The North Dvina River is the most important water artery of the Russian North. Where does she take their beginning where it flows and at what sea flows? Answers to all these questions you will find in this information article.
General Northern Dvina
With a length of 744 kilometers, the river collects his waters with a huge area, which is 357 thousand square kilometers. Administratively is Arkhangelsk and Russia. And if we take into account the rivers of the Sukhon and Executive, the length of this water artery will reach 1800 kilometers!
The North Dvina River takes a large number of other rivers, streams and watercourses. Hydrographers counted only about a hundred second-order tributaries of this river system. That is, these are the watercourses that fall directly in the Northern Dvina. Among them are the largest tributaries: Vaga, perhaps, Pinega and Summage.
On the shores of Northern Dvina are seven Russian cities. This (in the direction of the source to the mouth): Great Ustyug, Krasavino, Kotlas, Solvychydsk, Novodvinsk, Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk.
Features of water regime
The North Dvina River is distinguished by the traditional water regime for the northern rivers. Power supply is predominantly thawed snow, the maximum water consumption is observed in May and in June (up to 15,000 m 3 / s).
The river begins to be covered by ice at the end of October, and is revealed at around mid-April. Thus, the Northern Dvina "in the ice" dwells almost half of the year. It should be noted that the period of the ice plant on the river passes, as a rule, is very active. Quite often congestion.
Etymology toponym
Why did Northern Dvina named that? At this expense, researchers and historians have several interpretations, but they all are reduced to about the same. These hydrotopions they decipher as "double river". This interpretation leads several authors in their books. The fact is that the North Dvina River is formed as a result of the merger of two other water arteries, therefore such etymology is quite logical and reasonable.
It is worth noting that some researchers (in particular A. Matveyev) saw the Baltic roots in the origin of this name. So, Matveyev believes that it comes from the Lithuanian word "Dvynai", which means "double".
Interestingly, Northern Dvina is displayed in many literary works and poetry. So, for example, a fictional city in one of the Romanov Kira Boylchev is located on a fictional river goose, which carries its waters in Northern Dvina.
Long path to the sea ...
Where is the North Dvina River? Answer easy, if you look at a detailed geographical map. It clearly shows that the source of the North Dvina river is located where South and Sukhon are merged together. It happens in ancient Russian founded in the XII century.
Next, the Northern Dvina carries its waters strictly to the north and, in a short time, it takes it around the town of Kotlas. It should be noted a curious fact: at the time of the merger, it is over full-flowed river, rather than Northern Dvina.
Further, our water artery continues his way to the sea, gradually changing the north-west direction to the North. Passing a fairly long distance, Northern Dvina takes the waters of another major river - Pinegi. A huge Delta of our river is already beginning to be formed below.
It is curious and the historical fact that the source of the river Northern Dvina is described in detail in the so-called Ustyuzh chronicle. It says that "Sukhon's rivers and south who merged together, made themselves a third river ...".
Northern Dvina
In the hydrology, the mouth is called the place where the river flows into the ocean, the sea, a lake or another reservoir. In this case, the North Dvina flows into the White Sea, and to be more accurate, then in Dvina's lip. At the same time, the mouth has the appearance of a huge delta, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich can be compared with the area of \u200b\u200bVolgograd. It equals approximately 900 square kilometers.
Delta Northern Dvina is a whole system of small duct, sleeves, straits and islands. In this case, the width of the river valley increases to 18 kilometers.
This is a large bay of the White Sea, in its southeastern part. Depths - within 120 meters (average values \u200b\u200b- about twenty meters). More than a dozen rivers fall in Dvina's lip, including Northern Dvina. It is worth noting that this is the warmest place of the entire North Sea. Water in the Dvina lip in the summer heats up to +10 ... + 12 degrees.
Shipping on northern dvina
Shipping is possible throughout this river. True, it is very difficult in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Arkhangelsk. So, large ships cannot go far into the depths of the mouth. As a rule, they are serviced in the port of savings. What is noteworthy, plans to optimize shipping in the northern delta Delta were developed back in the XIX century, but they were not really implemented. The situation in the mouth becomes more complicated by the fact that the river during the "high water" puts a huge amount of sand and garbage here, which only complicates the passage of ships.
It is also worth mentioning that the river still runs the steamer "N. V. Gogol" - the oldest of those who are still exploited in the country. It was built back in 1911.
Here you learned about the peculiarities and location of an important water artery of the Russian North - the River Northern Dvina.
West Dvina is a river reservoir in the northern part of Eastern Europe, which covers the territories of the three states - Russia, Latvia and Belarus. It has many ancient names, the most common - Eridan and Rudon. The total length of the channel is 1020 kilometers, the territory of Russia accounts for about 330 km. Emerging from Lake Karyakino, runs in the southwest direction, turning to the northwest, bypassing the city of Vitebsk. The Western Dvina Basin Square is about 90 thousand square kilometers, which allows it to remain among the most deep-water rivers in Eastern Europe.
Features
The first mention of the name of the river is found in the chronicles of the monk Nestor, and if we take into account the research V.A. Zhekhevich, then the hydronism is the Finnish origin, denoting "calm" translated.
The river basin is formed by twelve thousands of small and large rivers. The biggest influx is the river inhale, whose length is approximate to 260 kilometers. From the placer of the reservoirs surrounding the Western Dvina, the lake systems can be allocated - the Czaray and Zizhitsky.
The river valley has a relatively rugged, trapezoidal form. Its width at the top of the course comes to 0.9 kilometers, and in the lower course is approximated to 6 km. The floodplains has a bilateral character. The channel can be called moderately winding, inevitably branched, but there is a large number of thresholds, which when reaching Vitebsk are increasing in length to twelve kilometers. It is noteworthy that within the lake coverage, the width of the reservoir hardly reaches twenty meters.
The coastal zone is pretty wooded, characterized by the presence of boulders, and the nature of the channel is rocky, having rolled.
River from time immemorial served people as a transport highway. It was according to it that the world-famous road called "From Varyag in Greeks" was held. Every year the river replenishes the Baltic Sea by 20 thousand cubic meters. water kilometers.
The surroundings of the passage of the river on the territory of the Tver region are gifted by a special attraction of picturesque landscapes. In the upper course, coniferous species of trees are dominated, on average and lower birch, aspen and alder plantings. Cranberries and lingonberries are dominated from shrubs.
Speaking about the area of \u200b\u200bthe river flowing on the territory of the Tver region, it is impossible not to mention the city with the same name, located near the bed. The history of the city of Western Dvina has about five thousand years, and the Slavic settlements of centuries-old prescription have repeatedly discovered in its surroundings.
Flora and fauna of this territory remains almost intact in some places, and fishing lovers often have gorgeous catch of perch, roach, pikes and other fish species. The environmental purity of the area contributes to the organization of all types of country rest and tourist alloys along the river from May to September.
