Czech, or butterflies, moths, moths - insect detachment with a complete transformation, the most characteristic feature of whose representatives - the presence of the thick cover of chitinic scales (flattened hairs) on the front and rear wings (while the flakes are located both on the veins and on the wing plate between with them). For most species, a specialized sucking oral apparatus is characterized with a trunk formed by elongated lower jaw blades. The shape and scope of the wings are very diverse: from 2 mm to 28 cm.
Development with complete transformation: There are stages of eggs, larvae (called caterpillar), dolls and imago. The larvae is a worm-shaped, with underdeveloped abdominal legs, powerfully sclerotic covers of the head, a ricking oral apparatus and paired silver glands, allocations from which, when contacting air, form a flush thread.
Czesheuble, the fossil remains of which are known from the Jurassic period, are currently one of the most rich species of insect detachments - there are more than 158,000 species in the detachment. Representatives of the detachment are common in all continents, with the exception of Antarctica.
The section of the entomology studying the scraps is called lepidopterology.
Total number
The detachment of the calculated in the species diversity is undoubtedly allocated among the taxa of such a rank. Czechs are one of the largest insect groups, which includes as of August 2013 - 158,570 species, including 147 fossil taxa. It is assumed that up to 100,000 species remain not yet known science and, thus, the total number of curved types existing on the planet can be estimated at approximately 200,000 - 225,000 species. In Russia, there are 2166 clans and 8879 species.
Czechs are very diverse, and most of their species are poorly studied. Some of the described species are known for findings from one-sole terrain or even by a single copy. The true assessment of the total number of existing species will never be known, because many species extinct before they are detected. The systematics of butterflies presented in various works reflects the various views of their authors and is, beyond any doubt discusional.
There are disputes dedicated to the systematic position or the need to preserve the status of some subspecies or species. DNA studies indicate that some of the current species currently must be separated. A well-known example is the case when at first glance Identical Colias Alfacariensis and Colias Hyalepreviously considered one species were divided into two, after significant differences in the structure of their caterpillars and pupa were found.
Butterfly - description. Building and appearance of butterflies.
In the structure of the butterfly, two main departments are highlighted - the body protected by a solid chitine shell and wings.
Butterfly - insect whose body consists of:
- Head, minorly connected with breasts. The head of the butterfly has a rounded shape with a bit of the shiny partice. Round or oval convex butterfly eyes in the form of hemispheres, occupying most of the side surface of the head, have a complex facet. Butterflies have color vision, and moving objects perceive better than fixed. Many species behind the mustache are additional simple dark eyes. The structure of the oral apparatus depends on the species affiliation and may be a sucking or rodent type.
- Breast butterfly having a three-segment structure. The front part is significantly less than the middle and rear, where there are three pairs of legs, which are characteristic of the insect structure. On the legs of the front paws of the butterfly are spurs, designed to maintain the hygiene of the mustache.
- Broke butterflyhaving the form of an extended cylinder consisting of ten segments of the ring-shaped form with the smallests on them.
- Alert butterfly Located on the border of the packen and frontal part of the head. They help butterfly to navigate the surrounding environment, perceiving air fluctuations and various smells. The length and structure of the mustaches depend on the belonging to the form.
- Two pairs of butterfly wingsCoated with flat scales of different shapes have a refigble structure and are permeated with transverse and longitudinal veins. The size of the rear wings can be the same with the front or significantly less than them. The pattern of the butterfly wings varies from the species to the form and fascinates with its beauty. With macro shot, scales on the wings of butterflies are very clear - they can have a completely different shape and color.
The appearance and painting of the butterfly wings are not only for intraspecific sexual recognition, but also act as a protective camouflage that allows you to merge with the surrounding environment. Therefore, the colors can be both monochrome and the pests with a complex pattern. Butterfly size, or better to say the scope of the butterfly wings, can range from 2 mm to 31 cm.
Internal structure
Nervous system
Butterflies have a perfect nervous system and senses, so that they are perfectly oriented in the environment, quickly respond to danger signals. The nervous system, like all arthropods, consists of a regulatory ring and the abdominal nervous chain. In the head, as a result of the merger of clusters of nerve cells, a brain is formed. This system manages all the movements of the butterfly, except for such involuntary functions as blood circulation, digestion, breathing. Researchers believe that these functions control the sympathetic nervous system.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system, like all arthropods, unlocked. Blood is directly washes internal organs and tissues, while in the body cavity, transmitting nourishing substances to them and carrying out harmful products to organs. It does not participate in the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide, that is, in breathing. Its movement is provided by the work of the heart - a longitudinal muscular tube located in the spinal part over the intestine. Heart, rhythmically pulsating, chasing blood into the head end of the body. The reverse current of blood is hampered by the heart valves. When the heart is expanding, the blood enters it from the back of the body through its side holes, equipped with valves that do not allow the reverse blood outflow. In the body cavity, in contrast to the heart, the blood flows from the front end to the rear, and then, falling into the heart as a result of its ripple, goes back to the head.
Respiratory system and excretory system
The respiratory system is a thick network of branched inner tubes - the tray, by which the air, falling through the outer breathaf, is delivered directly to all internal organs and tissues.
The separation system is a bundle of thin tubes, the so-called Malpiani vessels located in the body cavity. They are closed on tops, and the grounds open into the intestine. The exchange products are filtered off with the entire surface of Malpigian vessels, and then inside the vessels turn into crystals. Then they fall into the intestinal cavity and together with untaraemed food residues are distinguished from the body. Some harmful substances, especially poisons, accumulate and are isolated in a fat body.
Sex system
The sexual system of females consists of two ovaries in which the formation of eggs occurs. The ovaries passing into tubular eggs, the bases merge into a single unpaid ovage, according to which mature eggs are displayed out. In the sexual system of females there is a seed-receptionist - the reservoir where the spermatozoa of males is coming. Mature eggs can be fertilized by these spermatozoa. The breeding bodies of the male are two seeds, passing into the seeds, which are combined into an unpaid seed-solente channel, serving sperm.
Lifestyle butterflies
Unlike other insects, such as beetles, butterflies can be called real air beings. Very rarely wings do not have or are in the infancy; It happens only in females. Most butterflies are much and quickly flies - during the day, at twilight or at night; Some butterflies, especially the night, fly only at certain hours. Many, such as brahniks (sphingidae), take food in flight. Some butterflies are found in the caves, along near the entrance; Only one butterfly, Acentropus Niveas Olivier, adapted to life in water. The prevailing amount of butterflies lives in the warm season, from early spring to autumn; The laying of eggs coincides with this time.
Food butterflies - liquid. Most butterflies feed on honey or nectar separated by flowers. At the dead head (acherontia atropos L.) The need for honey is so great that she abducts it from bee hives. Attract butterflies and other plants. For example, they are very often visited by the emitting honey of herbs, and at open cuts on the tree of butterflies can be found constantly, as well as other insects, as these cuts allocate the juice with which they feed. Butterfly will also extract the juice from fruits, especially pre-sprayed bypass: it makes it easy to access juice.
In some butterflies, the proboscis is adapted for trying leaves and fruits. A collector inspecting at night with honey honey space for catching, knows how to use these flavors of butterflies: he adds a few drops of fruit ether to the bait, and in addition, uses beer; Especially love alcohol scoops.
Like all other insects with a complete transformation, a butterfly, published from the pupa, remains its sizes for life. If one and the same species meet copies of a greater and less magnitude, the reason for this is the difference of caterpillars; Depending on this, it has a greater or smaller value, according to which the size of the butterfly body is different, and the differences in the same species can be very significant. Often, some species meet dwarf shapes, the rest are completely normal. Differences in magnitude can be associated with a specific area; So, for example, a multicolor (Vanessa Polychloros L.) in Ireland is smaller than in Germany.
Classification and types of butterflies
In the numerous detachment of scales, more than 158 thousand representatives are included. There are several classification systems for butterflies, rather complex and confusing, with constantly occurring changes in them.
