1. Sign the world climatic belts on the map, emphasize the names of the main climatic belts. Indicate what the difference between the main and transient climatic belts.
2. Sign the names of the mainland. Indicate, on which of them the climate is the coldest, on which is the hottest, on which is the most dry, on what is the most wet. What continued all the climatic belts are presented?
3. Highlight different species hatching areas where annual amplitude air temperature can reach maximum values and where it is equal to "S.
4. Specify areas globeWhere the Western winds dominate during the year (blue arrows), and where - the winds of the Passat (red arrows).
5. Highlight from the boundaries of the solar illumination belts and sign their names. What is the associated uneven lighting and heating of the earth's surface?
6. Specify on the map of the letter indexes "B" and "H" belt of high and low atmospheric pressure. Where falls out more precipitation? Select the color areas with maximum number precipitation.
Answers:
answer to the task of geography
The climate is defining for geographic location Natural zones. Where dry and hot formed the desert, where the rains are going and shines the sun - brown vegetation equatorial forests. But, in one climatic belt, the boundaries of several natural zones may be.
Climatic belts and natural zones
First of all, consider the table.
Table "Natural climatic zones"
Features of the climate of natural zones of the world
Equatorial forests
All year round here is very hot and tropical rains are walking. average temperature In winter + 15 °, in summer about 30 °. Per year drops more than 2000 mm. There is no clear distribution for seasons, all months warm and wet.
Savannai
Winter - Tropical, Summer - Equatorial. Brightly expressed two periods: drought in winter and the rainy season in the summer. About 500 mm drops per year. The average temperature in winter + 10 °, in summer about 26 °.
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Fig. 1. Drought in Savannah
Desert
Arid climate, bright change change is observed throughout the day. In winter, at night there may be even lower than zero. In the summer, the sun warms dry air by 40-45 °.
Fig. 2. Frosts in the desert
Steppes and forest site
Winter moderate, summer arid. Even in the warm period of the year at night there may be a decrease in the air temperature to a minus value. The sediments fall predominantly in winter - up to 500 mm per year. Feature steppe zone They are cold penetrating winds, which are from the north.
Deciduous and mixed forests
Characterized pronounced winter (with snow) and hot summer. The precipitate falls out evenly throughout the year.
Fig. 3. Winter in a deciduous forest
Taiga
It has a cold dry winter, but hot summer, which lasts 4-5 months. The precipitation falls about 1000 mm. in year. The average temperature of January - 25 °, in the summer + 16 °.
Tundra and Fierotundra
The climate is severe. Winter is long, cold, dry, about 9 months. Summer is short. Arctic winds often blow.
Arctic and Antarctic Desert
Eternal winter zone. Summer is very short and cold.
Total ratings received: 106.
Climatic belts are solid or intermittent areas, which are located parallel to the latitudes of the planet. Among themselves they differ in circulation airflows and quantity solar energy. The terrain, proximity to or is also important climate-forming factors.
According to the classification of the Soviet climatologist B. P. Alisov, there are seven main types of climate of the Earth: Equatorial, two tropical, two moderate and two polar (one in and hemispheres). In addition, Alisov highlighted six intermediate belts, three in each hemisphere: two subequatorial, two subtropical, as well as subarctic and subanctic.
Arctic and Antarctic climatic belt
Arctic and Antarctic climatic belt on world map
The polar region adjacent to the North Pole is called the Arctic. It includes the territory of the Northern Arctic Ocean, outskirts and Eurasia. The belt is represented by ice and, which are characterized by protracted harsh winter. The maximum summer temperature is + 5 ° C. Arctic ice affect the climate of the land as a whole, not letting it overheat.
Antarctic belt is located in the south of the planet. Under its influence is the nearby islands. On the mainland there is a pole of cold, so winter temperatures are on average - 60 ° C. Summer indicators are not raised above -20 ° C. Territory is in the zone arctic desert. The mainland is almost completely covered with ice. Sushi plots are found only in the coastal zone.
