The Ural Range has long been made to dismember the large natural regions. This division in the most general features reflects the change in the physico-geographical features of the ridge in meridional direction.
Initially, three such parts were distinguished: Northern, Middle and South Urals. Further accumulation of knowledge about the ridge orography and other features of his nature caused the need to revise some traditional boundaries between individual parts of the ridge and allocate two additional units in the northern part.
It is advisable to adopt the next unit of the Urals into large natural regions: 1) Polar Ural - from Konstantinova Stone to the Verkhovyev r. Hulges (65 ° 40 's. Sh.); 2) Porcelary Urals - From the top of the river. Hulge to a latitudinal segment r. Schugora (64 ° C. sh.); 3) Northern Urals - from a latitudent segment of r. Schugitra to Pavdinsky Stone inclusive (59 ° 20 'p. Sh.); four) Medium Ural - From the southern foot of Pavdinsky stone to a latitudinal segment of r. Ufa in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village Lower Ufaley (55 ° 55 's. Sh.); 5) Southern Urals - from a latitudent segment r. Ufa in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village Nizhny Udalea to the latitudinal segment p. Urals (below Orsk).
Although this unit is based mainly on the orographic and geomorphological signs, it seems to a certain extent reflects the patterns of the territorial distribution of other components of the physico-geographical environment (climate, vegetation) associated with the structure of the surface. Therefore, it is not surprising that some important botaniko-geographical borders coincide with the outlined borders. This is especially true of the distribution of high-mountain vegetation, the nature and degree of severity of which largely depend on the height of the mountains and the structure of their surface.
The mountaineer belt, similar to the steppe zone of the plains, can be traced only on the southeastern spurs of the Ural Range (southern part and the upper levels of the middle part of the HR. Irendel). The next mining gear belt behind him is an analogue of the forest-steppe zone - presented in the northern part, as well as on low levels middle part xp Irendel, at the top of the basin p. Sakmara, by right bank. Big ICA (sacmary influx), in the monthly-Krasnoufim forest-steppe and fragmentary in some places of the eastern slope of the Southern Urals (north up to the north-folded limestone Mountains of the Mountains and Sugomak).
Ural is the area of \u200b\u200bforest domination, mainly taiga; The mining belt, similar to the boreal forest zone, clothes the slopes of the ridge almost all of its entire length (from 52 to 66 ° C. sh.). As for high-altitude belts (subgolt, mountain-toprove and cold Halt deserts), they can be traced in those parts of the Ural ridge, where there are relatively large mountain peaks, towering over the upper forest limit.
The position of the upper boundary of the forest in the mountains of the Urals varies greatly depending on the geographical latitude of the terrain, the steepness and exposure of the slopes, the massiveness of the mountains and other conditions. As will be shown in one of the following chapters, in the northern part of the Ural Range when moving to the south of the Upper Limit of the Forest (including the Podually Rarestone Forests) is noticeably rising. However, on the Middle and South Urals, this increase is slowed down, and in certain areas it is even completely suspended, since many tops of the mountains further do not reach the lines of possible climatically caused forest limit.
For the subagrassment belt, intensive snowmersion is characterized by both abundant precipitation, and by moving snow with wind with flameshedral goltie vertices. The melting of a powerful snowy stratum accumulating here is slowed down, which causes a reduction in the growing season. Abundant moisturizing with tale and rainwater, an additional flow of moisture from the overlying high-mountain belts in combination with a reduced vegetation period weakens the position of the forest in this belt and favors the development of mesophilic meadow vegetation, successfully with it competing.
When moved to the south along the Ural ridge, the Podoltsy belt, the basis of the vegetation of which form low-spirited rare-resistant fishing line in the complex with mesophilic meadows, appears for the first time in the southern part of the polar Urals and is traced until the southern Urals. In the southern half of the polar, on the sugar and most of the northern Urals, this belt is spatially well expressed, boding at the respective levels all sufficiently high mountain peaks. On the Middle and Southern Urals, the Podoltsy belt is detected only by fragmentary in the upper parts of the slopes of the highest mountains.
The subgolt belt can be viewed only as a very distant analogue of the plain forest tundra. It brings it closer to forests, the rare resistance of forests, the lowerness of the trees, sometimes the curvature of their trunks, the community of some characteristic vitality of plants. Some similarities of the subgolesalers with a forest-tundra in the species composition of the forest formers are observed only in the northern part of the Ural ridge, where they are composed of a birch winding, the larch of Sukachev, the larch of the Siberian and fir Siberian. The southerly composition of the forest formers is enriched with species that are missing in the forest tundra of the plains adjacent to the Urals - the cedar of the Siberian and Fir Siberian. Then Leician Sukacheva, Cedar Siberian and Birch, winding fall out of the composition of the assloves, and on the upper limit only spruce Siberian with admits of Siberian fir. Even south, on the western slope of the most southern part of the ridge, the domination in the Podgoltsky fishing woods passes to the oak of the ordinary, whose ecology is incompatible with the submission of Lesothund.
In the composition of non-oil elements vegetable cover The Podoltsy belt is even more different from the plated forest tundra. In this belt, there is no or almost no swamps, so characteristic of the plains of the Fondra. The tundra element of vegetation is not in essence. Only in the northernmost areas in rare-resistant subgolt forests, the role of moss and lichens, forming a pronounced tier, and in herbian-shrub covering to boreal-forest plants, hypoarctic and arctic horizontal species are mixed. A somewhat south of the hypoarctic and arctic hero element already falls out of the Flora of Pottal Forests. When moving to the south, the role of meadowless and meadow plants increases due to the pushing of taiga shrubs and herbs, as well as mosses and lichens. Moved to the south, it is possible to trace how the pronounced tier of moss and lichens disappears in the Pottal Forests and the herbal-shrub tier is restructuring. Initially, taiga herbs and shrubs, together with the lines of moss cover connected with them, are still held in communities under the shadow of wood curtains and individual trees, but then they are completely pushed out of the lugs, among which there are many tall species that form the so-called high-dependence. The mezophilic-meadow element of vegetation in this belt successfully competes with a forest element than and explains that among most types of rare-resistant subgilic forests there are meadow glads. When moving to the south, a gradual decrease in cryophyhood is observed, all the large mesophyticization of the vegetation of the priestly belt. The final link of this chain of spatial shift of vegetation is the appearance of oak rare-resaceous fishing rods in a complex with mesophilic meadows.
Therefore, it is impossible to agree with the proposal of V. S. Govorukhin to call the Podoltsy belt by Mountain Forestroy. In his article and in her profile of the vegetation of the Eastern Slope of the Urals, V. S. Govorukhin misses the change in the vegetation of the priesthood belt when driving from the north to south, everywhere, up to the Southern Urals, standardly qualifying it as a "Logo-Funder Zone" with The predominance of birch crighters. He clearly exaggerates the role of birch crighters on the eastern Macroscon of the Urals, ignoring the fact that the factory larch radarks predominate in the northern part of the ridge in the northern part of the ridge to the east of the watershed, and in the southern part there are park fir-fir forests.
The mining belt appears for the first time on the very northern tip of the Ural Range, to the south of its lower boundary is naturally rising. In the Polar and Polar Urals, it stretches to a solid strip, but already in the Northern Urals decays to a number of islands associated with larger mountain peaks. On the Middle Urals, in the lowest part of the ridge, there are only insignificant fragments of this belt. In the southern Urals, the mountain-rice belt is expressed somewhat better, but also fragmentary; There are no longer lichen, moss-shrub and shrub (Yerniki) tundra, characteristic of the northern regions, and herbal-moss tundras.
Above the belt of mountain tundras, extensive fields of stone placers and rocky remains with a very scanty sprinkled floral cover are extensive. The climatic conditions here are the most severe, the growing season is strongly reduced, moisturizing regime is unstable. In winter, snow cover from the rocky hats of the mountains is blown away by the wind into the underlying belt, especially in the Podoltskoy, with the exception of negative shapes of the relief in the winds protected from the wind, where snowfields are formed. Pyroxenit, Gabbro, Dunita, Quartzite, Peridotitis and others mountain breeds - Large, usually stiff. Small and small amount accumulates only in clefts between blocks and cracks. On the surface of stone blocks, lichens are growing - scale (from childbirth Rhizocarpon, Lecanora, Lecidea, Pertusaria, Haematomma, etc.), leafy (types of Umbilicaria, Gyrophora, Parmelia, Nephroma, etc.), and sometimes bush (from childbirth Stereocaulon, Alectoria , Bryopogon, SPHAEROPHORUS, CETRARIA, etc.). There are also some types of moss (rhacomitrium, grimmia, etc.). Little types of ferns (Cystopteris Fragilis, Dryopteris Fragrans) and flowering plants (Cardamine Bellidifolia, Sieversia Glacialis, Potentilla Emarginata, etc.) settle only in the places of the accumulation of small semes; The projective coating of them is negligible.
In some former work, mainly on the basis of the results of research conducted on the North, Middle and South Urals, I combined this stony region along with the mountain dressing, calling it a golts belt. However, subsequent expedition studies conducted in the most elevated northern regions of the Ural Range (in the central part of the Supolar Urals in the area of \u200b\u200bPeople's Mountains, Manaraga, Bell Tower, etc.), where the landscape of almost fruitless stony goltsi is particularly clearly expressed and more clearly deliberate from the mountain dressing, convinced me In the feasibility of exhaustion in the mountains of the Urals of an independent belt of cold Golts deserts. This was facilitated, except as new data on the goltz of a number of other areas of Northern Eurasia, especially, Yakutia and the work of recent years, more fully reveal physico-geographical conditions and vegetable world Arctic (polar) deserts allocated as a zonal unit by B. N. town.