The most successful is the scheme that divides this detachment into four suburbs:
- Primary teeth moths. These are small butterflies, whose wings scatter range from 4 to 15 mm, with a rodent-type oral apparatus, which reaches up to 75% of the sizes of the front wings. The family consists of 160 species of butterflies.
Typical representatives are:
- golden smashed;
- kaluzhnytsey smokyl.
- Blowless butterflies. The scope of the wings of these insects covered with dark small scales with cream or black spots does not exceed 25 mm. Until 1967, they were attributed to the primary tooth moles with which this family had a lot in common.
The most famous butterflies from this subdomain:
- flour Fight - Asopia Farinalis L.
- the fire of fir cones - dioryctrica abeyeila.
- Heterobatmia represented by one HETEROBATHMIIDAE family.
- Trump butterflies, the components of the most numerous subverse, consisting of several dozen families in which more than 150 thousand types of butterflies are included. The appearance and sizes of representatives of this subdomier are very diverse.
Below are several families showing all the variety of trump butterflies.:
- Sailboat familyrepresented by medium and large butterflies with a wings scope from 50 to 280 mm. The drawing on the wings of butterflies consists of black, red or blue spots of various shapes, well noticeable on a white or yellow background. The most famous of the butterfly of Mahaon, the sailboat "Glory Bhutan", the poultry of Queen Alexandra and others.
- Nymphalid family, the characteristic feature of which is the absence of thickened veins on wide angular wings with a motley colorful and a variety of patterns. The scope of the wings of butterflies varies from 50 to 130 mm. Representatives of this family are: Admiral butterfly, a butterfly of day peacock chap, butterfly, urticaria, butterfly Turnitsa, etc.
- Family of brahniksrepresented by night butterflies with narrow wings whose scope does not exceed 13 cm and is characterized by a characteristic pattern. The abdomen of these insects thickened spindle-shaped. The most famous butterflies of this family are: Dead Head Dead, Oleander Brahnik, Topolemn Bringer.
- Family Sovkovwhich includes more than 35,000 types of night butterflies. The swing of gray with a metal tinge of fluffy wings is 35 mm. However, in South America there is a type of agrippine tizano butterflies with a scope of the wings 31 cm or a peavel aggreak of the Atlas, the size of which resembles a bird of medium size.
Top 10 most beautiful butterflies in the world
Zizula Hylax. The most beautiful butterfly among small class representatives is Zizula Hylax - the length of the wings in adults is only six millimeters.
Parnasius Parnassius Bannyngtoni). If you ever want to see all beautiful butterflies from this list, Parnassius Bannyngtoni will create you problems. The fact is that this butterfly lives in the Himalayas at the height of six thousand meters.
Urania (Chrysiridia rhipheus). Beautiful butterflies are usually beautiful by themselves, well, and the International Scientific Congress recognized the Urania. Despite the fact that the main color in the color of the insect is black, the wings are decorated with bright vertical stripes iridescent from sunlight.
Greta Morgane. Little beauty with transparent wings - Americans call this butterfly Glasswing that in the literal translation means "glass pack". The view lives mostly in South America, feeds on pollen plants and colors, and also rightfully occupies the first place in the top of the most unusual butterflies.
Poultry (Ornithoptera alexandrae). Unfortunately, the most beautiful butterflies of the Moogenic and the most rare. No exception and poultry or Sailboat Queen Alexandra - a giant insect with a blanking of the wings of 32 centimeters.
Admiral (Vanessa Atalanta). Butterflies that do huge distances to continue the kind - this is just about the form of vanessa atalanta. This very beautiful butterfly in its appearance resembles the Uranian - the color dominates black and dark cherry colors, and along the wings pass vertical stripes of warm orange and milk-white colors.
Dead Head ACHERONTIA ATROPOS). How did the insect with such an unsightly name appear in the list of the most beautiful butterflies of the world? Seeing acherontia atropos once, you would not ask how this night butterfly is really very beautiful. The name of the species happened from an unusual color of the body, in the upper part of which the contours of the human skull clearly visible.
Painted lady (Pyrameis Cardui). Simple beauty of the reict provided it with "lifelong" belonging to the most beautiful butterflies. In addition, to get acquainted with this species, go for the thirty lands do not have to - Moth living in all parts of the world.
Peacock eye (Saturnia Pyri). Peacock draws attention to its luxurious tail, and Saturnia Pyri - wings. In addition to the color of the peacock of the eyes, it is also known for its sense of smell - in the period of Gona, the female pheromones are able to "teach" 10 or more kilometers.
Atlas or Prince Darkness (Attacus ATLAS). The view lives in a humid climate of evergreen forests of Asia, China, Thailand, India, as well as the "native" area of \u200b\u200bAttacus Atlas is the islands of Borneo and Java. This huge representative of the Saturnian family received from the ancient Greek Titan of Atlas - the view of the butterfly and really the titanic - it also consists of the list of the largest of the now living moths.
- Butterflies belong to one of the largest groups of insects - to scraper. In addition to these creations, this group also includes moles and moths. Currently, the scrapers are about 157,000 species of insects.
- These unique creations are the second by their number pollinators after bees.
- Science, studying butterflies, is called lepidopterology.
- Attacus aitas is considered the largest night butterfly. Its wings have a scope of about 30 cm and is often confused with a bird.
- The most enduring butterfly of the world has the name "Monarch". It can overcome the distance of a thousand kilometers without stopping.
- The maximum speed that this small creation can develop is 12 miles per hour, but there are species that reach the mark of 50 km / h (31 miles per hour).
- The most amazing fact about these creatures is that the butterflies need solar heat in order to fly.
- 4 Wings Butterflies are covered with scales, which are bags with transparent ribbed walls. After a careless touch, they fall off, and the wings look polished. In fact, the butterfly wings are transparent. The scales that cover the wing simply reflect the sunlight and the color most attached to themselves. In the rarest cases, the scales at the butterfly are present in very small quantities or are not available at all.
- The cycle of life of these creatures consists of four phases: egg, caterpillar, doll and imago (butterfly). Eggs can have various forms: from spherical and round to cylindrical and angular. It depends on the type of butterfly.
- Interesting fact: The butterfly postpones his offspring in one place for many years in a row.
- Butterflies never sleep.
- In some countries, Asia and South America, butterflies are considered a delicacy!
- The most complicated body of these amazing beings is the eye. They consist of 6 thousand tiny parts, which are called lenses.
- The only continent where scales do not live are Antarctica.
- Butterflies - creatures ancient. Their images are present on Egyptian frescoes, which are more than 3.5 thousand years.
- Taste receptors in butterflies are on foot, i.e. Standing on the plant, they can feel his taste.
- Butterflies are one of the most common facilities for collecting among the most famous people in the world, such as: Nabokov, Rothschild, Bulgakov, Mavrodi.
- In the period in which the butterfly lays eggs, it lasts only a few days, but the eggs one individual can postpone more than a thousand.
- Basically, all caterpillars live on land, but there are also the type of water caterpillars, which are called wide fires.
- Basically, most butterflies have a short life - just a few days. However, there are copies with a rather long life cycle: Brikstonian butterfly is a long-liver, its cycle lasts up to 10 months.
- There is not one type of these insects in the world, which can be considered the most rare. One of them is the Sailboat Queen Alexandra - the largest butterflies of the planet. It is possible to detect it only on the territory of Papua New Guinea and thanks to collectors, this species is on the verge of full extinction.
- Many butterflies earned a place in the Red Book only due to their incredibly beautiful color, and some of these creatures are pests for crops.
- There are several types of these beautiful creatures, which for the entire Cycle of Imago (the last stage of life) do not eat at all. There are such individuals due to energy accumulated at that time when the butterfly was still a caterpillar.
- In Russian, the word "butterfly" is derived from the word "baba", as our ancestors believed that all the witchs after death become butterflies.
- The right butterfly of the world is considered to be "Blue Dwarf", the scope of the wings of which is only 1.4 cm.