Subarctic and subnutrctic climatic belt
Subarctic and subnutrctic climatic belt on world map
The subarctic zone includes Northern Canada, South of Greenland, Alaska, North Scandinavia, northern regions Siberia I. Far East. The average temperature of the winter temperature is -30 ° C. With coming short summer The mark rises to + 20 ° C. In the north of this climatic belt dominates, which is characterized by high humidity, wetting and frequent winds. South is located in the Zone of Fundra. The soil has time to warm up for the summer, so shrubs and palpal shrubs grow here.
Within the South Ocean's Islands near Antarctica are within the sub-autoctic belt. Zone is subject to seasonal influence air masses. In winter, the Arctic air dominates here, and in the summer they come from a moderate belt. The average temperature in winter is -15 ° C. On the islands often storms, fogs and snowfalls. In the cold season, the entire water area is engaged in ice, but with the onset of summer they melt. Indicators warm months The average is -2 ° C. The climate is difficult to call a favorable. Vegetable world represented by algae, lichen, moss and dispersion.
Moderate climatic belt
Moderate climatic belt on world map
In the zone of the moderate belt lies a quarter of the entire surface of the planet: North America, and. Its main feature is the clear severity of the seasons of the year. Prevailing aerial masses Give high humidity and low pressure. The average temperature of winter temperatures is 0 ° C. In the summer, the mark rises above fifteen degrees. The cyclones dominating in the northern part of the zone provoke snow and rains. Most of The precipitation falls in the form of a summer rain.
District territories are drought by droughts. represented by alternating forests and arid regions. In the north grows, the plant world of which is adapted to low temperatures and high humidity. Gradually it replaces the zone of mixed wide forests. The steppe strip in the south is moving all the continents. Semi-desert and desert zone covers the western part North America and Asia.
Moderate climate is divided into the following subtypes:
- nautical;
- moderate continental;
- sharply continental;
- monsoon.
Subtropical climatic belt
Sub tropical climateichic belt on world map
In the zone of subtropics is part Black Sea coast, Southwest and, South North and. In winter, the territory is under the influence of air moving from a moderate belt. The thermometer mark is rarely lowered below zero. In the summer, subtropical cyclones affect the climatic zone, which are well warmed by the Earth. In the eastern part of the mainland moist air dominates. Here is a long summer and soft winter without frost. Western coasts are characterized by arid summer and warm winter.
In the inner areas of the climatic zone of temperature is significantly higher. Almost always worth clear weather. Most precipitation falls into cold periodWhen air masses are shifted to the side. Anticious forests with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs grow on the coasts. In the northern hemisphere, the zone of subtropical steppes comes to a shift, smoothly flowing into the desert. In the southern hemisphere, the steppes go into broader and falling forests. Mountain areas represented by woodlong zones.
In subtropical climatic zone Select the following climate subtypes:
- subtropical oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate;
- subtropical inside continental climate;
- subtropical monsonic climate;
- climate of high subtropical Nagrai.
Tropical climatic belt
Tropical climatic belt on world map
Tropical climatic belt covers separate territories At all, except Antarctica. All year round over the oceans dominated the area increased pressure. Because of this, there is little precipitation in the climatic zone. Summer temperature indicators in both hemispheres exceed + 35 ° C. Medium winter temperatures are + 10 ° C. The average daily temperature fluctuate is felt in the depths of the continents.
Most of the time there is a clear arid weather. The bulk of precipitation falls on winter months. Significant temperature differences provoke dust storms. On the coasts, the climate is significantly softer: winter is warm, and the summer is soft and wet. Strong winds are practically absent, precipitation falls out calendar summer. Dominant natural zones are rainforests, deserts and semi-deserts.
Tropical climatic belt includes the following climate subtypes:
- trade house climate;
- tropical dry climate;
- tropical monsoon climate;
- monsonic climate on tropical plateau.
Sub-screen climatic belt
Sub-screening climatic belt on world map
Sub-screen climatic belt affects both hemispheres of land. IN summer time The zone is influenced by equatorial wet winds. In winter, the trade winds dominate. Mid annual temperature makes up + 28 ° C. Daily temperature differences are insignificant. Most of the precipitation falls in the warm season under the influence of summer monsoon. The closer to the equator, the rain is rude. In the summer, most rivers come out of the banks, and for the winter they completely dry.
