You can calculate yourself. Swipe the necessary measurements. On weather stations, the outdoor temperature is measured 8 times a day, that is, every three hours, starting from midnight.
Find the maximum and minimum value. Remove from more smaller. If you spend measurements in the summer, both values \u200b\u200bwill be positive. For example, the highest temperature you have + 25 ° C, the lowest is + 10 ° C. Referred from the first number of the second, you will receive 15 ° C. This is the amplitude of the daily temperature On a specific day.
To calculate amplitudes in and winter, use the same methods that you apply when solving mathematical tasks With positive and numbers. For example, if you have a temperature of 10 ° C during the day, and at night it drops to -10 ° C, the actions will be similar to those described in the first case. From 10 ° deduct -10, that is, a \u003d 10 - (- 10) \u003d 10 + 10 \u003d 20.
The amplitude of menstruation or annual temperatures is calculated in the same way. Among all the values, find the maximum or minimum, and then deduct from the first second.
You can calculate the amplitude of the average daily temperatures. First calculate the average values, for example for every day. To find average daily temperature, It is necessary to fold all the values \u200b\u200band divide the resulting amount by the number of measurements. The more often you look at the thermometer, the higher the accuracy of the result will be. Although usually for the calculation of the average daily temperature It happens to 8 measurements, as well as to determine the amplitude.
Write out all average daily temperature per month. Find the most great importance And the smallest. Remove from the first second. Annual amplitude calculated in the same way.
To determine the amplitude of temperatures, it is desirable to use the same thermometer. It can be both a regular street alcohol thermometer and a home digital meteorological station. Such a device combines several devices in itself. You can calculate different other amplitudes, such as humidity and pressure.
If you are not very confidently operated with positive and negative numbersMake yourself a scale, like a numeric line. Tick \u200b\u200bthe point 0 on it. Examine the right and left parts on the segments of equal length. On the right side of each mark. Slip positive numbersIn the left - negative in the mirror image. Disconnect the right of the degrees above zero, left below. Consider how many segments are between these points.
Sources:
- how to calculate amplitude
The amplitude is called the difference between the extreme values \u200b\u200bof one or another value, in this case temperature. it important characteristic Climate of some terrain. The ability to calculate this indicator is also needed to doctors, since strong fluctuations temperature During the day may indicate certain diseases. Biologists, chemists, nuclear physics and representatives of many other branches of science and technology are constantly facing such a task.
You will need
- - thermometer or thermograph;
- - observation calendar;
- - Watch with a stopwatch.
Instruction
Determine the time interval in which measurements will be carried out. It depends on the purpose of the study. For example, to determine fluctuations temperature Outdoor air must be measured for 24 hours. On meteorological observations are usually recorded every 3 hours. The most accurate measurements will be, if they conduct them for astronomical time.
In others, other frequency is used. In the study of the combustion work requires measurement temperature In the intervals equal to the time of the engine work, and these are thousandths of seconds. In these cases either apply electronic recorders or temperature changes Defined according to the amplitude of infrared radiation. For paleontologists and geologists, the temperature variation is important throughout the whole geological era, and these are millions of years.
The temperature difference can be determined either by the method of samples or thermographic method. In the first case, the required period of time is divided into equal segments. Measure the temperature at these points and write the results. This method is good when the bill goes for years, months or hours.
According to the marked data, find the most high temperature And the lowest. Remove from the second first. You will get the numeric amplitude value. It is necessary to carry out measurements by the same targeted thermometer.
It is often necessary to determine amplitude Not only absolute values, but also of average values. This requires long-term observations and calculations of average temperatures for or year. For determining temperature Outdoor air Spend a number of observations, write down the results, fold them and divide them to the number of observations. Similarly, calculate the average daily temperature all month. Find the biggest and its meanings, deduct from the first second. So you get amplitude Average daily temperatures period.
If the period is the fraction of a second, it is necessary to use a thermograph. He should be in school Cabinet Physics or. In this case, there is a continuous recording of the temperature data on the moving tape or the rotating drum in the mechanical instrument. On the tape of the mechanical thermographer there is a coordinate grid, which is displayed as time and numerical values temperatures. In electronic devices, the record goes to various carriers, including digital.