How to get
On the territory of the Tver region on the shore of the Western Dvina is the city with the same name. Its removal from the regional center - Tver is 24 kilometers and overcomes on personal or public transport on the M10 highway in less than an hour.
The source of the River Western Dvina is located on the Valdai Hills in the Penovsky district of the Tver region at an altitude of 215 m, 2.1 km of the north-west village of Schevero Penovsky district of the Tver region. From the southern part of the Koryakinsky swamp, the Anuchinsky stream follows, which is the source of Western Dvina.
After about five hundred meters, he merges with the Koryakinsky stream, and after six hundred - flows into a small picturesque forest lake Koryakino (Dvinets), with an island in the middle. From his south-eastern part flows the dwinch. If you go downstream, then after four kilometers it will lead to the northern tip of the lake Coverage (AFOTI). Having passed almost 10 kilometers through the coverage, the waterproof of the rivers of a crossyma and a wolfot, Western Dvina flows out of the lake wide (10-15 meters).
In 2001, Penov's enthusiasts established a log-tier-tier pavilion, as a symbol of the fact that Western Dvina carries its waters through the territory of the three states - Russia, Belarus and Latvia. Three steps are told about this, which lead along the wooden flooring-bridge, bordered by the railing, to the pavilion.
West Dvina (Belor. Navigating Dzvіn, in Latvia - Daugava, Latva. Daugava, Latg. Daugova, Liv. Vēna) - River in the north of Eastern Europe, which flows through the territory of Russia, Belarus and Latvia. It is connected by an invalid Berezinsk water system with the Dnipro River. Ancient names - Eridan, Rudon, Bubon, Rubon, Audin, Hesin.
Western Dvina flows through the lake coverage, then flows first to the southwest, but after Vitebsk turns to the north-west. Western Dvina flows into the Riga Bay (Riga) of the Baltic Sea, forming a erosion delta at the former Island of Mangalsal, who today is the peninsula, since the mouth of the second sleeve was covered in 1567.
Western Dvina River Length - 1020 km: 325 km falls on the Russian Federation, 328 - to Belarus and 367 - in Latvia. Pool 87 900 km², water consumption 678 m³ / s (at the mouth). The total drop in the river on the territory of Belarus is 38 m, the density of the river network is 0.45 km / km², the lake - 3%.
The valley of the trapezoidal river, in places deeply embedded or inexpressive. The width of the valley in the upper course is up to 0.9 km, on average 1-1.5 km, in Lower 5-6 km. The floodplain is predominantly bilateral. The channel moderately winding, weakly branched, places with thresholds. Above Vitebsk, the exit to the surface of Devonian Dolomites forms thresholds with a length of 12 km.
The width of the river Western Dvina behind the lake coverage 15-20 meters, the shores of wooded, moderately steep peeled with boulders, in the seaside plain are low. The channel is stony, with separate rigs and small thoroughties.
In the area of \u200b\u200bAndreapol - Western Dvina, the river width increases to 50 meters, and behind the city of Western Dvina, overcoming another thorns, the river takes major tributaries - veles, a hurry and between, after which it is expanding to 100 meters.
The mouth of the Mezh is large, designed to collect the forest, which is melted. Below west river flows in high shores covered with mixed forest. The forest disappears in front of the city Veliy. For the knowledge of the river shipping.
Between the Latgale and Augstea, Daugawa, the Ancient Valley occurs. Here the Daugava width reaches 200 meters. On the plot from Kraslav to Daugavpils there is a Daugavas Loki Natural Park (Daugava Elevation). Bypassing Daugavpils Daugawa goes to the East Latvian lowland. Here the course of the river slows down and the coast becomes low, because of this, during the spring flood, ice congestion and water floods large areas.
From Ekabpils to Plywinas Daugava flows in steep shores, with sheer cliffs, folded from gray dolomite. A particularly interesting and beautiful valley of the river was from Plywinas to Kegess. There were many thresholds and shames. The shores were decorated with beautiful cliffs of Olinkalnes, Austina-Kalnes, Staburags. After the construction of the Plywinka hydroelectric station, the water level rose 40 m and the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe ancient valley was flooded with the waters of the Plywyn reservoir.
From Jaundergava to Kegrams, the reservoir of the Kegrauma hydroelectric station stretches, and Salaspils has the road to the River Riga HPP.
Below is the island, the river flows on the seaside lowland. Here, its valley form loose sediments of the Quaternary period. The banks of the river on this site are low, and the valley is filled with river sediments. In the area of \u200b\u200bRiga, the apparent sandy islands appear - Zaysala, Lucavsala, Kundzinsal, Kipusala, etc.
The width of the river in Riga bridges is about 700 m, and in the Milgavis area it reaches 1.5 km. The depth of the river is approximately 8-9 m. The average annual water consumption is 678 m³ / s. The concentration of a number of pollutants exceeds 10 MPC.
Observations for the hydrological regime on the territory of Belarus are systematically conducted since 1878 (16 posts). In 1983, hydrological posts of surage, Vitebsk, Ulla, Polotsk, Verkhnedvinsk acted.
Flood, intereth. In 2015, on June 30, in Daugavpils (since 1876) and Ekabpils (since 1906), the lowest level of the river is recorded for all the time of observations in these cities.
In the mouth of the Western Dvina, you can find "Held Held" - amber.
Throughout the history of the West Dvina River had about 14 names: Dina, Wine, Tanair, Turun, Rodan, Dune, Eridan, Western Dvina and others. So in the XV century, Hilbert de Lannoa notes that the landing tribes called Dvina Samgalzara (Semigals-Ara, that is, the Zemgal water). According to her in antiquity, the path "from the Varyag in the Greeks" took place.
The name "Dvina" is first mentioned by the monk-chronicle Nestor. At the beginning of his chronicles, he writes: "Dnipro Bo Filk from the Wolkovsky Forest and flows at noon, and Dvina flows from the same forest to the half-liquefit and lifted in the sea of \u200b\u200bthe Warry."
According to V. A. Zhuchevich, Hyronim Dvina has a financial-speaking origin with the semantic value "quiet, calm."
The name "Daugava" was formed, apparently, from two ancient Balt words, Daug - "Many, abundantly" and AVA - "Water".
According to legend, Percons ordered birds and beasts to escape the river.
The population of the western dwinning pool began in the era of the Mesolithic.
The main largest tributaries flowing into the Western Dvina, Rivers: Wolfot, Busyma, Veles, Mezha, Casply, Ulla, Ushacha, Disna, Lauzesa, Ilukste, Cakeup, Toropa, Louza, Obol, Food, Driss, Dubna, IviStex, Persian and Ogre .