The plant world is represented by monsoon mixed forests, and palpal. The foliage in the trees turns yellow and falls in the period of drought. With the arrival of the rain it is restored. On the open spaces Savannan grows cereals and dissemination. The plant world adjusted under rain periods and drought. Some remote forest arrays still not studied by a person.
Equatorial climatic belt
Equatorial climatic belt on world map
The belt is located on both sides of the equator. Permanent flow solar radiation Forms hot climate. On weather conditions, air masses coming from the equator are affected. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is only 3 ° C. Unlike other climatic belts, the equatorial climate remains almost unchanged all year. The temperature indicators are not lowered below + 27 ° C. Because of the abundant precipitation formed high humidity, fog and cloudy. Strong winds are practically absent, which positively affects the plant world.
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The characteristic of climatic belts (table is shown below) is the topic of this article. We will tell about what types of climate exist on our planet, and consider in detail each of them. To this end, we recall that the climate is called weather regime established years, which depends on the specific territory, its geographical position.
Equatorial belt
This climatic belt is characterized by low pressure, as well as the year-round presence of air masses. There are no separate climatic areas inside the belt. Concerning temperature mode, It is hot here. During the year there are many precipitation, moisturizing in excess. The weather here is changing very sharply during the day. The first half is sultry, and the second begins with abundant rains.
The names of climatic belts are associated with their features. Equatorial belt Located near the equator, therefore it has such a name.
The subequatorial belt is characterized by changing the air masses, which occurs seasonally. In the summer, equatorial air masses prevail, and in winter there are more tropical. Weather conditions in the summer fully correspond to the equatorial type of climate, while the weather is reminded by the conditions of the tropical belt. Winter dry and a little colder summer.
Tropical belt
As we already know, the names of climatic belts are associated with their location. For this type of climate, the tropical air masses are characterized by the whole year. Continental air. True weather Tropical belt is high pressure and temperature, a big difference temperatures not only during the year, but during the day. Water in such a climate is very lacking. It is very hot and dry here, often dry winds. There is almost no rainy. The weather is usually dry and sunny.
but tropical belt Deceptive. Eastern shores of continents, which are washed by warm currents, are also in this belt, but have another climate. Air turopical air, abundant precipitation, monsoon. Climatic conditions Similar to the equatorial climate.
For subtropical belts, the air mass change is characteristic. In the summer, the tropical climate prevails, in winter - moderate. Pressure jumps in summer and winter are quite high. In winter, the pressure is low, and in the summer - high. Despite the strong difference in temperature and precipitation during the year, on the thermometer all the year above zero. Sometimes the temperature may fall even to negative values. Snow falls at such periods. On the plain localities, he melts quickly, but in the mountains can lie for several months. As for the winds, in winter they rule in the summer - trade winds.
Temperate zone
The temperature of the climatic belts is largely depends on the air masses that prevail over the territory. IN moderate beltHow it is clear from the name, moderate climate. But not always. Sometimes tropical or arctic air masses invade. Moderate climate is characterized large difference temperatures. Summer roast, and winter frosty and long. Comparatively low pressure, cyclone, instability weather conditions in winter. Western winds are blowing throughout the year, summer sometimes there are trade winds, and in winter - northeastern wind. Every winter massive snow cover.
Arctic and Antarctic belt
In the characteristic of climatic belts in the table, you can see which temperatures prevail in these belts. Features of these belts in low temperaturesah all year, strong winds and cold summer. The precipitation is very small.
Subarctic and subnutrctic belt
These belts are distinguished by the fact that a moderate climate is dominated in the summer. Because of this, there is a large amplitude of temperature fluctuations. In these belts a lot eternal Merzlota. In winter, northeastern and southeastern winds prevail, and in the summer - Western. Belts have 2 climatic regionsabout them below.
Territories of climatic belts
Each belt is characteristic of a certain territory. The natural climatic belts were formed on the planet for a long time, so it is safe to designate certain areas in which the climate belt is pronounced.