- In the tropical forests of the new and old light there is a form of butterflies whose males feed on animal tears.
- Butterflies of shortcuts!
- These creatures may even distinguish colors, however, not all. Each species sees some of its shades. So, for example, the cabover sees red, but satire does not distinguish him at all.
- The most rich in the variety of types of scrapers is considered to be Peru and one Indian state - Sikkim.
- It turns out that the secret of the butterfly is hidden in her scales on the wings. They support the temperature balance, as well as increase the summary.
- The trumps of the butterfly is a modified lower jaw, which is transformed into a suction authority. But the caterpillar of the butterfly is pretty strong jaws, thanks to which she can chew solid food.
- The most common butterfly of Russia and Siberia is a peacock eye. Due to its original drawing, it is difficult to confuse it from any other: the upper part of the wing has a cherry-brown color and characteristic of this type of eye in the form of eyes, the bottom is completely black and brown.
- Butterflies - twilight creatures. Only some representatives of this group of insects lead a daily lifestyle. Butterfly feed nectar and other vegetable discharges containing sugar.
These creatures of incredible beauty at all times are striking people with their incredible variety of paints, bizarre forms and intricate patterns. Butterflies are born to die, leading to a new generation before it.
Video
Sources
- http://mybutterfly.ru/item/865
Numerous insect detachments are conventionally divided into two groups. Representatives of the first group, the larvae came out of the eggs are similar to adult individuals and differ from them only the absence of wings. This includes cockroaches, grasshoppers, locusts, bugs, mantis, ladies, etc. These are insects with incomplete transformation. The second group of eggs are hatched with dark-shaped larvae, not similar to their parents, which are then turning into a pupa, and only after that an adult winged insects come out of the pupa. This is a cycle of insect development with a complete transformation, they include mosquitoes, bees, wasps, flies, fleas, beetles, swirls, and butterflies.
What is metamorphosis and what is it needed for?
Metamorphosis, i.e. A life cycle with a number of consecutive transformations is a very good acquisition in the struggle for existence. Therefore, it is widespread in nature and is found not only in insects, but also from other living organisms. Metamorphosis allows various stages of the same species to avoid competition among themselves for food and for habitats. After all, the larva is powered by another food and lives elsewhere, there is no competition between the larvae and adult individuals. Caterpillars nibble leaves, adult butterflies calmly feed on colors - and no one bothers anyone. With the help of metamorphosis, the same species simultaneously occupies several ecological niches (powered both on the leaves and colors in the case of butterflies), which also increases the chances of the type of survival in the conditions of an ever-changing environment. After the next change, at least one of the stages of aimed, which means he will survive, will continue its existence and the whole form.
Butterfly Development: Four Stages of Life Cycle
So, butterflies are insect with complete transformation - they have all four stages of the corresponding life cycle: egg, doll, larva caterpillar and imago - adult insect. Consider consistent steps of transformations from butterflies.
Egg
First, the adult butterfly lays eggs and thereby gives rise to a new life. Eggs depending on the species can be round, oval, cylindrical, conical, complicated and even similar to a bottle. Eggs differ not only in shape, but also in color (usually they are white with a green tint, but not so rare and other colors - brown, red, blue, etc.).
Eggs are covered with a dense solid shell - chorion. The chorine embryo is supplied with a nutrient reserves, very similar to all familiar egg yolk. It is on it that distinguish two basic vital forms of the eggs of scales. Eggs of the first group of poor yolk. For those types of butterflies that lay similar eggs, low-lifting and weak caterpillars are developing. Externally, they look like tadpoles - a huge head and a slight thin caller. The caterpillars of such species should begin to eat immediately after leaving the egg, only after that they acquire quite still replenised proportions. That is why the butterflies of these species lay eggs to the feed plant - on the leaves, stems or branches. Eggs placed on plants are characteristic of daytime butterflies, brahnikov, many scoop (especially riders).
Eggs butterfly cabbageditsy
Other butterflies eggs are rich in the yolk and ensure the development of strong and active caterpillars. After leaving the egg shell, these caterpillars immediately begin to crawl and are able to overcome sometimes very significant distances for them before they find suitable food. Therefore, butterfly, postponing such eggs, do not particularly take care of their placement - they postpone them where they have. Thinking, for example, scatter eggs on the ground scattering right on the fly. In addition to thin, such a method is characteristic of bags, glass, many watners, cocokens and a bear.
There are such scrapers that try to immerse the eggs to the ground (some scoops).
The number of eggs in the masonry also depends on the type and sometimes reaches 1000 or more, but it is far from the adult stage, it does not all depends on factors such as temperature and air humidity. In addition, the eggs of butterflies are neo-enemies from the world of insects.
The average duration of the egg stage is 8-15 days, but some types of eggs winter and this stage lasts months.
Caterpillar
Caterpillar is a butterfly larva. It is usually a worm-shaped and has a rodent oral apparatus. As soon as the caterpillar appears on the light, it begins to eat hard. Most larvae feed on leaves, flowers and fruits of plants. Some types of food serves as a wax and horny substances. There are larvae - predators, in their diet include a low-lifted wave, Cherweans, etc.
In the process of growth of the caterpillar, it lines several times - changes its outer shell. On average, there is 4-5 lines, but there are also such species that are linted up to 40 times. After the last migra, the caterpillar turns into a doll. The caterpillars of butterflies living in a colder climate often do not have time to complete their life cycle in one summer and fall into the winter range.
Butterfly Caterpillar "Mahar" Many people think that the more beautiful and brighter the caterpillar, the more beautiful the butterfly developed from it. However, it often happens just the opposite. For example, from the bright Caterpillage of Big Garpius (Cerura Vinula) It turns out a very modestly painted night butterfly.
Doll
Pupae do not move and do not eat, only lie (hang) and are waiting, expending accumulated caterpillars. Externally, it seems that nothing happens, but this last stage of an amazing transformation can be called a "stormy lull". Inside the dolls at this time, very important life processes of the organism rebuilding are boiled, new organs appear and form.
The doll is completely defenseless, the only thing that allows it to survive, this is its relative imperceptibility for enemies - birds and predatory insects.
Pupa butterfly "Peacock Eye" Typically, the development of the butterfly in the doll continues for 2-3 weeks, however, some species of the pupa is a stage flowing into the winter diapus.
Pupae - creation silent, however there are exceptions: the cuisine of the brahnik is a dead head and a doll of Glasonki Artaxerks know how ... to squeeze.
Imago
An adult insect is coming out of the doll - Imago. The casing shell bursts, and Imago, clinging to her legs over the edge of the shell, while making a lot of effort, crawling out.
The newborn butterfly can not fly - its sleeves are small, as if rolled, and wet. The insect necessarily climbs the vertical elevation, where it remains until the wings are completely placed. For 2-3 hours, the wings lose their elasticity, hardened and acquire the final color. Now you can make the first flight!
The life expectancy of an adult individual varies from several hours to several months, but in the middle eyelids, the butterfly is only 2-3 weeks.
In contact with
The butterflies in most people are associated with summer and flowers. There is no such person in the world who have never seen this miracle of nature. And many are interested in the question: "What types of butterflies are and how many families are these wonderful creatures?".
This article will answer all questions.
All about butterflies
Butterfly - This is an insect of the type of arthropods, the detachment of scaly.
The ancient Slavs believed that the souls of the dead were put into butterflies, so they treated these insects with special respect.
Appearance and structure
The butterfly consists of two departments:
- The body covered with a chitin layer.
- Two pairs of wings that are covered with scales and permeated by residents in the transverse and longitudinal direction. The pattern on the wings depends on the type. The scope of wings depending on the type can be from 3 mm to 310 mm.
Body structure:
The appearance of the butterfly can serve for protection insect from enemies. After all, thanks to the color, some butterfly merge with the environment and become inconspicuous.