Left tributaries of Western Dvina (Daugava): Hot, Nashma, Fedyaevka, Veles, Messenger, Fominka, Uzoditz, Mezha, Casply, Votba, Crivine, Strel, Tovwlyanka, Ushacha, Best, Disna, Volt, Meritsa, Duska, Lauce, Ilukste, Elamine, Sala, Lauzes,
Right Functions of Western Dvigawa (Daugava): Curvita, Volokota, Gencerka, Goroda, Great, Salmon, Occap, Light, Torop, Toropia, Movinka, Stodolskaya, Olsca, Hispiece, Luzhlyanka, Obol, Suck, Piazza, Driss, Durissy, Saryanka, Rosica, Indiction, Liksna, Dubna, Nerh, Ivysex, Perse, Brace, Ogre.
On the banks of the River Western Dvina are the following cities: Andreapol, West Dvina, Velij, Vitebsk, Beshenkovichi, Polotsk, Novopolotsk, Disna, Verkhnedvinsk, Friend, Kraslav, Daugavpils, Lebanas, Ekabpils, Plywinas, Aizkraukle, Jaurellugava, Lielward, Kehums, Ogre, Ikshiel, Salaspils and Riga.
HPP.
Thanks to the Soviet power built, the Western Dvina HPP is the only major source of energy for Latvia, giving country to 3 billion kW / h per year.
The following hydroelectric river built on the West Dvina River:
- Plywilskaya HPP
- Riga HPP
- Kegeum HPP (built to Soviet power - in 1939)
- Polotsk and Vitebskaya HPP are being built, agreements on the construction of Verkhnedvinskaya and Beshenkovichskaya HPP (all in Belarus) are concluded. - - It was started, but the construction of the Daugavpils HPP was suspended. The Ekabpils HPP was designed. The unused potential of the river exceeds 1 billion kW / h per year.
Coordinates: 56 ° 52'11 "N 32 ° 32'3" E
I usually do not engage in reprinting not my texts, but I found an interesting description of the West Dvina river, she is Daugava, flowing into the Baltic Sea in the Riga area, which is useful to have at hand - there are links to historical research of the river bed, some data on her Width and depth in different places, what is often necessary for conversation. And in order to "revive" dry text, three dozen photographs of the river of different years and different places added. There is a photo that I shot another film last century :-), there are digital photos of recent years. And in the header of the post, I wanted to put such a romantic picture of a local artist:
1.5. Description of the river from the source to the mouth
For the first time, the description of the Western Dvina - Daugava on the plots was undertaken in the XVIII century. In 1701, the river description from the source to the city of Polotsk was performed at the venney of Peter the Great Maxim Maxim Tsyzarev. Later, projects of local improvement of the river or the direct water path between the Baltic, Caspian and Black Seas were compiled. In 1783-1785 Engineer of Trinson was conducted by the exquisites of Western Dvina from the city of Surazh to the mouth of the Lights (at Vitebsk), the plans of the river on a scale of 200 seeds in 1 inches and a longitudinal profile were drawn up. In 1809, General de Witte was drawn up a plan of the river from the source to the mouth at a scale of 100 seeds in 1 inch, with the designation of the depths of the fairway. In 1812, Major General Ivanashevich compiled the plans of the thorough part of the Daugava for 140 miles. In 1826, detailed surveys of the river were made by the Captain Volkov Engineer for 140 miles from the source from the lake. In 1827, the captain engineer Daugawa was studied on a plot from the city of Ekabpils to the island of Dol (above Riga). Among the data they received are a table showing the location of the thresholds, drop and the flow rate on them. In 1857-1861. Exquisites were performed between the disk and Riga under the leadership of the Lieutenant Colonel Ioveta engineer.
Daugava Embankment in Riga in 2006
From 1886 to 1888, Daugava from Vitebsk to the Mazumani (above Riga) - for 561, the versts were studied by the West Dvinist Party under the superior of the engineer N. F. Shelyuts. The purpose of the research was associated with the project of the compound of the Black and Baltic Seas. The upper part of the river was studied in order to determine the power of the river's nutrition. Detailed plans of the river scale were compiled on a scale of 50 sewing in 0.01 so0, as well as a longitudinal profile of the river. These plans are the last shooting of Daugava at such a biggest distance. Only in some sections in some cities, especially near Riga, more detailed surveys were later performed.
Stone Bridge (Akmemins Tilts) in Riga, 2008 *
Let's pass the course of Western Dvugava from its source to the mouth.
The beginning of the river takes among the forests and bolot of the Valdai hill near the village of Koryakino. Near the source of Western Dvina, the origins of the Volga (14 km) and Dnipro (140 km), which gave water to the Caspian and Black Seas are located. In the head of the Western Dvina, a small stream passes through the Dvinis Lake, located at an altitude of 220 m above the middle level of the Baltic Sea. Through incomplete 10 km already a river having a width of 5-6 m, it flows into the upper end of the lake coverage (length - 20 km, width - about 1.3 km, the area of \u200b\u200bthe mirror is 13.6 km2, the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment is 586 km2). It should be indicated that water on Western Dvina in this area is inferior to many other rivers flowing into the lake coverage, such as wolk (61 km), crosshaw (36 km).
Since there are no photos of the river outside of Latvia, I will give a few Riga photos. Vent Bridge, 2007
Emerging out of the lake coverage, Western Dvina is already already up to 40 and depth - 1-2 m. The river is replete with the islands. The coast mostly wooded. Speeds in the source of the river about 0.4-0.9 m / s. In the spring of the flow rate here is more significant, since the water rushes from the lake under the high pressure. Plond sections alternate with small thresholds. At a distance of 2-3 km from the lake Coverage - the first thresholds: a red stone and a bear, then the third threshold is a ram, then the islands, etc. On the bottom thresholds of the river are made by limestones, which are blocked by the sand layer; Sometimes blue clay is naked at the bottom of the river. In these places, the rivers are replete with numerous keys.
Panorama of Riga, 2006 *
Separate sections of Western dock winds, but valley to r. Belles is unwarked. In the spring water rises by 1.8-2.3 m. Near the mouth of the version are located irregular thresholds, and the river bed in this place so emptyly, which makes it impossible to alloy. Therefore, at one time a proof was made here. Below proof, Ipell thresholds stretch by 1.5 km; They consist of three brazers separated by pure splas. The width of the river on the thresholds is 30-40 m. Below the Ipell thresholds depth is 0.5-1.8 m, the flow rate is 0.8-1.4 m / s (on the velocity thresholds of about 2 m / s). To the mouth of the weshes shores down. Here, Western Dvina has a width of 35-40 m, and below the bellows of the velébu reaches 55 m. Together with the width, the depth increases, it reaches 1.8-2.2 m, and flow rates - 0.7 m / s. The width of the river bed continues to gradually increase and in places on the injection reaches 80 m.
Next, the river passes through two small lakes: Luka and Kalakutskaya, which are in essence, spill rivers that are not disappearing in the summer. The flow is insignificant here, and many areas threw reed. Hilly shores, isolated by moraine sediments with significant clusters of boulders. At this site, a characteristic feature of the right bank of the Western Dvina is a large number of large and small lakes located directly from the river and related to small rivers, drives. Some lakes lie on the way of the tributaries of Western Dvina, for example, Toropa, with which more than 35 lakes are reported.
