holocene). These data need to be * verified, since according to palynological data, repeated climate changes took place throughout the Holocene. Thus, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between carbon accumulation and specific climatic parameters (precipitation, temperature, radiation) and the type of ecosystems (vegetation and hydrological conditions). These regularities need to be known for a correct assessment of the role of peat accumulation areas in global climate change.
The project is supposed to be carried out in several stages: 1. Calculation of the biological productivity of modern bog ecosystems. 2. Assessment of the dynamics of carbon accumulation in the Holocene based on the available data using radiocarbon dating. 3. Development of a realistic, spatio-temporal model of the distribution and evolution of bogs] in Western Siberia in the Holocene. 4. Creation of a database on the spread of bog ecosystems in the central and southern parts of the West Siberian lowland, on the relationship of bogs with relief, soil cover, drainage conditions. Collection of data on the age of peat. 5. Creation of GIS by races; the spread of peat bogs in Western Siberia. 6. Study of peat samples in 3-4 key areas to determine the carbon content and radiocarbon dating. 7. Calculation of the growth rates of carbon stocks in peat bogs and possible carbon emission during drainage of peat bogs. 8. Measurements of methane emissions. 9. Calculation of the carbon balance gave the entire area of the wetlands of Western Siberia.
During the 1998 field season, work was carried out at three key sites in the southern part of Western Siberia (Tomsk Oblast). In the 1999 season, the work was carried out in the northern part of the taiga zone in the Noyabrsk region (Khanty-Mansiysk district of the Tyumen region).
More on the topic WEST SIBERIAN PEAT BAGS (RUSSIAN-DUTCH RESEARCH PROJECT):
- ON THE STUDY OF VEGETABLE COVERAGE OF WESTERN SIBERIA N. A. Berezina
- THE ROLE OF CLIMATE IN THE MODERN STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF WESTERN SIBERIA Bogs
- Ed. A.A. Zemtsova. Swamps of Western Siberia - their role in the biosphere. 2nd ed, 2000
- INFLUENCE OF FRAGMENTATION OF SWEETS ON BIODIVERSITY (BIRDS AND BUTTERFLIES): THE DUTCH APPROACH
- CHARACTERISTIC OF NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF WESTERN SIBERIA
- The structure of peat resources of the West Siberian Plain and directions of their use
- ON THE STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE SWEET FORMATION PROCESS IN THE TAIGA ZONE OF WESTERN SIBERIA
- SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATER-BALTHY COMPLEXES OF THE SIBERIAN DUMP, WESTERN SIBERIA
- TO THE METHOD OF DETERMINING LINEAR GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF SPHAGNIC MOSS ON MESO-OLIGOTROPHIC BOLDS OF WESTERN SIBERIA
The State Hydrological Institute began to study the hydrological regime and structure of bogs in Western Siberia in 1958.From this year to 1960, expeditionary work, including a large range of studies (geobotanical, hydrological, meteorological), was carried out in the southern part of the West Siberian Plain (river basins Tury, Omi, Baksy and Kargata), since 1964 - in the central (area of Lake Numto, the basins of the Konda, Poyka, Agan rivers, the interfluve of the Vakh and Vatinsky Egan, Pima and Tromyegan) and northern (the lower reaches of the Taza river, the basin of the . Right Hittite) its parts.
Field research was carried out by a large team of engineers and technicians from the Department of Swamp Hydrology and the West Siberian Expedition of the State Geological Institute under the leadership of the chiefs of expeditions: P.K.Vorobyov in 1958-1960, S.M. Novikov in 1964, A.P. Bogoroditsky in 1965-1968, Yu.P. Azaria in 1969-1974 The scientific leadership of the expeditionary research was carried out by Dr. Geogr. Sciences, Professor K. E. Ivanov and Ph.D. tech. Sciences S. M. Novikov.
Since 1965, studies of swamps in the central part of the West Siberian Plain (areas of oil fields) have been conducted under an agreement with Glavtyumenneftegaz. Moreover, the development of the programs of the West Siberian expedition of the State Geological Institute and the discussion of the obtained research results is carried out jointly with Giprotyumenneftegaz of the Ministry of Oil Industry, which is the general designer of the integrated infrastructure of oil fields in Western Siberia.