Cold Golts Desert Belt is similar to the area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic desert, which occupies the plots of the island sushi of the Northern Ocean (the northern part of the Northern Ower of the New Earth, the Northern Earth, the land of Franz Joseph, O-in Bennet and others). The territorial belt of cold Golts desert is most pronounced on the polar and the indoor urals, where it stretches in the form of a solid strip along the most raised part of the ridge. In the Northern Urals, this belt disintegrates on a number of islands associated with higher mountain peaks, disassembled woody valleys. On the southern Urals you can find only some similarity of cold golt deserts at the top of the mountains with pointed or comb-shaped vertices (the top of the Kruglitz on the XP. Taganay, the upper part of the ridge of Zigalga), while on the Lvno-Shit Mountains (Irenel, Yaman-Tau) Mountain Tundra Go to the highest levels of their levels. Apparently, in the southern Urals traces of the former presence of the belt of cold Golts deserts have been preserved as a relic of the era of the maximum Pleistocene glaciation, when frosty weathering was more intense at the southern Urals, and there were miniature glacials on a number of higher mountains, including Taganai and Zigalg. In the post declaration, due to climate change in the direction of warming and mitigation, the forest limit increased and many Nagorno terraces were injured. The area of \u200b\u200bflame vertices has decreased, and many of them were isolated, and therefore more susceptible to the influence of the climate of the mining belt. Mountain herbal-moss tundra was embedded in a cold goltie desert belt, taking all the location suitable for them. On the crevices of rocks in the area of \u200b\u200bstone places, even at the highest levels, deep forest species were introduced: Trientalis Eygoraa, Ferns Dryopteris Linnaeana, D. Phegopteris.
Stone placers are not connected exclusively with the belt of cold Golts deserts. They are found on steep slopes in the mountain-rope belt, being an early stage of the sakessessions of vegetation, characteristic of this belt, and besides in the subgoltsy and even in mining belts. Therefore, it would be incorrectly any stone painting to belong to the belt of cold stone deserts; This belief includes only golts, towering over the overall spread of mountain tundra with closed vegetation cover (lichen, moss, etc.), where the climate is severe and hard, and the growing season is strongly reduced.
The vegetation of the Ural ridge on separate segments carries a certain zonal imprint. Zonal ties are particularly clear, as already mentioned, traced at the foothills and low levels of mountains, the vegetation of which is largely similar to the vegetation of the adjacent plains. In its relatively elevated part of the Ural is characterized by more severe and wet climatIt leads to a significant progress on mountain peaks and slopes to the south of such elements of plant cover, whose analogues on adjacent plains are found on a lot of hundreds of kilometers south. In addition, the Ural plays the role of a peculiar climate barrier for the Atlantic air masses coming from the West. Therefore, its western slope is characterized by a more humid and mild climate compared to the eastern slope, relatively dry and continental. This determines the difference in the vegetation of the western and eastern slopes of the ridge, traceable more or less sharply at all its zonal sites.
On the southern MountainsFor example, on Tien Shan, stretching in the latitudinal direction, the differences in the vegetation of the southern and northern slopes are sharply performed. However, in the north, especially on such a north-focused on the south, the ridge as the Urals standing on the path of wet Atlantic air masses, the differences in the vegetation of Western and East macroscone.
To find out the basic patterns of vertical differentiation of plant cover in the Urals, the longitudinal profiles characterizing the distribution should be analyzed. vegetable belts On the Western and East macrosclones of the Ural Range, as well as schemes showing the characteristics of the explanations in separate areas, various in its zonal position.
1. Location of vegetation in the tundra zone (Northern Polar Urals). The northernmost segment of the Polar Urals, located behind the northern polar circle, extends to the south to the pass between the rivers Haruta (the river river river river) and Hara-Matalowa (Pool r. Sobi). In this section, the Urals is dissected by erosion on a series of ridges and mountain arrays. The average height of the mountains is 600-800 m above the UR. m., But individual vertices achieve a much greater height (spoken - 1373 m, Huut Saurei - 1356 m, Hanmey - 1324 m above the UR. m.). Here are well preserved traces of ancient glaciation, and there are also quite a few small modern glaciers - Moscow State University, the Institute of Geography, Picky, Obruchev, etc.
The western slope of this segment of the Ural ridge, more wetched and stronger than the developed permafrost, absolutely unplaced. The oriental slope, more dry and rocky, where the Merzlot is less pronounced, also almost unplaced, but in places (for example, in the upper reaches of the Baidarati rivers and whipping) in the lower part of the mountains there are small areas of larch edging.
The vegetation of the lower levels of the mountains of the Polar part of the Urals (up to 400-500 m above the ur. M.) Is represented mainly by mountain tundra merging at the foot of the tundra adjacent plains. In the mountain dressing belt, a complex of rocky, lichen, spotted and shrub-moss tundras is distributed. On the western slope of the ridge noticeably the predominance of the tundra with a developed mossy cover (spotted, shrub-moss), whereas on the eastern slope there are a large square occupied by lichen.
Above 400-500 m above the UR. m. There is a cauly goltie desert belt, stone placers and rocky remains covered with scarce vegetation are widespread, mainly from moss and lichen.
2. Explanation of vegetation in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Fundra and in the subzone of rare-resistant forelanest forests (Polar Urals and Southern Polar Urals). On his southern segment (south of Haruta's pass - Hara Matalow), the Polar Urals are relatively narrowed, the slopes are strongly cut off with an ancient glaciation and river erosion, ridge crests sharp, rocky. Often there are karas with lakes in them. His height in this area is allocated mountain Pai-EP (1499 m). South of origins r. Hulgi, where the Supilla Ural begins, the ridge expands greatly. The Supilar Ural is the most elevated part of the Ural Range. Here are the largest mountains in the Urals: People's (1894 m), Manaraga (1820 m), bell tower (1721 m), there are also many other relatively large mountains reaching the height of 1000-1400 m above the UR. M. Relief in the highlands of the Supolar Urals sharply dissected: Mountains are crowned with sharp ridges, the slopes are cool, the valleys are deeply embedded. Fresh marks of glacial activities are clearly visible - punogi with carot lakes, triggers, sea deposits. There are modern miniature glaciers: Hoffman, Waikova, Richter, Manaraga, Mansi, Yurga, etc.
On the resulting segment of the ridge at the bottom of the mountainside in the form of a narrow band stretches the mining belt. To the west of the watershed in it, prevailing rather sparse mountains from ate, to which the Siberian fir is sometimes mixed in more southern regions, and mountain larchs are the same to the fore. These forests are similar to the rare-resistant plains of plains; On the western slope of the ridge, they are close to the composition of the plain type of fir forests common in the pre-rally, and on the East - to the Zaralsky foreground larch forests.
The above is a subgolt belt, in which low-spirited rare-resistant forests are common - larch edging, birch crime (from Betula Tortuosa) and less often - fir-fir-fir park forests. Although these forests within the belt are distributed pretty Pestro, in general, for Western macroscone with its sophisticated climate, birch crimes are characterized, and for the eastern, more continental - larch gentlemen. Near the upper boundaries of the Podgoltsky forests, on the steep slopes of deeply embedded valleys of the mountain rivers (mainly in the northern regions), there are thickets of alder shrub. The upper boundary of the priestly belt roughly coincides with the limit of such rare-resistant and low forest forests. On the southern segment of the Polar Urals, the boundary of rare-resistant forests increases from 100-200 m in the north and up to 300-400 m in the south, and the forests rise above in the mountains on the eastern slope of the ridge. At the Suporlar Urals, the average line of the upper limit of forests increases from 400 m near its northern outskirts to 600 m on southern. Due to the sharp dissection of the relief, the position of the upper boundary of the forest in the south of the Polar Urals and especially on the Supolar Urals is much changeable: it rises in deep valleys rather highly, but sharply decreases on steep slopes with stone stamps. The climatically due to the limit of the forest reaches only a few places - in deep valleys enriched with fine.
In the subglitz belt, mainly to the west of the main watershed, the mesophilic meadows, more or less large areas of which alternate with low-sprinkled forests are quite widespread.
Most of the territory of the Polar Urals and the southern segment of the Polar Urals adjacent to him and relates to the goltz. The mining belt, adjacent to the top to the subgolts, extends to 600-700 m above the UR. m. In the southern half of the Polar Urals and up to 800-900 m at the Supolar Urals. Mountain tundra are mainly represented by rocky tundra, are less likely to have lichen, on more even places - moss tundra. The abundance of the flying snowfields in the mountains, not to mention the glaciers, causes the magnificent flourishing of the near-snowing lungs, located not far from the edge of the melting snow in the slides and on the shores of the streams arising from the snowfriends. Above the belt of the mountain tundra extends the belt of cold goltie deserts.
3. Location of vegetation in the subzones of the Northern and Middle Taiga (Northern Urals). This part of the ridge is quite high: in the central strip and on the foothill ridges, the mountains have an average height of 800-1000 m above the UR. m. But individual mountains are significantly higher, of which are the largest - Telpos-from (1617 m), carbacked (1492 m) and Konzhakovsky stone (1569 m). For the highland of the Northern Urals, a large alternation is characterized compared to the indoor the urals, the smoothness of the relief (due to frosty weathering and soliflucia). A stepped relief with flat, almost horizontal Nagorn terraces is clearly expressed in the Goltz part of the mountains; Sadlovins also have a flat surface, and on some mountains and vertices. However, the peaks of the largest mountains folded by difficult rocky rocks usually have the form of rocky remains, sharp peaks or ridges.