View in Riga from the Stone Bridge, 2008 *
In the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of Lujesyanka (above Vitebsk), dolomites forming a number of thresholds appear in the riverbed, the largest of which are crosses, hawk, Medvedk, Treicov, Verkhovsk, Bervin, etc. The river width on this site is already approaching 100 m, depth mainly 1 , 2-0.0, on the thresholds - 0.3-0.5 m.
Vitebsk and below the brow-cut sections and sandy villages are even more common. Here the river flows through the ancient valley. From Vitebsk, you can count 33 threshold from Vitebsk. In this area, the river valley width is about 800 m, the slopes are cool with narrow stripes of the terraces. The highest flow rates - up to 1.2 m / s are observed on the thresholds of knatsitz and bitch. To improve shipping, bunues were built on the brown areas and dredging works were made, as a result of which depths were obtained, allowing to maintain a fairway for ships with a precipitate 0.6 m.
Daugava's embankment in Riga near the solar stone building (Saoles Akmenex) in 2008 *
Below the Vitebian Rights of the Western Dvina Valley is expanding to 1.5-1.8 km, and in the Beshenkovich region, turning in the north-west direction, the river is part of Polotsk Nisin. Here in line with the river to Polotsk there are separate sandy sands; Its width on average is 100-150 m, in some places - about 200, the depth is mainly up to 3, on the shallows - 0.8-1.0 m.
If you do not count some local dredging and other activities to improve forest and shipping in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Vitebian thresholds and the Bun devices, it can be said that Western Dvina from the source as a whole retains its natural state.
Sunset over Daugavo in Riga, 2008 *
On the plot from Polotsk to the disense of the river thresholds has no. Below they appear again. Disnanian thresholds have such names: Nachsky, twin, robber, Nikolskaya Gol, Minvo and Dog Hole.
On the plot from the mouth of the Ulla to Daugavpils, the river width is 100-150 m, in some places - 200-300, the depth is mainly up to 3 m, on the brown areas - about 0.8 m. Above the village of Pedroja in the river several islands, and the bed width Here it reaches 700 m. Below the sign of friends, the channel of Western Dvina is again narrowed to 100-150 m.
In the territory of Latvia, the river first flows between the Latgale and Augstea hill, using an ancient valley, which at one time they formed the melting waters of the glacier.
But starting with these places, the course of the river can be illustrated by our photos!
Valley width - about 1 km. The river has formed several terraces in it, especially well-preserved on the concave side of the emitting. The site is characterized by significant collaborators with a variety of keys, small tributaries and streams. In the course there are several shames and thresholds, such as Indrics, crib and shortcuts and long Kraslava thresholds formed by boulders. They also have a few sandy islands. Below are the thresholds of the courtyard, Oster, Kaplanas, Alshanskas.
Daugava in the Indian district, 2000
On the approach to Daugavpilsu, the river makes five emitters, the three large emitted are especially distinguished below the village of Yaunborn. The biggest thresholds on this plot - Krivalets. Below Daugavpils Daugava flows through the East Latvian lowland. The nature of the river changes dramatically. The shores become gentle and low, floodplain, especially the left bank, expands. Some places in the valleys of the Ilukste rivers and move it reaches a width of 5-6 km. River bed sandy. There are sandy shales and islands, for example, opposite the village of Vaikulan. Above the mouth of the movement was formed by the Oven Berezovka, and below - the island of Glaudan. These shames are usually the cause of the formation of ice congestion, as a result of which large spaces are flooded. The following islands, which are often formed by the Ice traffic police, - Molzols, below the towns of Nicegale and Yersik, and the dunna, below the village of Dunava.
Next, the sandy channel and the shore disappear and gray dolomites are exposed, forming thresholds. Places in the river are the islands. For example, between the cities of Lebanas and Ekabpils, you can count 10 islands, the largest of which is Abeli. In the area of \u200b\u200bEkabpils in the river, several populated islands connected by bridges with shores. Saka island has a length of approximately 6 and a width of 3 km. It contains about 60 farms. The main channel of Daugava passes on the right side of this island, the left duct - saka - passes less than 1/5 water consumption.
Ekabpils starts an exclusively spinning section of the bed. Directly within the city of the city is the threshold of Zvanitay. Below the city along the island of Saka - the pitching thresholds, which, occupying a stretch of more than 3 km, consist of separate silence: Shirinas, Guskas, Painchins, Grayza, Kanepaites, Veclays, Udup, Stirninas. The plot is completed with shallow divorce.
Daugava in Stukmani, 2000
If the average fall from Daugavpils to Lebanon is only 5 cm / km, and Ekabpils increases to 25 cm / km, then on a three-kilometer spine plot from Ekabpils, the fall reaches 2 m / km.
Water on dolomite steps is rapidly rushing down at a speed of 1.5-2.0 m / s. At these thresholds, with a normal marking of the Plywilskaya hydroelectric station, a retaining level is selected. The secession boundary is approximately 163.5 km from the mouth. With such a mark, the shallow baroon and strokes of Stirninyas and the udup are already in the sub-stand, and the seduction occurs in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Swimming of Village and Kanepaites; At the same time, the upper part of the pitching thresholds - swallowed by Grees, Painchins, Guskas and Shirinas - remain out of the influence of retaining waters.
Daugava in the Koknes area, 1999
From the thresholds of a pussy to the T-shirt of Plywynskaya HPP at a distance of 56.5 km, the fall in the river in a natural state reached 40 m, on average 0.7 m / km. Such a large drop is due to the geological structure of the bed.
Daugava near Sellpils, 2000
In order to cross the Seliy Tree, Daugava to the rock of Staburags was to pass the ancient valley of the water breakthrough of the East Latvian lowland basin, which were glad to Lake Lielupian basin. Here the river deeply crashed into an ancient valley. The shores formed by dolomite cliffs rise to a height of up to 30 m.
This plot was one of the most beautiful on the river. Beautiful species opened with the cliffs of Olincalnes and Austinkalns, with the ruins of Castle Selpils, Altens, and Koknes. Historical memory and legends were sheaves the key of Liepavots, the rocks of Staburags and Kraklok, the radiation of Crullitis and others. High shores were cut off by deep erosion ravines, formed impressive canyons and beautiful waterfalls on the tributaries (P. Perse). On this section of Daugava has several terraces, on the carbonate soils of which many interesting and rare plants have grown.
Daugava in Altens, 2000
The width of the river on the site, which now occupies a Plywyn reservoir, fluctuated in the range of 135-280 m, the depth on the thresholds reached about 1, between them - 3-6 m; The flow rate on the thresholds was 1.0-2.0, on the Plesa, especially in the lower sector, is about 0.2-0.5 m / s.