The results of the above studies formed the basis of this monograph.
Separate sections of it are written: Cand. tech. Sciences S.M. Novikov - Sec. 1, 4, 5, 7 - 9, p. 2.1, 3.1, 3.3, 3.4; Dr. Geogr. Sciences K. E. Ivanov - Sec. 19; Cand. geogr. Sciences E.A. Romanova - Sec. 12; Cand. geogr. Sciences L. G. Bavina - p. 6.2; Cand. tech. Sciences G1. K- Vorobyov - p. 3.2, 3.3; Ing. T.V. Kachalova - sect. eight; Art. Ing. L. A. Koroleva - p. 3.3.3; Art. Ing. L. V. Kotova - sec. 4, p. 5.4, 5.5; Ing. L. V. Moskvina - p. 5.2; Art. Ing. L. I. Usova - p. 3.1, 3.4; Cand. geogr. Sciences K.I. Kharchenko - p. 6.1; Art, Ing. T. A. Tsvetanova - sec. 7.
In writing sect. 9 monographs was attended by the deputy. Chief Engineer of the Institute Giprotyumenneftegaz Cand. tech. Sciences S.N. Wasserman.
Art. Ing. Zh- S. Goncharova, engineers L. V. Bush, T. A. Kirillova.
In the preparation and review of the manuscript, Cand. geogr. sciences | M. S. Protasiev ~~ |.
Scientific editing of the monograph was carried out by Dr. Geogr. sciences professor K. E. Ivanov and Ph.D. tech. Sciences S. M. Novikov.
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Introduction
West Siberian Plain, occupying an area of about 2,745,000 km2 and bounded in the west by the Ural Mountains, in the north by the Kara Sea, in the east by the r. The Yenisei, from the south of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the foothills of Altai and the Kazakh Upland, due to its natural conditions, is a unique region of the world. The main distinguishing feature of the plain is its extremely high waterloggedness due to climatic and orographic conditions. The average swampiness of its territory is about 50%, and in some areas (Surgut Polesie, Vasyugane, catchments of the rivers Lyamina, Pima, Agana, etc.) - up to 70-75%. There are a huge number of lakes within the plain. According to approximate data obtained at the State Geological Institute, the total number of lakes in the area under consideration exceeds 800 thousand. However, if we take into account all the reservoirs in the swamps with an area of less than 1 hectare, then their number will increase significantly. The presence of countless lakes among the bogs creates a kind of bog-lacustrine landscape on a large part of the plain.At present, the northern part of Western Siberia (north of the 58th parallel of northern latitude), characterized by very high swampiness, is becoming the center of the country's oil and gas industry, contributing to the rapid development of the entire economy of this richest, but inaccessible region and the creation of the largest national economic complex here. The territory under consideration contains huge predicted reserves of oil and gas, about 10% of the country's forest resources, the largest reserves of iron ores and molding sands and kaolin, in its central and southern parts there are vast areas of rich floodplain meadows.
The development of natural resources in Western Siberia, associated with the development of oil and gas fields, the construction of large industrial complexes and settlements, the laying of oil and gas pipelines, the creation of communication routes (railways and highways), the improvement of waterways, as well as with the solution of questions on the use forest resources, drainage of swamps, etc., requires fairly complete information about the natural conditions of this territory, covering various physical and geographical zones.
Among the conditions that determine the choice of rational ways of the integrated use of the richest resources of the West Siberian Plain, the leading place is occupied by hydrological and meteorological factors, under the influence of which the water-thermal regime of the territory is formed.
The hydrometeorological study of the plain, especially the territory located to the north of the parallel of the city of Tobolsk, is very poor. The density of the stationary hydrological network on the rivers of the considered territory within the boundaries of the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk national districts is 1.5 times less than in the territory served by the Yakutsk Hydrometeorological Service. In comparison with the economically developed regions of the country, the density of the hydrological network of the northern half of the West Siberian Plain is 30 times less. Due to the low population density of the region, hydrological posts are mainly confined to large and medium-sized rivers. Rivers with a catchment area of less than 5000 km2 have not been studied at all. The hydrological network on the lakes and swamps of this vast territory is practically absent. Therefore, the hydrometeorological regime of vast watersheds occupied by bogs, which represent the main element of the landscape throughout the plain, with the exception of its southern regions, remained completely unexplored until recently. As you know, it is the swamps that determine the difficult natural conditions in which the construction and development of the wealth of this vast region is carried out.
