Fauna of Kuzbass. Abstract for primary school students
Vetlugaeva Yana SergeevnaTarget: the formation of students' ideas about the animal world of Kuzbass, its originality, beauty and uniqueness.
Tasks:
1. To acquaint students with the nature of their native land, the variety of animals, their importance for humans.
2. To develop memory, the ability to compare and draw conclusions; ability to work in a group.
3. To cultivate a careful and responsible attitude to the nature of the native land.
Lesson plan:
1. Introductory conversation and presentation of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
2. Learning new material. general characteristics fauna of Kuzbass.
3. Work in groups. Animals of taiga, mixed forests, steppes and forest-steppes of Kuzbass.
4. Consolidation of the studied material.
5. Summing up the results of the lesson.
Course of the lesson:
1. Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Hello guys! In the last lesson, we met with flora Kuzbass. We found out what plant communities there are in our region, got acquainted with some plants of our region and with their useful properties. Today we will continue to get acquainted with the nature of the Kemerovo region, we will talk about the animals that inhabit our region.
2. Learning new material. General characteristics of the fauna of Kuzbass.
The natural landscapes of the Kemerovo region are very diverse, and this determined the diversity of the animal world inhabiting our region. About 450 species of vertebrates live in Kuzbass, of which 74 species are mammals, more than 300 species are birds, 6 species of reptiles, 5 amphibians and 42 species of fish. Many representatives of the fauna of Kuzbass are rare, protected, and listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region.
Among the permanent residents of our region, the largest are the brown bear and the elk. They live mainly in the taiga area. In the mountainous and lowland taiga, beaver, wolverine, badger, lynx, fox, otter, ermine, weasel, Siberian weasel, squirrel, chipmunk and flying squirrel also live. V mountainous terrain there are Siberian reindeer, red deer and musk deer. Another deer of our region - roe deer - lives in mixed forests and forest-steppes. Wolves, ferrets, ground squirrels, hamsters, marmots, and voles also live in the steppes and forest-steppes.
Among the birds in our region, both in winter and in summer, there are hazel grouse, capercaillie, black grouse, gray partridge, woodpecker, nuthatch, titmouse, jay, crow, magpie, thrush and sparrow. In winter, bullfinches, partridges and waxwings arrive. In summer, geese, ducks, cranes, waders, bitterns nest on the shores of reservoirs. Birds of prey are of great help in the fight against pests in fields and gardens - these are owls, harrier, horse, balabans.
The reservoirs of the Kemerovo region were not long ago famous for their fish resources. And now taimen, lenok, whitefish, dace, burbot, pike, chebak, ide and about 30 species of fish are found in clean taiga and mountain rivers. But human economic activity, pollution of rivers, the construction of various structures on rivers and their banks adversely affect the aquatic inhabitants of Kuzbass.
The number of invertebrates and insects living in the territory of Kuzbass includes more than a thousand species, and they are still not well studied. Moreover, every year new species are discovered for our region. But that's why it is interesting unique nature Kuznetsk region!
3. Work in groups. Animals of taiga, mixed forests and steppes and forest-steppes of Kuzbass.
The list of animals of the Kemerovo region includes representatives of different sizes, leading a terrestrial, underground, air, water or near-water lifestyle, adapted to the conditions of existence in various landscapes and natural zones. Therefore, each of them is an amazing creation of nature. Each of them deserves a closer acquaintance with him ... But even a simple list of animals - the inhabitants of Kuzbass - will take a lot of time. You can endlessly talk about the animals of our region and their way of life. Therefore, today we will get acquainted with only a few of them, but such, without which it is impossible to imagine our Kuzbass.
- Today we will work in groups.
- Now you will be divided into three groups of 4-5 people each. Each group will prepare reports about animals that inhabit a particular plant community.
First group will prepare a message "Animals of the taiga of Kuzbass".
The taiga zone is the largest natural area of Kuzbass. The taiga is distinguished by its harsh climate, so the animals living in the taiga are perfectly adapted to its climate. Taiga feeds many animals, some of which feed on seeds of conifers, buds and shoots of shrubs, various insects, berries and mushrooms, while others lead a predatory lifestyle, attacking live prey.
Second group will prepare a message "Animals of mixed forests of Kuzbass".
Mixed forests occupy a smaller area than taiga. These are mainly spruce and pine, some birch and aspen. Some animals of these forests in the past were numerous, but then, as a result of excessive hunting, they were exterminated and survived only in reserves. Others managed to be restored in nature, thanks to protective measures (beavers).
Third group will prepare a report “Animals of the steppe and forest-steppe of Kuzbass”.
A characteristic feature of the steppes is the absence of forests on vast plains covered with rich herbaceous vegetation, variability of the vegetation cover due to low rainfall. There are no trees in the steppe, because they lack moisture there. The climate in the steppe is quite warm: hot dry summers with occasional rains and moderate warm winter... For the steppe, species of animals are typical, distinguished by sharp eyesight and the ability to run long and fast. Most of the birds fly away for the winter.
Each of the group members will receive a card with a description and photograph of an animal that lives in a particular plant community. When the groups are ready, each will present their work done.
- Getting started (see Appendix 1).
For 15 minutes, students study the information about the animal proposed to them on the card, prepare a message, then the whole group presents their work to the class one by one. Students talk about the animal, its lifestyle, while the teacher demonstrates a presentation consisting of photographs of these animals.
4. Consolidation of the studied material.
Students of the crossword puzzle "Animals of Kuzbass" (see Appendix 2).
5. Summing up the results of the lesson.
The nature of Kuzbass is beautiful and rich. We have taiga, which is home to animals. Flowers of extraordinary beauty bloom in the meadows. We have a unique earthly treasure in Kuzbass - herbs, among them there are a lot of medicinal ones. Fish splash in rivers and lakes.
But every year the state of nature is getting worse and worse. A person increasingly interferes in her life. The diversity of animal species decreases, forests disappear, rivers dry up, lakes turn into swamps. Man considers himself the ruler of nature, but he is mistaken, because animals, birds, fish can live without us, but we cannot live without them.
It is difficult to find a person who would not be happy to communicate with nature. But you need to understand that in nature everything is interconnected, and one cannot help being a friend to animals and not love plants. Only you and I can preserve the beauty and wealth of Kuzbass.
- We got to know only some of the animals that inhabit the Kuznetskaya Land. But there are other, equally amazing and beautiful creations of nature. We will definitely get acquainted with them, with their way of life! See you in the next class.
Annex 1.
Group work
3rd year of study
Card number 1 (Taiga animals)
Brown bear
The bear is an omnivorous animal. It feeds on berries, nuts, catches fish, frogs, birds, loves honey. A well-fed bear will not waste energy on hunting, but when food is scarce, the bear turns into a dangerous predator. He attacks any beast, loses fear of man. The bear looks awkward, but runs very fast, swims and climbs trees wonderfully.
A brown bear sometimes weighs up to 700 kg, and its body length reaches three meters. As winter approaches, the bear grows fat: under the skin it accumulates a thick layer of fat. Having such a reserve, it easily endures the winter, hibernating for six months. But the bear's sleep is a bit, if the bear is disturbed, he wakes up and wanders, staggers in search of a new den. Such a bear is called a connecting rod, and it is the most dangerous animal in the forest. Any Living being prey for him. Having lost his caution from hunger, he enters the villages to haul cattle. It can also attack a person.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 2 (Taiga animals)
Wolverine
Wolverine looks like a small bear. During the day, the wolverine sleeps in secluded places, and with the onset of darkness it goes out in search of food. The main food for her is carrion, eating it, the wolverine carries out sanitary cleaning of the forest. In the presence of carrion, the wolverine will not waste energy on hunting, but sometimes hunger still pushes it to hunt. Wolverine does not know how to catch mice and hares. Its prey is large animals - elk, roe deer, musk deer. Wolverine is very agile, brave and strong. She has long sharp claws, large teeth. But even so, she cannot dump a healthy moose, which is 10 times heavier than her. Therefore, she seeks out a deer strayed from its mother or a sick weak deer. She hunts from ambush: she hides in the branches of trees and waits for prey to appear. Falling down on top of a deer, wolverine powerful jaws gnaws at the victim. The wolverine will not eat much at a time - it will hide most of the carcass in reserve.
In winter, a wolverine mother has 2-3 cubs in the den, which she takes care of for a whole year.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 3 (Taiga animals)
Sable
Sable is famous for its beautiful fur. In winter, his fur coat is especially beautiful: delicate, silky - you won't freeze in such a coat. And in summer, the animal looks like a thin cat. The sable runs well on the ground and is also excellent at climbing trees. In the summer, the sable hunts small rodents and birds, catches fish, and in the fall it eats pine nuts and lingonberries. Sable settles in a hollow, under fallen trees, in burrows, after warming them with dry grass. In severe frosts, the sable may not leave its shelter for several days, feeding on its supplies.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 4 (Taiga animals)
Ermine
This small graceful animal is a dexterous and ruthless predator. Thin flexible body allows the ermine to easily penetrate the holes of water rats, hamsters, chipmunks. He eats the owners, and their burrows become his home. The ermine is so strong that it is able to defeat a hare, which is several times larger than it. He also hunts frogs, lizards, birds and even insects, and in times of famine he eats berries, and even garbage in garbage can be good for him. The ermine is of great benefit to humans: it kills 3,000 mice and voles per year.
The ermine has adapted well both to the Siberian frosts and to the hot summer. In summer, his coat is brown, the color of the earth, and very light. By winter, he sheds, and he grows thick snow-white fur. But the tip of the tail is still black.
In the spring, there is an addition in the ermine family: the female brings from three to eighteen babies weighing only three to four grams.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 5 (Taiga animals)
Crossbill
You walk through the spruce forest and see: on the ground there are a bunch of scales from cones. Raise your head - and on the branches - the crossbills deftly deal with the cones. An interesting structure of the beak helps them in this. The ends of the upper and lower halves of the beak are arranged crosswise. Such an unusual beak helps them to easily extract seeds from the cone. Klesty are big lovers of spruce cones. Cones hang on spruce trees all year round, so the crossbills do not go to warm regions, but remain to winter: there is enough food here. And since there is a lot of food, why not have offspring? This is exactly what the crossbills do: in the harsh February frosts, they build warm nests, lay eggs and hatch chicks. They also feed them with pine and spruce seeds.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 1 (Animals of mixed forests)
Musk deer
Musk deer are a relative of deer. It has no horns, but males develop long upper canines. The musk deer feeds on grass, moss, berries, lichens. In winter, her food is twigs of shrubs and needles.
Musk deer live on the steep slopes of the mountains overgrown coniferous forest... In the places where it lives, a person cannot get through: the slopes of the mountains are very steep. And the musk deer here moves without difficulty, deftly jumps from stone to stone, does not slip at all. And all because her hind legs are strong, longer than the front ones, which is why she jumps so silently and easily over the rocks.
Musk deer is a cautious and fearful animal, it is disturbed by every rustle. In addition, she has many enemies in the forest - these are lynx, wolverine, wolves, foxes.
It is listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 2 (Animals of mixed forests)
Maral
Maral is a mighty, slender deer with strong, strong antlers. Marals live in mountainous areas, where they often go to meadows to feed. The food of marals is twigs of trees and shrubs, succulent herbs, mushrooms. Every year in winter, marals shed their antlers, a little later they grow new ones - even more branched and heavy. By clutching their horns, males thereby show their strength. Such clashes are bloodless. The winner will be in charge of the herd, and the loser will run away.
Antlers - antlers - contain a special medicinal substance - pantocrine. To obtain it, farms are created where marals are bred.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 3 (Animals of mixed forests)
Elk
Elk is an inhabitant of northern forests. Long coat and layer of fat keep you warm. In frosts, the elk lays down in a snowdrift and takes refuge in the snow from the cold. Needles, lichens, twigs are food for moose in winter. Summer, when there is a lot of prey for predators, is a safer time for elk. But when winter comes, wolves and crank bears threaten the elk. The elk's weapon against them is its huge horns and powerful hooves. With one blow of the hoof, an elk can kill a wolf, and a bear will not do well. Only a strong hunger can push predators against him.
It is listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 4 (Animals of mixed forests)
Lynx
Lynx is a large wild cat. The lynx is perfectly camouflaged, its sandy coat is not easy to spot in the thickets. Her paws are soft, her body is flexible. Lurking by the hare's path, it patiently waits for its prey. Then silently sneaks up and silently overtakes the victim in a jump. If the attack fails, the lynx does not rush in pursuit - it is not a pursuer, but an ambush hunter. Mice, hares, black grouse are the daily prey of the lynx, but it also attacks the fox and badger. The lynx is very strong, capable of overpowering roe deer, musk deer, and deer. Since they fall into the snow in winter, they cannot run fast. And the lynx has wide paws, covered with wool, it moves in the snow like on skis.