Most of the mining area on this site of the leafist. For the mining belt, a dark taiga is most characteristic, in which Spruce Siberian, less often, Siberian or cedar Siberian fir. Bereznyaki is not uncommon (mainly from the fluffy birch), which arose on the site of the dark taiga after slam or fires. Pine forests are also found in the foothills of the eastern slope. Although the forests of both Northea and Midgety Taiga, mountain taiga, all over the Northern Urals, are common to this segment of the Urals, the mountain taiga on the distance of the Northern Urals, and retains the Northeasted appearance.
The low-spirited forests of the priestly belt in the Northern Urals are quite diverse in the composition of the formations of the trees forming their species. The predominant formations are larching gentlemen, which are more common to the west of the waterproof band. In places, especially the west of the waterproof line, fir-fir-firing park forests and pihtachi come to the upper limit, and on large stony slopes - cedry. The line of the upper boundary of the forest rises on this segment of the ridge from 600 m above the UR. m. near his northern outskirts up to 900 m in its southern part.
To the west of the watershed (Tullymsky, the Chuvalsky Stone, the mountain Quarks, etc.) in the Podtoltsov belt, the mesophilic meadows were quite a significant area, which was engaged among the edded and crighters.
Beggar goltsy pulls a solid strip along the watershed and Western foothill ridges from the Mountains Telpos-from and Sumy-Nierr to Mount Manhambo. Then, interrupted on a wooded watershed between the rivers, and the UKU, the influx of Ilycha, the goltsy extends without significant interruptions on the watershed, ranging from XP. Yana-Quota Nier to XP. Hose Tump. There are only separate goltie vertices, located both in the waterproop, and on parallel ridges - Western (Mount Quarks) and Eastern (carcain, Korzhakovsky stone); The intermediate decreases are covered with forest.
The mining belt extends up to a height of 1100-1200 m above the UR. m., within its limits, the stony, moss, spotted and herbian-moss tundras prevail, there are also valley lawns near the snow streams. The vertices exceeding this level are already to the zone of cold goltie deserts.
4. Explanation of vegetation in the subzones of southern taiga, mixed wide-and-coniferous forests and birch-pine forests (Middle Urals). This part of the ridge is relatively lowered. Mountains here are low, an average of 500-600 m, usually obsessted, but some are larger than (Osh, 1122 m, Lyaline stone - 851 m, basgi - 993 m, Kachkanar - 883 m and others) rise above the border the woods. Blind peaks of such mountains, lost among the sea of \u200b\u200bforests, are largely under the climatic effect of the underlying mining belt and differ with a relaxed climate compared to large golters of the North.
In the mining belt dominates the average, and in southern regions and at lower levels - souder-cottled darkened forests - fir-fir-firing, less frequently fir (sometimes with an admixture of linden and some herbaceous plants - satellites of the broad-satellite forest). In places there are birch forests derived from dark taiga. To the east of the watershed in a dark taiga, more or less large arrays of souder-type rocks are engaged.
The subgolt belt is expressed only at the top of the larger mountains. Forests on the upper limit, near rocky vertices, rarefied, park character, predominantly firing, less often spruce-fir. There are no larch edging, no birch crighters, so characteristic for more northern regions. There are also lacking cedelands, although individual specimens of Sukachev's larch, birch of winding and cedar of Siberian in the subglitz belt are sometimes found.
The upper boundary of the forest on most relatively large mountains of the Middle Urals is not climate, and the case, it is strongly reduced (usually up to 800-850 m above the ur. M.) Due to the lack of fine on the rocky vertices of the mountains.
Herbal covers from high herbs are strongly developed in the parking lots of high herbs. In places such rare-resistant forests are interrupted by more or less large meadow glades.
Golts Square is insignificant. Goltsy are represented by rocky remains and stone browsing with fragments of mountain-rope vegetation; The cold goltie desert belt is not detected here.
5. Location of vegetation in the subzone is wide deciduous forests and the forest-steppe zone (Northern I. central part Southern Urals). Subsequently, the Ural Mountains reaches significant sizes to the south of its relatively reduced average segment. North, and especially the central part of the Southern Urals, more high, many mountains exceed 1000 m. However geographical position This segment of the Ural Range determines here more high level The upper boundary of the forest, so the goltsy is well expressed only on the vertices of the largest mountains and ridges, for example, on Yaman-Tau (1638 m), Japles (1586 m), Zigalga (1425 m), Taganay (1177 m), etc.
The mountain vegetation of this part of the southern Urals is rather diverse. At the lower levels of the western slope of the ridge (up to 600-700 m), glitstic (lime and oak) forests are tightened, mixed above the mountain darkness (fir-fir-firing, less fir-fir) taiga with an admixture of wide trees and their herbaceous satellites. The upper limit of the mining belt in the most elevated part of the southern Urals coincides with the illegals of 1000-1100 m. The foothills of the eastern slope, on the structure of the surface, representing Pedpetenis, are occupied by a forest-steppe, which is above replaced by mountain pine (with admixture of Sukachev's larch) and birch forests derived from them. The flora of these pineses and birchings contains a mixture of steppe species. In the most elevated part of the ridge on the eastern macroscone above the strip of mountain pine forests is pronounced narrow strip of mountain darkened taiga.
The upper limit of the forest in the central most elevated part of the Southern Urals is formed mainly by spruce and fir-fir-firous rack-resistant forests of park type with highly developed herbal cover. Birch cribs are found only in small areas on the slopes of the highest mountains, they are associated with areas that are more susceptible to winds. Sukachev's larch in the Podtoltsov belt is extremely rarely separate specimens, without acting as a forestryman; Cedar Siberian is completely absent. More favorable thermal regime, abundance of precipitation and increased humidity Air both in the Podtoltsov belt and in the adjacent top of the mining belt contribute to the magnificent development of herbal vegetation. Herbal cover in highland forests is powerfully developed, forest areas alternate with more or less large meadow glades. The line of the upper limit of forests increases from 1000 m on the northern outskirts of the Southern Urals in the XP area. Taganay up to 1250 m in the area of \u200b\u200bMount Yaman-Tau. However, in some less high mountains, the forest boundary is reduced or due to the lack of developed soil on the stony vertices, or due to intense snowstorming in the upper part of the mountains, which leads to a reduction in the growing period. In the drain-hilly strip of the western slope, where the broadf forests dominate, on the tops of the mountains exceeding 650-750 m above the UR. m., the subgolt belt is pronounced, the vegetation of which is represented by oak cryproins in the complex with the glades of highly harvested mesophilic meadows.
Goltsy focused mainly in the central part of the South Urals. They are characterized by a large level equality. Many large mountains (Japles, Yaman-Tau) have tables flat tops, over which only small rocky remains are tested. The narrow ridges that are strongly destroyed by erosion (for example, Zigalga, Nara) are crowned with sharp rocky ridges, but also on them, individual vertices end with flat more or less extensive platforms. The speed of the relief here is expressed sharply, the slopes are clearly terraced.
Herbal and moss tundra are most common in the mountain tundra belt, stone placers are also found and tundar-like plant groups with the domination of taiga shrub. Occasional tile lawns are missing here. Real Mountain Tundra in the South Urals occupy a small area, they are found only on the largest mountains (Yaman-Tau, Irevel). For South Ural mountain tundras, a significant herbity is characterized, herbal-moss tundra is dominated here. In addition, there are often spotted tundra, bare stains in which are very blurred.
In less than high Golts vertices, instead of real mountain tundras, there are tundropow-like plant communities with the domination of ordinary taiga shrubs (Vaccinium Myrtillus, V. Uliginosum, V. Vitisidaea) and with the participation of a number of typical taiga grassy plants. An admixture of arctic horrible plants is insignificant. On the surface of the soil, covers are developed from green shiny mosses (Hylocomium Schreberi). Such communities are physiognomically and in terms of the composition of the levels of plants similar to lower tiers Some associations of the darkeless forest (for example, Elanniki-boxiners). The reason for the pretty wide propagation of the tundar-like plant groups on the vertices of the Southern Urals is, apparently, in the fact that some mountains exceeded the level of the upper limit of forests relatively recently, during the newest epeyrogenesis. The newly formed goltsy were isolated from the largest vertices of the Southern Urals by wooded valleys, representing a serious obstacle to the settlement of typical high-mountainous species. Therefore, on such young goltsy, tundar-like vegetation was formed, folded in the main taiga plants.
6. Location of vegetation in the steppe zone (Southern South Urals). The mountain range in this area is significantly reduced, the tops of the torus have more smooth outlines. In the waterproop (XP. Ural-Tau), individual vertices reach a height of 650-1000 m above the UR. m., the tops of the revolt, located west or east of the watershed, are only slightly inferior to them in height.