This monograph is the first work in which a comprehensive description of the structure, natural properties and hydrometeorological regime of vast wetlands of the West Siberian Plain is given and the calculated parameters of hydrological elements that can be used in the design, construction and operation of industrial and economic facilities are given. It also discusses the prospects for reclamation work, possible changes in natural processes (swamping, drainage, reforestation, etc.) with one or another impact on the water regime of large and medium-sized rivers, as well as some ways of using hydrometeorological resources in the industrial and economic development of the region. ...
In view of significant changes in the latitudinal direction of the natural conditions of the plain (climate, permafrost, the nature of swampiness) and different hydrological knowledge of different regions, it turned out to be most expedient to describe the hydrography and regime of boggy rivers and lakes (Sections 7, 8) separately for its three parts: the northern (southern border, which are Sibirskie Uvaly), central (southern border - parallel to the city of Tobolsk) and southern. The most detailed description of the natural conditions of the wetlands of the West Siberian Plain is given for its central part, less detailed - for the northern part (permafrost zone).
Brief overview of studies of swamps in Western Siberia
The beginning of studies of swamps and wetlands of Western Siberia 1 dates back to the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, when the characteristics of the bogs of this territory from the standpoint of landscape science were obtained while studying the vegetation and soils of its southern part. Until the current century, information about the swamps of the West Siberian Plain was mainly limited to descriptions of their presence in one or another of its regions and were published in separate publications devoted to geographical and economic research.Research and reclamation work carried out by the expedition of I. I. Zhilinsky in 1895-1904. in the wetlands adjacent to the Siberian Railway, they made it possible to collect sufficiently detailed information about the vegetation and structure of the bogs in the Baraba region and the Narym Territory and to express a number of provisions on possible ways of their drainage and economic development.
Surveys of the lands of the southern regions of the West Siberian Plain, including wetlands, received some development in the period from 1913 to 1916 in connection with the emergence of a project for the resettlement of peasants here from the European part of Russia. At this time, on the instructions of the Resettlement Administration, land survey was carried out in Baraba by P.N.Krylov (1913), in the western part of the Narym Territory - by D.A. N. Gorodkov (1915, 1916), in the Tomsk province - N.I. Kuznetsov (1915). The purpose of these surveys was to identify the most suitable lands for settlement, therefore, the main attention was paid to the study of soils and vegetation of dry lands. Swamps and wetlands were studied only incidentally. The results obtained in relation to swamps - their descriptions and characteristics - are contained in the works.
Extensive and systematic studies of the swamps of Western Siberia began to be carried out only after the Great October Socialist Revolution, when the Soviet state began the comprehensive economic development of the natural resources of the eastern regions of the country.
In 1923-1930. the bogs of the southern part of Western Siberia are being investigated. On the instructions of the Siberian Migration Administration, an expedition of the State Meadow Institute under the leadership of A. Ya. Bronzov takes a significant part in these studies. For the period from 1925 to
1 In this review, along with hydrological studies of bogs, closely related works on geobotanical, stratigraphic, reclamation and some other surveys of bog landscapes are also considered.
In 1930, the expedition surveyed the Vasyugan bogs and collected unique material on the vegetation cover and stratigraphy of the peat deposit, on the geology, soils and hydrography of this vast territory. The main purpose of this expedition was the study of swamps, and in this respect it was the first in Western Siberia. The results obtained by her were published by A. Ya. Bronzov, MK Baryshnikov and R.S. Ilyin.
Somewhat later, in other regions of Western Siberia - Barabe and the western part of the forest-steppe - another expedition led by MI Neishtadt (1932, 1936), A.A. Genkel and P.N. Krasovsky (1937) was working. The task of this expedition was to study the types of bogs and determine the reserves of peat. The data obtained were used to compile a reference book of the peat fund and to establish patterns of distribution of types of peat deposits on the territory of Baraba and the western part of the forest-steppe. Some of the results, in particular, an assessment of the technical properties of the peat deposit of the Baraba haws and ryams with a description of the stratigraphy and age of the deposits, have been published.