Lynxes are almost not afraid of people, but it is difficult to meet them in nature - they are very secretive, they live in deep forests, alone, each in his own area.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 5 (Animals of mixed forests)
Squirrel
The squirrel lives in deciduous and taiga forests. In dense branches or in a hollow, hollowed out by a woodpecker, the squirrel equips itself with a nest of branches, insulates it with moss. It is warm and dry inside it even in cold weather. There are always food supplies in the nest, and the squirrel does not have to leave it in extreme cold. In summer, the squirrel runs all day, picking nuts, berries, fruits and mushrooms to eat and prepare supplies for the winter. By winter, it dries mushrooms and berries, and hides the nuts in the moss. But in winter, the squirrel can forget about its supplies, and some seeds germinate in the spring. So squirrels do the forest a great service, playing the role of gardeners.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 1 (Animals of the steppe and forest-steppe)
Marmot
A marmot is a rodent living in the steppe, feeding on grains and herbs. The paws of marmots are strong, short, with strong claws, with which they dig holes and passages in the ground. And the unnecessary land, which is formed in this case, is thrown out by the marmots. This is how mounds are formed, these are nothing more than observation posts of marmots. When the guard marmot notices danger, he whistles alarmingly, thereby warning the others, and they hide in the holes. Marmots are friendly creatures and live in large families. During the day they all feed on lush grass together, sleep at night. For the winter, marmots go into hibernation, and sleep soundly until the onset of spring.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 2 (Animals of the steppe and forest-steppe)
Gopher
A gopher is a small rodent. For humans, the gopher is a pest of fields and gardens. In spring and summer, it eats young shoots of cereals, and in autumn, ripe grain. Having accumulated fat, the rodent prepares for hibernation... He brings dry grass into the hole and buries all the entrances and exits with earth. Buried in the mat, he curls up and falls asleep. But every ten days he wakes up, then falls asleep again. In the spring, having got to the surface, the gopher likes to bask in the sun, standing in a column by the hole. If you disturb the gopher, he whistles loudly and hides in the hole.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 3 (Animals of the steppe and forest-steppe)
Hamster
This rodent is slightly larger than a rat, but thick and chubby. The hamster stuffs its dimensionless cheek pouches with what grows in fields and gardens: grain, pea seeds, corn. For the winter, the hamster makes supplies and stores them in pantries in his burrow. When it gets colder, it hibernates. Sometimes he wakes up, eats and sleeps further. In spring, the hamster feeds on green shoots, plant roots, insects and even voles. These animals are a real thunderstorm of fields and vegetable gardens. In addition, they are quite pugnacious and biting.
Group work
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Card number 4 (Animals of the steppe and forest-steppe)
Bittern
On spring evenings from the side of the swamp, sounds are heard that resemble mooing: "Buu-buu". They are issued by a bittern - not a large short-legged heron. For this cry, the bittern was nicknamed the water bull. Bittern flies to ponds and swamps before the snow has melted. As soon as the snow melts, they begin to build nests. With the onset of evening, the bitters go hunting, their food is frogs, newts, insects, fish. And during the day, the birds rest in the thickets of reeds or grass. At the sight of danger, they stretch their necks and freeze, stretching up their long beak, and due to their color they become indistinguishable from grass, straw. If the breeze blows and the grass begins to sway, then the bird begins to sway with it. If you walk nearby, you might not even see her.
Appendix 2.
Crossword
Topic: "Animal world of Kuzbass"
3rd year of study
Exercise: answer the questions of the crossword puzzle, write the answers under the corresponding numbers.
Questions for the crossword puzzle:
1 a forest bird who loves spruce cones (crossbill).
2. Forest predator, "orderly" of the forest (Wolf).
3.Small deer. There are no horns. Males have long canines and an abdominal gland that produces musk. (musk deer).
4. Guess the riddle:
Sits on a branch, not a bird.
There is a red tail, not a fox (Squirrel).
5. A large animal of the Cat family. She has a short tail, tassels on her ears (Lynx).
6. Guess the riddle:
White as snow
Fluffy and small.
The tail is soiled in soot (ermine).
7. An animal that is not susceptible to bee stings. Swims well, climbs trees, runs fast, can walk short distances on hind legs (bear).
8. Who is called "elk"? This is the largest animal in the Kemerovo region. (Elk).
9. Guess the riddle:
For a long time I have been living in Siberia,
I can't live without her.
The most valuable fur in the world
I glorified the whole taiga (sable).
10. Omnivorous mammal of the Mustelidae family. Outwardly, the animal looks like a badger or bear. Thanks to the presence of powerful paws, long claws and a tail, it easily climbs trees. Has keen eyesight, hearing and scent (wolverine).
11. A small graceful deer. The ears are long, pointed. Single color: in summer - red, in winter - gray (roe).
List of used literature
1. Biological diversity Altai-Sayan ecoregion, Kemerovo, 2003, 150 p.
2. Brovkina E.T. Animals of the forest. - M .: Bustard, 2008 .-- 63 p.
3. Brovkina E.T. Birds of the forest. - M .: Bustard, 2014 .-- 63 p.
4. Ocheretny A. D. Red Book. Animals of our forest. - M .: EKSMO, 2013 .-- 96 p.
5. The system of specially protected natural areas of the Altai-Sayan ecoregion. Kemerovo, 2001 .-- 173 p.
6. Tarasov L.V., Tarasova T.B. Your first encyclopedia. - M .: EKSMO, 2013 .-- 96 p.
7. Schoolboy Yu.K. Animals of our forests. All forest animals of Russia. - Moscow: EKSMO, 2014 .-- 64 p.
Presentation on the topic: Fauna of Kuzbass
Beasts
The beaver has beautiful fur, which consists of coarse guard hairs and a very thick silky undercoat. The color of the fur is from light chestnut to dark brown, sometimes black. The tail and limbs are black. Molting once a year, in late spring, but continues almost until winter. In the anal area there are paired glands that secrete a strong-smelling secret - a beaver stream. With this secret, the beaver marks the territory and lubricates the fur, protecting it from getting wet.
Elk is the most large view game. Height at the shoulders is 240 cm, weight is 570 kg (record 655 kg). The male carries horns over one and a half meters in span and weighing up to 20 kg. By the fall, a baby elk, Born in the summer, reaches a weight per centner.
The largest animals inhabit Eastern Siberia. Elks of medium size live in the European part of Russia, the south of the Far East is inhabited by even smaller ones, although average weight bulls of these elks are more than 200 kg, and the maximum is 400 kg. Far Eastern moose are also distinguished by the absence of a “shovel” of flat expansion on the horns. The span of their horns is no more than a meter, and their weight is only 5 - 6 kg. The history of the elk's distribution is amazing: the area of habitation seems to "breathe" then the borders are rapidly (of course, on a historical scale) leaving - south to north, north to south, and the range of the animal is sharply narrowed; then also quickly the boundaries of the species' habitat are expanding, and again a lot of moose are done.
Musk deer (Moschus moschiferus Linn) - one of the smallest and most peculiar representatives of deer northern hemisphere... This small deer (some researchers distinguish musk deer into an independent family) with a height at the withers no more than half a meter has a number specific features... So, the musk deer have no horns, but the males have highly developed upper canines, which stick out from the mouth downward, and their ends drop below the chin. These canines grow all life, reaching 7-10 centimeters in adult males, while they have a sharp cutting posterior edge. In females, the upper canines are short, and they do not protrude beyond the lip. In the life of male musk deer, they are just as important as the horns of other representatives of deer.
Musk deer would have looked more slender and graceful, if not for the developed hind limbs(the hind legs of the musk deer are one and a half times longer than the front ones), which makes the musk deer look as if hunched over. The ribcage in musk deer is short and narrow, indicating an inability to run for a long time. However, in the process of evolution, musk deer acquired other advantages that allowed it to survive and thrive in the harsh mountain conditions for hundreds and hundreds of thousands of years. So, the soft horny rim on the cover of the hooves keeps it from sliding over stones and helps to deftly overcome ice. Musk deer have developed an amazing ability to maintain body balance. Even with a fast run, it is able to change the direction of movement by 90 degrees. Easily turn around and run back on your trail, or instantly stop rooted to the spot and hold on to a small rock. Strong hind legs allow musk deer to make excellent acrobatic jumps, both high and long.
The otter is a highly specialized predator well suited to life in the water. The river otter belongs to the weasel family. The otter has a highly elongated streamlined body with a long tail. The entire body is covered with short, tight-fitting dark gray fur. The otter's head is small with short ears; the external auditory canal is closed with a special valve. The toes of the paws are connected by membranes, which contributes to the dexterous movement of the animal under water. Particularly large individuals can reach a length of 1 meter, not counting a half-meter tail, and weigh up to 10 kg. But usually the size of the otter is much smaller.
This predatory animal is about the size of a sable. Its body is long, flexible, legs with swimming membranes, and a large tail. Summer fur is short, rough and loose, but by winter it becomes lush, thick and shiny. The color is dark brown, even, only on lower lip(occasionally all over the abdomen and neck) small snow-white spots are scattered. Males are larger than females, they weigh from 600 to 1500 grams with an average body length of about 40 centimeters. The weight of the female is from 400 to 750 grams, and the body length is 31-37 centimeters. Mink is normally very oily, especially in autumn and early winter.
The mink is very agile both in water and on land. This is an extremely mobile animal, it is rarely possible to see it resting, or at least slow, all of it is in vigorous movement, in constant search. She sees and hears well, she has a keen sense of smell... It is very interesting to observe how remarkably dexterous the mink swims in deep pools and fast streams. In the water it is as agile as an otter, but unlike the otter it is at home on land.
Boar ( wild pig, wild boar) is a non-ruminant animal. The body length of the wild boar reaches 2m. Height at withers - 1m. An adult boar weighs about 300 kg. The wild boar prefers pine-oak, oak-hornbeam forests, alder and mixed stands. Boars fatten at night, lie down during the day, keep in herds. Hunting for wild boar under licenses, as a rule, in a collective way - by corral or with huskies. When hunting a wild boar, it must be remembered that this is a serious and dangerous animal. A wounded and persecuted animal is especially dangerous. Wild boars are watched either in the places of their feeding, or on the trails between their daytime and feeding. Wild boars often visit crops of rice, corn, potatoes, melons and other crops and, where the number of this animal is large, can harm crops, therefore in some areas special permits are given to shoot them in the summer.
The entire appearance of this predator testifies to its power and excellent adaptability to tireless running, pursuit and attack on its prey. In size, a seasoned wolf is larger than a large shepherd dog. The body length is on average 105-160 cm, the tail is 35-50 cm, the height at the shoulders is 80-85 cm and up to 100 cm. The weight is usually 32-50 kg. In the literature, wolves are mentioned, allegedly having a mass of more than 90 kg, but among the many hundreds of accurately weighed wolves from different parts of the world there was not one heavier than 79 kg. The color and size of wolves are subject to strong individual and geographic variation. There are almost 8-9 subspecies of wolves in Russia alone, there are even more of them in North America. The largest animals live in the Far North, small ones - in the south. The first ones are painted in very light colors, and in winter they almost completely turn white. The wolves of the most intensely colored subspecies are characteristic of the forest zone, while in the south, in the deserts, they are replaced by animals of dull sandy color. The wolf is widespread enough.
The roe deer is a small deer of light and graceful constitution with a relatively short body. The ears are long, pointed, the tail is short and does not protrude from the fur. The hooves of the middle toes are narrow and sharp, the lateral hooves are very small and set high. The color is monochromatic, bright red in summer, dull, grayish in winter. The speculum is yellowish-white and does not extend above the root of the tail. The horns of males are relatively small, even the largest horns of Asian roe deer are no more than 1.5-2 times the length of the head; more often their length is equal to the length of the head or slightly more. The horns are set almost vertically, they usually bear 3 (in Asian up to 5) processes in the terminal part. The trunk of the horn has uneven surface, especially on the inner side of the lower half of the horn, where tubercles, protrusions, bony curls are formed. 5 subspecies are known. Roe deer belonging to the European nominal subspecies are small: body length 100- 135 cm, height 75-90 cm and weight 20-37 kg.
The mole differs from the European one in the somewhat larger size of the males, with a shorter tail and small teeth. He lives in Western and Central Siberia. The way of life is similar to the European mole, but reproduces with a latent phase in the development of embryos. Mating takes place from June to early August; embryos are found only in April of the following year, and the cubs are born in May. There are about 5 cubs in one litter. In June, they already differ little from adults. In Altai and Sayan mountains, moles are of great commercial importance.
The appearance of this huge beast is so well known that there is no need to describe it. Despite the intense hunting, bears weighing up to 750 kg are still found, with a body length of 2.5 m; rearing up, such giants reach 3 m. The largest bears are from the Far East, Kamchatka, and especially from Alaska and Kodiak Island. where they are called grizzlies. In the middle zone of the European part of Russia, animals weighing 80-120 kg are most often encountered. The variability of the color of brown bears is surprisingly great, and not only in different parts of the range, but also in limited areas. Along with typical dark-brown animals, there are almost black and light-fawn animals.