The western macroscone receiving more atmospheric precipitation is covered at the foot of the mountain forest-steppe, then to a height of 600-700 m above the UR. m. Mountain broad-sized forests are oak, maple, lime, less frequently, Ilm. On the individual vertices of Western macroscone, exceeding this level, the low-spirited curvolar oak forests (oak cryproy) in the complex with mezzophilic meadows are common; Under conditions of low-power stony soils on limestones, the oak oak sometimes takes the shape of a prostrate shrub. On the east, more dry macroscone, the boundaries of the belts with the vegetation of xerophytic type (steppe and forest-steppe) are significantly raised compared with Western macroscone. Mountain steppe (as it, for example, is clearly visible in the southern part of the XP. Irendel) rises an average of up to 600 m above the UR. m. The mountain forest-steppe stretches in the form of a narrow band; In places it, due to the inversion caused by the uneven distribution of moisture, it descends into the mountaineering belt in the valley. The central, water segment of the southern Urals on this zonal segment is covered with mountain pine forests (with an admixture of sukacheva larch) and derived from them with birch forests with a decortive herbal cover.
The nature of the presence of vegetation in one or another plot of the Ural ridge depends on its position in general System horizontal botanic-geographical zonality, as well as from the height of the mountains in this area.
As can be seen, the main types of explanations, expressed in different parts of the Ural Range, mainly coincide with the most important units of the horizontal botanic-geographical zonality, traceable on the plains of the Pre-Urals and Zauralye. There is no absolute correspondence of the altitude columns to each zonal unit and cannot be due to the asymmetricity of the zonal differentiation of vegetable cover on the plains adjacent to the Urals.
To clarify the parameters of the high-altitude lower and the upper boundary of the forest in the middle of the southern Urals
To Specification of Parameters of High-Rise Belts and The Top Border of Wood in Average High Mountains of Southern Ural
V.M. Pavlechik
Pavleychik
Federal State Budgetary Institution Science Institute of the Steppe of the Ural Branch Russian Academy Science
(Russia, 460000, Orenburg, ul. Pioneer, 11)
Institute of Steppe Of The Ural Branch Of The Russian Academy of Sciences
(Russia, 460000, Orenburg, Pionerskaya St., 11, This email address is protected from spam bots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view.)
Information about the high-altitude variations of the upper boundary of the edge in the mountains of the Southern Urals are given. It was revealed that the average heights of this boundary are in the range of 1200-1300 m, regardless of the exposure and circulation position of the slopes. A significant role in the position of the border is the border of the surface and the associated geodynamic and ecotopic conditions.
The About High-Rise Variations of the Top Border of Forests In Southern Ural "S Mountains Are Resulted. It is Revealed That Average Values \u200b\u200bof Height of the Given Border Are in Limits of 1200-1300 M Irrespective of Exposition and Circulating Position of Slopes. A Considerable Role for Border Position The Bias Of A Surface and Connected with this Indicator Geodynamic and Ecotopical Has Conditions.
Relief is the most important factor The differentiation of the landscape shell, the most distinct and diverse in the mountainous areas and the territories adjacent to them. Mountain landscapes form "upper floor" paradamic systems and are associated with adjacent (accommodating) zonal landscapes multiple geodynamic and environmental bonds.
South Ural is part of the extended Ural mountainous country and extends within natural zones forest-steppe and steppes. An exalted barrier-circulating situation that determines the increased moistening of the territory has a significant impact on the natural and zonal organization of landscapes and the composition of their biotic components. The established natural conditions contribute to the formation of peculiar mountain landscapes-analogs, partially relevant adjacent and geographically remote (in high-rise region) zonal landscapes. As a result, it is observed: a) the practically inseparable "mining" continuation of the forest zone to the south of 600-650 km; b) In the southern part - the contrasting articulation of mountain forests and adjacent foothill steppe plains, expressed in an inadequate severity (practically absence) of the forest-steppe zone. These are the most common features of the influence of the sublime relief of the Southern Urals on differentiation natural zonality steppes and forest-steppes Eurasia.
For a long time, one of the most important instruments of geographers for identifying spatial patterns of development of processes and phenomena was a topographic map. In recent decades, due to the development of remote sensing technologies, experts received the possibility of a variety of interpretation of the information contained in space photographs. Research is largely promoted by the development of geo-information technology for storing, processing and analyzing spaces and the policy of openness of various Internet resources.
The allocation of types of vegetation cover as a physiognomic landscape indicator is widely used in geography in the development of diagonal schemes and other analytical constructions related to the study of manifestations of natural zonality. In this study, we set a task of clarifying the high-dimensional parameters of the vertical explanation in the mountains of the Southern Urals by graphic display of the position of the boundary between the wooded surface (the subglomatic belt with fir and fir-fir-spruce ladies and mountain meadows) and almost flame mountain herbal-moss tundra.
The implementation of such analysis, identification and reliable mapping of these boundaries was carried out on the basis of remote sensing materials. We used LandSat space images as the source data with the refinement of borders on the images of medium and high resolution in open geo-information resources (Google Earth, ScanEx, etc.). The upper boundary of the edded limit was carried out on the transition of a constant inseparable forest cover in the Podtoltsov belt to grassy (mountain-tundra) communities of the Golts. Habit wood species Visually was determined and specified on the slopes and Nagorno terraces of the city of Jerlel.
The high-rise explanancy, as a natural reflection of the altitude differentiation of landscapes, is formed in certain geomorphological and weather-climatic conditions and is identified by nature (type) of soil-vegetation cover. The most complete literary information on the structure of vegetation cover and the flora of the high-rise belses of the Urals is contained in P.L. Publications. Gorchakovsky. In particular, the author indicates that "the position of the upper border of the forest varies greatly depending on the geographical latitude of the terrain, the steepness and exposure of the slopes, the massiveness of the mountains and other conditions", and the "the upper limit of the mining belt in the most sublime part of the Southern Urals coincides with the inhibits 1000- 1100 m. " The same high-altitude parameters indicates A.A. Macunina, while noticing a minor high-altitude amplitude of the soles of the Golts Landscapes (200-300 m) throughout the Urals, from 800 m in the north to 1000-1100 m in the south.
The manifestations of the altitude explanation in the Southern Urals are noted exclusively in the middleings that occupy the central waterproof strip stretching from northern border Physico-geographical area (XP. Taganay) approximately to the latitude of Upper Aviagan (XP. Falc). The most distinctly and fully (including the mountain tundra belt) is the high-altitude change of natural analog zones are observed only on the arrays of Yamantau and Jaremel, on the elevated areas of the ridges of Nara Zigalga, Nurguush, Mashak and Kuamardak (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Scheme of the arrays of the Southern Urals with a manifestation of high-altitude
The relatively constant values \u200b\u200bof the test parameter for all, without exception, the mountainous arrays of the Southern Urals are undoubted confirmation of the determining value of the height of the height of the terrain when forming a high-altitude explanation. According to our data, the height of the upper boundary of the edgeless, as a rule, do not fall below 1100 m and do not exceed 1400 m, and the average values \u200b\u200bare in the range of 1200-1300 m.
This article presents in more detail the results of research on clarifying the high position of the upper border of the forest on Mount Jaremel and Zigalga Ridge (Figure 2). It was revealed that the main factor in the vibration of the height of the boundary within this amplitude is the slope of the surface. The greatest frequency of coincidences of the edge of the edge with average heights is observed during surface slopes 15-25 °. With an increase in the slope from these values, the border is shifted down the slope, dropping up to 1050-1150 m. Similar slopes, as a rule, correspond to adverse seaside conditions - large-headed loops of the slopes (Kuruma and screaming) and indigenous yields on the closure.
Weakly hot sections occupying saddle and Nagorno terraces are practically deprived of the effects of slope processes, exposure and circulation factors. Therefore, the landscapes formed on these local sites most fully correspond climatic conditions Altitude belts. Here, the golts belt sole is located at the maximum high-rise levels, approaching 1400 m.
It is hypothetically assume the dependence of the high position of the upper boundary of the forest from the exposure differences in the slopes. If for single arrays of oscillations of the heights of the upper limit of the edded surfaces are predominantly due to the indicators of the surface of the surface, then the exposure differences in the slopes and the associated barrier properties relative to the transfer of air masses should also be important on the medium-high ridges. Barrier circulating functions of mountain and foothill landscapes, incl. and on the example of the Southern Urals, discussed in detail in the works of F.A. Maksutova.
Of all the middle mountain ranges of the Southern Urals, the most notable differences in the position of the upper boundary of the edge of the edges are observed on the most sublime areas of the regional (northwestern) ridges of Nara Zigalga. These differences demonstrate a graph of the heights of the upper boundary of the edge of the XP. Zigalga (Figure 2). With common averages in 1225 m, the average height indicators for the slope of the North-Western orientation are 1246 m, and Southeast - 1187 m.
At the same time, this section of the ridge clearly demonstrates the asymmetry of the slopes - the north-western slope of steep (about 20-30 °), and the southeast in the area of \u200b\u200bthe wintering area of \u200b\u200bthe area to the mining and tundra plots is a hitch (5-10 °) terraceing surface, Employed with parel.
Figure 2. Parameters of high-altitude variations of the upper boundary of the forest cover on the mountain Jip and Zigalga Ridge
Thus, the difference in 60 m between the "Forest - Mountain Tundra" boundary on the slopes of various exposures can be explained by the actual unequal slopes of surfaces. Therefore, the intended thesis on more favorable forest conditions (according to the position of the upper boundary of the forest) on the slopes of the Western visa exposition, we consider unproven. The complexity of the choice of a representative site for these purposes is due to the absence of a sufficient number of mountain ranges with a full profile of the altitude loss and their morphological diversity.