Types of butterflies with a brief description
Butterflies are more than 200 families, only the small part of the most popular are listed below:
Belyanki:
Cocoonopryda Family
Butterflies related to this family of large or medium sized. The body is powerful, covered with vile. This family resembles moths than butterflies. The front wings are distinguished by a large size in comparison with the rear. A mustache is similar to the brushes. Live with groups on wood plants. Some species are very harmful to forestry.
Family of Gallabi
Has more than 5 thousand species, some of which are listed in Red Book. All kinds of this family of small size with a bright color. The males on their colors are brighter than females. The color of the color depends on the type and can be bright blue or brown. For example, Gwyanka Icar has a bright blue color.
A distinctive feature of all Gulads are stains located on the lower wings. Glowbirds are not harmful, but sometimes they benefit, scattering insect pests.
Family of the Pestry
This family has more than 1,200 species. Most species can be found in tropical countries, but a small part lives in Russia. Pestrys have interesting color. On a brilliant - black or dark blue background there are spots of bright red or bright yellow color. But there are also species with a monophonic color.
The appearance of the insect warns that it poisonous And with a threat, it allocates poisonous liquid with a sharp smell. In its sizes, the butterfly can reach up to 50 mm in length. Basically leads a daily lifestyle, but occasionally meet at night. Powered by leaves of legumes.
Volnanyanka
These butterflies are very harmful to forestry. There are more than 2,700 species. The butterfly has medium sizes. One of the most famous species is unpacking silkworm. This name is insect obtained due to significant differences in the size of the male and female.
For example, males have the scope of the wings in 45 mm, the female - 7.5 cm. And also the males are much darker than females. Representatives of male wings are painted in a dark-brown color with the presence of black transverse waves. Female gray-white color with the presence of dark waves.
Butterflies have a velvety texture and black color with a scope of 50-60 mm. In the corners of the front wings there are white spots that are separated by a lane of a red shade. The same strip is located on the edge of the lower wings.
Beautiful european insect leading day lifestyle. The wingspan is 150 mm. All red-brown color with a bizarre pattern look like a peacock eye. On the upper wings in the corners is located one spots.
And on the bottom of each wing, one black spot, which is a singer of which is another blue spot. These stains resembling eyes, scare enemies Butterflies.
Barhamitsa
The color of this day butterfly is rather modest. It has a brown or red color with a pattern of white and black rings. Feels in cereals of wild plants and loves shadow.
Mahaon refers to the family sailboats And listed in the Red Book. Coloring is of different colors, but Mahaon is most beautiful, who has a yellow color. On the wings, a wide black strip with moon-shaped stains along the edges is visible. Rear wings have a drawdown of blue blue with stains of yellow-blue tint. In the corner of the lower there is a red stain.
There are many more species that can be told infinite and write some volumes of books. This article presents only the smallest part of them.
Sometimes the simplest questions can be in a dead end and make a long time to think for a long time. For example, as at first glance, the answer is obvious - four. But many completely sincerely believe that they are two. Moreover, such a confusion arises, which structure is calculated and how many wings are in fact the topic of this article.
Who are butterfly
These creatures refer to the detachment of scraper. They are named so because their wings are covered with the smallest scales. They are modified (fightened) chitin hairs. Like a thick carpet, they cover the wings of butterflies and provide them with a bright and diverse color. On each of the wings, their number can reach a million.
Scalys are different: optical, pigment and fragile. The latter is distinguished by pheromones - special substances that attract individuals of the other sex. Some butterflies can feel the female for tens of kilometers. Pigment flakes color wings in a variety of colors shades, and optical have ribs, refracting light. Because of them, butterfly wings can be blown away.
Now the detachment of scraps has about 250 thousand species.
The structure of the wings
Answering the question, how many in the butterfly wings, briefly consider its structure. The insect itself consists of three departments - this is head, chest and abdomen. In the middle and rear of the chest are wings. By the way, how many pairs of wings have a butterfly? The answer can be found on this scheme.
It clearly shows that the scales have two pairs of wings - two front and two rear. They are confused, have some veils. A two-layer membrane, stretched on the frame of the veil, forms a wing.
Why does it seem that the wings are only two - to the right and to the left of the insect abdomen? The fact is that the butterflies are located in the same plane, and some of the representatives of the scrappers also have a connecting refill. The butterfly swears with two pairs of wings synchronously. This creates a false impression that they are two.
Coloring of the wings of butterflies - an infinite variety of shades
According to the beauty and wealth of bright colors of the lesions, constantly compared with flowers. Among the butterflies there are individuals completely inconspicuous, dressed in gray and brown tones. They mainly lead a night lifestyle, and their nonsense color allows them to mask perfectly on the stones, branches or the bark of trees. But much more butterflies with strikingly beautiful wings painted in the most incredible colors.
The most unusual wings in butterflies
The variety of unusual shapes and painting of the wings of the scrapure cannot do not admire. Among them are such copies that seem simply impossible, they look so amazing.
Greta OTO Glass Butterfly has a transparent wings framed by a dark color cut. Insect caller painted in brown tones. Against this background, wings, deprived of pigment scales, look completely transparent. In the Amazon Forests, Greta OTO is one of the most common butterflies, but for us its appearance is very unusual and beautiful.
Saturnia Madagascar from the Pavlin-eyed family is the owner of unusual wings with long tails. They have a bright color (from to orange). This butterfly is one of the largest in the world. On each wing of the magnitude with the palm of the person there is a stain in the shape of an eye. Looks like a butterfly, dwelling only at Madagascar, impressive.
And the snow-white fingerboard looks as if covered with feathers. These butterflies are completely babe, in length reach 10-40 millimeters and lead a night lifestyle.
Conclusion
How many wings are the butterfly? The answer to seemingly a simple question is not always easy. But this is an excellent reason to look at the butterflies and once again admire the ingenuity and fantasy of nature.
Of all the insects, butterflies enjoy the greatest fame. It is unlikely that there is a person who would not admire them in the same way as they admire beautiful colors. No wonder in ancient Rome, they believed that the butterflies were derived from the flowers ran away from the plants. In all corners of the world there are lovers, collecting butterflies with no less passion, than other collectors collect works of art.
The beauty of the butterfly in her wings, in their diverse colors. At the same time, the wings are the most important systematic sign of the detachment: they are covered with scales, from the structure and location of which the winkiness of the color depends. Therefore, butterflies are called schellower. Scales are altered hairs. It is easy to make sure if you carefully consider the scaly cover butterfly apolloon (Parnassius Apollo). On the edge of the wing there are very narrow flakes, almost hairs, closer to the middle they are expanded, but the ends of their island, and, finally, and closer to the base of the wing, wide scales are sitting in the form of a flexible, hollow inside the bag attached to the wing through a thin short stem ( Fig. 318).
The flakes are located on the wing of the pranel rows of the wing across: the ends of the scales are facing the side edge of the wing, and their bases are covered with tiles-shaped ends of the previous row. Scales coloring depends on pigment grains that are in it; The outer surface is ribbed. In addition to these pigment scales, many species, especially tropical, whose wings are distinguished by a transfusing metal color, there are scales of a different type - optical.
There are no pigment in such flashes, and the characteristic metal color occurs due to the decomposition of the white solar beam on the individual colored rays of the spectrum when it passes through optical flakes. This decomposition of the rays is achieved by refraction of them in sculpture of sculptures due to the change of color when the direction is changed, which falls the rays. Of particular interest are odorless scales, or Andrkonia, which are mainly in males of certain types of butterflies. These are modified scales or hairs associated with special glands that highlight the odorless secret. Androkonia is located at different parts of the body - on the legs, wings, on the trouser. The smell distributed by them serves as a bait for female, thus providing the rapprochement of the floors; Often it is a pleasant, resembling in some cases the fragrance of vanilla, amers, strawberries, etc., but sometimes it can be unpleasant, for example, like a smell of mold. It should be emphasized that for each type of butterflies, the form, and optical and chemical properties on the wings of the scales are characteristic. In rare cases, scales are missing on wings, and then the wings seem completely transparent, as it takes place in glassnicels.