Deer (under this name it is now customary to combine many subspecies, which were previously regarded as independent species, differing from each other in size, structure of horns and details of color (European deer, Caucasian deer, red deer, red deer, wapiti, Bukhara, or tugai, deer, etc.) However, despite the differences, all these deer certainly belong to the same species, which is characterized by the fact that the summer fur of adult animals is without spots; the "mirror" is large and rises to the croup above the base of the tail. With no less than 5 processes, and many have a crown at the top of the horn.The sizes of deer belonging to different subspecies are sharply different.In the red deer and wapiti, the body length reaches 250-265 cm, the height at the withers is 135-155 cm and the weight is 300 -340 kg, while in Bukhara deer the body length is only 78-86 cm, height at the withers is 56-60 cm and weight is 75-100 kg.The antlers are also changeable. horns where the image the so-called crown is called.
Muskrat leads a semi-aquatic lifestyle, swims well on the surface and under water. It is active at dusk and dark, as well as early in the morning. Spends the day in the shelter. Builds burrows in the banks with an underwater entrance. On low swampy shores or islands, he builds huts up to a meter high from the stems of aquatic plants (reed, sedge, cattail). The exit from the hut also leads directly into the water and is not visible from the outside.
Birds
Black stork
The black stork has long been considered a mysterious bird. Apparently, because the habitats of this bird were deaf old forests and unsteady swamps, which have always been associated with evil spirits and scared people away. Perhaps, and appearance the black stork was also awakened in people by a certain fear of these birds: a beautiful, graceful bird, dark and silent. The color of the plumage is black with a greenish and copper-red tint, only the abdominal part of the body is white, the beak and legs are bright red.
Black stork is large bird, which weighs about three kilograms, with a long neck and a long, straight beak. Adult birds, unlike chicks, give voice extremely rarely and reluctantly, and chicks have a very unpleasant and rude voice. Black storks settle far from each other. They feed mainly on frogs and fish caught in swamps and shallow waters, and during wintering they do not disdain small rodents, large insects, sometimes lizards and even snakes.
This bird still remains poorly studied due to the remoteness of its habitats. Usually it can only be seen hovering slowly in the sky ...
Despite the formidable appearance and impressive size(its wingspan can reach 170 cm), the osprey is a rather finicky and tender bird. She loves to nest near bodies of water with clear water, slow currents and vast reaches, and so that there are a lot of fish, and tall trees grow along the banks. Therefore, in Russia now you can rarely see it. Osprey can be found almost anywhere in the world. This species is represented by several races, differing in body size and plumage color on the chest. Males and females often differ in the degree of development of the dark color on the chest and crown. Like most birds of prey, female osprey are slightly larger than males. Osprey can often be found on the sea coasts, but these predators are just as common on inland waters - rivers and lakes.
The peregrine falcon with a certain right can be considered the most typical representative of the group of falcons, called true falcons. The real falcon has a powerful constitution, a wide chest with hard and convex muscles, tight plumage, long and sharp wings, a relatively short tail, short tarsus and very long toes with sharp and sharply curved claws. Peregrine Falcon is a large falcon, second in size among real falcons only to species belonging to the group of gyrfalcons. The wing length of true falcons is 30-39 cm, the wingspan is 85-120 cm, the total length is 40-50 cm, weight is 700-1300 g. Adult birds of a true falcon on the dorsal side are grayish-brown in various shades with a bluish transverse pattern, lighter on the loin and upper tail; primary flight feathers are blackish-brown with a light buffy or reddish transverse pattern on the inner webs; under the eyes a dark spot, turning into blackish stripes (mustache) on the sides of the throat; tail feathers are blackish-brown or grayish-brown with glaucous transverse stripes; the ventral side is whitish with a more or less developed buffy or reddish tinge, often with a bluish bloom on the sides, with a brownish or blackish transverse pattern on the sides, underwings, and often on the feathers of the leg and undertail; on the goiter and breast there are blackish streaks or heart-shaped spots, sometimes very rare or absent at all.
White-tailed eagle big bird: total length 77-100 cm, wing length 57.5-69 cm, weight 3-6.5 kg. Females of the white-tailed eagle are much larger than males. The color of adult birds (four years old and older) is brown in different shades, the head is brownish-buff or whitish, the flight feathers are dark brown, the tail (of 12 tail feathers) is white. In the first annual plumage, juveniles are brown with a blackish head, the main parts of the feathers are whitish, the ventral side is whitish with brown markings. The eyes are whitish-yellow in adult white-tailed eagles, brown in juveniles; beak yellowish, blackish in juveniles; bees and legs are yellow, claws are black. The adult outfit is associated with the first year's gradual transitions. The white-tailed bird is a widespread bird.
External signs. Large falcon. The wingspan is from 100 to 130 cm. The female is larger than the male. The coloration of the dorsal side is brownish with gray tufts, the ends of the feathers are with reddish edges, which sharply differs from the peregrine falcon and the gyrfalcon. The ventral side is light with a dark pattern (in young, longitudinal, and in adults, rounded spots on the tops of the feathers). The “whiskers” are weakly expressed, the tarsus is feathered up to half.
Spreading. Inhabits the steppe and forest-steppe regions of Eurasia. Breeds in southern Europe, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, in Altai, in the southern regions of Western and Eastern Siberia to Transbaikalia.
In the Kemerovo Region, in the 1920s and 1930s, the Saker Falcon was common in the foothills of the Salair Ridge and in the Kuznetsk forest-steppe. Marked by dd. Zavyalova, Zhuravleva, Vaganova, Bachata and Tom. In the Kemerovo Regional Museum of Local Lore, there is a specimen from the Promyshlennovsky District, obtained in September 1972. On August 25, 1989, in the Tarsma valley near the village of Okunevo, a female Saker Falcon unsuccessfully hunted teals. In July 1990, the Saker Falcon constantly kept in a flooded birch forest near the lake. Ata-Anai. Behavior indicated its nesting in a nearby pine forest.
The northernmost location of the nest is in the vicinity of the village. Old Worms on Tom, where in mid-May 1985 the birds kept at the nest, at the same time another pair of Saker Falcons was observed in the vicinity of Kemerovo. In the “Kuznetskiy Alatau” reserve, it regularly appears in the mountain tundra in summer and autumn. Some individuals fly in from the direction of Khakassia. In 1999, 2 nests were found on the territory of the reserve: near Sargai on a rock and on a cedar in the headwaters of Belaya Usa.
Habitat. Breeds on the border of the forest-steppe, in pine forests, less often on rocks.
Fishes
Taimen is one of the large fish of the salmon family. There are specimens reaching one and a half meters in length and 60 kg in weight. Its tail is powerful, pink in color, and its head is covered with small dark spots. The scales are either dark gray or brown with a scattering of reddish and yellow stars. The taut, high dorsal fin is also overflowing with multicolored colors. Lateral fins are like arrows. The body is elastic, well adapted to life in a seething stream.
Taimen is in many ways a transitional form from salmon to trout. This fish is similar to the first in its size and way of life, and to the second - in the general structure of the body. This fish lives in the rivers of both Western and Eastern Siberia.
In terms of strength, speed of movement and "intelligence", taimen have no equal in Siberian rivers. During the day, it stays at the bottom, hiding under sunken trees, behind stones, under steep slopes, and in the early morning and evening it often "melts" on the rifts, hunting for small fish. Large specimens, if the case turns up, can even grab a duck or goose.
Siberian sterlet
Fish of large size, typical sturgeon appearance. It differs from the sturgeon in an elongated snout, fringed antennae. There are more than 50 lateral beetles on the body, in sturgeon it is usually 42-47. In the past, sterlets were known that reached 125 cm in length and 16 kg in weight, today they are usually 35-55 cm and up to 1 kg in weight.
Spreading. Inhabits the rivers of the basins of the Black, Azov, Caspian, Baltic seas, basins Northern Dvina, Ob and Yenisei. Acclimatized in Pechora, Amur and some other rivers. In the Ob basin, sterlet forms 3 separate herds: the middle Ob, which lives from the mouth of the Irtysh to the mouth of the Tom and enters the Tom, Chulym, Ket, Vasyugan, Parabel, Tym, Vakh and other rivers; the Upper Ob, which lives from the mouth of the Tom to the confluence of the Biya and Katun rivers; Irtysh herd living from the mouth of the Irtysh to the Black Irtysh. Sterlets of the Irtysh herd enter Ishim, Tobol, Tara, Tavda, Demyanka and other rivers. Sterlet from the Sredneobsk herd lives in the Kemerovo region. Fish regularly enter Kiya, Tom and Chulym. In the past, in Tom, it rose to Novokuznetsk, now it rarely rises to Elykaev. In Kiev, it is slightly higher than Mariinsk.
External signs. Large fish up to 70 cm in length and 5 kg in weight. The body color is dark brown with a golden sheen on the sides. The belly is light. There are small round dark spots on the sides, dorsal and adipose fins. During spawning, large copper-red spots appear on the sides. A characteristic difference from the outwardly similar taimen that lives in the same reservoirs is that the mouth of the lenok is small, the upper jaw does not go beyond the vertical of the posterior edge of the eye.
Spreading. Inhabits the rivers of Siberia from the Ob to the Kolyma, as well as the Amur basin and rivers flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk and Japan. In the Kemerovo region, inhabits small mountain rivers of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Gornaya Shoria. In the past, it was probably widespread in the Tom and Kiya basins, but already in the first half of the 20th century. in the lower and middle reaches of the Tom, it was not recorded and was found only at Novokuznetsk and above. At present, it is preserved in the upper reaches of the Kiya, it is found in Taidon, Lower, Middle and Upper Tersy. In Gornaya Shoria, it is clearly an endangered species. In the 1980s-1990s. very rarely found in the tributaries of the Mras-Su, where it was common before. Almost disappeared in the Kondoma and its tributaries. In Tom, within the Kemerovo region, it is not found in the warm season, but lenoks living in the tributaries of the Tom, flowing down from the Kuznetsk Alatau, probably winter in the Tom near the mouths of these rivers.
Habitat. Lenok lives in fast mountain rivers. In summer, it prefers small tributaries, rises to the upper reaches for spawning, and in autumn it rolls down to the mouth and enters the channels of larger rivers, such as Mras-Su, Kiya and Tom, where it winters in pits.
Siberian sturgeon
External signs. Highly large fish characteristic sturgeon appearance. There are rows of beetles along the back, sides and belly. The body between them is covered with stellate plates. Already in the middle of our century, Siberian sturgeons, reaching a weight of 100 kg, were extremely rare. In the past, sturgeons were caught up to 3 m long and 200 kg in weight. Females are larger than males.
Spreading. Rivers of Siberia from Ob to Kolyma, Lake Baikal and Zaisan. Acclimatized in the Western Dvina, Pechora, Volga, Pskov, Peipsi, Ladoga lakes. In the Kemerovo region, sturgeon occasionally enters the Tom and rises to its middle course. Separate visits are noted up to the item Krapivinsky and with. Saltymakovo. It regularly spawns in Chulym, and, migrating along this river, passes through the territory of the Kemerovo region.
Habitat. In the Ob-Irtysh basin, before the construction of reservoirs, the main spawning grounds were located in the upper reaches of the Ob and Irtysh. Migrating, sturgeons ascended to Chumysh, Charysh, Katun, Biya, Teletskoye Lake. Sturgeon feeding grounds are located in the Gulf of Ob, in the lower and middle reaches of the Ob and Irtysh, as well as in the lower reaches of the Chulym, Tobol, Tom. The wintering grounds of the most numerous semi-anadromous migratory form, which forms the Lower Ob herd, are located in the Ob Bay. Sturgeons of the Sredneobsk herd overwinter in the Ob in wintering pits from the Narym to the upper reaches of the Ob. The Irtysh herd wintered in the upper and lower reaches of the Irtysh. After the construction of reservoirs near Novosibirsk and Ust-Kamenogorsk, some of the spawning and wintering grounds were cut off, and hopes for the formation of herds there were not justified. Due to water pollution, the feeding of sturgeons in the lower reaches of the Tom has practically ceased, and wintering areas below its mouth have disappeared.
Siberian sculpin
External signs. Small fish up to 17 cm long, characteristic shape of a broad-head goby - with a large, flattened head and a flattened belly. It differs from the variegated sculpin that lives together in a wider and flattened head, a marble pattern of the sides, descending to the belly, and pectoral fins with blurred dark spots. The variegated sculpin has a convex forehead, a monochromatic yellowish belly, fins with clear transverse stripes.
Spreading. Inhabits the rivers of the Northern basin Arctic Ocean from Ob to Yana. In the Kemerovo region, it was common in Tom, Mras-Su and Kondoma. Currently found only in the upper and middle reaches of the river. Mras-Su. Not found in the middle reaches of the Tom, Taidon, Middle and Upper Tersyakh, Kondoma, middle and upper reaches of the Kiya.
Habitat. Keeps in fast, cold and clean rivers... On Mras-Su, it prefers areas with a rocky, pebble bottom in the riverbed and is very rare in tributaries. It always keeps at the bottom, often hiding under stones.
External signs. A very large fish. Reaches 130 cm in length and 50 kg in weight. The color on the sides is dark silver, without spots.