Modern relief of the South Ural Middle Age carries the features of tectonic transformations and paleoclimatic cycles that took place in the Pleistocel-Holocene time. Nagornar terraces are the result of frosty weathelation and solifluction under the conditions of the goltz belt, and currently manifested. Realities of Pleistocene Golt Terraces can be observed in modern forest conditions. Based on the analysis of the structure of the soil cover A.A. Makunina makes similar conclusions about the dynamic position of the position of goltish landscapes: "In the near past, they occupied broader spaces and were developed in lowland and, perhaps, in high foothills." Thus, the identification of its high-altitude position is essential in the knowledge of modern morphogenesis of landscapes.
The study of the boundaries and ecoton zones between adjacent landscapes is not only general auetic interest. The results of such studies can serve as one of the criteria for assessing the stability of landscapes to analyze the relationship between adjacent geosystems. These questions are particularly relevant against the background of reasoning on the evolution of landscapes in the light of possible trends towards changing the natural and climatic conditions at the generallylanet and regional levels.
The studies conducted are one of the trends in the implementation of the laboratory of landscape diversity and the protected business of URO RAS " Modern condition, development trends and parameters of the environmental sustainability of the geosystems of the Zavolzhsko-Ural region "under the program No. 13 of ONZ RAS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
- Bashenina N.V. The origin of the relief of the Southern Urals. M: Oziz, 1948. 231 p.
- Gorchakovsky P.L. Flora and the vegetation of the highland of the Urals / Proceedings of the biology in-style, in Ospi. Sverdlovsk: Ural. Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1966. 270 p.
- Maksutov F.A. Barrier landscapes of the USSR. Saratov: Publishing House Sarat. University, 1981. 138 p.
- Makunina A.A. Ural landscapes. M: Mosk. University, 1974. 158 p.
* Analyze Figure 111, which shows the high-pressure explanation in different parts of the Urals, explain the difference in the set of high-altitude belts in the polar and southern Urals.
The number of high-rise belses in the mountains is reduced towards the south north. The higher the mountains and the south they are, the greater the amount of altitude belts will be characteristic for them. Therefore, the South Ural has a large number of high-rise belts, in comparison with the polar.
* Determine on the map, within which zones are the Ural Mountains. What zones are located on the Polar, Polar and Northern Urals, which on the Middle and South Urals?
The Ural crosses the five natural zones of Eurasia - Tundra, Festourwood, Taiga, Forest Space and Steppe. Polar Ural - Tundra. Porcelary Ural - Fierotundra. North - Taiga. South - forest-steppe and steppes.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. What natural regions can be allocated in the Urals and why?
In the Urals in the difference in altitudes, geological development, climatic conditions are distinguished by several parts: polar, indoor, north, middle and southern Urals.
2. Compare the Polar and South Urals, specify the most significant differences in their nature and the cause of this.
Pai-hooy low ridge - the tundra kingdom of frosting weathering, permafrost, floating soils - goes to the Polar Urals. The mountain tundra of the Polar Urals represents a harsh picture of stone browsing-kurums and rocks. Plants do not create solid cover. On the tundra-gley soils are growing lichens, perennial herbs, sharpening shrubs. In the tundra there are sands, Lemming, White Owl. Reindeer, hareboy, white partridge, wolf, ermine, caress inhabit and in the tundra, and in the forest area.
the Limat of the South Urals is sharply continental: cold winter and hot summer. In winter, the weather determines the Asian anticyclone, invading Siberia, and in the summer the Arctic air masses from Barents and Kara Seas are coming, as well as tropical winds from Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The continentality of the climate is increasing from the North-West to the southeast. Sadkov drops from 350 to 700-800 mm per year. The precipitation is unevenly distributed: on Western (viewed) slopes of the Southern Urals falls more precipitation - from 550 to 650 mm, and in some places, on the eastern (leeward) slopes less than - 400 - 450 mm. Ralsky Mountains, being an important climatic line, determine significant differences in the nature of the vegetation of the European and Asian slopes. On the western slopes of the Southern Urals, there are soufly tailored coniferous-decide forests within the heights of 250-650 m. Pine larch-pine and mixed lipovo-pine forests are most common. In the extreme west of the mountain forest zone, broad forest forests are distributed. The plain compurallers are almost equally divided between the forest-steppe and steppe zones. In the northern part of the forest-steppe zone in vegetable cover, pine forests alternate (sometimes with larch), spider-pine and birch-pine forests with sudochest meadows and sections of meadow steppe. The southern part of the subzone is a barn forest-steppe. Meadow and volatrah-cereal steppes alternate here with borsa, pine-birch groves and birch slices. Clearly traced high-rise explanation.
3. What do you think Ural is a natural frontier between Europe and Asia or a bridge for a smooth transition from European nature to Asian?
Based on the fact that the natural conditions between the foreclosure and the Sarala are significantly different, then the Urals are rather a natural border between Europe and Asia.
4. Why is the nature of the pre-rurals from the Zauralye?
Within the same zone on the plains of the Pre-Urals and Zauralye, natural conditions differ markedly. This is explained by the fact that the Ural Mountains not only form a barrier to resettle certain types of plants and animals, but also serve as a kind of climatic barrier. To the west of them there are more precipitation, the climate is more wet and soft; To the east, that is, behind the Urals, the precipitation is smaller, the climate is dry, with pronounced devices of continental. In addition, significant differences in the tectonic structure are observed between the foreclosure and the Sullegal. The asymmetry of the western and eastern slopes of the Urals is distinctly expressed. To the west to the Russian plain mountains decrease gradually. Low ridges and ridges with gentle slopes are transferred to Hona and hilly sublime plains of the preirals. To the east of the mountains cool break down to the low populists of the Zauralye.
The originality of the nature of the Urals
Objectives and objectives of the lesson:
Continue acquaintance with the nature of the nature of the Urals.
Explorethe bodies of the high-rise belt of the Urals.
Continue the formation of prestables about the natural resources of the Urals.
Equipment:
Physical map of the Urals; Pictures of the Northern Urals, Southern Urals; Tables of explanations in the Urals; Collections of rocks; Herbarium.
During the classes
I. . Organizing time
II. . Reiteration. Checking homework
Questions for repetition
Describe the geographical position of the Urals as it caninfluence the nature of the Urals?(Location in moderate latitudes, faped ridges from North to south, windy slopes more moisturized, the climate of the North and the South of the Urals is different.)
What are the reasons for wealth mineral resources Urals?(Sophisticated I. long geological history of the development of the Urals, accompanied by postponement of sedimentary breeds in the edge of deflection and implementation magma; In the destruction of the mountains on the surface were internal parts of folds isolated by magmatic rocks with which connected deposits of ore minerals.)
What is the difference in the placement of minerals of nonmetallic andore?(The priestly has deposits of non-metallic minerals, and the waterproof ridge and the eastern slopes of the Urals (Trans-Urals) are rich in ore fossil.
Geographic dictation
- Along any Meridian is the Ural Mountains?(60 ° C. d.)
- K. the west of the Ural Mountain is located ...(Russian plain.)
- The highest top of the Urals,(People's 1895 m))
- What folding belongs to the Urals.(Gertie.)
- The main wealth of the Urals.(Minerals are minerals.)
- Mineral Reserve of the Urals.(Ilmensky.)
Where does the majority of ore lie?(On the eastern slope.)
Magnitogorskoye, Kachkanar, Khalilovskoe - what is this placedénia?(Iron ore.)
Mountain flax called ...(Asbestos.)
In the prison - deposits ...(nonroy) minerals, since here lie here ...(sediment) breed.
The problem of the Urals.(Water.)
Malachite, Orlets, Jasper - this ...(DIY) stones.
Work on cards
Card number 1.
What part of the Urals is the highest?(Singlar Urals.)
What part of the Urals is the most wide?(South Urals ~ 400 km.)
Why a large number of Railways crosses the mountains within the middle of the Urals?(This is the lowest part of the mountains.)
4. What are the heights dominate here?(450-500 m.)
Card number 2.
I.. What sequence is traced in the placement of rocks?(Western slopes - more young sediments - edge deflection - Paleogenic, and Eastern - ancient rocks and scold jimy magmatic (intrusion).)
What useful fossils are timed to the regional deflection?(Ka mennaya coal, salts - nonmetallic.)
What are the minerals in the central zone and in the Eastern Zoneslope? Why?(Iron ores, copper ores -tny, because of the lay wives these zones. Magmatic rocks.)
Card number 3.
What is the difference between the Ural mountains from Caucasian? (Mark points,fair for the Ural Mountains and for Caucasian.)
The average height of the mountains from 500-800 m.
Mountains are between the two seas.
Mountains share the mainland to the European and Asian parts.
Smoothed vertices.
Large slopes, pointed peaks.
Mountain ridges are elongated in the meridional direction.
The highest peak has a height of 1895 m.
The highest peak is an extinct volcano.
Mountains folded.
10. Mountains folded-chucky.
Answer: Urals: 1, 3,4, 6, 7, 10. Caucasian: 2, 5, 8, 9.
III. Study of a new topic
Consider the features in the placement of natural complexes of the Urals.
In which part of the Urals are less than natural zones (high-rise belts)?Why?(In the Polar Urals - Tundra and Snow. On the Middle Urals - Forest, since it is low.)
What part of the Urals is the most diverse in nature? Why?(South Ural is in the forest-steppe zone.)
Is the altitude explanation in the Middle Urals? Why?(Facts no, since it is low mountains.)
Comparison of the nature of the indoor, middle and southern Urals Porpolar Ural - this is the most high part Urals
Find the highest peak.(Mount People, 1895 m.)