In the 1930s, in the north of Western Siberia, the Institute of Polar Agriculture carried out work to identify forage lands and reindeer pastures. Research carried out on the Yamal peninsulas by V.N.Andreev, Gydansky by B.N.Gorodkov and Maly Yamal by V.S.Govorukhin gave the first information about the structure of the bogs in this region.
In connection with the development of a project for the agricultural development of Baraba, the USSR Ministry of Agriculture, together with a number of research organizations (Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, All-Union and Northern Research Institutes of Hydraulic Engineering and Melioration, etc.), created a special Baraba expedition, which in the period 1944-1951 biennium carried out extensive exploration, research and design work and obtained valuable data on climate, geology, hydrography, vegetation, industry, agriculture and other characteristics of the territory of Baraba. A significant place in these studies was devoted to the study of bogs and wetlands, carried out according to a broad program (the conditions of formation and types of bogs, the main laws of their territorial distribution, etc.) were determined. Some of the results of this expedition, concerning the genesis and development of the bog-ryam bogs, were published in the work of M.S.Kuzmina, while the generalization of all the materials received by the expedition, including those on the Baraba bogs, was made in the monograph by A.D. Panadiadi. The monograph examines the reasons for the formation of bogs, gives a description of their various types with the characteristics of peat deposits and water supply.
In the bogs of the central part of Western Siberia, large studies were carried out in 1951-1956 in order to identify peat deposits. peat exploration expeditions of Giprotorfrazvedka under the leadership of P. Ye. Loginov and S. N. Tyuremnov. During the six years indicated, a vast territory of the West Siberian Plain in the forest-steppe and taiga zones has been surveyed (using aerial methods). The results obtained by the expeditions, published in the works, served as the basis for the zoning of the peat fund of Western Siberia.
In the following years 1961-1971. Similar work continues to be carried out in the basins of the Tromyegan, Vakha, Keti, Vasyugan rivers. Geoltorfrazvedka under the leadership of A. V. Predtechensky.
In the Tomsk region, for many years, geobotanical surveys of bogs have been carried out by scientists from the Tomsk State University. V. V. Kuibysheva JI. V. Shumilova, Yu. A. Lvov and G. G. Yasno-Polish. As a result of these works, a large amount of material was collected and generalized on the vegetation cover and structure of bogs in this part of the West Siberian Plain.
A significant contribution to the study of swamps in Western Siberia was made by the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Forestry and Wood of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Under the leadership of N.I. Piavchenko and his students F.Z. Glebov and M.F.Yelizarieva, comprehensive studies of forest biogeocenoses in swamps and wetlands of this part of Siberia were carried out to develop measures to increase their productivity.
Studies of the bogs of the West Siberian Plain, associated with the study of their typology, the process of swamping and age, are carried out by the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the works of N. Ya. Kats and M.I. Despite the fact that these data on the absolute age of the bogs (10,000-11,000 years) were obtained from single determinations, they are of great scientific and practical interest.
Hydrological studies of the swamps of Western Siberia began in 1958 with the comprehensive work of the West Siberian expedition of the State Hydrological Institute on hypnum-sedge and reed-ryam bogs of the forest-steppe zone. The leaders of these works were K. E. Ivanov, S. M. Novikov, V. V. Romanov, E. A. Romanova, P. K. Vorobyov. These studies were carried out according to a program that included the study of the typology and morphology of bogs, the structure of peat deposits, level regime, runoff from bogs and small river catchments, evaporation, thermal regime and radiation balance, water loss of peat deposits and meteorological regime of bogs. In 1958-1959. such expeditionary work was carried out on the Tarmansky swamp massif (near the city of Tyumen), in 1959 - on the Talagulsky and Uzaklinsky bog massifs near the city of Barabinsk (the Omi river basin), in 1960 - on the Baksinsky bog massif located in the upper reaches of the Baksy and Kargata rivers, in 1962 - on the marshlands located along the Ivdel-Ob (Polunochnoe - Nary-Kara) railway, in 1963-1964. in the area of the lake. Numto and in the river basin. Pima (Khanty-Mansi National District).