In both cases, fluctuations temperature Graphically look like a curve with peaks and depressions, located across the time axis. On this curve you can take any interval and calculate in it amplitude. Electronic devices allow to achieve greater performance when measuring, and therefore greater accuracy. In addition, digital data can be directly used by the processing program, which automatically calculates amplitude values. This method is applied on long-term automatic meteorological stations, as well as for measurements under conditions unsuitable for stay. For example, when measuring in the active zone of the nuclear reactor. Regardless of whether you make calculations yourself or this is the device for you, the method remains the same as in the case of a discrete measurement option.
To find the amplitude, it is necessary to take a ruler or other device for measuring distances and measure the greatest deviation from the equilibrium position. In the case of a mathematical pendulum, you need to measure its length and lifting height. To measure the amplitude values \u200b\u200bof voltage and the forces of the AC, it will be necessary to obtain the testimony of a voltmeter and ammeter.
You will need
- rule, roulette, voltmeter and ammeter for alternating current
Kgu " high school № 10 "
GU "Department of Education Akimat Zhitaryansky District"
Geography lesson
"The concept of amplitude of temperatures. Average daily average and average air temperature.
Class 6.
Teacher Kudinova Lyudmila Nikolaevna
2014
Subject: The concept of amplitude of temperatures. The average daily and average air temperature.
The purpose of the lesson:
1. Form the presentation of students on the daily air temperature during the daily amplitude of air temperature, the average daily, average monthly air temperature. Create conditions for the development of digital data skills in tabular form, analyzing temperature strokes.
2. Remove the ability to extract necessary information, improve computational action skills with positive and negative numbers. Development of self-regulating learning skills, the ability to compile high-order issues.
3. To be upbringing in students personal qualities: mutual assistance, interrelations, disciplines, adequate self-esteem.
Success criteria:
Students:
Know the concept of amplitude, factors affecting the change in the daily move temperature of the air.
Know how to explain the reasons for the change in the daily movement of air temperatures; Actions are able to perform actions with negative and positive numbers, calculate the average daily temperature and the daily amplitude of temperature fluctuations;
Type of lesson : Studying a new material
Equipment : Presentation, flipchart, cards with tasks, tests, signal cards, evaluation criteria.
During the classes :
Organizing time. Greeting.
Teacher: We continue to study the atmosphere.
The topic of our lesson: the concept of amplitude. Finding the average daily air and average air temperature. (record the topic in the notebook)
Attracting students for goaling:
What do you think we can learn in the lesson? What actions can we do to learn the topic?
(Students answer: find out what amplitude is, learn to perform actions with numbers, solve problems)
To verify how much you are ready to study new topicI suggest you perform the following tasks
Actualization of reference knowledge. (Verbal counting)
1) - At what height the plane rose, if there is a temperature in its board - - 30 0 C, and at the surface of the earth +12 0 FROM? (7 km)
What is the air temperature overboard an aircraft flying at an altitude of 4 km if the air temperature ground surface +20 0 C? (- 4FROM)
2). Work at the boards on Flipchart:
A) Insert the missed words
B) Find compliance
"What is the game?" (on the screen)
78% - nitrogen content
6 0 FROM -decrease in temperature for each km
21% - oxygen content in the composition of the atmosphere
1% - maintenance of other gases in the composition of the atmosphere
18 - 20 km -power of the troposphere over the equator
50-55 km -upper stratospheric border
2 M. - Height on which there is a booth for measuring temperature
4. ). Individual Poll (Test): 4 student
Self-adjoint:
"5" - no error,
"4" - 1 error,
"3" - 2 errors,
"2" - 3 or more errors. Well, guys, well done. With tasks you coped
Studying a new material.
Teacher: Guys, look at the board. The topic of our lesson: the concept of amplitude. Finding the average daily air and average air temperature.
Is air temperature permanent during the day?(not)
When is the highest temperature?(afternoon)
What does the air temperature depend on? (from the angle of fall sun ray, from the height of the sun over the horizon, geographic latitude, underlying surface, movement air mass)
What device is needed to measure air temperature? (Thermometer).
Student's story about the thermometer.
The thermometer was invented a long time ago. The inventor of the thermometer is considered to be Galilee: there is no description of this instrument in his own writings, but his students, Nelli and Viviani, argued that already in 1597 he had something like a thermoscope (thermoscope). The modern thermometer consists of a thin tube where liquid is nanite (alcohol or mercury). The thermometer action is based on the property of fluids when heated expanded, while cooling is compressed.