The vertices are often pointed, crests are pointed. This is also a kingdomtundra and stone placers, but the foot of the tundra is replaced by Taiga.Porpolar Ural Dick and Surov. This is the most difficult part of the Urals.
Here the ridges are elongated meridional, unlike the ridges of the Polar Urals, having a direction from the northeast to the south-west. In the indoor urals, deep gorges Western slopes (pre-executed) are busywarf taiga, and east (in Trans-Urals) - Taiga from Elute, Cedar and larch. At the foot of this part of the Urals also many stone fieldsand scree.
Southern borderPolar Urals Is parallel 64 ° C. sh. Here is the Mount Telnostom - the Wind Mountain (1617 m).
South of G. Taiga and Tundra KingdomNorthern Urals. Hereno glaciers. Century pines, larches, fir trees and fir trunksthe slopes of the mountains "Parma" - so called the northern silent "deaf" taigalocals. There are strange sculptures of solid rocks in the form of a column, pillars in the Northern Urals. Locals call themdoodle. These are rocks - the remains.
3. onNorthern Urals Teach Vishera, Lozva, Pechora, Ilych - Riversfrom edge syavy high shores, overgrown taiga. In the Northern Uralsmountain taiga is born biosphere reserve - Pechoro-Ilychsky.
Medium Ural - The lowest part of the Urals. From Konzhakinsky stone tomount Jurma, stretched the average Urals. The vertices are not high here,Katchcanar 878 m. This is an easily accessible part of the Ural Mountains. It is through the mediaural railways pass from Europe from Europe to Asia. On theMiddle Ural big accumulation of cities with metallurgical plants. Heremininghalf of the polar fossils of the Urals: iron ores, copper, itleft, asbestos, gold. Middle Urals does not have altitude belts, it is a kiss of one belt- mountain Taiga. This is the most modified by a person part.Urals.
Southern Urals - the most picturesque part of the Ural Mountains, stretches from the mountainJurma to the latitudinal flow of the Ural River. The highest peak heremount Yamantau (1638 m). Very beautiful valleys of the preysters rivers: Ufa, White, Yurisani. Here are many lakes. Most large lake Urals - Turgoyak. The lakes are wonderful places of recreation Urals.
The vertices of the mountains of the round in the foothills are rising remains. The high-rise explanancy of the Southern Urals is represented by the greatest number of belts.The lower belt is represented by the steppes zone, above - deciduous forest - From Dubov, Lip, even higher - Taiga belt. Taiga covers and tops of mountains, only in some way, deprived of vegetation rocks - Shikhans, similar tothere is a towers.
Comparison can be done by filling out a table.
Comparative characteristics of the Urals
Damn nature.Porcelary Urals
Middle Ural
South Ural
Location nie on the Ural
South of the Polar to the North to the city
Between the northern and south of the city of Kon-Zhakovsky stoneg. Jurma
South of Jurma
Higher vertices
International 1895 m, the highest part of the Urals
kachkanar 878 m,the lowest part is most mastered.
yamanta, the mostwide part of the cheerla
The overall nature of relief
Dick and harsh mountain assembly, deep gorge, cool slopes. The tops are sharp, glaciers, stone fields, Kuruma.
The smoothed ridges, rounded tops, in the priest of the Courty Cave.
Especially beautifulmediterranean, Declamwomen's topspicturesque valleysrivers, many lakes.
High resistance.
Snow, Goltsy, Tundra, Forestandra, North Taiga.
Darky forests.
Tundra, Taiga, mixed forests, widecollective forests, forest-steppe.
Fill in the table, students independently conclude about the difference in partsUrals.
Output: Changing nature is associated with the location of the parts of the Uralson different latitude. (The most picturesque part of the Urals - Southern Urals.) And with different absolute heights - the lowest - the middle of the Urals is nothas high-rise belts. FROMnature of Nature Prei Urals and Zauralye
On the division of the Urals on the Pre-Ural (with gentle slopes) and the Sullegalhersteep slopes, about the asymmetry of the mountains, about the imaginary slope (Westnumber) about Western transfer of the winds already spoken at the previous lesson, sweatoMA this table can be performed independently according to plan.
Pattern in the placement of natural complexes, change from west to east
Trans-ruralPrecipitation more than 600 mm
Precipitation less than 400 mm
Moderate-continental climate(Winter softer),
Continental (winter colder).
Rus more.
Rivers of the pools of the Northern Ocean and Interior Stream (Pechora andinflows of Kama)
River basin of the Northern Ice Ocean (tributaries r. Ob).
Vegetation, more hotfir forests.
South of the taiga broad forest.
More pine forests, larch.No deciduous forests
Pre-Ural - Continuation of EastEuropean plains.
Zauralale - the transition to harsh Siberia.
Minerals are not mery
Ore
Mountain breeds sediment
Magmatic and metamorphic
Homework § 37; Answer questions B.: § 33; answer the questions. R.:
Topic 5. Ural Mountain Country.
Orography and plasterometry. The Ural extended in the suberidional direction is divided into the elevation of the Pay (average height of 200- 400 m, the maximum in ᴦ. Sea - from - 467 m), Polar Urals (500-1000 m, Pairyer - 1472 m), Porny Urals (500- 1500 m, ᴦ. People's - 1895 m), Northern Urals (500-1000 m, ᴦ. Konzhakovsky stone - 1569 m), Middle Urals (300 - 500 m), South Urals (500 - 1000 m, ᴦ. Yamantau - 1640 m), Muurgary (200-5 m, ᴦ. Big Bothbai - 657 m). With a small mountain belt shirin (50-150 km, up to 15 parallel ridges) are allocated to the pre-execution with a number of hills that smoothes the transition from the Russian Plain to the Urals; Actually the Ural, consisting of OSR (usually unnamed) ridges, Western and Eastern macroscone; Zauralale (narrow - no more than 200 km lane of plains height 200-300 m, the orographic border sharp).
Geological development and structure. By fixist ideasThe Ural is a Hercyrian folded structure within the limits of the huge Ural-Tyanzhansky (or Ural-Mongolian) folded belt. Its development began in the Precambrian, when the accumulation of the most ancient (Archey, Proteroza, Lower Cambrich) occurred dorals The thickness, later subjected to metamorphism and currently presented by Gneis, crystal shale, quartzites, amphibolites. Persistently highlighted the thickness, named after N.S.Shatsky rifey group (Rifehee ancient researchers called the Urals). In its composition, in addition to metamorphic, terrigenous (conglomerates, sandstones, aleurolites) and carbonate (limestones, dolomites, marbles) of rock are widespread. The development of the premarital ended by Baikal folding. The folds of the premarital stretched from North-West on southeast. Such a orientation has been preserved at the Timansky grade and a number of other structures.
Starting from the Ordovka, the launch and development of the Ural geosyncline, oriented submeridionial, and accumulation uralid . In the western part of the Urals, Caledonian folding was manifested within the miogosynclinal (non-cocked zone of geosynclinal). The Hercinian folds covered the eastern part and reworked the Caledonian structures of the Western Urals. Within the eastern part, Evgeosinclinal was located, in which magmatic processes and rocks play a significant role.
Today dominate mobilet ideason the development of the Urals. The geosynclinal process is perceived as the result of the "diving" of the oceanic cortex of the Wesnosybird Paleoocyana under the Eastern European stove of the continuum (subduction). As a result of tectonic bugs, power increased many times earth crust. Conducted by lowering the oceanic cortex in the metamorphism zone and melting processes contributed to the occurrence of the granite-metamorphic layer. As a result, the oceanic type bark was reborn to the continental. Quite often, the subduction of the oceanic block was replaced by refrigeration, that is, to the ending of it on the hard edge of the Eastern European slab. As a result, numerous fragments of the ancient ocean bottom on the tops of the Urals are observed. A significant range of horizontal movement of tectonic covers and shards is detected. The roots of the structures are located on the eastern slope of the Urals, and they themselves are often moved into the ossella zone, and sometimes on the Western slopes. The ancient bottom paleoocyana consisted of basalt and sedimentary layers. The remains of the first represent their blocks), consisting of ultra-large and basic rocks (doomed plates), the second-blocks of carbonate rocks (initially carbonate oceanicals), which are called olitolithiums and olistromes.
As a result of the Gercinsky folding and raising a significant territory, maritime regime was changed by the continental, the Ural Mountains appeared. According to the laws of Isostas (equilibrium), sushi descend to the west of born mountains occurred.
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The pre-Uralsky deflection was flooded by the waters of Lagun, at the bottom of which in Late Carbon - Perm, plots - in Triassa, the products of the destruction of mountains were accumulated and MOLASOVOVA deposits were formed. All the geostructures of the Urals and separating their deep faults are oriented submeridionially. The geostructures are in terms of the form of the strips, consistently as they move to the east of replacing each other in space. On the border with the Russian slab there is a pre-rally edge deflection. In his section, asymmetry is revealed: the eastern wing is deep and cool, the Western is randomly smaller. In the course of its development, the deflection constantly hit the West to the eastern edge of the Russian slab. The east of the deflection is observed alternation of anticlinorium (Central Ural, Easternural, Zauralsky) and Sincline (Magnitogorsk-Tagilic, Easternuralist), and in the eastern part these structures come to the surface only in the south, and in the north they are blocked by a younger cover of the Wesnosibrian Plate.