Spreading. Inhabits the desalinated parts of the Arctic Ocean, from where it enters the European, Siberian and American rivers from the Ponoy River on the Kola Peninsula and Onega in the west to the Mackenzie River (Canada) in the east. Under certain conditions, forms local local herds that do not go out to sea. In the Kemerovo region, in the 1920s, it entered Tom from the Ob and ascended to Mras-Su and Kondoma, where later, in the summer, its juveniles were found. I went to spawn in Kiya. In the last 30-40 years, practically never met in Tom. Since the early 1990s. single nelmas again began to fall into the networks of poachers in the middle reaches near the village of Sheveli and the village of Krapivinsky. In September 1995, a female nelma weighing more than 7 kg was caught near the Tom-Usinsk state district power station. In Kiev, nelma occurs regularly. Here from the mouth of the river. Tyazhin, before the confluence of the Kiya and Chulym, on the pebbles are its spawning grounds. Found in the river. Chulym on the eastern border of the Kemerovo region.
Habitat. In the Ob basin, nelma inhabited all the way from the Ob Bay to Biya, Katun and Black Irtysh. After the Ob and Irtysh were closed, 60 percent of the nelma spawning grounds were cut off. A small independent herd was formed in the Novosibirsk reservoir. Fish migrating from the Gulf of Ob began to spawn in Ket, Chulym, Vasyugan.
Insects
Wingspan 90-110 mm. The forewings are dark brown with a stripe pattern. The hindwings are yellow with transverse black bands. Habitats are deciduous and mixed forests. Butterfly years in June-July. Active at dusk and at night. They willingly fly into electric light, and often die.
It reaches a wingspan of 7-9 cm; the forewings are white, transparent at the edges, like glass, with black spots; the hindwings are white with two red ocelli with a white center bordered in black. The butterfly is usually not touched by birds. She warns about her "inedibility" herself: if you disturb her, she falls to the ground, spreads her wings, showing red spots. At the same time, she scratches her legs along the underside of the wings, reproducing a hissing sound.
Snakes
Patterned runner
The snake is medium in size, reaching 120 cm in length. The top is usually light gray in color. Along the body there are 4 wide, unsharply outlined longitudinal stripes, of which two middle ones pass to the tail. On the ridge there are narrow, irregularly shaped dark spots. There is a characteristic pattern on the upper surface of the head. The belly is light gray. Patterned runners of Altai and other regions of Western Siberia, including Kuzbass, are distinguished by a very dark, almost black color, with a poorly distinguishable pattern.
Spreading. From Primorye, Korea and North China through Mongolia, South Siberia and Kazakhstan to the left-bank Ukraine, North Iran and Transcaucasia. In the Kemerovo region, the patterned snake was reliably found only at one point - on the right bank of the Tom, in the vicinity of the village of Gorodok. It is one of the most northerly locations of the patterned snake in the world. The nearest known habitats are in Gorny Altai. It is likely to be found in other areas along the right bank of the Tom and in Gornaya Shoria.
Amphibians
Limiting factors. Since in the Kemerovo region newts live in limited areas in the Tom valley and depend on a small number of reservoirs suitable for life, the species becomes very vulnerable under conditions of economic development of the territory. In the vicinity of Kemerovo and other settlements, newts disappeared as a result of construction, pollution of reservoirs and direct fishing by amateurs. The main habitats of newts in the middle reaches of the Tom were destroyed during the preparation of the bed of the Krapivinsky reservoir.
Features of biology. In the conditions of the Kemerovo region, in the spring and most of the summer, newts live in water. They rush into water bodies after wintering in the first half of May. At the end of May - June, you can observe their mating games and spawning. Typically, the female lays 50 to 150 eggs, which are individually glued to aquatic plants... The metamorphosis ends in 2.5 months, and in August - early September, young newts come ashore. Adults leave the reservoirs in late July - August. On the shore, common newts lead a secretive, less active night image life, hiding in empty holes, under dead wood, in rotten stumps. They feed on a variety of small invertebrates. In water, 90% of the feed is mosquito larvae. They hibernate in September - early October.
Security measures. The habitats of newts in the middle reaches of the Tom were destroyed during the construction of the Krapivinsky reservoir and are now gradually being restored. One of the most numerous populations of newts in Kuzbass lived on the territory of the Bungarapsko-Azhendarovsky beaver reserve, but was not protected in any way. It is necessary to give the reserve the status of a complex and to include the rare animals living here in the list of those subject to special protection. To preserve newts in the Kemerovo region, it is likely that not only passive, but also active protection measures will be required - breeding in captivity.
Actually indigenous, permanently living birds in the Kemerovo region there are not so many: hazel grouses, wood grouses, black grouse, gray partridges, woodpeckers, nuthatches, goldfinches, jays, tits, sparrows, blackbirds, crows, magpies. In winter, bullfinches, white partridges, tap dancers, uplifted buzzards, snow buzzards, crossbills, waxwings join the feathered kingdom.
Nutcracker
It is colored dark brownish-brown with white spots, which are absent only on the upper side of the head. There is a light border at the end of the tail. A typical forest bird, it deftly jumps over the branches of coniferous trees, and also hangs itself from cones hanging from spruce. Nutcracker is a typical inhabitant of the taiga. Prefers spruce, cedar and cedar-shale forests. V ordinary years leads a sedentary lifestyle, making only local migrations. The nest is usually placed on a coniferous tree at a height of 4-6 m. In case of a crop failure of pine nuts in some places, the birds move to others where there is a crop. The main food for walnut is cedar pine seeds, spruce and insects. In addition, it eats various berries, sometimes small birds and their eggs, amphibians and reptiles. Another feature of this bird is remarkable - storage for the winter of feed in the form of pine nuts. She arranges pantries on the ground under moss, lichens, in stony placers, under the bark and in the hollows of trees. When storing feed, the nutcracker collects the nuts in a special bag under the tongue. They found 50, 100 and even 120 pine nuts in it. Birds feed on hidden nuts in winter, making deep burrows under the snow, sometimes to a depth of 60 cm. Some of the pantries are not used by birds, and the seeds germinate in them. Thus, walnut plays an important role in the settlement of cedar pine. The renewal of cedar pine on burnt-out areas occurs exclusively with the help of this bird. It is also useful for the extermination of insects harmful to the forest.
Klest-elovik
It is remarkable for the peculiar structure of the beak. The upper and lower beak are crossed with each other, and their sharp ends protrude on the sides of the beak. With the help of such a beak, birds quickly and deftly open the scales of cones of coniferous trees, choosing seeds that form the basis of their nutrition. The plumage of the male is bright red, turning red-brownish on the shoulders. Ears, wings and tail are brown. In females, red is replaced by green-gray and yellow-gray. Lives in coniferous and mixed, but mainly spruce, less often pine and larch forests, but not in cedar. Crossbills are also interesting because their nesting time is not constant: it happens not only in spring and summer, but in the presence of abundant food - in autumn and even winter. However, most often they start breeding in late winter and early spring, when there is deep snow and there are severe frosts. This time coincides with the greatest abundance of spruce and pine seeds. Klest-elovik is a favorite bird for cage keeping.
Blackbird
The blackbird is about the size of a fieldberry. The beak of the blackbird is yellow, the legs are dark brown. The male is all black. The female is dark brown with a whitish throat and a rusty-buffy breast with dark spots. Young birds are similar to the female, but lighter and more variegated. In most of the named places, this is a sedentary bird, but from the northern regions of the range, some of the birds fly off to the south in autumn. Unlike most blackbirds, the blackbird nests on the ground or on low tree stumps. He leads a secretive lifestyle, and therefore rarely catches the eye. But his song, very similar to the song of a songbird, but slower and sadder, is easy to hear in the forest.
Ryabinnik
The male and female of the fieldfare are similarly colored. The upper side of the head and neck is steel-gray with black streaks on the head. The back and shoulder feathers are dark brown, the wings and tail are black-brown. The underside of the neck, goiter and chest are rusty-red with black longitudinal spots, the middle of the belly is white, the upper tail is gray. They nest colonially, often arranging 2-3 nests on one tree; all in all, in the colony there are from 10 to 30, sometimes more pairs. Nests are arranged in a fork between the trunk and a thick branch or on a horizontal branch far from the trunk, while, if the birds are not disturbed, the nests are placed at a height of 1 to 4 m from the ground, but if cattle are often chased in the forest or people walk, the birds line up nests not lower than 7-10 m. The nest itself is a massive hemispherical structure, made of last year's leaves of cereals, roots, dry grass stalks and fastened with clay. From the inside, the walls of the nest are plastered with clay mixed with pieces of moss, and then lined with dry blades of grass and small stalks. It takes 4-5 days to build a nest. Fieldfare feeds on inactive terrestrial insects and their larvae, millipedes, earthworms, small mollusks and spiders.
With the onset of warmth, ducks, bitters, teals, river and black-headed gulls will fly to replace the winter flying lodgers. Herons, cranes, sandpipers, snipe, and great snipe are nesting in swamps and lakes in the summer. Fields and forests, groves and gardens are filled with music performed by small songbirds - orioles, starlings, larks, redstarts, wagtails, kingfishers, swallows, buntings, warblers, warblers. Rooks, quails, cuckoos, woodcocks are busily rushing over the copses and fields.
But the summer is leaving, taking with it the carefree bird's polyphony. For another day or two, in the gloomy autumn sky, one can hear the foreign voices of transit birds flying from the north to their winter quarters. These are swans, geese, sea gulls, and loons returning home. Sometimes they take a short break in the local waters, but not for long. And - again on the road.
In the taiga zone, there are fewer songbirds than in deciduous forests, but there are game birds, among which the hazel grouse, capercaillie and black grouse stand out.
Wood grouse
Capercaillies are the largest, but also rare birds... Males weigh up to 4-5 kilograms. They always settle in the wilderness of the taiga, avoiding light forests with an admixture of larch. Capercaillies and wood grouses keep in separate small flocks - 5-10 each, less often mixed flocks of males and females come across. At the beginning of winter, when the snow is shallow, wood grouses walk a lot and feed on needles. They hardly walk on deep loose snow. The capercaillie spend the winter night under the snow, and in severe frosts they sit there during the day. In the spring, these feathered giants on their manes gather among the swamps for a current. In the evening, red-browed bearded men flock, and in the morning they begin their extraordinary song, which continues for several days; during the toddling, the wood grouses get into fights. In mid-May, wood grouses stop arriving on the current, and only wood grouses remain on them. With the termination of the arrivals of the capercaillie, the fighting of the males also ceases. Capercaillie broods usually keep on the outskirts of forest clearings and areas of light woodland. Young wood grouse feed on invertebrates and sedge seeds. As they ripen, berries become the most important food for wood grouses. Young wood grouses begin to eat woody food later than adults. Wood grouses willingly visit wheat and oat crops.
Grouse
The hazel grouse is widespread in the forest belt, but prefers the plain taiga, from where it penetrates into mountain forests along river valleys. Associated with woody vegetation, hazel grouse never leaves the forest and leads a sedentary life. In clean moss bogs and dry pine forests without undergrowth, he never settles, keeps in pairs, singles or broods. Most of the time he spends on the ground, running quickly in search of food, but, being alarmed, he looks for salvation in the trees, deftly hiding among the dense branches. Its main food in autumn and winter is vegetable - alder and birch catkins, tree buds, various seeds and berries, especially juniper and mountain ash, but by the time the chicks hatch, hazel grouse goes mainly to animal food - insects, slugs, worms. In winter, if there is a lot of snow, the birds feed on the needles and buds of deciduous trees. They usually spend the night in the thick of firs, in severe cold, like wood grouses, they burrow into the snow. In the spring, hazel grouses form pairs. The hazel grouse nest is a hole that the female digs in the ground under the cover of a bush or deadwood and is barely lined with grass, leaves, twigs. It is so well hidden that it is very difficult to detect it.
Among taiga birds, a large role in the distribution of cedar is played by nutcracker... Protect the taiga and woodpeckers, nuthatches, tits, nightjars, orioles, jays, magpies, crossbills and other birds that destroy forest pests. In the art of catching rodents, daytime predators are superior to owls, there are eleven species of them on the territory of our region. Owl- the largest owl, is rare and needs protection.