Before filling out the reservoir, the Plywyn hydroelectric power station in the direction was located a number of thresholds, mainly at the top. The famous thresholds were lower than the railway bridge, on the road Jelgava - Krustpils, where the mouth of the river. Aiviecsthe began a 2.5-kilometer pendant plot of gear with a total drop of 5 m and with separate particularly fast areas, well-mastered plotogons. They gave names to the thresholds. The priest consisted of sirrucking Lielgyle - Oli, Chuchia, the thresholds of Grees, Wall, Kukine - Oli, Lazis, Hall.
Directly below the mouth of the Aiviecsthe in the Daugava bed in a small area, there was a huge pool to 8 m deep, the so-called Parers. Behind him, the depth of the river decreased dramatically, and against the city of Plywinas was one of the most grand thresholds - a stepped threshold of rougher, or Plywinkovskaya Rumba with a pool of velna (damn) and Rock Naras (rushed).
For Plywinas, a spoken section of Bebrulya began with separate thresholds: Broznya, a crust, a plug, Dambiz, Street. Beyond the Bebrulya plot followed individual rapids and thresholds: Veder, Dogsin, Olincroce, the narrowness of Aldinia, Capu Oven. At this plot, the fall was 10 m. Further, downstream the large thresholds were strunker, Lazdas Galva, below the rocks of Staburags - Augshas-Puslis and Lesyas-Puslis, Bystri Aizelkshnya, at the mouth of the r. Perse - Thresholds Perseus and Zvirbul, even lower - the radical.
Daugava in Lielward, 2008
So looked river before the construction of Plywynskaya HPP. Now, from the thresholds, the ancient valley will fill the water reservoir with a calm mirror to the HPP dam, the normal mark of which is 72 m above sea level. High rocky shores disappeared.
Place of inventory of the Persian River in Daugava near Koknes, 2005
The depth has increased dramatically: Plywinas is now about 10 m, near the cliff Olincalnes, which now turned into a small island, - about 20, at the rocks of Staburags, almost flooded, - about 30, the ruins of Coknes castle - almost 38 and the HPP dam - 42 m.
View of the ruins of Cockfish Castle, 2008
Downstream the width of the reservoir gradually increases. Daugava on this site had high shores (up to 30 m), so the flooding of extensive spaces did not occur. The width of the reservoir varies in the upwards in the range of 300-500 m, on the middle section - 400-800 m, in the lower reaches - about 1 km and only immediately above the HPP dam reaches 2 km.
River Coast in Lielward, 2001
The depth and width of the reservoir change somewhat in time due to the work of the reservoir. In tense conditions of electricity generation, the work occurs until 70 m occurs, i.e., 2 m. In such cases, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe reservoir level, all the swift of the thresholds will come out of the subhort, and the drop along the sak island becomes natural.
In the spring before ice-growing, to prevent the flooding of the city of Plywinas, it is necessary to make a prefabricating workout of the reservoir to a mark of 67 m. Of course, in such cases, the reservoir depth decreases by 5 m, in some places it decreases the width, and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe reservoir level, the thresholds of the reservoir are abolished.
Below the Plywilskaya HPP is the following reservoir of the Daugava Cascade - Kegema (length - 42 km). Before the formation of the reservoir on this section, the river bed was made of relatively high dolomite shores, especially at the bottom. At the top of the individual small thresholds alternated with mold areas. Here, above the city of Jaundergava, the ruins of the castle Aizkraukle, there was a threshold of Chuibinas, above the village of Yamprava - Linkelman's village and below - the threshold of Kasumates.
Daugava near the castle Aizkraukle, 1999
The main fall was focused on the kegum rocks, on which the HPP was built. There were several large islands on this site. One of them is ozole, below the jaundergava, preserved and after filling the reservoir. But the once populated islands Lielvardes and Rembates, 5 km above the dam, are at a depth of several meters under water. The new island has formed from the gueff.
Daugava for Jaundergava, 2008
Due to the high shores and the fact that the level of the dam of the Kehemskaya HPP was elevated only at 16 m, the large lake was not formed. Water filled the valley embedded into the dolomites, and the width of the reservoir, especially in its upper part, only slightly exceeds the natural width of the river. So, at the Yaullgar - YuMplay site, the width of the reservoir - 250-450 m, below the humility, it increases to 700-900 and near the dam reaches 1500 m. The depth gradually increases from 8 m in the yunelgava to 17 m at the dam.
Daugava in Ikskale, 1999
Below, HPP Daugava continues his way on the middle-party subtraction. The riverbed is cut into dolomites here, but the shores are significantly lower than in the previous area.
Before filling out the reservoir of the Riga hydroelectric power station in the river, there were granulated areas and below, for example, the thresholds of Ogres and Slovalinescence of Ogre; The thresholds of Berkawas at the village of Iquashle; Aidukrace, Kauls Vedero and Gluma-Kraza, or Rubnas Cauls, above the island of share.
Daugava's bed at the village of Ikshkyle during the descent of water at the Riga HPP, 2008
The island of Dolte divided Daugava to two sleeves: Galven - and Sausa Daugava (left sleeve). The greatest thresholds in the sleeve of Galven Daugawa were Martyn Kalez, Livirgas, Lidakas Cauls, Pender-Kauls, Rumba, Nosums, Aku-Kauls, South South Daugava - Dama-Crane, Berzatenes-Calell, Vimpes Calezz, Kinez Kaleus, Calus Sterkel, Kishuz-Kulus, Dolse-Augshkuls and Dolol-Leyskales.
On the river area below the Kehegum hydroelectric station there were several inhabited islands: Ogres, Ikshikles, Macita, Share, Martin, Andrei, and others. The largest of them is the island of share (length - 8.5, width - 2.4 km).
The island of the share and medieval settlements and castles in the Middle Town of Daugava. Photo from the Daugava Museum on about. Share, 2000
Before flooding on a plot from the Kegeum hydroelectric station to the lower end of the island, the river width was already significantly larger than on the overlying plot. On average, it accounted for approximately 400, and at the upper tip of the island of the share reached 700 m or more. The depth on the threshold was less than 1, and between them - 3 m or more. Falling along the island of share exceeded 1 m / km.
Despite the fact that the Dam of the Riga HPP increased the water level of its reservoir (length - 34 km) about the same amount (16 m), as the dermal hydropower plant, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Riga HPP reservoir mirror is 42.2 km2, i.e. on 17.3 km2 more than the Kehege HPP (length - 41 km). Already a few kilometers below the Kehege HPP, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of the river. Lachupa, the width of the reservoir exceeds 2 km, then narrows in the area of \u200b\u200bOgre to 0.5, but below, at the village of Iquashle, the places reaches 2.5 km. Above the island, the reservoir has a width of about 1 km, and above the dam fused the upper part of the island of the share has about 4 km width.
Dam island sv. Mainard in Ikschil, 2008
Since the rather extensive shores of the shores were flooded, the depth of the reservoir of non-etinakov. According to the former Farvatera of the river, it ranges from several meters at the lower beef of the Kegeum hydroelectric station to 17 m at the Dam Riga HPP. In those places where the width of the reservoir is large, the depth on the flooded floodplain and terraces in places is minor.