Equatorial climate is characteristic of Oceania, countries of South America and Africa. The subequatorial climate is characteristic of Northern Australia and South-East Asia. central part Australia I. North Africa - This is a tropical belt. Subtropics are characteristic of internal regions continents. Moderate climate dominates in the western and eastern outskirts of Eurasia. The belt prevails in North America and the northern part of Eurasia. The Arctic and Antarctic belt is characteristic of Australia and the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean.
Table climatic belts
The table shows the characteristics of the zones.
Belt | The average temperature in January | The average temperature in July | Atmosphere |
Equatorial | Wet warm air masses |
||
Subexvatorial | Mussons prevail |
||
Tropical | |||
Subtropical | Cyclonality, High Atmospheric Pressure |
||
Moderate | Western winds and monsoons |
||
Subarctic | |||
Arctic (Antarctic) | Anticyclones |
Climatic areas of belts
Subtropical belts have three climatic areas:
- Mediterranean climate. Prevails in the northern hemisphere, on the southern and western banks of the mainland. In the summer there is a continental climate, and in winter - continental and sea air masses. Summer arid and warm, and winter is relatively cool, wet. Moisturizing is insufficient.
- Monsoon climate. Widged on the eastern banks of the mainland. Summer monsoons cause severe heat And a lot of precipitation, and winter monsoons - coolness and dryness. Moisturizing in this area moderate. The precipitation is characteristic of winter season.
- Sea climate. Distributed on the mainland of the southern hemisphere. Characterized sea air masses. Summer and winter warm. Moisture is enough, it is distributed evenly throughout the year.
Moderate belt consists of 5 climatic areas:
- Moderate Prevails on the western banks of the continents. The weather is formed under the influence of warm currents and western winds. Winter is pretty soft, and summer is warm. For the year there will be a lot of precipitation. Winter is characterized by abundant and frequent snowfall. Moisture is more than enough. The geography of the climatic belt contributes to the instability of the weather.
- Continental moderate climate. Characterized warm summer and cold winter. Arctic air masses sometimes provoke sharp cooling, and tropical air masses - warming. Precipitation is a bit, they are uniform (cyclonal and frontal).
- Continental climate. Approaches only on north hemisphere. Throughout the year, moderate air masses are dominated here. Sometimes arctic air masses appear (in this area, their invasion is possible in the summer). In the warm season, precipitation is greater, but in general they are insignificant. A small amount of snow and the predominance of low temperatures contribute to the existence of permafrost.
- Sharply continental climate. It is characteristic of the internal regions of North America and Eurasia. The territory is practically isolated from the influence of the seas and oceans and is located in the center high pressure. Sometimes summer is hot, winter is always frosty. There are a lot of eternal freezlot. Weather type - anticyclonal. The precipitation is a bit, the moisturia is not enough.
- Monsonic climate. Distributed on the eastern side of the mainland. Characterized by seasonality of air masses. Summer wet and warm, and winter dry and cool. Summer precipitation is more numerous, excessive moisturizing.
Subarctic and subnutrctic belts have two areas:
- continental climate (harsh, but short winter, little precipitation, the wetlability of the territory);
- ocean climate (fog, a lot of precipitation, soft winter and cool summer).
The characteristic of climatic belts in the table does not include two areas of Arctic and Antarctic belts:
- continental (little precipitation, the whole year the temperature is lower than zero);
- ocean climate (cyclones, little precipitation, negative temperatures).
Temperature B. oceanic climates May rise to +5 during the polar day.
Summing up, let's say that the characteristic of climatic belts (in the table) is needed to every educated person.