Owl
Owl species is listed in the Red Book of Russia
The eagle owl has a total length of 62-72 cm, with a wingspan of 150-180 cm, with a wing length of 41-52 cm, weighs 2.1-3.2 kg. Females are noticeably larger than males, both sexes are colored the same. Typical coloration of adult eagle owls is as follows. The dorsal side is variegated - on a reddish, yellowish, sometimes whitish background, there is a black-brown longitudinal and transverse pattern. The ventral side is reddish, buffy or whitish, with black longitudinal spots on the crop and chest and with thin brownish or blackish transverse stripes on the belly, sides, undertail; the throat is white. The eyes are bright orange or reddish, the beak and nails are black. Young birds are colored similarly to adults, but somewhat paler and fainter. The eagle owl is a widespread nomadic and sedentary bird. Nest is a simple hole trampled by a female, without bedding, usually on the ground (abandoned nests of other birds are rarely occupied). There are usually 2-3, sometimes 4 or even 5 eggs in a clutch. The female incubates for about 35 days. Young eagle owls become well able to fly at the age of a few more than three months. Among young birds, a high mortality rate is noted: there are usually fewer chicks in a brood than eggs in a clutch. This is explained by the fact that the eagle owls begin to incubate after laying the first egg and therefore the chicks are of different ages. The eagle owl feeds on various medium and small mammals - from hares (hare and white hare) to small mouse-like and insectivorous. Rodents make up the preferred food. Occasionally, owls also attack larger animals (female roe deer, young mountain goats). A large place in the eagle owl's diet is also occupied by birds - wood grouse, black grouse, peregrine falcon, goshawk, buzzard, small passerines. Occasionally, owls feed on frogs and even fish. The eagle owl is a nocturnal and twilight bird, but in the north it hunts during the day.
Great tit
Tit big pretty beautiful bird... The dorsal side is yellowish-green, the ventral side is yellow with a wide black stripe along the chest and belly. The upper side of the head, sides of the neck, throat and the adjacent part of the goiter are shiny black with a bluish steel sheen, the sides of the head are white. The wing is grayish-blue with a light transverse stripe. The tail is blackish with a bluish bloom. The great tit is one of the largest representatives of the family: its body length is 130-165 mm, its weight is about 20 g. The titmouse is a resident bird, and only partially it roams. In spring, it returns to nesting sites in the second half of February - early March. At this time, the males sing a monotonous, but not devoid of pleasantness, a sonorous song. In words, it can be conveyed as repeating "drank, drank, drank ...". Tits settle in a wide variety of areas of the stand, but they still prefer to nest in deciduous forests. Nests are arranged in woodpecker hollows, less often in rotted wood of a tree in place of a knot that has fallen out, behind loose bark, in crevices of wooden buildings, in old nests of squirrels, between thick branches and branches that form the skeleton of an old nest of birds of prey, as well as in other closed places, usually at a height of 2-6 m from the ground. The nest is usually built from thin twigs, roots, dry stalks of grasses, moss, lichens, as well as plant fluff, feathers, scraps of wool, cocoons and cobwebs of spiders and insects. The tray is lined with horsehair, soft wool of various animals and soft feathers. Tit eggs are white, slightly shiny, with a lot of reddish-brown specks scattered over their surface. Only the female incubates them for 13-14 days. The male only occasionally brings her food. The hatched chicks are fed exclusively by the male for the first 3 - 5 days of life, the female at this time heats the chicks. Chicks remain in the nest for 19-21 days; parents feed them, making about 400 arrivals with food to the nest per day. Among the insects eaten by the great tit in mass, economically harmful species prevail, such as silkworms, various beetles (weevils, leaf beetles), bugs, aphids. It is also important that titmice continue to exterminate harmful insects with particular intensity in winter, many times decreasing their number by spring.
In birch groves, forest-steppe is widespread black grouse, partridges, quail... On the banks of rivers, lakes and swamps nest geese, ducks, cranes, waders, corncrake and other types of birds.
Kestrel
The kestrel is a widespread and very useful bird. The total length of the kestrel is 31-38 cm, the wing length is 23-27.5 cm, and the weight is 180-240 g. The crown of an adult male kestrel is gray with narrow black longitudinal spots; the dorsal side is brick-red with teardrop-shaped brown spots; flight feathers are dark brown, whitish on inner webs; tail feathers are gray with whitish apical border and wide black apical stripe; the ventral side is buffy with brown longitudinal markings. In adult female kestrels, the head is rusty-buffy with brown streaks; the dorsal side is red with a brown transverse pattern; tail feathers are rufous, often with a gray bloom, with transverse brown stripes. Young kestrels are similar in color to females, but their primary flight feathers have light edges. The eyes are dark brown, the beak is bluish, blackening at the end, the wax and legs are yellow, the claws are black. The kestrel inhabits forests, forest-steppes, parks, gardens, cities, mountains and deserts. In our country, the common kestrel is a migratory bird. In terms of nesting conditions, the common kestrel is a very unpretentious bird: it nests on rocks, on precipices, in trees (also in hollows), in human structures, in burrows on the ground. The kestrel does not build its own nests, often occupies the buildings of other birds, and if they do not exist, it is limited to the arrangement of the inner lining of the nest.
Kobchik
The fawn has a short and relatively weak beak, the fingers are short. Red fawn is a medium-sized bird. Females are larger than males. The colors of the floors are very different. Males are gray-brown with a blackish head and blackish tail feathers; the back of the belly, undertail and plumage of the lower leg are rufous. Females are gray with dark brownish-gray transverse stripes on the dorsal side; vertex rufous with dark longitudinal spots; the ventral side is buffy or rufous, sometimes with a longitudinal dark narrow pattern; flight feathers are gray with a white transverse pattern on the inner webs; the tail is grayish with buffy transverse stripes. Typically, male fawns use nests built by other birds (rooks, crows, magpies, etc.). Sometimes they nest in hollows, occasionally on bushes or on the ground. Usually nest in groups or colonies, rarely in separate pairs. The main food of the falcon, insects, which he catches on the fly or grabs on the ground. In addition, the red-footed cat feeds on small rodents, shrews, lizards, and rarely birds.
Sparrowhawk
The sparrowhawk is a typical representative of the group of hawks, which differs from the goshaws in smaller size, lighter build, relatively longer tarsus and fingers. Sparrowhawk females are much larger than males. Adult males on the dorsal side are gray-gray in various shades, with a blackish crown, white eyebrow and white streaks on the back of the head; primary flight feathers and tail feathers are striated (sometimes absent on the middle tail bands); the ventral side is whitish or buffy with a brownish or reddish transverse pattern. Females differ from males in brown coloration of the dorsal side; their ventral side is white with a brownish transverse pattern. Sparrowhawks nest from year to year on the same site, but every year they build a new nest near the old one. Forest edges are preferred as a nesting place - near river valleys, roads, etc. The nests are found mainly in conifers, especially pines. During the nesting period, the sparrowhawk feeds almost exclusively on small birds (however, females also hunt partridges). During the non-nesting time, small rodents - mice and voles - also enter the food of the sparrowhawk, especially during the years of mass breeding of rodents.
Upland Buzzard
This bird is named so because its tarsus are feathered to the toes. Females, as usual, are larger than males. Adult Rough-legged Buzzards are of the following color: the dorsal side is dark brown with an admixture of white or blackish color; primary flight feathers with a grayish bloom, with an indistinct dark transverse pattern and whitish bases of the inner webs; tail feathers are white with a thin black transverse pattern and a wide black apical stripe; the ventral side is white with a dark spot on the goiter, with dark brown longitudinal markings and with transverse stripes on the belly, sides and feathers of the lower leg. Young birds of the Upland Buzzard in the first annual plumage are paler, without blackish tones, without a transverse pattern on the ventral side; transverse pattern on tail feathers is also poorly developed. Rough-legged buzzard nests are built of twigs and are located on the ground, rarely on trees or rocks.
Field skate
The field ridge is colored: the general tone of the plumage is gray. This horse, like the meadow horse, spends most of the time on the ground, only while singing it sits on twigs of dried shrubs. Dexterously and quickly running on the ground, the bird constantly rises on its feet, taking an almost vertical position. For the winter they fly away to North Africa, also winter in Asia - from Syria and Jordan to India and Sri Lanka. The nest is established on the ground: in the rut of an old road, in a hoof track, or just in a natural hole. There is 1 clutch per season, usually 5 eggs.
Lapwing
The lapwing or piglet has a head, neck and craw, black with a blue-green sheen, and the chest, abdomen and sides of the head are white. The dorsal side of the lapwing is olive green with a purple sheen. On the back of the head there is a crest of several very narrow feathers. The legs are four-toed, somewhat longer than those of the plovers. The beak is rather short and straight. The wing is wide and obtuse; in males, the internal primary flight feathers are elongated. During the current flight, they vibrate, making a peculiar noise similar to rustling and buzzing. They winter already in England, in the eastern parts of France, on the Iberian Peninsula, in North-West Africa, here and there in South-West and then in Southeast Asia, and also winter in Eastern Transcaucasia and in some places in Central Asia. Lapwings arrive in our country quite early, often when their nesting habitats are still covered with snow. After arrival, the birds settle near snow puddles, on wet, plowed fields beginning to thaw in autumn, on the outskirts of bogs, etc. Then they move to their nesting stations - damp meadows, the outskirts of grassy bogs in forests and steppes, less often dry meadow area; more and more lapwings begin to nest in the fields. Lapwings can settle both in separate pairs and in large colonies. Lapwings are live, mobile, noisy birds. They quickly and dexterously run among the grass, often on uneven hummocky ground, sometimes suddenly stop (look around, and then run further, sometimes grabbing an insect that has turned up. "WHOSE YOU ... WHOM YOU ..." Lapwings feed mainly on insects and their larvae, as well as mollusks, earthworms and centipedes. also larvae of dipterans and click beetles On occasion, they catch a bear and locusts.Like all waders, lapwings molt twice a year.In August they begin a full, post-nesting molt, which ends in November.
Field lark
The field lark is a medium-sized bird, the size of a house sparrow. The body is dense, the head is large with a relatively small conical beak. The bird looks a little heavy, but it runs quickly and dexterously on the ground. The hind toe is armed with a very long, spur-like claw. The plumage of the dorsal side of the body is earthy-brown with yellowish-grayish-white stripes and black-brown spots. Head, throat, top part chest and sides of the body are rusty-brownish with dark stripes; the rest of the breast and belly are yellowish grayish white. On the wings there are two light, weakly expressed transverse stripes. The tail is brownish black, with a shallow notch at the end, the outer tail feathers are white. Larks fly away from the northern regions of their habitat for the winter, in the southern regions they lead a sedentary lifestyle. These birds hibernate in Western Europe, southern Asia and northern Africa.
Landrail
Crake is a small bird, slightly larger than a thrush. The general color of the plumage is reddish-brown. The corncrake spends most of its life on the ground in thickets of tall grasses. In case of danger, the corncrake tries to flee. Runs amazingly fast, cleverly making his way through the grasses and often changing direction. Suddenly frightened, the corncrake flies nearby and again sinks into the grass. It flies badly, it is rarely possible to see the Corncrake, but it is easy to detect it by a kind of loud squeaky abrupt cry of "derg-derg". Corncrake live alone and never form flocks, fly alone for wintering Favorite places The habitat of the corncrake are damp grassy meadows, meadows overgrown with shrubs, grain and clover fields, forest clearings. Crake is a migratory bird, winters in Africa. Crake is one of the latest birds to arrive. The corncrake feeds on both animal and plant foods. From animals it eats various insects, worms, slugs, spiders, etc., from plants - seeds of various herbs, less often grains of cultivated grains. Corncrake meat is tasty, but due to its small size it is obtained by hunters accidentally and in small quantities.
Rook
The rook is about the size of a crow, but slimmer and has a straighter and thinner beak. Its plumage is black with a metallic sheen. The bridle, chin, base of the beak and part of the cheeks are bare, whitish in color. In the northern parts of the range, the rook is a migratory bird, in the southern parts it is sedentary and nomadic. He hibernates in southern parts nesting area, or slightly out of it. As for crows, wintering in cities is typical, in large congestions in common with it and the jackdaw. Breeds in colonies in gardens, parks and on groups of trees in or near human settlements, as well as in groves. It feeds in fields, meadows, wastelands and other open areas. In spring, the rook arrives early, with the appearance of the first thawed patches. Rooks feed on various insects and their larvae, mouse-like rodents, grain and garden crops. Accumulating in the centers of mass reproduction of pests, rooks play an essential role in the elimination of these centers. Along with these places, rooks do some harm, pecking out seeds of grain and garden crops sown in the spring, and during the ripening period - seeds of corn and sunflower, damaging watermelons, melons and potato tubers. However, in general, the benefits of a rook outweigh the harm and should be considered an unconditionally useful bird.
White-belted swift
He is generally more silent than the black swift, but during games it can be as noisy as the black swift. In the east, it spreads to Kamchatka and the Japanese Islands, to the south to Yangtzijiang and the northern parts of the Mongolian People's Republic. It also nests in the Himalayas. It nests in the cultural landscape and in the mountains where there are human settlements, sometimes above the taiga belt. Places nests in tall buildings and on various cliffs, cliffs and cliffs. Nest is built from dry stalks of plants, straws, etc. There are 2-3 eggs in a clutch. During the winter this swift flies to Indochina, the islands of Indonesia and Australia. Molting occurs during wintering.