Along the shores of the reservoir, quite large spaces are fenced from the flooding of dams (areas of Ogre, Iquashle, directly above the dam and others). If we compare all the reservoirs of the Daugava Cascade in the average width (private from dividing the area of \u200b\u200bthe mirror on the length of the reservoir), it turns out that the Kegeum and Plywyn reservoirs have almost the same width - respectively 607 and 612 m, and the reservoir of the Riga HPP is twice as much - 1241 m. Dam Riga HPP crosses the island of the share in the middle; Gallery and Saus Daugawa sleeves left intact.
View from Ikshchil to Salaspils at the time of descent of the river on the Riga HPP, 2008
Below the island of the share begins the last section of Daugava - the Riga port. Here in the coastal slopes, Devonian deposits - Dolomites are no longer found. The river flows through the sandy seaside lowland and is composed of granite embankments.
League Water Daugava ... view of the Riga port from under the guy bridge in 2007 *
Before the construction of the Riga port, when the coast was not strengthened, the channel repeatedly changed its position. Old sections of the bed and sleeves are preserved by places. Back in 1967, when the village of Salaspils formed a powerful venture of ice, the water of the river on the old sleeve, which began between Martyn's Islands and Andrei, headed to Lake Yugg.
Martinsal Island is now here, under the waters of Daugava, photo 2008 *
Now, on this older, a small river Picurge is flowing into Lake Yugla. Some of these old sleeves form the islands in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Riga port, for example, Zvirgzdu, Libyš, Zaku, Lucavas, Kipusala, Kundzinsal, etc.
Zaisala Island and Sleeves Daugava, 2006 *
The remains of old sleeves are preserved in Riga in the Pardaugava area at Arkady Park, and on the right bank - in the area of \u200b\u200bthe former hippodrome, as well as at the lowest course (Wezdaugava), where a large fish port was built.
View from the television tower on about. Saw in the direction of the old town of Riga, 2006 *
The square of the square river becomes wider and deeper. The width on the area to the Riga bridges is about 600 m, below, at the cement plant, decreases to 450, and even lower, in Daugavgriva, it increases to 700 m. Depth to the bridge area - about 6-7, and below, to the sea - up to 12-15 m.
Several photos of Riga bridges:
Daugava near Island Bridge, 2008 *
Fragments of railway and stone bridges, 2008 *
Vent Bridge, 2005 *
Information about depths and difficulties for shipping in Daugava is given in the materials of research 1886-1888. The West Dvino Description Party under the superior of the engineer N. F. Shelyuts. They noted that the top and middle sections of the river are most suitable for shipping, but it also comes across a lot of obstacles to shipping. At the first 150 verst obstacles to shipping and sand jars, then stones are started, which are especially a lot of the village of Cross. Near the village of Sekhan, stone ridge blocks almost the entire river; At the village of Ruby, in 20 versts above Vitebsk, also many obstacles to shipping. From Vitebsk to the mouth of the street a lot of chalks and stones; at the city of Disna - thresholds; At the town of Krasital (Kraslav) - thresholds, below - mel. Between Livengof (Plywinas) and Jacobstadt (Ekabpils) - 16 thresholds and 5 fence; From Friedrichstadt (Jaundergava) to the island of Dalen (share) - 9 thresholds, the island of Doma is the threshold of the Daman. The largest Cockuzen thresholds are considered to be the following thresholds (Koknes), the fall on them reaches 1.35 seeds on the mile.
Variety on the winter joke in the Agenskaln Gulf, 2005 *
A complete list of obstacles to shipping in Daugava is given in Appendix 1.
In the materials of the party, the overall picture of the longitudinal profile of the river is presented in the following form. From Vitebsk to Polotsk, for 145 versts on a highway, a longitudinal profile is a smooth straight line with small fractures, of which the biggest is below Beshenkovich. The average slope of the entire site, related to the highway, - 0.00011, the largest local 5-layoff slope below Beshenkovichi - 0.00018. Between the 145th and 180th versts, the slopes are very insignificant: on average 0.000049; Between the 180th and 185th versts (in the city of the District), the thresholds of Disnansky with slopes from 0,0003 to 0.0006. From the disense to the city of the friend, for about 60 miles, there is a smooth surface line of water with a slope of 0.00005-0.00006.
From friends to the village of Old Castle (245-315th Verses) The surface profile of the river is a very uneven line with a fall on all this 70-vest plot 539 seeding, and the slopes vary from 0.00045 (Cryption threshold) to 0.00003. From the 315th to the 399th verst, the longitudinal profile has a very smooth line with slopes 0.00002- 0.00004 and not higher than 0.00007. From the 399th versts to the mouth again there is a thorough part with slopes:
thresholds of oak and leaf - 0.0004-0.00055; The threshold of the glineta - 0.00156; Thresholds of frying pan, oblique head, Pekina and Corn - 0.00166-0.0011; The thresholds of a green rumble and a quiet rumble - 0.0022; threshold of roasted - 0.003; Threshold Threshim - 0.0015; Gusar threshold - 0.00128; Keggum threshold - 0.00212; The thresholds of the damn and skull - 0.00123. In other thresholds, the slopes are less and are usually 0.0004-0.0006.
You should specify that from the XIX century. Pretty sharp changes were subjected to toponymik, the names of the thresholds, chalk, fence, as well as settlements along the river changed; This is especially true of Latvia. Some objects, mainly in the names of populated places, disappeared, many have been renovated. For example, according to N. F. Shelyuts, on the spoil plot between the Jacobstatt and the Village Adminan (419-424 stems), the thresholds were named: Breeding, knee, hussak, a frying pan, on the same site fences had the following names: oblique head , Painty, Beckova Tin, Mozaw, Belyan and separate stones Sparrow. Currently, the pendant plot between the city of Ekabpils and the Admin Histor has the general name of the pitching thresholds, which consist of stereos Sharinas, Guskas, Painchins, Grayza, Kanepaites, Veclays, Udup, Stirninas and shames to baroon. As can be seen, only the names are saved from the previous names in a somewhat modified form, the rest are called otherwise.
The same with the thresholds between 433 and the 434th versts. Previously, they were called a magnificent, whitewash head, pale, bear head, green rumble. Now this site has a common name of the thresholds. Separate thresholds are called Lielgail-Olya, Grayz, Siena, Kukine-Olya, Lazis, Hall. Shchuchye head is referred to as Chuya, Bear Head - Lazis, Green Ruba - Hall.
Similar changes are found in the names of other thresholds. In fig. 1.10 shows a longitudinal profile of Western Dvugava - Daugava in a modern state, i.e., taking into account the constructed stage of the HPP. Appendix 2 gives a list of all Daugava's tributaries and the description of the main one.