Very varied. The first classifications of climates appeared in the 70s of the XIX century and had a descriptive character. According to the classification of Professor MSU B.P. Alisova, there are 7 types of climates on earth climatic belts. 4 of them are the main, and 3 transition. The main types include:
Equatorial climatic belt. For this type of climate, the domination of Equatorial during the whole year is characterized. In the days of the Spring (March 21) and the autumn (September 21), the sun over the equator stands in the zenith and heats up the land. Air temperature in this climatic belt is constant (+ 24-28 ° C). At sea, temperatures fluctuations can generally be less than 1 °. The annual precipitation amount is significant (up to 3000 mm), at the winding slopes of precipitation can fall out to 6000 mm. The amount of precipitation here exceeds evaporation, so in equatorial climates Wetlaced, and they grow thick and high. The climate of this belt is influenced by the Passats, bringing the abundance of precipitation here. Equatorial climate type is formed over northern regions ; On the coast of the Guinean Bay, above the pool and therapy, including the shores of Lake Victoria in Africa; over most of the Indonesian archipelago and the part adjacent to it and Pacific Ocean in Asia.
Tropical climatic belt. This type of climate forms two tropical climatic belts (in the northern and southern hemisphere) over the following territories.
In this type of climate, the condition of the atmosphere over the mainland and the ocean is different, so the mainland tropical climate and the ocean tropical climate are distinguished.
Mainland climatic belt: The region dominates over a significant territory, therefore very few precipitation falls here (from 100-250 mm). The mainland tropical climate is very hot in summer (+ 35-40 ° C). In winter, the temperature is significantly lower (+ 10-15 ° C). Daily daily fluctuations (up to 40 ° C). The absence of clouds in the sky leads to the formation of clear and cold nights (the clouds could delay the heat coming from the Earth). Sharp daily and seasonal temperature differences contribute to the weight of sand and dust. They picked up with winds and can be transferred to considerable distances. These dusty sand storms are big danger For traveler.
Mainland tropical climates Western and eastern coarse continents are very different from each other. Along the western shores of South America, Africa and undergo cold flows, therefore the climate here is characterized by a relatively low air temperature (+ 18-20 ° C) and a small amount of precipitation (less than 100 mm). Along the eastern coasts of these continents pass warm currentsTherefore, the temperatures here above and precipitation falls more.
Ocean tropical climates Similar to equatorial, but differs from it less and resistant winds. Summer over the oceans is not so roast (+ 20-27 ° C), and the winter is cool (+ 10-15 ° C). The sediments fall predominantly in summer (up to 50 mm). Summer. There is a significant influence of Western winds bringing precipitation all year. Summer in this climatic belt is moderately warm (from + 10 ° C to + 25-28 ° C). Winter is cold (from + 4 ° C to -50 ° C). Annual number precipitation from 1000 mm to 3000 mm in the outskirts of the mainland and up to 100 mm in the inner areas. Vividly manifest differences in season seasons. This type of climate also forms two belts in the North and Southern Hemispheres and formed over the territories moderate breadth (from 40-45 ° Northern and southern latitude to polar circles). Above these territories the area is formed low pressure, active cyclonic activity. Moderate climate is divided into two subtypes:
- nauticalWho dominates in the western parts of North America, South America, is formed with the immediate effect of Western winds from the ocean on the mainland, therefore it has a cool summer (+ 15-20 ° C) and warm winter (from + 5 ° C). Precipitation, brought western windsfall out round year (from 500 mm to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm);
- continentaldominant central regions The mainland differs from it. Cyclones here penetrate less frequently than in seaside areas, so summer is warm (+ 17-26 ° C), and winter cold (-10-24 ° C) with a stable multi-month snow cover. Due to the significant length of Eurasia from the west to the east, the most bright continental climate is observed in Yakutia, where the average January temperatures can be lowered to -40 ° C and there are little precipitation. This is because the inner areas of the mainland are not subjected to such an influence of the oceans as the coast, where the wet winds not only bring precipitation, but also soften the heat in summer and frost in winter.
Monsoon subtype moderate climateThe prevailing in the east of Eurasia to Korea and in the north, in the northeast, is characterized by a change in stable winds (monsoons) for the seasons, which affects the amount and regime of precipitation. In winter, here is blowing cold wind From the continent, so winter is clear and cold (-20-27 ° C). Summer wind with a warm rainy weather. In Kamchatka, drops from 1600 to 2000 mm of precipitation.
In all subtypes of moderate climate, only moderate air masses dominate.