Full wagtail
The full wagtail looks like a plisk, but slimmer and longer than it. It differs from all other wagtails by a longer tail. The dorsal side of the male mountain wagtail is ash-gray, the ventral side is yellow-gray. Uppertail is greenish-yellow. The wing is dark brown, turning into gray on the shoulders. The tail is brownish black with white edges. The throat is blackish-gray with a white border and white streaks, and a white eyebrow above the eyes. Females are much lighter than males. From the northern limits of the nesting area, this wagtail flies to warm countries for the winter, in the southern ones it leads a sedentary lifestyle, making vertical migrations from the mountains where it nests to the valleys. Mountain wagtails, leading a migratory lifestyle, winter in South Africa, in the south of Asia, on the islands of the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea and the Philippine Islands .. Mountain wagtails usually gather food near mountain streams, but often far from the water - on rocks and: cliffs. Therefore, various near-water insects and their larvae, small crustaceans, as well as beetles, spiders, etc., are more often seized.
Redstart
The redstart is about the size of a sparrow. A very beautiful, brightly colored bird. In breeding plumage, the head and back of the male are dark ash-gray. The forehead is white, the wings are brown. The tail, chest, belly and flanks are rusty red. The throat, goiter, cheeks and space around the eyes are black. The predominant color of the female is brown with a reddish-reddish uppertail and tail. Redstarts leave their wintering grounds only at the end of March, but they fly rather quickly. They sing almost around the clock, falling silent for a short time in the darkest part of the night, but especially intensely at morning and evening dawns. At this time, the bird especially often and loudly repeats its inviting cry (whistle "... fi-it, fi-it ...") and often twitches its tail, which is why purple tones of plumage "flash", exposing itself (the tail "burns" with crimson colors of sunset, therefore the bird itself was named "redstart"). To build a nest, birds occupy all kinds of hollows in tree trunks, shelters in woodpiles of firewood, under heaps of deadwood, voids under the roots and between the roots of trees or shrubs (especially if they grow on the edge of a cliff or ravine), shallow caves along cliffs, places under stones, and in settlements, nests are arranged behind lagging cornices or wall cladding and in attics.
Nightingale
The nightingale is a nondescript bird. The back is olive-brown with a more rufous tail. The ventral side of the body is whitish, the sides are brownish-gray, on the goiter there is a motley grayish-buffy spot. In the spring, nightingales appear in their homeland only at the beginning of May, occupying after arrival damp, with rather dense and shady thickets of shrubs, dense shrubs along the edges of the forest, willow and alder thickets along the banks of rivers, young groves, large gardens and parks with dense shrubs plantings, etc. The nightingales begin to sing 3-5 days after arrival, when the trees and shrubs are covered with foliage. The nightingale sings all night from evening to dawn, and in the first 2 weeks after the start of singing and in the daytime, it stops for a short while only in the middle of the day. A nightingale sings, sitting on a twig not high from the ground, hunched over a little and drooping its wings. In general, the nightingale is a very secretive and cautious bird, which is even very difficult to notice; during intense singing, he forgets about the danger and sings so selflessly that you can approach him almost close. Nightingales are prone to imitation. Nightingale nests are usually arranged on the ground between the roots of a shrub or tree growth, less often in dense interweaving of shrub trunks near the ground.
Nuthatch
The coloration of the dorsal side of the body of the common nuthatch is ash-gray with a bluish tinge, the ventral side is white with an admixture of reddish tones. Flanks and undertail with an admixture of chestnut brown. There are small white stripes on the sides of the head, above the eyes and on the forehead. A black stripe runs from the beak through the eye on the sides of the head to the neck. The common nuthatch is a sedentary and partially nomadic bird. Already at the end of February, on clear sunny days in the forest, you can hear the inviting cry of a nuthatch: a melodic loud whistle repeated several times in a row. In March, a pairing takes place and a suitable area for nesting is occupied. In late March - early April, in an old woodpecker hollow, less often in a natural depression in a tree trunk, which is usually at a height of 3-10 m from the ground, birds build a nest. The nuthatch always covers the hole leading into the hollow with clay, leaving only a round tap hole with a diameter of about 35 mm. Sometimes the areas of the trunk adjacent to the tap hole are also coated with clay. Quite often even the inner upper parts of the hollow near the entrance are carefully "plastered". The litter for the nest is small scales of the upper layer of pine bark, and if there are no pines nearby, birch, less often other trees or woody leaves. It usually takes about two weeks to build a nest.
Field sparrow
It is easy to distinguish it from the house sparrow by its brown crown, black spots on white cheeks and two light stripes on the wing. His black throat spot is small and not very prominent. Males and females are colored almost the same. As a common human companion, the field sparrow, however, more often than the house sparrow, nests in a natural setting - along the edges of groves, in woodlands, shrubs, parks, large gardens, arranging nests here mainly in hollows and earthen voids. In human settlements, he places nests in approximately the same places as the brownie. In winter, it brings some benefit by pecking up weed seeds. The field sparrow is more harmful to agriculture than the house sparrow. In areas of its high number, they are fighting with it.
Starling
Starling is a medium-sized bird. The bird's body is massive, the neck is short, which makes the bird seem somewhat heavy and awkward. The four-toed, relatively long legs are thick and strong, equipped with large curved claws. Sharp beak is thin and long, slightly curved downward. The tail is short, almost straight at the end. The plumage of an adult recently shed bird is black with a bright metallic sheen. Against the general black background, white spots stand out in contrast, larger on the body and on the elytra and small on the head. The metallic sheen is not uniform. Head, ear and throat areas are cast purple, back and loin - green, belly - violet-blue. Recently, they winter and to the north, adhering to city dumps. The common starling is one of the earliest appearing birds at nesting sites: it arrives in central Russia in spring in March, when the first thawed patches are just beginning to appear in the fields. The starling's song is loud and spring-like cheerful. Starlings are skillful mockingbirds: in their song you can hear excerpts from the songs of other birds, the croaking of frogs, the clapping of a whip, and even the growling and barking of dogs. Starlings also imitate the human voice, and some birds that have lived for a long time in captivity learn to pronounce individual words and even whole phrases. Starlings can nest in separate pairs or in large colonies. These birds are extremely unpretentious in choosing a place for a nest. They nest in hollows of trees, in crevices of rocks, in ledges of rocky cliffs, in the bases of large nests of birds of prey and large ravens, in widened burrows of coastal martins, in burrows of bee-eaters, under the roofs of houses, in the voids of dilapidated clay buildings, etc.
Eared owl
The male and female are colored the same: the dorsal side is buffy with dark brown trunk stripes, with transverse thin streaks and white markings on the humeral and wing coverts. Flight feathers are yellowish with a brownish transverse pattern and grayish tops, tail feathers are rusty-buffy with dark brownish transverse stripes and small specks. The ventral side is rufous, buffy or whitish with wide longitudinal and narrow transverse dark brown stripes. It nests in forests, usually in old nests, less often in hollows, even less often on the ground. On flights and wintering grounds, the long-eared owl, unlike other owls, usually keeps in groups or small flocks. The food of the long-eared owl consists mainly of various mouse-like rodents; birds in the forage mode owls occupy a small place
Wryneck
The turntable is a nondescript bird, outwardly not much like woodpeckers. The dorsal side of the whirlwind is grayish-brown with dark wavy stripes and specks and light-brown spots; a longitudinal blackish-brown stripe extends from the vertex to the lower part of the back. The ventral side is white with rare brown spots, the throat and lower part of the neck are yellow with transverse undulating stripes. Flight feathers with black-brown edges, 5 dark arcuate stripes on the tail. The eyes are yellowish red, the beak and legs are yellowish. But the beak is completely different from the beak of other woodpeckers: it is medium-sized and slightly bent at the end. Its tail is soft and rather long, rounded rather than pointed. The whirligig cannot climb the trunks of trees, but it can very often be seen on the ground. This is a sedentary bird, it moves on the ground with clumsy jumps, and having taken off into the air, it hurries to sit on a tree. Sitting on a tree, the bird constantly turns its head to the left and then to the right, for which it got its name.
Cuckoo
The cuckoo is a medium-sized bird with a rounded stepped tail. In color and size, it somewhat resembles a sparrowhawk. In adult males, the back and tail are dark gray, the throat, craw and chest are light gray. The rest of the plumage is white with dark transverse stripes. The eyes and edges of the eyelids are yellow. The bill is blackish, slightly curved at the apex. Legs are short, orange in color. Females, unlike males, are either brownish on top, with an ocher bloom on the crop, or the dorsal side of the body and the top of the head are rusty-red with wide black and narrow white transverse stripes. More than 150 species of birds are known, in whose nests cuckoos lay their eggs; As a rule, cuckoos toss their eggs exclusively in the nests of small passerines, but occasionally in the nests of woodpeckers, waders, etc.
Oriole
This is a very beautiful bird. The predominant color of the adult male is golden yellow, from the base of the beak to the eye goes black band. The wing is black with yellow spot... The tail feathers are black with bright yellow edges at the ends. Females are distinguished by a yellowish-green color of the upper side of the body, the lower side is grayish-white, the undertail is bright yellow. Young birds have a faded, dirtier color. The oriole is especially eager to nest in birch and oak forests, where it is dry, the trees are quite far from each other, and the sun's rays warm the earth well. Less commonly, it nests in sparse pine or mixed forest, a garden or in thickets along the banks of the rivers. The nest is almost always built on deciduous trees, very rarely on pines. It attaches with its upper edges to a horizontal fork of a branch far from the trunk. Both birds of a pair build a nest within about a week. Having found a suitable fork, the birds weave a skillfully made nest-basket on it, which is veneered from the outside with moss and birch bark to match the color of the tree on which it is located. The nest tray is lined with thin stalks of plants, scraps of wool, feathers.
Pied flycatcher
The color of the adult male is black and white, contrasting. The dorsal side of the body and the crown of the head are black, on the forehead. White spot, the loin is gray, the tail is brownish-black with a white border along the edges. The ventral side is white. The wing is dark brown, almost black with a large white spot. Females and young males are duller colored: black tones in the plumage are replaced by grayish-brown, white - off-white. Chicks are variegated, brownish above, whitish below. In nature, the pied flycatcher can be easily distinguished from other birds by its “magpie” coloration and frequent flapping of its wings, characteristic of flycatchers. Birds nest in forests of a wide variety of types, but especially willingly settle in clarified areas with overmature hollow trees; often found in settlements, if the latter have at least individual trees. The nest is arranged in natural hollows, old woodpecker hollows, in tree crevices, under the roofs of wooden buildings. Over the device of the nest, the birds are busy from 3 to 10 days. The nest is a heap of dry blades of grass, birch bark (if the nest is in a birch forest) or pine bark films (if the nest is in a pine forest); there are also small amounts of moss, hair, and bast fibers. The tray is lined with dry leaves and stalks of cereals and other herbaceous plants... Pied flycatchers are indiscriminate in their choice of food. In the coniferous forest, birds consume predominantly harmful beetles, and, therefore, are beneficial. In deciduous plantations, along with harmful insects, the pied flycatcher destroys many predatory insects useful for the forest - the larvae of ladybirds, snipe, so they cannot be considered useful here.
Pika
The plumage on the dorsal side of the bird is grayish-brown with whitish specks, the ventral side of the body is silky-white. Above the eye on the head passes white stripe... The beak is long, sickle-curved. At the end of February and in March, in the forest, you can hear the simple, hasty, but rather melodic trill of the male, and see the fighting birds. At this time, the pairing takes place. In April, birds begin to build a nest, which is usually located behind peeling bark or in a half-collapsed hollow of a tree and always low above the ground: usually at a height of 1 to 2.5 m. It takes 8-12 days to build a nest. First, a loose platform is built from thin dry twigs with a diameter of 2-3 mm. On this platform, the nest itself is arranged, which is built from dry soaked blades of grass, bast fibers, narrow leaves of forest grasses mixed with pieces of bark, wood, bunches of moss and lichen, and is fastened with cobweb threads. The litter of the nest consists of a large number small feathers, to which wool, cocoons and a web of insects and spiders are sometimes mixed; sometimes the litter is absent.
The fauna of Kuzbass is very diverse. In the Kemerovo region there are about 450 species of vertebrates, including 68 species of mammals, more than 300 species of birds, 6 reptiles, 5 amphibians and 42 species of fish. Most of them have lived here since ancient times.
Recently, however, the number of species introduced and acclimatized by humans has been growing. For example - mink, muskrat and hare. Or they can settle independently - such as a gray rat, a hedgehog and a wild boar. In addition, from the neighboring edges occasionally wanders Snow Leopard and saltwater, various rodents and birds migrate.
Among the permanent residents, the largest are the bear and the elk. They live mainly in taiga areas. In the mountainous terrain, you can find Siberian reindeer, Asian red deer and musk deer. Their relative, the roe deer, prefers deciduous forests and forest-steppe.
Predators lynx and wolverine, although they live almost everywhere, are rather rare animals: only a few hundred individuals. But their smaller cousins - fox, Siberian weasel, ermine, weasel are much more common. As well as other aborigines of the region, rodents and herbivores: white hare, squirrel, chipmunk, shrews, moles.
In the steppe and forest-steppe zones, wolves, ferrets live, gophers, hamsters, marmots, voles and other animals live freely.