Description of the River West Dvina from the source to the mouth \\\\ Western Dvina Daugava. River and time. L.S.Anosova et al.; under total. ed. V.F. Logynova, G. Ya. Sigal. - Minsk: Belorus. Science, 2006. - 270s.
Western Dvina is a classic plain river with all its islands, rauches, low shores and villages that they face the floodplain poured in the spring with rising waters.
River for three countries
The Western Dvina River proceeds through the territory of the three countries, in Russia it is called Western Dvina, in Belarus - Zvina, in Latvia - Daugavi. The first mention of the river is contained in the Chronicles of the Tale of Bygone Years for the XI W.: "Dnipro Bo Film from the Okovsky Forest and flow at noon; And Dvina from the same forest to flow, and to hang on the seal and lifting in the sea of \u200b\u200bthe Warry ... "" Varyazhskoye "is the Baltic Sea, where West Dvina flows. The river is the largest of the flowing c.
The Western Dvina River Basin occupies large hills - Vitebsk, Gorodok, Latgale and Vidzeme, which alternate with broad lowlands: Polotsk, East Latvian and Middle Latvian.
Western Dvina begins in the swamps of the Valdai hill, approximately 40 km south of the capital of the Volga. According to the ancient Baltic mythology, the river appeared when God-Rubelzitz Perkunas commanded birds and beasts to dug her.
The river follows from the Western Gulf of Lake Scope, which is in the Tver region, in a picturesque area where coniferous forests grow. In antiquity through the lake, the coverage passed the path of the path from Varyag to the Greeks. This is evidenced by many names in the district: for example, the villages of the wolf and the Volkota River. The ancient Slavs dragged the boats between the reservoirs. A lot of the person's sense of dangerous lesson, about this and many forgotten wars resemble mounds over burials scattered around the district.
In the upper course of the river has a south-west direction, its channel passes along the deep valley, formed relatively recently - about 12-13 thousand years ago.
The settlement of the Verkhovyev Western Dvina began in Mesolite - 8-6th thousand to n. e. Especially many here found settlements of the neolithic era - the end of the Stone Age: 5th - Nach. 2nd thousand to n. e. It was noted very early (the second half of the 1st thousand n. E.) Penetration of Slavs on the shores of the Western Dvina, its tributaries and coasting lakes. Numerous Slavic Seliya and mounded burial grounds have been found.
The river valley flows between rather steep shores, overgrown with forest. These are mainly mixed forests: fir predominates in the upper reaches, on average, birch, alder and aspen are more common. Fine pine bours have been preserved on Polotsk lowland.
The wood alloy in these places is conducted since the time of the ancient Slavs, but the purity of the river began to take care relatively recently. Below is the place where the Tver River Maja flows into the Western Dvina, a large stock (barrage device) is built to collect the forest fused by means.
The tributaries of Western Dvina are numerous, but not large, of which the longest length reaches only the same miga (259 km).
Throughout the river, her channel winding. On average, there are numerous thresholds that are formed by the accumulation of boulders brought by the glacier and places of solid rocks. On the approach to the Belarusian city, they form thresholds stretched by 12 km.
Western Dvina enters the city in the North-West, proceeds on it, forming "horseshoe", and comes out in the south-west. In the city of the River Shipping for some types of vessels, it is located Vitebsky River Port.
Moving Vitebsk, the river rushes to the north-west.
By building the HPP and the reservoir, the person, however, did not strongly change the regime of this flat river.
Downstream through the flow of the street, the lakes chain and the Berezin River Western Dvina connect with the Dnieper of the Berezinsk water system, now not acting. It was built at the end of the XVIII - early XIX century, during the XIX century. Repeatedly reconstructed. Its length is more than 160 km, a half dozen gateways were built. It was intended to export agriculture and forest products from Mogilev and Minsk provinces to the Riga port. The system has lost importance after the railway laying. During the Great Patriotic War, the gateways were blown up, and the channels were declining. Today it is the main historical attraction of the Berezinsky biosphere reserve.
The farther from the source, the valley is expressed weaker. In several places, the river passes through the lakes, such as Luke and Kalakutskoe. The city of Velia, standing on the river, Western Dvina becomes shipping, and the forest ends.
Moving the Latgale and Augstea Hills, Western Dvina (Daugava) flows through the ancient valley. Daugavpils River goes to the East Latvian lowland. During the spring flood, Ice congestion are often formed here, and river waters, without meeting obstacles, flood everything around.
Beyond the city of Plywinas, after the construction of the Plywynskaya hydroelectric station, the Valley of the River was flooded with the waters of the Plywyn reservoir, and the water level rose 40 m. Judging by the memoirs of old-timers, the Valley of the river from Plywinas to Kegess was very beautiful. There were many thresholds and shames. In 1950-1960. The construction of the HPP caused protests among the Latvian population: the historic rock of Staburags, the cliffs of Olincalnes and Austin-Kalnes should be left under the water.
Below are two more HPP - Kegema and Riga. The latter occupies the most important place for the capital of Latvia: it is a source of electricity, and the Riga reservoir is a source of tap water for most residents of the city. In general, the Western Dvina (Daugava) is the only major source of electricity in Latvia.
Below is the island of the share of Western Dvina (Daugava) flows through the seaside lowland. Here running the river slows down, the shores become quite low, dvina in many places separates the sleeves that enhanced by sandy nanos of the island from Dvinsk to Riga, forming a delta. In the city, the river width reaches 700 m, and below it reaches one and a half kilometers.
Historian Nikolai Karamzin compared Western Dvina with the Eridan River from ancient Greek mythology. The myths say that the river was rich in amber, and the ancient Greek authors mention about it in their works. And in the old days it was Western Dvina that was the source of most of the major river pearl used to embroider royal and boyars. The prey was predatory, as a result, pearl shells were exterminated.
At the mouth of the Western Dvina (Daugava), amber is also mined, and mining it is carried out at least barbaric ways.
The rapid river, the water is clean in it, but there are few fish in it, which is explained by shallow water. In Western Dvina, in the reservoirs of its pool and at the mouth, a pike, chub, is, lin, bream, crucian, pike perch, pike perch. Previously, Dvina was rich in one-year memes, which came through the Baltic of the Atlantic Ocean, but after the construction of the Plywynskaya hydroelectric station, eels in the upper course of Dvina disappeared. Today, industrial fishing is either forbidden, or is limited. Amateur fishing is also limited.
general information
Location: West Eastern Europe.Administrative belonging : Russia, Belarus, Latvia.
Water system: Baltic Sea.
Food: Mixed, the snow and soil prevails.
Islands: Shares, Zaysala, Lucavsala, Kundzinsal, Kipusala (Latvia).
Source: Lake Coverage, Valdai Hill (Andreapol district, Tver Region, RF).
Mouth: Riga Baltic Sea Bay (Riga, Latvia).