Polar type of climate. Above 70 ° North and 65 ° south latitudes dominates the polar climate forms two belts: and. All year the polar air masses are dominated here. Sun for several months does not appear at all (polar night) and several months does not go beyond the horizon (polar day). Snow and ice emit more heat than it is obtained, so the air is very cooled, does not melt all year. Throughout the year over these territories, the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure is dominated, so the winds are weak, there are almost no clouds. The precipitation falls very little, the air is saturated with small icy needles. Sundaying, they give in the amount of only 100 mm of precipitation per year. The average temperature of the summer does not exceed 0 ° C, and winter -20-40 ° C. For summer, a typical continuous crust.
Equatorial, tropical, moderate, polar climate types are considered basic, since air masses characteristic of them are prevalent within their belts. Between the main climatic belts there are transitional, having a "sub" prefix in the title (Lat. "Under"). In transient climatic belts, air masses change over the seasons. They come here from adjacent belts. This is due to the fact that as a result of the movement of the Earth around its axis, there is a shift of climatic belts to the north, then to the south.
Three additional climate types are distinguished:
Sub-screen climate. In the summer, equatorial air masses dominate this belt, and in winter - tropical.
Summer: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), average + 30 ° C. The sun is still in the spring reaches zenith and mercilessly palette.
Winter is cooler than summer (+ 14 ° C). The precipitates falls little. Soil after summer rains enhanced, so in sub-screen climateUnlike Equatorial, rarely encountered swamps. The territory is favorable for population, therefore, there are many centers of the emergence of civilization -, indochay ,. According to N.I. , It is from here that many varieties occurred. cultural plants. To northern sub-screening belt relate: South America (Panaman End,); Africa (Sachel belt); Asia (India, Indochina, South China,). The southern subequatorial belt includes: South America (Amazonian lowland,); Africa (Center and East of the Mainland); ( north coast mainland).
Subtropical climate. Here, in summer, air tropical masses dominate, and in winter, air masses of moderate latitudes are invaded here, bearing precipitation. This determines the following weather in these areas: roast, dry summer (from +30 to + 50 ° C) and relatively cold winter with precipitation sustainable snow cover Not formed. Annual precipitation of about 500 mm. Inside the continuity in subtropical latitudes of precipitation little and winter. It is dominated by the climate of dry subtropics with hot summer (up to + 50 ° C) and unstable in winter, when frosts are possible to -20 ° C. In these areas of precipitation drops 120 mm and less. In the western parts of the mainland dominates, which is characterized by hot, inhabitable summer without precipitation and cool, windy and rainy winter. In the Mediterranean climate, precipitation falls more than in dry subtropics. The annual precipitation amount here is 450-600 mm. Mediterranean climate Extremely favorable for a person's life, therefore, it is here that the most famous summer resorts are located. Square subtropical cultures are grown here: citrus, grapes, olives.
The subtropical climate of the eastern shores of the mainland is monsoon. Winter here is relatively with other climates subtropical belt Cold and dry, and summer roast (+ 25 ° C) and wet (800 mm). This is explained by the influence of monsoons that flow in winter from sushi to the sea, and in the summer from the sea to land and bringing sediments in the summer. Monsoon subtropical climate It is well expressed only in the northern hemisphere, especially on the eastern coast of Asia. Abundant sediments in summer make it possible to develop lush. On the fertile soils Here is a developed, supporting life of more than a billion people.
Subolar climate. In summer, wet air masses come here from moderate latitude, so summer is cool (from +5 to + 10 ° C) and about 300 mm of precipitation falls (in the northeast of Yakutia 100 mm). Like everywhere, the precipitation increases on the above-ground slopes. Despite the small amount of precipitation, the moisture does not have time to evaporate completely, therefore, in the north of Eurasia and North America, small lakes are scattered in the subepolar belt, large territories are swallowed. In winter, the weather in this climate is influenced by the Arctic and Antarctic air masses, therefore there are long, cold winters, the temperature can reach and -50 ° C. Subolar climatic belts are located only on the northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America and in the navaltarctic waters.
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