Usually, the scraped all four wings are developed; However, the females of certain types of wings may be underdeveloped or not completely absent. The front wings are always big sizes than the rear. In many species, both pairs of wings are connected with each other using a special hook, or "bridles", which is a chitine bristle or a bunch of hairs, one end attached on the upper side of the front edge of the rear wing, and the other end of the front side of the front wings. There may be other forms of estimated mechanisms connecting the front and rear wing.
An equally characteristic feature than the structure of the wings and the covering of their scales is the mouth of butterflies (Fig. 320). In the prevailing majority of cases, they are represented by a soft trunk capable of coating and deployed like a clock spring. The basis of this oral apparatus is highly elongated internal blades of the lower jaws, which form a trunk sash. The upper jaws are absent or represented by small tubercles; The lower lip and the lower lip also underwent, although her papies are well developed and consist of 3 segments. Butterfly proboscis is very elastic and moved; It is perfectly adapted lifting liquid food, which in most cases does nectar of colors serve. The length of the trunk of a particular type usually corresponds to the depths of the nectar in those flowers that are visited by butterflies. So, at Madagascar there is one interesting orchid (Angraecum Sesquipedale) with a depth of a twenty of 25-30 cm. She is pollinated long-turn brahnik (Macrosila Morgani), having a trunk of about 35 cm long. In some cases, the source of the liquid food of the calculated can serve as the flowing juice of trees, liquid excrement of tools and other sugar substances. In some butterflies, which do not eat, trumps may not be discharged or missing ( some moths and etc.).
Flying from a flower on a flower, butterflies can carry pollen to themselves and thereby contribute to cross-pollution of plants. Very peculiar relationships developed in South American yukkova moth (Pronuba Juccasella) related to the Prodoxidae family, and Yucca (Jucca Filamentosa). Moli's caterpillars feed on the urban ries of Yukki flowers after fertilization, which is incapable of self-poll. Transfer pollen produces moth female; With the help of a suckling, she collects a wet pollen from the yukki stamens and flies on another flower. Here she puts inside the egg's pistil and then on the stroke of this pestle places the pollen lump. Thus, the starting seed of Yucca seed depends on the moth female; At the same time, part of developing seeds is destroyed by the caterpillars of this pollinator. Yukki bloom not every year; It is curious that the butterflies can not fly out annually, since their dolls are capable of long stay at rest, sometimes ongoing for several years.
Nectar collection is made by various types of scraped at different times of the day. Some of them fly in the afternoon, others on twilight or even at night.
The daily lifestyle is characteristic primarily for the so-called day or Bulavoy Butterflies. This is called the complex (series) of the families of scales, distinguished by pin-shaped mustache ( sailboats, Beyanka, Nymmithhalides, Heliconides, Morphyda, Glasses). They have strong and long trumps, with which they suck the nectar from flowers. Wings are wide, alone raised up (with rare exceptions), there is no hook on the rear wings.
Cause admiration amazing color of the wings of day butterflies; Their upper side is usually painted bright and pestro, while the colors of the lower side often imitate coloring and drawing of the crust, leaves, etc. with special love referred to day butterflies The creator of the first scientific systematics of animals The famous Swede Karl Linney. Giving the names described by them, he was looking for them in the myths of classical antiquity. This entered the tradition of lepidopterologists, i.e., scientists studying butterflies. Therefore, so often among the names of day butterflies there are names of the ancient Greek gods and favorite heroes: Apollo, Cyprus, Io, Hector, Meneli, Laert. They, as it were, symbolize everything bright, strong and beautiful, which pleases and admires a person.
Interestingly, the biological importance of bright, motley paintings of the upper side of the wings, so often observed at the Bulavoy butterflies, especially nymphalide. Their basic value is to recognize individuals of its type at a high distance. Observations show that the males and females of such dying-wide shapes are attracted to each other issued a colorful, and close to the final recognition of the smell, published by Androkonia. For checking, the wings were cut off in alive pearlings and the wings of Belyanok were glued to their place. The operated copies were exhibited on the lawn and spinners flew to them soon, mostly males. It was possible to lure males of butterflies on artificial images of females of their appearance.
If the upper side of the wings in nifalide is always painted brightly, then another type of color is characteristic of their lower sides: they are usually critical, i.e. protective. In this regard, two types of folding wings are interesting, widespread unimposed, as well as in other family of day butterflies. In the first case, the butterfly, being in the rest position, put forward the front wings forward so that their lower surface having a protective color is open almost all over (Fig. 322, 1). For this type there are wings, for example, carlock C-White (Polygonia C-Album). She has the upper side of a boring-yellow with dark spots and outdoor border; The lower side of the gray-drill with a white letter "C" on the rear wings, for which she got its name. The motionless sitting butterfly is also minor thanks to the wrong angular contour of the wings.
Other species, such as admiral and Reapenitsa, hide the front wings between the rear so that only their tips are visible (Fig. 322, 2). In this case, two types of colors are expressed on the lower surface of the wings: the part of the front wings, which is in a state of rest is hidden, brightly painted, the rest of the lower surface of the wings is clearly cryptic.
Many nymphalide, especially in tropical forms, there is imitative similarity with the leaves when the characteristic color of dry or living leaves is reproduced, their contours and specific housing. The classic example in this regard is Indo-Malay butterflides of the Rod Callima (Kallima). The upper side of the wings of Callima is painted bright and pesto, and the bottom of its color and the pattern resembles a dry leaf. The similarity with a sheet in a sitting butterfly is enhanced by the fact that its top wing is pointed on top, and the lower wing has a small tail, imitating a sheet of leaf (Table 16, 4).
In all these cases, the color of the color depends on the distribution of pigments in the flakes covering the wing. As numerous experiments have shown, the deposition of pigments is largely depends on the temperature factor affecting the pupa. When raising the pupa under reduced temperatures (from 0 to 10 ° C), you can get adult forms with a strong development of the dark pigment of melanin. So, U. turnitsa When exposed to low temperatures on its doll, the shared background of the wing becomes dark, the blue spots are reduced and the melanin is deposited in the form of black dots along the outer edge of the wings. It is very typical that similar changes cause to maintain the dolls of the tractnitsy and at high temperatures, about 35-37 ° C. This explains the different color in the same species in different climatic conditions. In this regard, the constant seasonal variability of changeable Pedrops ARASCH NIALEVANA), developing in two generations, differing from each other in color. In the spring generation, the wings are reddish-red, with a complex black pattern and white spots at the peak of the front wing; The summer generation has brown-black wings with white or yellowish white spots on the front wing and the same bandage in the back.
Among the tropical species are especially beautiful and peculiar morphyda (Morphidae), represented by just one native (Morpho). These are large butterflies reaching the wings of 15-18 cm. The upper side of their wings is painted in blue or blue strongly transfusative metal colors. This color depends on the fact that the wing is covered with optical scales, and the lower part of the optical plates is pigmented; The pigment does not miss light and thereby gives a large brightness of the interference color of the ribs. In males, for example, the 45 Morpho Cypris depicted on a color table 45, the shine of the wing is extremely strong and the impression of polished metal. In conjunction with major morphide, it leads to the fact that with bright sunlight, every wing wing is visible for a third kilometer. Morphides belong to the most noticeable insect, inhabiting forests of the tropical part of the Amazon. Especially a lot of them on rogs and sun lighting roads. They fly at high altitude; Some of them do not fall at all to the ground with a closer than 6 m.
In some cases, day butterflies are brightly colored and the upper and lower sides of the wings. Such color is usually combined with the failure of the body with it, so it received the name of the warning. The warning color is characteristic, for example, for heliconide. Heliconides (Heliconidae) is a peculiar family of endemic concubuseous butterflies, which includes about 150 species common in South America. The wings have very painted very pestro, mainly in orange color with a contrast pattern of black and yellow stripes and spots (Table 17). Many of the heliconide possess the opposite odor and unpleasant taste, and therefore the birds do not touch them. Butterflies are abounding under the shadow of the luxurious rainforest of the Amazon. With their behavior and haggards, they seem to demonstrate their invulnerability. They have a slow, heavy; Always keep the moays, and not only in the air during flight, but also on vacation, when the swarm goes into the crown of the tree. A strong smell coming from the accumulation of resting butterflies to a large extent protects them from enemies.