The thermometer scale is divided by divisions. In the middle is the value of zero. Above 0. 0 Locations with positive temperatures, and below 0 0 With a negative, therefore, the positive air temperature is called high, and negative - low.
The difference between the highest and low air temperature is called the daily amplitude of the air temperature.
How to properly determine the amplitude of air temperature fluctuations?
A. = mAXT. 0 – mINT. 0 .
Algorithm for determining the daily amplitude of air temperature
Find among the temperature parameters the highest air temperature;
Find among the temperature indicators the lowest air temperature;
3. The highest air temperature is deducting the lowest air temperature.The amplitude is calculated by the following formula:A. = maxt. 0 – mIN.t. 0 .
4. Record solutions to students in a notebook. +4 0 C - (-1 0 C) \u003d 5 0 FROM.
Examples for fixing.
Well, guys, let's a little rest.
Fizminutka "Sun rays"
In the weather forecast on television or radio, we only call us one value (digit) air temperature. We already know that the temperature changes during the day, so what is the temperature of temperature importance (morning, day, evening or some other)? To compare the air temperature in different days Or declare it to the population (any single digit), it is necessary to calculate the average daily air temperature.
Algorithm definition medium daily temperature air
1. Fold all the negative indicators of the daily air temperature;
2. Fold all the positive air temperature indicators;
3. Fold the sum of positive and negative air temperature indicators;
4. The value of the amount received is divided by the number of air temperature measurements per day.
Solution Write to the notebook
4 . Finding the knowledge gained.
Workshop in groups.
And now the guys, we will check with you how you learned the material of the lesson. Each group of students receives a task. Do you think you need to distribute tasks inside the group for the speedy and correct execution? (The role of consultants is performed by Dasha, Zhanna, Lisa, Ulyana).
Group 1: Determine the amplitude and the average daily air temperature in Zhitsky (for 18.02.14)
Time: 6h 12h 18h 24h
Tever. -13 -11 -10 -12
Cf.t.\u003d -46: 4 \u003d -11,5 a \u003d 3
2 Group: Determine the average annual temperature And the annual amplitude of temperatures:
Wed t year. \u003d (78 ° + (-60 °)): 12 \u003d + 18 °: 12= + 1.5 ° C
And year. \u003d + 22 ° - (-20 °) \u003d 22 ° + 20 ° \u003d 423 Group: Calculate average annual temperature and determine the amplitude of temperatures per year
Month
i
f.
m.
but
m.
and
and
but
from
about
n.
d.
Cf.
annualt C.
Cf.temper
-16
-12
-5
4
11
18
22
16
10
5
-5
-12
Cf. annual \u003d 80-56 \u003d 36: 12 \u003d 3 Ca \u003d 38
4 Group: Calculate the average air temperature and find the amplitude of temperature fluctuations.
Individual task at the blackboard
Calculate the average daily temperature and temperature amplitude
Clock
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
Temperature, 0
FROM
-1
-4
-6
-2
0
+3
0
-2
Average daily -1,5 s a \u003d 9
(checking the correct execution by the teacher and consultants)
4. Charging. Analysis of students in the lesson.
At the beginning of the lesson, we set the tasks that planned to decide during the lesson. Using the proposed criteria, appreciate your individual work At the lesson, as well as work in the group. So, what estimates did you put yourself? Why did you put such an assessment?
(Students evaluate their work according to developed criteria)
5. Maximum task:
compulsory: watch the weather, measure the air temperature, calculate amplitude and the average daily temperature;
optional: Make an Atmosphere Crossword
6.reflexia: What is the goal faced with us?
What new did you know today at the lesson? What do you think we need mathematical knowledge in geography?
Did you like this form of a lesson? Your opinion is very important for me. The reflection "two stars and wish" (on stickers), students attach to a basket of a balloon.
Thank you for your cooperation!
The amplitude of the temperature is called the difference between the greatest and the smallest meaning Air temperature over any time. If the difference is determined per day, then this is a daily amplitude of temperatures. If for the year, then the annual amplitude of temperatures.