Inflows: left - Beles, Hot, Major, Men, Leshekum, Fedyaevka, Fominka, Uzoditz; Right - Wolfot, City, Great, Gambling, Curvita, Salo, Ochal, Light, Toropa.
Ice station: December-March.
Cities (for current) : Vitebsk - 377 595 people, Polotsk - 85,078 people, Novopolotsk - 102 394 people, (Belarus),
Daugavpils - 85,858 people, Ekabpils - 23,019 people, Ogre - 24,322 people, Salaspils - 16,734 people, Riga - 639,630 people. (Latvia) (2016).
Languages: Russian, Belarusian, Latvian.
Ethnic composition : Russian, Belarusians, Latvians.
Religion: Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Catholicism.
Cash units : Russian ruble, Belarusian ruble, euro.
Numbers
Length: 1020 km (325 km - in Russia, 328 km - in Belarus, 367 km - in Latvia).Width Rusla: Toppers (lake coverage) - 15-20 m, mouth (Latvia) - 1.5 km.
Width of the valley: Toppers - up to 0.9 km, secondary flow - up to 1-1.5 km, lower - 5-6 km.
Delta: Length is 35 km.
Pool area : 87 900 km 2.
Height of source: 215 m.
The height of the mouth: 0 m.
Middle water flow (mouth) : 678 m 3 / s.
Medium: 0.2 m / km.
Climate and weather
Upper current - moderately continental; The average flow is a moderate transition to the seabed, the lower flow is a moderate marine.The average temperature of January : upper flow -8 ° C, mean flow -7.5 ° C, lower current - ° C.
The average temperature of July : upper flow + 18 ° C, mean flow + 17.5 ° C, lower flow + 17 ° C.
The average annual amount of precipitation : Upper for 650 mm, average for 550-600 mm, Lower flow 670 mm.
Mid annual relative humidity : upper flow 70-75%, average for 70%, lower flow 75-80%.
Economy
Hydroelectric Energy, River Shipping, Forest Alloy, Fisheries, Amber Mining.sights
Natural
- (1925)
- (1930)
- Natural Park of Daugava Elevation (1990)
- Smolensk Loanier (1992)
- Birzha Regional Park (1992), Braslav Lakes (1995) and Sebezhsky (1996)
- National Park "Different" (2007)
- Vervice break
Historical
- VEKRACHINSKIY COVISM (X-XIII centuries)
- Corodskaya Buku (D. Zhukovo, up to 1130)
- Berezinskaya water system (1797-1805)
City Vitebsk (Belarus)
- Gubernatorial Palace (1772)
- Salt warehouses (1774)
- Town Hall (1775)
- Former District Court (Art Museum, 1883)
- Building of the first power plant (literary museum, 1897)
- The building of the former female diocesan school (1902)
- Monument to the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 (1912)
- The building of the former landing and peasant bank (1917)
- Memorial complex in honor of the liberator warriors (Victory Square, 1974)
- House Museum Mark Stegal
- Art Center Mark Shagal (1992)
City of Polotsk (Belarus)
- Sofia Cathedral (XI century)
- Savior Evphrosinyan Monastery (about 1128)
- Savior Transfiguration Church (1128-1156)
- House Peter I (1692)
- Simeon Polotsk (XVII-XVIII century)
- Bernardine Monastery (1758)
- Jesuit collegium (XVIII century)
- Cross Cathedral (1893-1897)
- Red Bridge (XIX century)
- National Polotsky Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve
City of Daugavpils (Latvia)
- Dinaburg Castles (1275) and Murmuizhsky (up to 1601)
- Mikhailovsky Gate (1856-1864)
- Nikolo-Pokrovsky Staroforstadsk Old Believers Temple (1889)
- Daugavpils fortress (end of the XIX - early XX century)
- Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Most Holy Virgin Mary Daugavpils (1902-1905)
- Borisoglebsky Cathedral (1904-1905)
- Bridge of Unity (1935)
City of Riga (Latvia)
- Dome Cathedral (1211-1270)
- Cathedral of St. James (1225)
- Riga Castle (1330)
- Powder tower (up to 1330)
- House of Chernogolov (XIV century)
- Swedish Gate (1698)
- Christ-Christ Cathedral (1877-1884)
- House of cats (1909)
- Byte bridge (1981)
Curious facts
The River called Western Dvina, as seen on the map, follows from the lake the coverage of the Andreapol district of the Tver region. However, Tver local historians propose to consider it the source of the swamp, from which the stream flows into the small lake of Koryakino Penovsky district of the same area, connected to the rota river coverage. In the proof, they lead the Atlas of 1792 (the full name "Russian Atlas, from forty-four cards and for forty-governments by the Empire of dividing"), in the Atlas there is a map of Tver pricker, with the image of the Dvinis Lake (so first named Lake Koryakino), in which A river will fall, starting in the swamps and on the map marked as "Dvina River". Nevertheless, this is not proof that this is the source of Western Dvina, since other rivers flow into the lake. Moreover, no evidence, why this river was honored to be called on the map "R. Dvina "and how it differs from others flowing into the coverage of the rivers of Nikitiha and the Wolfot is not given.
When the river, the River Western Dvina (Daugava) is falling into the Riga Bay forms the erosion delta at the former Island of Mangalsal. It follows from the name, initially he was really an island (Sala - Island), but later a narrow shelter from the apparent sand was formed, and Mangalsal became the peninsula. From three sides it is washes by the Riga Bay, Daugava and the sleeve of Daugava - Wetzaugawa.
The name of the city comes from the location on the Toropa River. It also comes from the Russian word "Torop", which means hasty. It is associated with a high speed of the river flow at the threshold before shifting in the Western Dvina.
Throughout the history of the West Dvina River had about two dozen items: Dina, Wine, Tanair, Turun, Rodan, Rubon, Rudon, Dune, Eridan, Western Dvina, etc. in the XV century. Flemish traveler and Knight Zhilbert de Lannua (1386-1462) noted that the landing tribes called Western Dvina Samgalzara: from Semigals-Ara, or Zemgal water. Zemgale is one of the five historical regions of Latvia.
Given the presence of two identical names (Western Dvina and Northern Dvina), as well as the generality of the names of Vajna (Estonian name of Western Dvina) and Viena (Karelian name of the Northern Dvina), the name of the river is most likely, has a finno-speaking origin with the semantic value "quiet, calm" . And the name of Daugava was formed, apparently, from two ancient Balt words: Daug - "Many, abundantly" and AVA - "Water".
The 20-meter Staburags - Limestone Rock on the left bank of the Daugava was flooded when filling the Plywilsky reservoir. Staburags also call a special type of limestone, very porous, through which moisture constantly becomes overlooked if it is near the underground source. "Watching" Rock Staburags is a national symbol that is often found in Latvian poetry and in legends. This place was considered sacred, endowed with a beneficial effect on people. The warriors of the ancient tribe of the villages made magic rites in front of military campaigns here. Today above the top of the cliff - 21 m of water.
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