The famous English scientist Bate, studying the behavior of the heliconide, opened a curious phenomenon that received the name of mimicry. Under mimicria, they understand the similarity in the color, form and behavior between two or several types of insects. It is characteristic that mimicarizing species always have a bright caution (demonstration) color.
For the butterflies, mimicry is expressed in the fact that some of the mimicarizing species are incredible, while others are deprived of protective properties and only "imitate" their protected models. Such imitators for whom heliconides serve as models are butterflies-Belyanki - diamorphia (Dismorphia Astynome) and perchikris (Rughybris Pyrrha). They keep in flocks of flying and leisure heliconide, imitating the shape and painting wings, as well as flight.
In the future, it turned out that mimicry was quite widespread among the calculated, and the form of its manifestation is different. So, at one of the African species sailboats (Papilio Dardanus) The sexual dimorphism is well expressed: the males have tails on the rear wings, the overall coloring of the wings is yellow with dark stripes; In females, the rear wings are rounded, without tails. At the same time, females are represented by several forms that are highly different from each other (Fig. 323); Each form reproduces a specific color type, characteristic of a certain type of inedible butterflies. danoid (Danaidae). At the form of Hippocoon on both wings there are blue spots, like its model (Aturis Niavius); The shape of the Sepea blue spots only on the front wings, and the base of the rear wings of yellow color, like another model (Amauris Echeria).
Peculiar manifestation of mimicry in butterflies glassnitz (AEGERIIDAE), which their appearance rather resemble a refamped insects or large flies than scales. This intelligent similarity is achieved due to the characteristic structure of wings and general body circuts. Glass wings are almost deprived of the cover of scales and therefore transparent, vitreous; The rear wings are shorter than the front, and the scales on them are focused only on the veins. The body is pretty slim, with a long belief far outstanding behind the wings; A mustache thicker or slightly thickened in the middle.
Unlike butterflies flying in daytime, species that feed on the nectar at dusk or at night, have a different type of color. The upper side of their front wings is always painted under the color of the substrate, on which they sit in the afternoon. Along the back of the front wings folded along the back roof-like or like a flat triangle, covering the lower wings and abdomen. Motionless sitting butterfly becomes invisible.
The color of the rear wings is most often one-photon, non-market. However, in some cases, for example, scoop, belts, bear and brahniks, it can be bright, caution. So, U. red belt (Catocala NUPTA, Table 16, 11) Rear wings brick-red with black bandages, yellow (S. Fulminea, Table 16, 10) - Okhenno-yellow with black median bandages and the same external edge, blue (S. Fraxini, Table 16, 9) - blue with black border and median bandage. W. ordinary bear (Arctia Caja, Table 16, 12) Rear wings are red with big dark blue, almost black spots; Abdominal with black spots.
In the calm state, the afternoon of the butterfly sit on the trunks of the trees folding the wings and therefore imperceptible; In the threat of an attack, they push the front wings and demonstrate a scaring signal in the form of brightly colored lower wings, and sometimes the abdomen.
Originating protective color silver Lunka (Phalera Bucephala). The front wings of her silver-white with a large yellow stain in the outer corner; Rear wings gray. In the afternoon, the butterfly sits on a tree with folded roofless wings. At this time, it can be taken for the fragment of the twig. At the same time, yellow stains on the slightly concave ends of the front wings reproduce the type of naked wood (Table 16, 14).
Czechlery - insects with complete metamorphosis. Their eggs are very diverse in shape, usually painted, the shell often has a complex structure. Butterfly larvae is called caterpillars (Table 46, 1-16).
In most cases, they are a drawing form; The body consists of heads, 3 thoracic and 10 abdominal rings. Unlike adult calculators, their caterpillars always have a ricking oral apparatus. In addition to three pairs of chest legs, caterpillars have more so-called "false", or "abdominal", legs that are up to 5 pairs; They are usually placed on the third sixth and ninth abdominal segments. The abdominal legs are not dismembered, and their soles are seated with chitin hooks. The specific physiological feature of the caterpillars is the presence of a pair of tubular spinning, or silky separation, glands opening with a common channel on the bottom of the lip. They are amended salivary glands, in which the main function of salivation is replaced by the production of silk. Allocations of these glands quickly harden in the air, forming a silk thread, with the help of which some caterpillars fasten the leaves rolled into the tube, others hang in the air, going down from the branch, the third surround themselves and branches on which they are sitting, cobwebs. Finally, the caterpillars of the Silk thread is used for the buildings of the cocoon, inside which puzzling occurs.
In terms of lifestyle, caterpillars can be divided into two groups:
1) caterpillars leading a free lifestyle that live more or less open on plants;
2) Caterpillars leading a hidden lifestyle. Free-lived caterpillars live in both grassy and wood plants, feeding with leaves, flowers and fruits.
The transition to a hidden lifestyle represents habitat in portable catering, which caterpillars are gossiping from silky threads. Moving on the plant, the caterpillars are tested on themselves their case, hiding into it in danger. So come, for example, caterpillars butterfly-satellites. The same intermediate position between these two biological groups occupy lasterters. This is called caterpillars building asylums from leaves, rolling them and bonding the rolled pieces of silky thread. When building such asylum, one or more leaves are used. For many caterpillars, the sheet coagulation into a cigar-like tube is characterized.
Caterpillars living in "societies" usually arrange special, sometimes complex nests, the fattening of the web branches, leaves and other parts of the plants. Large web sockets form caterpillars apple Mountain Mountains (Hyponomeuta Malinellus), which are dangerous pests of gardens and forests. Large groups live in caterpillar pawless nests hiking silkworms (Family Euprotidae), distinguished by peculiar behavior: in search of food, they are sent "in the campaign" by slim rows, following the Guska for each other. So behave, for example, caterpillars oak hiking silkworm (Thaumetopoea RHAESSIONEA, Table. 46, 2), occasionally occurring in the forests of southwestern Ukraine.
The butterfly of this species flies in August and September and puts the eggs on the bunch of oak with a handful of several straight rows, 100-200 pieces in a pile. Eggs winter protected by a dense transparent film formed from females. The caterpillars hatched from eggs in May are held by groups in a spider socket. When the leaves on the tree are already very united, they go down from it and in search of food crawled on the ground, always in a certain order: one caterpillar crawls ahead, after it, touching it with their hairs, follows another. In the middle of the column, the number of caterpillars in the row increases, first 2, then 3-4 caterpillars crawled nearby. By the end of the column again narrows. In July - early August, there is a pounding in the nest, and each caterpillar fits an oval cocoon. After two or three weeks, butterflies fly out.
The hidden lifestyle leads all caterpillars inhabiting inside various organs of plants. This includes miners, frozing, drillers and halves.
Miners are called caterpillars living inside the leaves and their sweets and internal moves inside chlorophylonous fabrics - mines. Some miners will not donate the entire contents of the sheet, but are limited to individual sections of the parenchyma, or the epidermis.
The form of mines is very different. In some cases, the mine is paired in the form of a rounded spot (stained mine); Sometimes such a stain gives side processes, reminding the star (star-shaped). In other cases, Mina has a kind of gallery, very narrow at the base, but then heavily expanding in the upper part (tubular mine). There are also narrow long mines, but strong winding (serpentine mines) or spiral swirling (spiral mines).
When the mining caterpillars live inside a sheet of groups, the so-called swollen mines may occur. So, caterpilts lilac moth (Caloptilia Syringella) relating to special family Moles-Pestry (Gracillariidae), first live several pieces together in one common mine having a wide stain form that can occupy most of the sheet. Mines are strongly fluttered from gases from them. The epidermis covering the mine quickly yellow. Later the caterpillars leave their mines and, skeling leaves, twist them in the tube. Before puzzling, they go to the ground. During the summer there are two generations; Winter in lilac moth pupa.