The fluctuation of air temperature during the day depends primarily on whether the dry is or water. Above the seas and oceans, the temperature fluctuates slightly (for a couple of degrees), since water has a greater heat capacity. This means that it slowly heats up, but also slows down.
Sushha is heated and cooled quickly enough. Above the locations with enough wet climat Daily oscillations usually constitute no more than 20 ° C, and, for example, in the desert up to 50 ° C.
Also, the daily amplitude of temperature depends on the relief and clouds.
The annual amplitude of the temperature temperature mainly depends on the geographical latitude and proximity of the ocean. At the equator annual oscillations insignificant and in moderate belt more. Near the oceans of oscillations is less, the continents away from the oceans - more.
The daily move temperature is called the change in air temperature during the day - in general reflects the temperature of the earth's surface, but the moments of the onset of highs and minima are somewhat delayed, the maximum comes at 14 o'clock, at least after sunrise.
Daily air temperature amplitude (the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures air during the day) above on land than above the ocean; decreases when moving into high latitudes, (the largest in tropical deserts - Up to 400 s) and, increases in places with bare soil. The magnitude of the daily air amplitude is one of the continentality of the climate. In the deserts, it is much larger than in areas with the marine climate.
The annual temperature of the air temperature (change in the average monthly temperature during the year) is determined above all, the latitude of the place. The annual amplitude of air temperature is the difference between the maximum and minimum average monthly temperatures.
Theoretically, it would be possible to expect a daily amplitude, that is, the difference in the highest and low temperatures, it will be the greatest near the equator, because there the sun is much higher than in higher latitudes, and even zenith reaches at noon in the days of equinox i.e. sends vertical rays and, therefore, gives the greatest number Heat. But this is not really observed, since, besides latitude, many other factors affect the daily amplitude, from the aggregate of which the magnitude of the latter depends on. In this respect has great value position of the sea relative to the sea: represents this area Sorshi, distant from the sea, or close to the sea area, such as an island. On the islands, due to the mitigating effect of the sea, the amplitude is insignificant, even less she is on the seas, oceans, in the depths of the continents it is much more, and the amount of amplitude increases from the banks inside the continent. At the same time, the amplitude depends on the time of year: in the summer it is more, in winter less; The difference is explained by the fact that the summer sun is standing higher than in winter, and duration summer Day Much more winter. Further, the clue of daily amplitudes is influenced by cloudy: it may cause the difference between the temperatures of the day and night, holding down the heat, radiavissive earth at night, and at the same time, mowing the effect of sunlight.
The most significant daily amplitude is observed in the deserts and at high plateales. Rocks The deserts, absolutely devoid of vegetation, are strongly increasing during the day and quickly radiate overnight all the warmth obtained during the day. In Sahara, the daily amplitude of the air was observed at 20-25 ° and more. There were cases when water even frozen water after a high day temperature, and the temperature fell on the surface of the Earth below 0 °, and in the northern, parts of the sugar even to -6, -8 °, climbing the day much higher than 30 °.
Significantly less daily amplitude in localities covered with rich vegetation. Here, part of the warmth obtained in the day is spent on the evaporation by the moisture plants, and, in addition, vegetable Pokrov Protects the Earth from direct heating, delaying at the same time radiation at night. At high plateales where the air is significantly resolved, the night-parish-consumable heat balance is sharply negative, and during the day it is sharply positive, therefore the daily amplitude is sometimes greater than in the deserts. For example, Przhevalsky during his trip to Central Asia Observed in Tibet, the daily fluctuation of air temperature, even up to 30 °, and at high southern platelands North America (in Colorado and Arizona) daily fluctuations, as shown observations, reach 40 °.
Minor fluctuations in daily temperature are observed: in polar countries; For example, on the new land, the amplitude does not exceed the average 1-2 even in the summer. On the poles and in general in high, latitudes, where the sun is not at all shown during the day or months, at this time there are absolutely daily temperature fluctuations. It can be said that the daily temperature of the temperature merges on the poles on the annual and winter represents the night, and the summer is a day. An exceptional interest in this regard is to observe the Soviet drifting station North Pole.