Minerals. The specifics of the geological structure determines big variety Minerals of the Urals. At short distances, the composition of rocks containing various complexes of minerals changes dramatically. Magmatogenic and metamorphogenic fields are confined to rich in intrusion of various composition of Easternural anticlinoria. Magnetite deposits are connected with gilt-shaped intrusions (skarno deposits of magnetic, high, grace), gold in quartz veins, copper, polymetals. Krom, platinum, nickel, cobalt, asbestos, diamonds, diamonds are confined to intrusion of the main and ultrabaste composition. Alkali-based anti-alkali intrusions are obliged to aluminum deposits. In Bashkiria, in the Rhypsic strata, numerous deposits of siderite, magnetite ores and brown jazznakov.
The field of sedimentary genesis is a pre-rally. Among them are Solikamsk (potash and magnesian salts), Krasnokamskoye and Solzhetsky (stone salt), Vorkutinsky, Kizelovskoye ( coal), oil and gas fields on the border with a Russian slab. Boxites ("Red Hap") are mined in the ancient weathering barks. Front-highly known placer deposits of golden of emeralds and other precious stones. Widespread rich construction stone deposits.
Geomorphology.
The Gerced Ural was soon destroyed by denudation. Sheplying relief lasted during the Mesozoic and Paleogen. Formed surface alignment with weathering. It has practically not changed to the present, such a surface in Pai, Mulgarians, the Zauralskaya South Urals, and in the Middle Urals. At the end of the oligocene, the Urals was covered by the latest tectonic raising. The orthogonal fault system it was broken into many blocks. Along the relaxes of faults, the chains of the lake Kotlovin are located, which is especially characteristic of the eastern macroscone, the lakes and river valleys have gained the knee-like shape. The raising was differentiated, very different in the intensity, but they were not intense. As noted, raising on the Middle Urals, in Pay and Muurgary, almost did not appear. They were slightly stronger in the North and Polar Urals. Moderate raising covered only the Southern and Southern Urals. As a result, the morphostructure of the muffin and chill-folding mountains was produced in these territories.
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For their appearance, a dining unit is characterized, steep step slopes and a poten-like or a weak-point vertex surface. In the areas of weak movements, deanitation sublime plains and small-scale plains were developed.
In Pleistocene, the Ploplar Urals was part of the Uralo-Novoemel of the Olesenination Center, the covering glaciers embraced the entire north of the 60th parallels of the Urals, and the foci of mountain glaciation and snowflies often met south. In such conditions, the Relief glacier and cryogenic morphoschool of the top belt of the mountains was developed.
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Modern glaciation It has been preserved only in the indoor Urals, where modern ice mills are limited. But at the heights of over 500 m, a modern cryogenic (goltz) morphoskulface is widely solved. The lower belt is dominated by a fluvial morphoschool with rid-shaped watersheds and sharply embedded valleys. Due to the widespread distribution of carbonate rocks, plaster and easily soluble salts in many areas of the Urals, the Southern Pre-Urals are especially developed. Capov, Kungurs and other caves are highlighted in particular large size. In Muurgas, there are arid form of relief.
Climate. In the schemes of climatic zoning, the Urals does not form a unified region. Its OR, the area plays the role of a clear climeturn between Russian and West Siberian plains. The gradual transformation of the incident with the Western transfer of the Atlantic air is replaced here with a jump-shaking change of its characteristics. In a moderate belt, the climetrospode separates the Atlantic-continental forest area of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Plain from the Contin -ental Forest Forest Region of the West Siberian Plain. The noticeable increase in the degree of continentality Eastern Urals is due to: a. an increase in air temperature amplitudes due to enhancing the severity of the winters; b. a decrease in the amount of precipitation due to the decrease in the absolute moisture content of the Atlantic air; in. A clearer expression of the continental regime of precipitation (summer maximum and winter minimum of precipitation is expressed in the Urals more than in Russian plains).
For all year over northern regions Urals prevail cyclonal, and over southern - anticyclonal weather. This is due to the best conditions for overcoming the orographic barrier by the ongoing Western trajectories (with the northern component) atlantic cyclones in the lowest part of it - the hydrogenation of the Pay. This is especially brightly manifested in winter in the conditions of Kara's hidden, an Icelandic minimum. The dominance of anticyclonal weather over the south of the Urals is connected in winter with the formation of the Western Siberian Maximum, and in the summer - with the policies of the anticyclones are east of the outskirts of the Azor maximum. Significant differences in the conditions of circulation of troposphere determine the difference between weather conditions. For cyclonal weather, elevated clouds are characterized, tightening often frowning precipitations, wind enhancement, temperature mitigation (summer weakening heat, winter frost). Anticyclonal weather is associated with the domination of the downward movement of air in the central part of anticyclones, leading to the erosion of clouds and strengthen the radiation processes in the troposphere (abnormally frosty, in the winter - abnormally hot weather). It is worth saying that for them the absence of precipitation and mouldnoter is typical. Sharply excellent weather is observed in the peripheral sections of anticyclones, where there are common and strong winds under the influence of a sharp drop atmospheric pressureaccompanied by winter snowstorms and snowy tumans with simultaneous mitigation of frosts.
Along with the Western transfer of air masses in spring and rally, the meridional component of the transfer is enhanced, the frequency of AV to the extreme south of the region is increasing; This causes the weather instability, unexpected frequent returns of cold weather and freezing in spring and even (in the panlarium and plague) - in the summer. In the warm part of the year, the advection of heat is intensified from the SOS, the districts of the Kazakh small-scale and Turan plain.
As for any mountainous country, the Urals are characterized by the distruting of the placement on the territory of the climatic indicator: they differ significantly on the slopes of different exposures, in the hollows, on the slopes or vertices, etc. In connection with the abundance of the orographic kitelin and the increased severity of the winters are typical siberian traits of weather, in particular, inversion of temperatures.
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On some days of December, in Zlatoust, located on the bottom of the basin, temperatures were recorded from -19 to -22 degrees, in the same time, located 400 m above the Ivanovsky mine, they ranged from -0.4 to -5.2 degrees; The average temperature of December in Zlatoust for 2 degrees is lower than in the Ivanovo mine. In the summer, with normal stratification of the troposphere with a raising by 500 m, the temperature decreases on average by 4 degrees. The wide distribution of temperature inversions entailed inversion in placing vegetation (see the corresponding section).
Conducted by seasonal changes to the radiation change of weather at the time of year is expressed, as in the whole moderate belt, clearly.
For the Urals, the natural change of climatic indicator is typical, both as moving from the west to the East and in the meridional direction, but the causes and patterns of changes are different. With a great length of the Urals, zonal differences are great. In the direction of the north - south: a. the values \u200b\u200bof total radiation and radiation balance increase; b. The conditions of heat supply are improved; in. The amount of precipitation first increases from less than 450 mm on a oscillating to over 800 mm, and then decreases to less than 400 mm in Murgugs; ᴦ. the wetting conditions are naturally deteriorating (from a sharp excess of moistening to excessive, optimal and insufficient moistening); e. The degree of continuous content of the climate from the moderate sockets-centylter to the continental and even reskokontin-centylone increases. Changes are gradually gradual and similar to their changes on the SOS. Zonal changes depend on the seasons. Thus, the average temperatures of January change relatively little - from -22 degrees in the north to -16 degrees in Murgugov, but in July they increase from 7 to 25 degrees.
In the direction of the West-East, the changes are of a jump-like nature, due to the influence of the relief and circulation of the troposphere and also change during the year. In this direction, they differ sharply: a. The amount of precipitation and characteristics of snow cover b. temperature conditions cold period of the year; in. The degree of continunity of the climate. On the plains of the Pre-Urals per year, 500 - 800 mm of precipitation falls over the year, and the height of the snow cover is up to 60 to 70 cm. Due to the activation and partitioning of the Atlantic (year-round) and Mediterranean (winter in southern half of the mountain structure) of cyclones, orographic precipitation loss When overcoming the Barrier of the Urals with air masses, the amount of precipitation increases and reaches a maximum in the summer in OS, and in winter - on Western Macroclone and the slopes of elevations of the Pre-Urals (in OSD and in the loaf of the slopes, the precipitation conditions are deteriorating under the influence of inversions) . On the eastern macroscone and especially in the Urals, the amount of precipitation decreases (100 - 200 mm compared to the West), and in snow Pokrov accumulates three times less water than in the offering.
Temperature contrasts between the West and East of the Urals are absent in the summer, but sharply expressed in the cold season. This is largely determined by the mechanism overcoming the air masses of the mining facility. Relatively warm and therefore lighter air that has achieved passages, in the future it cannot fall to the surface of the zuvylana plains, since this is hampered by local cold and heavy air. Under the influence of a sharp increase in the severity of the winters and the decrease in the amount of precipitation and moisture supply, the degree of continuity of the climate change is also changing.
Inland waters. Urals is a watershed between the basins of the Arctic Ocean (and in it - between the pools of the seas of Kars and Laptev) and internal flow (mainly flowing into Caspian lake). Within the Urals hydrological characteristics Rivers are similar: the power is predominantly snow, the flow mode is close to Eastern European. The main difference is reduced to a significantly greater volume of the total annual runoff of the rivers of the Urals in comparison with the Sarala (in relation to 3: 1). Reflecting the lattice system for dismembering the surface, valleys and river beds in terms of knee-like bends.
The region stands out as a single Ural mountain storage basin of groundwater. It is worth saying that it is characterized by the area of \u200b\u200bnutrition to the OSRA region of the Urals and the presence of centrifugal water movement. According to the periphery of the pool, its smooth transition to the hydrogeological basins of the SOS-Owl Plains is observed: in the West - Eastern European, in the East - West Siberian, playing, especially in winter, a significant role in the nutrition of their rivers.