Caterpillars - frozhorts Live inside fruits of different plants. Some of them damage the flesh of fruits, others eat exclusively by seeds. Caterpillars - drillers It is inhabited in stems of grassy plants or inside the branches and trunks of shrubs and trees. Among the drillers are especially characteristic. glassnitsa (AgeRiidae family) and olds (Cossidae).
Most types of glassware develop in the trunks of wood plants, making serious damage to them. To the number of forest pests widespread in Europe should be attributed greater poplar glass (Aegeria Apiformis).
The females of this species lay eggs to the lower part of the trees, mostly poplars. Caterpillars (Table 46, 14) are developing within two years, feeding the wood in which moves do. On the third year in the spring they are picked up in a cradle under the crust in a special tight cocoon of sawdust and excrement. Before the outlet of the butterfly, the pupa on 2/3 is supervised from the flight hole; Even after the departure of the butterfly, the pupae lean continues to keep such a position.
Dangerous for forestry are some types of wood, for example pahuchi tree (Cossus Cossus) and singing wood (Zeuzera Pyrina). The female of the Pahochochi tree is laying eggs with pile of 20-70 pieces in the cracks of the cortex on the trunks of the IV, poplars, alder, elm and oak. Development proceeds for two years. Young caterpillars vague under the bark, where they make the overall move of the wrong shape in which they and winter. The next year of the caterpillars diverge and each of them, deepening in the wood, stretches wide, mostly longitudinal move. Caterpillars 16-legs, with a dark brown head and a pinkish body, the shade of which changes during the life; By the end of development, it is reached in length 10-12 cm (Table 46, 15). Blahimychychietsy is called because the caterpillar makes a sharp, unpleasant odor of the wood alcohol; The same smell distributes the wood damaged by it. Although the odorless treasury populates most often old and sick trees, but it can be dangerous for healthy trees in cases where it forms small, but stable perennial foci.
Caterpillars of the outbreaking tree (Table 46, 16) Multi-Iron: They damage more than 70 wood species, including the casualties, Ilm, apple tree, a pear and other females of this species put eggs one on the top of young shoots, in the sinuses of the leaves and leafy kidney. Upon exit of the eggs, the caterpillars bite into young shoots and leaves of leaves, which is why damaged leaves dry and prematurely fall. By the fall, the caterpillars go to young branches, in the wood of which they stretch their moves. Here they winter. The next year, after overcoming, the caterpillars renew their harmful activities and as they grow up and lower in the tree. The second wintering is carried out in the moves laid in the middle and lower parts of the tree. Pockerying takes place in May-June, the caterpillar is pounding without a cocoon at the top of the move, where she winterized.
The real gallometer E th among the caterpillars is very few. Most of all, they are known from lestendok family (Tortricidae). Damage caused by them is most often consistent with the ugly bloating of those organs of the plant, inside which the caterpillars are developed. Laspeyresia Servillana causes a swollen of the Willow Stem, and Epiblema Lacteana develops in thickened wormwood stems.
It is very peculiar to the life of the scratched, the caterpillars of which are developing in aquatic environment. In the middle of summer along the shores of the reservoirs, the surface of which is covered with leaf of white lilies and yellow water lily, you can often find a small butterfly with beautiful yellowish wings, the complex pattern of which consists of strongly curved brown lines and located between them whitish spots of irregular shape (Fig. 324). it pitcher, or swamp, fire (Hydrocampa Nymphaeata). It lays eggs on the leaves of various aquatic plants, from the bottom side. Takes from eggs greenish larvae first minounted plant fabrics. At this time, their smallets are strongly reduced, so breathing occurs through the surface of the skin. After a molting of the caterpillar leaves a mine and builds a special case of cut sliced \u200b\u200bpieces and water lishes, and breathing remains the same. In this case, the caterpillar is winter, and in the spring leaves him and builds a new case. To do this, she jaws stretches from the sheet two oval or round piece, which bonded on the sides of the cob. Such case is always filled with air; At this stage, the caterpillar has quite developed stigma and trachea, and it is now breathing atmospheric air. Crawling on aquatic plants, the caterpillar testes with him the case just as the swirls do it. It feeds, scraping the jaws of the skin and flesh from the leaves of aqueous plants. Pockerying occurs in the cavalry.
Gray caterpillar lives in watercases under water rasky fire (Cataclysta Lemnata), but the building material in this case serves as a row, the individual plates of which are sealed by a paw. Before plouming the caterpillar usually leaves its case and crashes into some reed or cane tube.
Even more adapted to the water life greenish caterpillar telusive fire (Ragarophuh Stratiotata), founding on the leaves of television, RFEST, Rogolovnik and other plants. It lives exclusively under water in incorrect cavishing or without caustic. Blower fucking habies, which in the form of long soft branched grows are located 5 pairs almost every segment.
W. underwater fire (Acentropus Niveus) females are found in the form of two shapes - a winged and almost looting, which remains only the small roofs of the wings. Outless females lay eggs under water. An olive-green caterpillar, living on the surface of the leaves of the RDest and other plants, suits himself a small tire from the tier. Pockerying occurs in a cocoon attached to the stems or the bottom surface of the sheet (Fig. 326).
In close connection with the lifestyle of the caterpillars are the shape and painting of their body. Caterpillars, leading outdoor lifestyle, often have a cryptic color, well harmony with the surrounding background. The efficacy of protective color may increase due to the characteristics of the pattern. So, the caterpillars of the brazers on a common green or gray background are oblique stripes, which dismember the body on the segments, making it even less striking. The patronage of color, combined with the characteristic form, often leads to the emergence of a patronage similarity with parts of the plants on which the caterpillar lives. W. pIDENITSFor example, caterpillars are similar to dry bitches.
Along with the cryptic coloring of the caterpillars leading an open lifestyle, a bright demonstration color is found, testifying to their inconsideration. The effect of this color depends not only on the color of the outer cover, but also from the painting of the hair. An example is the caterpillar antique Wrustry (Orgyia Antiqua), having a very fancy species; She is gray or yellowish with black and red spots and with bunches of black hair of various lengths; On the dorsal side, yellow hairs are assembled in four thick brushes (Table 46, 9). Some caterpillars at the time of danger take a threatening pose. These should be attributed to the Great Garpius caterpillar (Cerura Vinula), having a very peculiar form: it has a large flat head, wide in the front of the body is strongly narrowed to the rear end, on the top of which is a "plug", consisting of two strongly fragile threads. It is worth overlooking the caterpillar, as it immediately takes a threatening pose, lifting up the front of the body and the tip of the abdomen with the "fork" (Table 46, 1).
Other type of coloring of caterpillars leading a hidden lifestyle: they have no bright combinations of colors. Most often for them are characterized by monotonous pale colors: whitish, light yellowish or pinkish.
Cup pupae has an ovoid elongated shape, with a pointed rear end (Fig. 327). Its dense outdoor covers form a solid shell; All appendages and limbs are soldered with the body, as a result of which the surface of the pupa becomes solid, legs and wings cannot be separated from the body without disturbing the integrity of the cover. Such a doll is called a pupa. It can not move, but she preserves some mobility of the recent Crescent segments. Very fancy dolls of daytime butterflies: usually angular, often with a metal glitter, without a cocoon. They are attached to various subjects, and or hanging heads down (hanging doll), or wicked thread, and then their head is addressed to the top (spidered doll).
Many scratched caterpillars have a silky cocoon cocoon, which is the development of a pupa. In some species, the amount of silk in the cocoon is so great that represents great practical interest. Since ancient times, silk order was a very important industry.
The main manufacturer of natural silk in the USSR is silkworm (BOMBYX MORI) related to family of real silkworms (Bombycidae). Currently, in nature in a wild state, this species does not exist. His motherland, apparently, the Himalayas, from where it was brought to China, where the silk order began to develop for 2500 years before. e. In Europe, this industry arises in approximately the VIII century; More than three hundred years ago she penetrated Russia.