Thus, we observe the highest daily amplitude: not by the equator, where it is about 5 ° on land, and closer to the tropic northern HemisphereSince it is here that the mainland have the biggest stretch, and here the greatest deserts are located, and a plateau. The annual amplitude of temperature depends mainly on the latitude of the place, but, in contrast to the daily, annual amplitude increases from the equator to the pole. At the same time, all the factors with whom we have already dealt with daily amplitudes are influenced by the annual amplitude. In the same way, the oscillations increase with the removal from the sea to the mainland, and the most significant amplitudes are observed, for example, in Sugar and in Eastern Siberia.where the amplitudes are even more significant, because both factors play the role here: the continentality of the climate and high latitude, whereas in sugar amplitude depends mainly on the country's continentality. In addition, oscillations depend on the topographic nature of the area. To make sure how much this last factor plays a significant role in the change of amplitude, it suffices to consider fluctuations in the temperature on the Juraz and in the valleys. In the summer, as is known, the temperature decreases with a height rather quickly, therefore, on lonely standing tops, surrounded by cold air, the temperature is significantly lower than in the valleys heavily heated in the summer.
Daily and annual temperature amplitudes
In winter, on the contrary, cold and dense air layers are located in the valleys, and the air temperature rises with a height to a certain limit, so that individual small peaks are sometimes in winter as if the thermal islands, while in the summer - colder points. Consequently, the annual amplitude, or the difference between the temperatures of winter and summer, is more significant in valleys than on the mountains. The outskirts of the plane are under the same conditions as separate mountains: surrounded by cold air, they at the same time receive less heat relatively with flat, flat localities, so that the amplitude cannot be significant. Heating conditions central parts Planery are already different. Heavily heated in summer due to air sparseness, they relatively with separate mountains emitting heat is much smaller, because they are surrounded by the heated parts of the plateau, and not with cold air. Therefore, in the summer, the temperature on the plateaus can be very high, in the winter of plateau losing a lot of heat by radiating due to the affairs of air over them, and it is natural that very strong temperature fluctuations are observed here.
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How to find the amplitude of temperatures
The amplitude is called the difference between the extremal values \u200b\u200bof one or another value, in this case of temperature. This is an important characteristic of a climate of one or another. The ability to calculate this indicator is also necessary to doctors, since the strength fluctuations of the temperature during the day may indicate the presence of certain diseases. Biologists, chemists, nuclear physics and representatives of many other branches of science and technology are constantly facing such a task. You will need
Instruction
|
You will need
- - thermometer;
- - data on maximum and minimum temperatures:
- - calculator;
- - clock;
- - Paper and pencil.
Instruction
To determine the amplitude of daily temperatures outdoor, take the most ordinary street thermometer. In Russia, alcohol with a Celsius scale is usually used as thermometers. In other countries, a Fahrenheit or Reomyur scale is also used. Often you can meet two buckle. In this situation, it is important to take readings on the same scale.
Decide, after what period of time you will take testimony. Meteorologists are usually every three hours. The first measurement is carried out at 0 hours, then at 3 o'clock in the morning, 6 and 9 am, at noon, at 15, 18 and 21 hours. It is better to count on an astronomical time. Remove and write down the readings.
Find the highest and lowest temperatures. Delete the minimum value from the maximum value. This is the amplitude of the daily temperature of the outdoor air.
Similarly, determine the monthly and annual amplitude of temperatures. Remove the readings constantly, at regular intervals. It is very convenient to use a special calendar for this. Divide the sheet of paper as it is usually done in pocket calendar. The cell allotted for each day is divided by the number of time intervals. Remote the testimony systematically, noting every day the highest and most low temperature.
At the end of the month, write all extreme values. Find the highest temperature over the entire period, then the lowest. Calculate the difference between them. If you have to operate with negative numbers, perform arithmetic actions with them in the same way as in solving conventional mathematical problems. For example, if + 10 °, and the minimum is also 10 °, but below zero, calculate the amplitude according to the formula A \u003d TMAX-Tmin \u003d 10 - (- 10) \u003d 10 + 10 \u003d 20 °,
The amplitude of temperatures can be clearly observed on the schedule. The horizontal axis is divided into equal segments, mark at each measurement time. Choose the length of the vertical axis segment - for example, 1 °. Opposite each time stamp, slide temperatures. Connect the point of the curve. Find the highest and lowest point. The distance between them along the ordinate axis and will be an amplitude - in this case, the temperature of the outer air.