In the taiga zone, songbirds live less than in deciduous forests, but there are commercial species: hazel grouse, wood grouse, black grouse. Nutcracker plays an important role in the spread of cedar. The forests are protected by woodpeckers, nuthatches, tits, nightjars, orioles, jays, magpies and crossbills. Partridge and quail are widespread in birch groves and forest-steppes. Geese, ducks, cranes, waders nest on the shores of water bodies. Birds of prey provide tremendous help in the fight against agricultural pests: kestrels, owls, harrier, horse, balabans.
Owl - the largest owl is rare and needs protection. As well as sable, otter, reindeer, long-eared bat and about 80 other animal species. For their protection and systematization in the region, the Red Book of Kuzbass was created.
Until recently, the vast expanses of water in our region were famous for their fish wealth. And now taimen, lenok, whitefish, dace, burbot, pike, chebak, ide and about 30 species of fish are found in clean taiga and mountain rivers. However, human industrial activity, pollution of Tom, construction of hydraulic structures negatively affects the aquatic fauna of Kuzbass.
The world of invertebrates and insects living on the territory of the Kemerovo region numbers thousands of species and has not yet been sufficiently studied. Moreover, every year it is replenished with new species for the fauna of the region and even species generally unknown to science. But this is why the unique nature of the Kuznetsk region is interesting.
4. List of woody and shrub plants of the Kemerovo region.
Woody plants: pine family: genus Siberian fir, genus Siberian spruce, genus Siberian larch, genus Siberian pine or Siberian cedar, species common pine; birch family: genus birch, species: twisting, drooping or warty, fluffy, white; beech family: genus oak , species of English oak; linden family: linden genus, Siberian linden species; elm family: elm genus, species: stocky, smooth, rough; willow family: poplar genus, species: silver, black, laurel, balsamic, aspen genus; Rosaceae family : genus apple, species apple berry, genus mountain ash, species Siberian mountain ash, genus bird cherry species solitary bird cherry; maple family: genus maple, species: ash-leaved, Tatar, ginnala.
Shrub plants: family barberry, genus barberry, species common barberry; family of birch, genus birch, species: round-leaved, low, pseudomiddendorfa, genus alder; family of pimples, genus Teresken, genus Kokhia; cruciferous family, genus beetroot, species of beetroot Lena; willow family, genus willow, species: dewy, kokha, taraykin, spear-shaped, three-spiked, buckthorny, Sapozhnikova, pearl-leaved, Yenisei, five-chained, pseudo-five-chained, white, Sayan, rosemary, wool-shod, basket, goat, ashen, gray, Bebland, archatych, mont erect; family heather, genus wild rosemary, species wild rosemary, genus rhododendron, species golden rhododendron, species rhododendron daurian, genus whitened, species whitened multifoliate, genus Hamedaphne, species hamedaphne marsh, genus arctous, species: red-fruited, family, alpine blueberry, lingonberry, blueberry, species: lingonberry, blueberry, blueberry, genus cranberry, species of marsh cranberry, species of small-fruited cranberry; family of pears, genus of wintergreen, species of wintergreen, species of wintergreen round-leaved, species red wintergreen, species small wintergreen, species medium wintergreen, genus single-flowered, species single-flowered single-flowered, genus Artilia, species artilia one-sided, species artilia blunt, genus winter-lover, species winter-lover umbrella; Crowberry family, genus crowberry, crow, shiksha, species crowberry black; family wolf, genus wolf, species common wolf; family gooseberry, genus gooseberry, species gooseberry needle, genus currant, species: black, moss, dark purple, naked, spicata; family Rosaceae, genus meadowsweet, spirea, species: St. John's-leaved, willow-leaved, oak-leaved, twisting, gorodaya, average, genus fieldberry, species fieldfare fieldfare, genus cotoneaster, species single-flowered cotoneaster, species black cotoneaster, genus hawthorn, species blood-red hawthorn, genus raspberry, species: Sakhalin, common , species of gray blackberry, genus of maroshka, genus of stoneberry, species of stoneberry hop-leaved, genus of prince, genus of stoneberry, genus of strawberry, strawberry, species: green, forest, genus of saber, species of marsh cinquefoil, genus of Kuril five-leafed leaf 1st tea, type of shrub cinquefoil, genus Potentilla, types: forked, goose, strawberry, strange, sticky, rowan-leaved, contiguous, multi-cut, three-pair, Martyanova, compressed, graceful, silky, Norwegian, cold, erect, stemless, creeping prostrate, whip-like, golden-flowered, medium, grayish, silvery, twig-shaped; genus Dryad, species sharp-toothed dryad; genus rosehip, species rose hips, species rose hips; family of legumes, genus Karagan, species of Karagan shrub, species: genus Astrala narrow-legged; dogwood family, genus svidina, white svidina species or white dogwood; buckthorn family, buckthorn genus, alder buckthorn or fragile buckthorn species; loch family, sea buckthorn genus, sea buckthorn species; honeysuckle family, linnaeus genus, northern linnea species, honeysuckle genus species: Altai, Pallasa, Tatar, ordinary; viburnum family, genus viburnum, species of viburnum ordinary; elder family, elderberry genus, Siberian elderberry species; labiate family, genus zizifor a, species of ziziphora fragrant, genus hyssop, species of hyssop dubious, genus thyme, species of Marshall thyme, species of thyme pink, species of thyme close, species of Yenisei thyme, species of Siberian thyme, species of Mongolian thyme; Asteraceae family, genus of wormwood, species of wormwood, santola kind of wormwood Gmelin.
10:00 / 15 June 2017We decided to continue the natural history research of our glorious city and, following the flora of Kemerovo, to study the fauna as well. The first walks in May along the shady thickets, river banks, and even the most ordinary Kemerovo courtyards gave food for thought. Our young, growing Kemerovo, rich in greenery, woody vegetation in different years was also famous for the presence of various forest animals. In the 1990s, squirrels and gophers lived in Vera Voloshina's park, hedgehogs in the outskirts in squares, in the fields behind the newly built Yuzhny microdistrict there was always a lot of rodents and, as a result, feathered predators ... Now the picture has changed somewhat. New species of animals and birds came to the city, some became obvious more, while others remained quite rare guests in our area. Who today lives in the city thickets, charms with sonorous trills in bird cherry bushes and builds huts at the mouth of the Iskitimka ?! Let's tell you in order.
For help in the preparation of this material and scientific advice, we thank the head of the department of biodiversity and biological resources of the KemSU Nikolai Skalon and the head of the biological department of the city station of young naturalists of Kemerovo Nikolai Korpusov.
Our experts explained the migration of forest dwellers to the city for three reasons. First, climate change towards warming and, as a consequence, renewal of the food supply. Secondly, improving the environment. And thirdly, and this is important - the loyal and delicate attitude of the townspeople themselves to our smaller brothers. V last years As biologists note, the residents of Kemerovo have become kinder, they help wounded animals and birds, and, in principle, they treat the presence of forest dwellers more calmly and no longer rudely intrude into their habitual habitat. The animals do not feel danger from humans and are happy to explore the urban spaces.
According to the observations of scientists, in recent decades, medium-sized mammals have been actively settling in us - semi-aquatic rodents, representatives of mustelids and hares. Almost all songbirds and winged predators have mastered the urban environment: the black kite and several species of small falcons. There are also forest settlers, which are quite unusual for the urban area. We invite you to get to know our feathered and furry neighbors better.
Muskrat
Where you can see: the banks of Iskitimka in the area of the Antoshka park and next to the residential complex "Karavella", Lake Krasnoe
The foreign muskrat matched well with the local environment. Today, this inhabitant of the near-river corners in Kemerovo can be seen quite often. Muskrats have chosen the shores of the Iskitimka River and Lake Krasnoye, because in principle they prefer freshwater shallow water and shores overgrown with lush grass. In recent years, our muskrats have become more and more daring, more often they catch the eye of the townspeople and very willingly pose for a photo. These comrades are especially active after sunset and early in the morning.
Muskrat, or muskrat, is the only species of its kind in the order of rodents. In her diet, she is an avid vegetarian - she mainly eats the stems and leaves of coastal shrubs, reeds, reeds or horsetails, in winter - the roots. But if the environment is not rich in vegetation, he does not disdain river delicacies - frogs or fish fry.
And the muskrat is also an excellent builder! Like her older brother, the beaver, she builds above-water huts about a meter high, floating open nests are feeding grounds, digs multi-tiered and multi-room earthen burrows, if the coast is high enough for this, and builds many storerooms with an abundance of reserves for the winter. In short: a very practical and thrifty beast.
In the water element, by the way, the muskrat feels at home. She is an excellent swimmer over - and underwater, without air, she can do more than 15 minutes! But on earth, this semi-aquatic inhabitant is slow, relying mainly on his keen hearing.
Swift coast
Where you can see: the banks of the Tom River between Lake Sukhovskoye in the Kuzbass Botanical Garden and the village of Sukhovo
Swifts are the real regulars of our city today. For twenty years now, not a single summer can do without their impetuous flight and perky chirping. Amateur bird watchers have noticed that these birds have been actively exploring the city boundaries of Kemerovo since the 1980s. White-belt swifts were the first to build nests on buildings, followed by black swifts, rare for cities.
Our birds like to settle in low two-three-story buildings, build nests under the roof or in window openings on the upper floors. Scientists also note that since 2005 there has been an active growth in the swift population in Kemerovo, in recent years this trend has also continued.
By the way, new high-rise buildings with flat smooth walls and an iron-edged roof edge are not suitable for nesting swifts. Therefore, the most massive colonies are found where there are more "Khrushchevs", Stalin-built houses and older. In young districts and microdistricts with an abundance of high-rise complexes, these birds are much less or not at all.
While preparing the material, the correspondents of the AVOKADO magazine found natural settlements of swifts in the city - the Swift Coast with the most real earthen burrows. A whole team of swift-winged flyers took a fancy to the cliff on the Tom within the city limits near the village of Sukhovo. Just have time to watch how nimble swifts catch midges and drag them to their chicks in cozy earthen houses. Young animals are in a hurry to get up on the wing and immediately in flight learn from their elders how to catch midges and how to dodge predatory hunters (the watchful eye of a black kite is watching over the colony - also already a city dweller, but we will talk about this further). Swifts are not afraid of either fishermen or vacationers on the banks of Kemerovo residents. They perfectly coexist with wagtails - these spring birds run along the coast in search of insects. In general, harmony reigns on the Strizhin coast.
In general, the swift is a unique bird, created for air element- they do not know how to walk on the ground, they only crawl. But in terms of flights, they are true masters of aerobatics, capable of speeds up to 160 km / h. Swift literally lives "only in flight" - drinks, eats, mates and even sleeps. It also predicts the weather, swifts often follow warm fronts that are favorable to their rapid flight. In bad, inclement weather, they sit at home. And even fall into a kind of short-term suspended animation with a decrease in body temperature, they save energy in this way.
Redstarts
Where you can see: courtyards in the center of Kemerovo, on the streets of Vesennyaya, Nogradskaya, Dzerzhinsky and others.
Small songbirds, slightly smaller than a sparrow and slender than a wagtail, mostly gray-brownish, with fiery red plumage on the abdomen and tail, were previously considered quite rare for our region, and in the country, the redstart can not be found in every city. And we have them in Kemerovo! Initially, these birds settled near orchards and vegetable gardens, and in dense park thickets, and this year they can be found here almost everywhere.
For example, a small colony of redstart has chosen thickets of lilac and bird cherry in the city center. Noble singers are filled with marvelous trills almost from April in the courtyards along the streets of Dzerzhinsky and Vesennyaya. Redstarts are hardworking birds - they feed mainly on insects, clean trees and shrubs from harmful bugs. This year, the most courageous feasted on the troughs on the windows. And they even flew to the balconies in search of building materials for nests.
Redstarts will delight us with wonderful songs until July. Then the birds will begin to molt, and they will prepare for a journey to warmer climes... And in early September they will go to winter in Africa or South Arabia.
Black kite
Where you can see: in all districts of Kemerovo
It is this feathered hunter who screams so long and loudly, with a mesmerizing slightly sad trill and creates the feeling of a rocky North American canyon in the urban brick jungle. The black kite is the largest bird of prey from the order of hawks in Kuzbass, willingly settling in our city in recent years.
At first, feathered hunters took a fancy to the suburbs. Due to the appearance of the necessary food base and habitat conditions. In the fields in the surrounding villages (for example, near Mazurovo), the use of herbicides has ceased, small rodents have begun to breed actively, but the kites have also flocked to the "game". The birds settled in the forests near villages and farmland, in recent years they have already settled in the city.
Last summer, for example, a pair of kites occupied a crow's nest just behind school # 62 on Spring Street, and even bred offspring. Today birds can be observed in the Leninsky and Zavodskoy districts, young kites actively hunt in the center of Kemerovo. According to our experts, birds of prey are attracted by the abundance of birds and mice. This species is generally quite easy to adapt to living conditions in cities.