The most intensive and comprehensive studies of swamps and wetlands of Western Siberia began to develop in the last decade in connection with the beginning of the development of oil and gas fields discovered within its boundaries, located in most cases on the territory of swamps and wetlands. Beginning in 1964, Giprotyumenneftegaz, later the Tyumen Civil Engineering Institute, the Kalinin Polytechnic Institute, the Scientific Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures, the Omsk Branch of the Union, etc.
The largest work on the study of the engineering and construction features of the swampy areas of the Middle Ob region is being carried out by Giprotyumenneftegaz under the leadership of Ya.M. Kagan, S.N. Wasserman, V.L. Trofimov, N.V. Tabakov, T.V. Lemenkov. The results of these studies have been published in numerous papers.
Studies of the physical and mechanical properties of peat deposits in Siberian bogs, carried out by the Kalinin Polytechnic Institute, are being conducted under the leadership of L. S. Amaryan. The work of the above institutes is mainly aimed at solving a number of practical problems directly related to construction in swamps and wetlands: arrangement of oil fields, engineering preparation of territories for civil construction, laying of oil pipelines and various kinds of communications, etc. In the period 1965-1973 biennium The expedition of the State Hydrological Institute continued to carry out comprehensive research in swamps in the areas of oil and gas fields: Teterevsko-Mortymskoe (basin of the Konda river), Pravdinsky (basin of the Poyka river), Samotlorsky (interfluve of Vakh and Vatinsky Egan), Varyogansky (basin of the Agan river) , Fedorovsky (basin of the Tromyegan river), Medvezhye (basin of the Nadym river), Gazovsky (lower reaches of the Taza river).
The duration and program of expeditionary work at different fields were not completely the same and depended on a number of conditions: the size of the fields, the nature of natural objects, the date of putting the fields into operation, etc.
The materials of these studies made it possible not only to highlight the patterns of the structure and water-thermal regime of swamps, rivers and lakes of the above-mentioned areas of the fields, but also to develop a number of practical recommendations on issues related to the construction and operation of oil fields in harsh natural conditions (high swampiness and water-cut areas) , including the construction of roads in swamps, the extension of the drilling period in the warm season, methods of development of fields located under medium and large bog lakes, etc.
The obtained research results were partially published in 1963-1971. in the works of K-E. Ivanov, S. M. Novikov, V. V. Romanov, E. A. Romanova, P. K-Vorobyov.
The bog and river posts and hydrometeorological sites laid down and equipped by the GGI expedition, after the completion of the expeditionary field work, are transferred to the local hydrometeorological service departments, which continue the begun observations according to standard programs provided for by the Hydrometeorological Service Manuals.
Information about the hydrological work carried out and being carried out at the present time by the institutions of the Hydrometeorological Service in Western Siberia is given in table. 1.1. This table contains data characterizing the state of the expeditionary and stationary studies of bogs in the region under consideration.
In addition to the bog stations and posts of the Hydrometeorological Service, a number of stations of other departments operate on the territory of the West Siberian Plain, where hydrological observations are carried out to one degree or another.
West Siberian branch of VNIIGiM in the Tyumen region in 1968-1969. two experimental plots were laid on peat soils: one with an area of 3 hectares in the state farm "Salair" (1968), the other -
An area of 14 hectares on the collective farm "Svobodny Trud" (1969) In these areas, the study of the water-thermal regime of drained lowland peatlands, the conditions and nature of the operation of drainage systems is being carried out.
Another experimental reclamation station was established by SevNIIGiM in Baraba on the Ubinsky swamp massif (Ubinskaya OMS).
The institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Western Siberia have opened five hospitals:
1) Tomsk - in the Timiryazevsky district of the Tomsk region (work has been carried out regularly since 1960);
2) Bakcharsky - in the Bakcharsky district of the Tomsk region (work has been carried out since 1963);
3) "Plotnikov" "- in the Tomsk region on the spurs of the Vasyugan bog (operating since 1956);
4 and 5) "Kharp" and "Khodyta" - in the Tyumen region north-west of the village. Lobytnangi (works have been under way since 1970).
The first two hospitals belong to the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Forestry and Timber of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Here, work is being carried out in forest bogs. The Plotnikovo station is under the jurisdiction of the Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. The Kharp and Khodyta stations belong to the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
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