To determine the amplitude of the average daily temperatures, find the average values \u200b\u200bthemselves first. To find the average daily temperature, fold all the readings and divide the amount by the number of measurements. Spend this procedure for all days of the week or month. Find the maximum and minimum value. Remove from the second first.
Sources:
- air temperature amplitude
To find the amplitude, it is necessary to take a ruler or other device for measuring distances and measure the greatest deviation from the equilibrium position. In the case of a mathematical pendulum, you need to measure its length and lifting height. To measure the amplitude values \u200b\u200bof voltage and the forces of the AC, it will be necessary to obtain the testimony of a voltmeter and ammeter.
You will need
- rule, roulette, voltmeter and ammeter for alternating current
Instruction
Measurement of the amplitude of voltage and current for the current for the AC network is the greatest interest maximum values Current and voltage (amplitude values) on this consumer or section of the chain. To do this, take a voltmeter, switch them to the alternating current measurement. After that, turn on the ammeter in the circuit sequentially, and the voltmeter is parallel, connecting its terminals to the ends of the circuit section where the consumer is connected. Remove the readings with. These are valid or effective values \u200b\u200bof the current (ammeter) and voltage (voltmeter). In order to obtain amplitude voltage and current values, multiply each of them by 1.4.
Sources:
- how to reduce amplitude
The amplitude is called the difference between the extreme values \u200b\u200bof one or another value, in this case temperature. This is an important characteristic of a climate of one or another. The ability to calculate this indicator is also needed to doctors, since strong fluctuations temperature During the day may indicate certain diseases. Biologists, chemists, nuclear physics and representatives of many other branches of science and technology are constantly facing such a task.
You will need
- - thermometer or thermograph;
- - observation calendar;
- - Watch with a stopwatch.
Instruction
Determine the time interval in which measurements will be carried out. It depends on the purpose of the study. For example, to determine fluctuations temperature Outdoor air must be measured for 24 hours. On meteorological observations are usually recorded every 3 hours. The most accurate measurements will be, if they conduct them for astronomical time.
In others, other frequency is used. In the study of the combustion work requires measurement temperature In the intervals equal to the time of the engine work, and these are thousandths of seconds. In these cases, either electronic recorders apply or temperature changes are determined by the amplitude of infrared radiation. For paleontologists and geologists, the temperature variation is important throughout the whole geological era, and these are millions of years.
The temperature difference can be determined either by the method of samples or thermographic method. In the first case, the required period of time is divided into equal segments. Measure the temperature at these points and write the results. This method is good when the bill goes for years, months or hours.
The term "amplitude" is used in different sciences to describe the oscillations of any values \u200b\u200b(temperature, speed, vibration, etc.).
The meaning of the term "amplitude"
Amplitude is calculated when physical significance Unstable (i.e. there is a greater indicator and smaller). Thus, this concept can be applied to those phenomena that have wave races for a specific period of time. The amplitude can be calculated using various formulas depending on the type of oscillations.
The term "amplitude" in geography
In geography, the concept of "amplitude" is used in two cases:
- Height amplitude;
- the amplitude of temperatures.
The height amplitude is used to count the altitude oscillations and is used mainly when drawing up cards. The concept can be applied both to a small region and to the whole mainland. For example, the most high Point Eurasia - Mount Everest (8848 m above sea level), and most low place on continent - valley Dead Sea (430 m below sea level). To calculate the amplitude of heights, we use the following formula:
Maximum height - minimum height
In the case of Eurasia we get: 8848 - (430) \u003d 9278 (m). Such is the amplitude of the heights of the mainland, the largest among all other continents.
The concept of "amplitude of temperatures" is more often used, since meteorological reports are compiled daily. It is calculated over the following time intervals:
- Month;
- season;
For example, in the city of Moscow, the temperature comes to 26 ° C, and at night it drops to 12 ° C. The amplitude per day will be an average and will be 14 ° C.
If the height amplitude is approximately constant, then the daily temperature amplitude may depend on of different factors, in particular, from the type of relief. On the annual amplitude of temperatures has the greatest influence climate belt and geographic latitude. So, it is known that equatorial zone The amplitude will be insignificant, since there are almost no oscillations there, and in a moderate belt it will increase its value, since the temperature difference will be large and will provide a greater indicator as a result.
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