... And often birds of prey get into trouble on city highways. Black kites are not averse to feasting on carrion, sometimes they fly to the remains of downed animals and birds on the roadway and try to drag the treat to a secluded place. But, alas, not everyone is quick and quick, they fall under the transport. Injured birds are treated and nursed by caring biologists of the Wild and Exotic Animals Assistance Center at the KemSU. But, unfortunately, not all the victims are able to return to their native natural environment ...
Kestrel
Where you can see: Rudnichny and Zavodskoy districts.
The smallest representative of the falcon can also be called a Kemerovo regular. An unpretentious feathered predator settles in our stone buildings and near industrial enterprises - a few years ago, for example, a kestrel's nest was found right on the elevator tower. Hollows and abandoned nests are suitable for her, the most daring individuals can settle on the cornice of a residential building or even build a nest on your balcony. Likes, in general, to be extreme.
The kestrel's favorite treat is the common house sparrow. So the hunting grounds for this bird are any city park, square or mini-forest. She will not refuse from other small birds, and from mice, of course. For the latter, the kestrel is highly respected by farmers. For an experienced hunter is extremely useful in agriculture. The fields where the kestrel family settled nearby are firmly protected from voles, mice, rats, gophers and other rodents.
And the kestrel simply does not tolerate forty and is very aggressive if it notices a white-sided nearby.
Peregrine falcon
Where you can see: Rudnichny district, mothballed buildings of "AZOT" and "Khimprom"
A rare falcon, listed in the Red Book of Russia, has been observed in Kemerovo since the 1990s. Peregrine Falcons are a small species, and in the region there are only no more than 50 pairs. It is all the more pleasant that this bird continues to settle in our glorious city today.
Last year, for example, a peregrine falcon family was acquired in the mothballed tower of one of the AZOT workshops. For several years in a row, according to the observations of the townspeople, peregrine falcons have been settling in another abandoned production facility - on the territory of Khimprom. Peregrine falcons took a fancy to the factory territories back in 1991 and settled there until 2004, then for several years they completely disappeared from the city, and returned only in 2015.
Falcons also settle in residential areas. For example, in 1998, peregrine falcons made a nest and raised their chicks on the roof of a new high-rise building in the Rudnichny district near Sosnovy Bor. They can build nests on other buildings with heights - on bell towers, bridges.
The local food supply for peregrine falcons is excellent. They feed exclusively on birds: sparrows, blackbirds, starlings, pigeons or ducks - which we have more than enough in Kemerovo. Occasionally they also hunt bats, squirrels, hares and amphibians, of which our city is also rich.
This falcon prefers to deal with dinner in the air. The peregrine falcon is the fastest feathered hunter in the world: in a dive flight, it develops a speed of over 322 km / h.
Nightingale bird
Where you can see: the Iskitimka bank near the Rodnye Berega residential complex, in the thickets at the intersection of Krasnoarmeyskaya and Karbolitovskaya streets, behind school No. 99 at FPK, in Sosnovy Bor, in the thickets in the courtyards on Vesennyaya Street.
It is now possible to listen to the sonorous, complex-faced singing of this skillful performer without leaving Kemerovo. Nightingales more and more willingly settle in the city limits, although not yet as massively as their colleagues in the vocal workshop of the redstart. Kemerovo youths have been observing nightingales for three years in a row.
In the city, birds, as in their usual natural environment, prefer to settle closer to water bodies, in floodplain or lowland bushes - viburnum, bird cherry, buckthorn or willow. We heard nightingale trills, in particular, on the banks of the Iskitimka River near the residential complex "Rodnye Berega" on Michurin Street, in the thickets at the intersection of Krasnoarmeyskaya and Karbolitovskaya Streets, in the bushes behind school No. 99 at FPK, in Pine Forest, this May nightingales have chosen bird cherry thickets in courtyards in the city center, on Vesennyaya Street; and lilac thickets in courtyards on Sovetskiy Avenue near the Continent RK.
By the way, seeing a nightingale is more difficult than hearing it. For it is small (smaller than a sparrow), grayish and rather inconspicuous in appearance. But vocalizations are not his only amazing ability. This singer is extremely gluttonous, eats all insects indiscriminately - flies, butterflies, dragonflies, grasshoppers, worms, caterpillars, ants, spiders. So the nightingale is one of the main pest fighters in the ecosystem.
Nightingales come to us in early May (8-10 numbers), build nests and acquire offspring. By the way, these birds are sensitive to temperatures, do not like intense heat and prefer humid climate... Once we flew to Kemerovo this spring - there should not be a dry and hot summer. With the cold weather, the migratory singer is also not on friendly terms and flies off to winter in the tropics of East Africa. In winter resorts abroad, the nightingale does not sing. Only at home - in my native Siberian outback.
Weasel
Where you can see: Metal site, garage cooperatives on Sibiryakov-Gvardeytsev street
It is not the first year that weasel has been observed in the city limits of Kemerovo. Although, as our expert biologists note, it is not easy to track these animals. Firstly, due to its size - the weasel is very small - the length of the body is 20-25 centimeters from the force. Secondly, she is extremely agile, nimble and resourceful. Thirdly, the weasel is simply the genius of silent and almost invisible movement.
We have nevertheless observed nimble animals both in summer cottages and in garage cooperatives. In the latter, a small predator comes through mouse holes and passages, sneaks into cellars and sometimes steals what is bad from food supplies.
Weasel usually appears where the population of murine rodents is especially increasing. In Kemerovo, by the way, there are a lot of them, about five to seven different species. The little hunter is the main specialist in mice, shrews, voles, rats, moles and hamsters. It also willingly eats pigeons, lizards, frogs and small snakes like snakes or even vipers.
Adjusting the number of harmful rodents brings unconditional benefit, but sometimes it can get carried away. In a fit of hunting curiosity and excitement, climb, for example, into an open-air cage with young rabbits or into a chicken coop ... And residents of suburban settlements and villages of the Kemerovo region have been convinced of this more than once. Once summer residents even took an experienced hunter for "Chupacabra", having discovered the bloodless carcasses of hens and chickens. The year before last, the weasel made a mistake at the Metal Site.
The animal settles, as a rule, under stones, in hollows, holes, it can settle in the ruins of a residential building or near a warehouse. By the way, he arranges his home - lined with dry grass, moss, large leaves and fern.
Sable family
Where: Sosnovy Bor on the right bank in the Rudnichny District near the store's warehouses, overgrown near the Siberian Polytechnic College on 40 Let Oktyabrya Street
Dweller Siberian taiga for the city in general it is extremely atypical. In Kuzbass, sable for the most part lives within the boundaries of the Kuznetsk Alatau reserve and adjacent areas. Quite rare in the suburbs of Kemerovo. But a few years ago a whole sable family settled in the city.
A couple of animals made a dwelling for themselves in Sosnovy Bor in the Rudnichny District, not far from the warehouses of a large retail chain. It was here that the bold taiga guests began to visit often afterwards, which the shop owners did not like very much.
In 2015, a sable was seen in the Kirovsky district. The animal climbed a tree near the building of the Siberian Polytechnic College on 40 Let Oktyabrya Street and could not come down. Students and a whole team of firefighters came to the aid of the forest dweller: they sawed down a branch and caught a sable on a blanket. But the nimble predator did not need help near the ground, jumped down and ran away into the nearest thickets of bushes.
Thickets and stone deposits are a common habitat for sable. The animal arranges housing for itself in the hollows of trees, sometimes in fallen ones, sometimes under the roots. Builds nesting shelters. It hunts on the ground, rarely climbs into the crowns. Sable is a thunderstorm of voles and pikas, and very often prefers squirrels, chipmunks and hares for lunch.
In the city limits, today you can also find other representatives of the weasel - ermine, polecat, Siberian weasel and saltwater.
Field thrushes
Where you can see: Sosnovy Bor, a park near the monument "Miner's Memory", a forest in the village of Zhuravlevo near the cafe "Kovcheg", on the banks of the Iskitimka estuary
Until recently, fieldbirds were also rare guests in the city limits. Flew in only before winter, did not stay for permanent residence. In recent years, they appear more and more often in Kemerovo and settle in squares and overgrown parks and pine forests. Like nightingales, they prefer wet places next to reservoirs and thickets of your favorite mountain ash. That is why they are called that.
Researchers note that this thrush began to develop cities just after the parks, squares and streets began to be planted with mountain ash. First, small flocks flew to us in the middle of autumn, after the first frost, to feast on sweet bright scarlet fruits, then began to nest in suburban forests and groves, on the outskirts of the forest and, finally, among residential areas.
Fieldfare is a sweet-tooth thrush. And these birds begin fruitful years not with mountain ash, but with other berries. With the appearance of the first forest harvests, thrushes begin to wander in summer flocks. First to wild strawberries, then to garden strawberries, then again to forest lands - for blueberries. Closer to autumn, they can return back to the gardens - for ripe irga, currants and raspberries. In general, a thunderstorm of country berry plantations.
And the fieldfare is also the most daring feathered parent. In case of danger (representatives of hawks hunt the bird and its offspring), the thrush begins to crackle or emit a high, thin whistle — special alarm signals. The hunter will not let the hunter fly up to the nest for anything and generally prefers to be the first to attack the predator.
Swallow
Where you can see: Kuzbasskaya street, Spring street, Sukhovo village
Swallows are actively exploring the Kemerovo open spaces. And if the city swallow or funnels are already quite common for our environment, then its close relative is the barn swallow, that same killer whale, a rare guest in megacities - she loves villages and the private sector more.
From about the middle of the 2000s, it has been observed in Kemerovo. In our country, barn swallows like to fix their nests, for example, under the bridge over the Tom on the platforms of the supports and in unfinished buildings, under the eaves of houses, on boat docks. This year, killer whales were observed both in their usual environment in the village of Sukhovo, and in the city center - on Kuzbasskaya and Vesennyaya streets.
Like their close relatives swifts, killer whales love flying insects, hunt in flight, drink on the fly, feed chicks. He also does not like to sit on the ground, but still sometimes he does it, for example, to swim in a puddle on a hot morning. Killer whales love water treatments.
Barn swallows - migratory birds... Usually they come to us in the second half of May, build nests and hatch offspring, and already at the end of June, chicks emerge. They fly to warm regions in September.
Owls
Where you can see: forests near the Kemerovo airport, city districts
Long-eared owl
Polar owl
Owls have long chosen groves and pine forests near the villages and villages of the Kemerovo region, but not everyone dares to settle in the city. Most of us are still by flight, more often in winter, they arrive to hunt and refresh themselves. However, the most courageous nevertheless decided to start the development of the city limits.
For two years in a row (2014-2015), a family of polar snowy owls lived near the Kemerovo airport. The indigenous inhabitants of the tundra, according to scientific sources, are partially nomadic birds, and sometimes they can nest during the wintering period and in settlements. But they still prefer open spaces to the bustle of the city, and some individuals can stay in nesting places for the winter. So did this couple. Apparently, our diet suited the travelers. Snowy owls feed mainly on rodents, hares, and among birds - ducks and partridges. We loved to hunt on the airport runway.
As a result, the female was injured, and she had to be transferred to a rehabilitation center in Novosibirsk, and the male was observed for about a year in the same area.
Also, our experts note that a long-eared owl settles with pleasure in the city, occupies abandoned crow's nests in squares or parks, breeds offspring. She tolerates being close to people very calmly.
Fox
Where: floodplain of Iskitimka, thickets near the residential complex "Karavella"
Foxes are generally frequent guests of cities and Kemerovo, in particular. But more often they still visit us in winter. They come to feed themselves a little. And, as a rule, red predators are found mainly in the Pine Forest, or in the forests near the neighboring villages. This winter we saw a fox in our forest.
Beavers have a long history with our region. Today, as it turned out, this is generally the least studied species of animals in our area. The fact is that in the 19th century in the Kuzbass, beavers were completely exterminated, the game animal was valued for its fur, meat and the so-called beaver stream.
Beavers were re-settled in our region only in the 1960s. Brought from the Voronezh reserve. Since then, beavers have been actively settling in the region, previously they were found in water bodies in suburban areas, this year a couple of young beavers reached Kemerovo!
The started beaver dam was discovered by local residents this spring in the Kirovsky district. Hardworking builders settled on a pond near the Progress plant. The townspeople managed to film the Beaver construction site. In the photo, fallen trees with flat squares - traces of beaver teeth.
The appearance of these forest dwellers in urban landscapes, in the opinion of both townspeople and experts, is a good sign: the ecological situation is gradually improving.
White hares
Where: Sosnovy Bor, floodplain of the Iskitimka River
An extremely typical inhabitant of the Kuzbass taiga has recently also begun to move closer to the city. This spring, young naturalists observed traces of bunnies and their offspring in Pine Forest. The food supply here is excellent for them. Do not mind long-eared "chew" and from bird feeders.
And in spring, white hares settle in the thickets on the uninhabited banks of the Iskitimka - just below the building. pension fund towards the university bridge. Food - hares feed on grasses, shoots, mushrooms, twigs and bark - there is enough for them. In addition, these forest dwellers easily adapt to the presence of people.
Loading...