In the appearance of the tute silkworm, a non-sparkling butterfly with thick, highly hairpiece and white wings reaching 4-6 cm (Table 47, 2). Males differ from females with a thinner abdomen and cereals. Despite the presence of wings, butterfly as a result of domestication has lost the ability to fly.
Although the tute silkworm propagates normally by pairing males and females, in some cases it is manifested by parthenogenesis. In 1886, the Russian zoologist A. A. Tikhomirov proved the possibility of artificially obtaining parthenogenesis in a tute silkworm as a result of stimulating non-secretive eggs with various mechanical, thermal, chemical stimuli. It was the first case of obtaining artificial parthenogenesis. Currently, artificial parthenogenesis is obtained in many invertebrates (insects, iglinoderh) and P03V.9n0x animals (amphibians).
Caterpillar of a tute silkworm is known as a silk worm. It is large, up to 8 cm long, fleshy, whitish color, with a corrosion appendage at the end of the abdomen. Crawls relatively slow. When the caterpillar is pumped, it allocates one whole thread, up to 1000 m long, which it wakes around him in the form of a silky cocoon.
The main centers of silvering are located in Central Asia and in the Transcaucasus.
Their position is determined by the spread of the feed plant, which is the linen tree (silky). The lack of cold-resistant varieties of mulberries is prevented by the lack of cold-resistant varieties of silk.
In the production of Grenu (eggs) of the liner silkworm, it is retained at low temperatures, and in the spring it is enlivened in special devices, where the temperature of about 25 ° C of silk worms is maintained in special rooms - wormwoods where "feeders" are put. They unfold the leaves of mulberries for feeding caterpillars; As needed leaves are replaced with fresh. The development of the caterpillar flows 40-80 days, during which time four mole passes. By the time of the pounding on the shelves put the bunches of the rods, for which the caterpillars and climb. Finished cocoons are collected, brewed with hot steam, and then smear on special machines. One kilogram of raw cocons can give over 90 g of silk raw. As a result of the selection, many rocks of a liner silkworm, characterized by productivity, quality of silk thread and color of cocoons. Cocoon color can be white, pink, greenish and bluish.
The use of the latest radiation selection methods has given an opportunity to improve silk yield. It was found that in capecashes, the males develop, there are always more silk. B. L. Astaurov showed that with a certain dose of X-ray irradiation of the eggs of a tute silkworm, a core of eggs can be killed, without violating the viability of the plasma. Such eggs are normally fertilized with cumsions, and the caterpillar developing in the future turns into males in the future. This makes it possible to increase the yield of silk by 30%.
In addition to the tute silkworm, other types of butterflies, for example, are used in silk chinese oak peacock-eyed (Antheraea Pernyi), which has been divorced in China for more than 250 years. The resulting silk from her cocoons goes to the manufacture of bace. In the Soviet Union, the work on acclimatization of this butterfly is conducted since 1924. We have favorable conditions for its culture in the Polessian regions of the Ukrainian and Belarusian SSR, where natural arrays of low oak piglets are located in the floodplains of rivers.
Chinese oak peachanaglace (Table 47, 1) - a large butterfly (wings span 12-15 cm); Fabrics of larger sizes, reddish-pale coloring, males are grayish-pal olive with a weak olive tint. Along the outer edge of the wings, a light strip passes; Each wing is a large eye with a transparent window. Oak Peachangolasque usually has two generations per year. Winter dolls of the second generation. After mating, taking place at night, females lay eggs (grenu); The average number of discharge eggs -160-170, in the summer generation it comes to 250. After 15 days, small black caterpillars appear from eggs, which, after the first molting, change their painting on the green with a yellowish or bluish tint. Caterpillars are developing on oak leaves; They can also be powered by the leaves of IV, Birch, Grab and Oshness. For 35-40 days, they pass four moles and, reaching 9 cm long, cocoons begin to curl. Cocoon curling continues from three to five days; After that, the caterpillar becomes motionless, and then lines and turns into a doll, the development of which lasts 25- 29 days. The dolls of the first generation are formed in mid-June; Second-generation winter dolls - in mid-September.
Very large economic importance of scraped as pests of agriculture and forestry. In the territory of the Soviet Union, over 1000 types of scales, the caterpillars of which damage field, garden or forest cultures are damaged. In the prevailing majority of cases, the complex of pests is formed at the expense of representatives of the local fauna, moving into cultural fields with wild plant. In this respect, the history of sunflower settlement is very curious sunflower fire (Homoeosoma nebulella). The birthplace of this plant is North America; It fell into Russia only in the XVIII century and was considered decorative for a long time. Only from the 60s of the last century, the sunflower has become industrial oilseeds. For many years, sowing him suffered from sunflower flames, which moved to it with wild plants, mainly with thistle powders. Butterflies of this pest lay eggs on the inner walls of the anthers; The caterpillars coming out of eggs are born in the seed and eats in them. Modern shells of sunflower, bred by Soviet breeders, are almost not damaged by the fire due to the presence of a special shell in the housing of a special shell layer, which can not bother the caterpillar.
Known the facts of the importation of harmful lesions from other countries. Most recently, in Europe, widely fame received american white butterfly (Hyphantria CUNEA), whose homeland is North America. At the European continent, she was first discovered in 1940 in Hungary, after a few years she quickly spread to Austria, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. The butterfly has snow-white wings (scope-2, 5-3, 5 cm), in some individuals on the trouser and on the wings, small black dots. The mustache in the female is filamentous, the male is cofrees, black with a white hoist.
Multi-Iron Caterpillars can eat more than 200 species of plants. It is characteristic that in Europe they prefer the silky, which they almost do not touch America. Caterpillars on top of a velvetist-brown with black warts carrying long hairs; on the sides of lemon-yellow stripes with orange warts; Length 3, 5 cm. Winter dolls that are under the crust of trees, in the development of branches and nodes with fallen leaves. The butterfly lays eggs on the lower side of the leaves, placing in the masonry from 300 to 800 eggs. Caterpillars are developing within 35-45 days. Young caterpillars live in nests woven from silk.
In the spread of these butterflies, winds are played, contributing to their flights. New foci of this pest is found along railway highways and highways. An American white butterfly represents an important quarantine object of state importance.
Among other insects, scrapers are relatively "young" group: fossil butterflies are known only from tertiary deposits. At the same time, this is the second in the number of types of insects detachment, which includes about 140,000 species and inferior to the variety of forms only a detachment of beetles. Czechs are common worldwide; Especially a lot of them in the tropics, where the most beautiful and largest forms that reach in some cases in the wings are almost 30 cm, as it takes one of the largest butterflies in the world - scoops Agrippa (THYSANIA AGRIPPINA), common in Brazil forests (Fig. 328). Watch what is "detachment of scraping or butterflies (Lepidoptera)" in other dictionaries: - a group of butterflies detachment families, or lepidoptera, second in the number of types in the class of insects. Most, as follows from the name, leads a twilight or night lifestyle. In addition, night butterflies differ from day and ... ... Encyclopedia Color
- (Lepidoptera, see Table. Butterfly I IV) form a large insect detachment, which encloses up to 22,000 species, including up to 3,500 species in the Russian Empire (in European and Asian Russia). This is the essence of insects with sucking rotted organs, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Lepidoptera, from Greek. Lepis scales and pteron wing), extensive (more than 140 thousand species) insect detachment with complete transformation. Wings two pairs covered with scales. The river apparatus is suction, in the form of a trunk (see Troves) (at rest ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (scratched), detachment of insects. Wings (2 pairs) are covered with different scales. Large individual wings in motion up to 30 cm, in small about 3 mm. Adults (Imago) live from a few hours to several weeks (wintering a few ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
This term has other values, see the detachment (values). Contents 1 History of concept 1.1 Botany ... Wikipedia
Contents 1 History of concept 1.1 Botany 1.2 Zoology 2 names ... Wikipedia
Belyanki ... Wikipedia
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