Ural is one of the lake areas of Russia. Numerous lakes of the Eastern Macroclone of the Middle and South Urals prevail, the hollows of which are prevailing to the zones of tectonic faults and form up to three submeridional oriented chains, as well as carot lakes in the high-altitude belt of the ice-relief of the northern part of the region.
High resistance. The biogenic components of the nature of the extended and low urals are subject to cumulative effects and latitudinal zonality, and high-dimensional explanation, and long-term provinciality. Because the Ural crosses a number of latitudinal zones available on the SOS, there is a natural shift in it. Typeshigh-altitude explanation: Tundrovo-Fundra on the Pay and Polar Urals, Taiga on the Polar, Northern and Middle Urals, Larithic - Field-Step-Steppe in the Southern Urals and semi-deserted in Murgug. At the same time mountain analogs plain zones Displaced in the mountains much south in comparison with the plains. For example, mountain tundras are widespread in the Urals per 100 km south of the southern border of the plain forest tundra, and the fragments of the mountain tundras come to the Southern Urals; The Urals Gornel Belt shifts 200 km south of the southern Taiga border on the plains. This kind of "hybrid" zonality and high-altitude explanation received a special name: mining uncertainty. The barrier role of the Urals led to various variants of high-rise belts in Western and East macroscone, which should be regarded as a manifestation of legal provinciality.
The most primitive structure of the altitude explanation is revealed to the Pay and Polar Urals. Plain Tundra and Latstone are replaced by small (about 200 m and less) absolute altitudes Mountain tundra on mountain-rowed soils. A number of authors distinguishes at the heights of more than 500 m of a waist of cold goltie deserts, the main characteristics of which by A.A.Makunina / 1985 /, the following. but. The leading role of the cryogenic processes of relief formation (frosty weathering and engraving processes) forming very dynamic Nagorn terraces and stony coverings (Kuruma). b. Complete lack of vegetation, except for precipitated lichens. in. The aggressiveness of the Halt landscapes, due to year-round accumulation on the collumba snow and moisture (precipitation and condensate) and the leaking of water at the lower boundary of the Kurumov, contributing to the growth of the Goltsi. Based on another interpretation of the term "Goltsy" as deprived of forest vegetation of mountain peaks / CEFFG, 1980 /, it is better to combine mountain tundra and goltsy in the composition of the Unified golts belt.In the southern part of the Polar Urals, a subglitus belt (elo-bearing rarely and crime, dwarf birches and willows), moving on the plains to larch edging (West) or a dark taiga (West), are traced in the southern part of the polar.
Taiga type High resistance is most common in the Urals. The structure of the high-altitude explanation is complicated by the dominant mining belt. In Western Macroscon, it is fully represented by a dark-haired option. On the eastern way, as it moves to the south, darkly occupy gradually narrowing upper part of the mining belt. In the lower part of this belt in the southern direction, the width of the strip of light-dual, mostly pine forests increases, respectively. Podoltsovy (larch gear and oppressed crighter with alder, shrub birch, wow) and Golts (mountain tundra and goltie desert) belts are most developed on the Sorry North Urals. At the small heights of the Middle Urals, mountain tundras and alpine meadows are represented only by small fragments. Due to the wide manifestation temperature inversions Inversion of high-altitude belts arises on the middle and southern Urals: mountain taiga grows on the bottoms of Kotlovin, either an admixture of broad-willed, either wide forests (oak, above the slope of Lipa, admixtures of maple and Ilma) on Western Macroscona, or light-kinny forests with a wide undergrowth - On the eastern macroscone.
The largest number of high-rise belts is represented in the South Urals. Below a narrow strip of dark (spruce, fir) and relatively wide, developed mainly on the Eastern MacroClon - Svetochvoy (pine, larch) of the mining belt consistently replace each other: the belt of sparse oak crighters (on Western Macroclone), glitstic oak and linden (on Western Macroscon) or Birch (East) Forests, Mountain Forestry, Mountain Western East Macroscon. Above the mining belt fragmentary expressions are pronounced (woodwall with rare fir and fir) and alpine or goltie (rare fragments of alpine meadows and mountain tundras).
In Muurgarians, holly-cellated semi-desert pregnursions are replaced with mountain height and on rare vertices - fragments of cereal steppes.
Physical geographical zoning. On the entire authors of regional (avonal) schemes of physical geographical zoning The USSR and Russia of the borders of the Urals were held equally. Moreover, his Eastern border coincides with the border allocated by some authors. subcontinines/ Okava B. . B. , Timofeev D.A., 1968, 3 - 19 s. /, Which are largely autonomous asian and European lithospheric plates of the second order (together they constitute the Eurasian first-order slab). The Western Border of the Urals from East European plains. All these facts testify in favor of the high degree of objectivity of the Urals, as an independent physico- geographical country . The criteria for its separation are as follows.
A. The geostructural originality of the Urals (the area of \u200b\u200bthe epipaleozoic, mainly epigericular folding, from the point of view of nonobilism - the zone of interaction between two lithospheric plates) and its significant differences from the geostructures of the SOS region (ancient and young platform).
B. Morphostructure the specifics of the Urals (the predominance of chuck and chuck-folding mountains) and its differences from the Eastern European (the predominance of the reservoir plans) and the West Siberian (the predominance of accumulative plains) of physical geographic countries.
V. Macroclimatic Criteria: Climate, reflecting the impact of the orographic barrier on the nature of climatic formation moderate belt.
G. The predominance of high-dimensional explanation in the formation of biogenic components (instead of the latitudeal patterns of SOS SO).
For allocations of units of physico-geographical zoning of the second rank - physico geographic areas - Mountain areas use the analysis of high-altitude types. In the Urals, the types of high-rise explanation are clearly consistent with morphoskulpural relief differences. The latter are perfectly expressed on the ground, which allows them to be used as indicators Separation of physico-geographic areas. To identify units of the third rank, a genetic criterion is used. Previously, the issues of identifying the characteristics of the origin of any territory were already considered (see General Review). The initiating role of the newest tectonics, as well as the importance of the relationship between the components in the genesis of the nature of the regions, was emphasized.
The diagram of physico-geographic business inside the Urals is as follows.
I. The area of \u200b\u200bice cryogenic relief with development in the foothills of the tundra, timber tundra, northern and middle taiga. It highlighted the provinces: a. Polar-Uralskaya (with Piud), b. Porpolar-Ural, in. North-Uralskaya.
II. Fluvial relief area with development in the foothills of southern taiga and deciduous forests. Provinces: ᴦ. Central Ural and D. Yuzhnouralskaya.
Sh. Region of fluuvial-arid relief forms with presence in the foothills of the forest-steppe, steppes and semi-deserts. Provinces: E. Trans-Ural Pedpet and G. Mulgarians.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe cryogenic relief with a change in the foothills of the zones from the tundra to the South Taigaexposed to highly differentiated newest block raises - from very weak (pay) to moderate (Porcholar Urals), which led to the occurrence of various high-altitude steps - an elevated plain (Pai-Hoi), lowland (the prevailing part of the region) and Midniod (Porcholar Urals) . The rejuvenation of the mining relief is stronger than this, it was manifested in the OSR, the area of \u200b\u200bthe indoor Urals and almost did not affect the Pay and the foothills, in which the surface of Donoogenova Penethelen is expressed. Sculptural processing of relief occurred and accomplished in historical time in conditions of harsh climates.
Extracted from the coast of the Ugra Bowl (almost 70 degrees S.Sh.) to the origins of p.
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Kosvy (59 degrees S.Sh) The territory in the northern third of it intersects the northern polar circle and is located in Polar and Polar latitudes. The consequence of this is the relatively severe climate of the subarctic belt, the Atlantic-Arctic and Atlantic-Contin -ental regions of the moderate belt. Notable climate change as it raises to the mountains create a high-rise lower landscape, which is distinguished by a primitive structure (the domination of the golts and centers and the development of the mining belt only in the Northern Urals). Landscape differences in physical geographical provinces of the region are thus conditioned by the joint impact of lithogenic and climatic factors within the limits of Lin-Extraly elongated territory.
Fluvial relief area with development in the foothills of southern taiga and deciduous forestssubached particularly strong anthropogenic exposure. It is extremely important to include the restoration of primary landscapes and the use of its data in the interests of physical geographic zoning. Under the influence of a relatively mild climate of the moderate belt, the main factor in the detail of the relief becomes flowable water. A significant contrast of non-consonical raises, noticeably rejuvenated mountain relief of the Southern Urals and not affected by the surface of Donoogenic Penenlen in the rest of the region allows you to clearly oppose the landscape characteristics of the provinces of the Middle and South Urals. For high-rise explanation, the dominance of minning landscapes, noticeable exposure differences and a rather complicated structure (in the South Urals).
Area of \u200b\u200bfluuvial-arid morphoschool with development in the foothills of the forest-steppe, steppes and semi-desert.On the Zaralsky Penpetneu and Muurgarians did not show up the latest raising, Donoogenic Penpetlen was preserved. The climate is characterized by the best (within the Urals) of heat supply conditions and a noticeable moisture deficit. Fluvial morphoskulface is represented by modern and relic forms. Aridal forms are typical for Mulgarian.
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The structure of the high-altitude explanancy is primitive, steppe and semi-desert landscapes dominate.
Topic 5. Ural Mountain Country. - Concept and species. Classification and features of the category "Topic 5. Ural Mountain Country." 2017, 2018.
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