All sources of scientific and technical information can be divided into two types: documentary and electronic. The main part of scientific information is presented in the form of documents that can be conventionally divided into primary and secondary, which are the result of transformation of information based on the study of primary documents. The list of key sources of information is presented in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1. Basic sources of information

In turn, primary sources are divided into published and unpublished (Fig. 3.2).

Fig. 3.2. Classification of primary sources of information

Published sources of information

Book - The non-periodic edition in the form of several refroring sheets of printed material, the volume of more than 48 pages, as a rule, in the cover or binding, which has passed the editorial and publishing processing. Books are divided into several types:

Scientific, popular science and production and technical;

Textbooks and textbooks;

Reference books and encyclopedias;

Regulatory literature.

Brochure - Production of printing, from 5 to 48 pages.

Periodical - Products of printing manufactured by individual, non-disabling releases, under one name, which regularly go through certain or indefinite periods of time, each release has a sequence number or date.

Magazine - The periodic edition, which comes out at least twice a year or more often once a week, subordinate to the interests of a certain circle of readers, having a constant name, the same design and annual pass-to-end numbering.

The important role of the magazine in scientific communications is as follows:

The magazine simultaneously performs the functions of the current alert and public archive, ensuring operational information to the information;

Is a means of approbation of scientific research results;

Fixes the priority of scientific and applied tasks, creating conditions for the recognition of the authors as scientists.

Journalials are approximately 70% of all scientific documents and about 80% of specialists from different levels consider scientific journal the main source of scientific and technical information.

Preprint - the impression of published article, which publisher sends on its correspondent network. In Preprint, it is published that it may not be published in the journal and will never be published, as well as a material that is considered raw, controversial, unappointed, which does not require such reviews as a magazine article.

Unpublished sources of information.

Thesis - Qualification scientific work in a certain area of \u200b\u200bsciences, containing a combination of scientific results and provisions put forward by the author for public protection and testifying to the author's personal contribution to science and about his qualities as a scientist. The thesis basis is made up and published scientific work, discoveries or invention, implemented in the production of technological processes, etc.

Deposited manuscripts - Related to be stored in the Depositary Scientific work, made individually or in collaboration and calculated on a limited circle of consumers. Information on deposited manuscripts is reflected in abstract magazines and bibliographic signs. Deposited manuscripts are equated with publications, and their authors retain the right to publish articles in scientific publications. Restrictions on the volume of deposited manuscripts are significantly less than for publications, which allows the author to more fully submit the results of its work.

Scientific report - The report of the scientific organization on a conducted study, which is available to organizations and individuals, is stored in the Foundation of the Attsentr.

Secondary sourcesserve as an intermediary between documents and recipients (readers, viewers, listeners) and are the result of analytical synthetic processing of information (aspi). Information publications , the purpose of the release of which is to provide operational information on the publications themselves and the most essential parties of their content. Information publications, in contrast to ordinary bibliographic publications, operate not only information about the works of printing, but also ideas and facts, in them prisoners. The issuance of information publications are engaged in institutions, centers and services of scientific and technical information (NTI).

The bulk of sources is divided into three types: bibliographic, abstract and overview (Fig. 3.3).

Fig. 3.3. Classification structure of information publications

Summary - answers the question "What?" about the source of information.

annotation - answers the question "What?" And "What?" about the source of information.

abstract - This is a shortened presentation of the content of the primary document (or its part) with the main actual information and conclusions. Refpering implies an analysis of the literature on the problem, i.e. A systematic presentation of someone else's thoughts indicating the source and necessarily with its own estimate of the above.

Catalogs (card files), pointers that can be prepared on various features. Most often there are alphabetical, author, subject, geographical, numbering, chronological, systematic catalogs (by industry, regardless of who is the author), personality card files (about com), address cards.

Bibliographic edition contain an ordered set of bibliographic descriptions that are notified by specialists about what is published on the question of interest. Bibliographic description here performs two functions. On the one hand, it is notifying about the appearance of the document (signal function), and on the other, it reports the necessary information for his finding (address function). From bibliographic descriptions make up bibliographic pointers and bibliographic lists.

Bibliographic pointers are most often worried and consist of a list of bibliographic descriptions often without annotations and abstracts. These editions with maximum fullness reflect domestic and foreign literature. They are distinguished by the efficiency of training and relatively short time since the publication is released until its reflection in the index.

The most significant bibliographic pointer is "Signal Information" (SI). The purpose of such a publication is to quickly inform specialists about new publications in world science and technology. It is for these editions that the function of the leading alert readers about the newly released scientific and technical literature is assigned. C represents the advantage of systematic pointers produced in the form of bulletins, the subjects of which covers almost all branches of world science and technology.

In connection with the development of research and development and the need to analyze the literature released in previous years, becoming increasingly important for researchers retrospective bibliography,the appointment of which is the preparation and dissemination of bibliographic information on the works of the press for any period of time of the past.

This bibliography is represented by a wide range of benefits. Among them are thematic pointers and reviews, intra-block and pretty lists of literature, catalogs of industry scientific and technical publishers, personal bibliography of outstanding naturalists and engineers, bibliographic signs on the history of natural science and technology.

Abstract publications contain publications of abstracts that include a reduced presentation of the content of primary documents (or their parts) with the main actual information and conclusions. Refstract publications include abstract magazines, abstract collections, express information, information sheets.

Abstract magazines According to technical sciences, vinity is published, which most fully reflects all world literature on natural science and technology, publishing abstracts, annotations and bibliographic descriptions, compiled for articles, monographs, collections.

Refevel collections represents periodic, ongoing or non-periodic editions that contain essays of unpublished documents. They are issued by central industry institutions of scientific and technical information and feasibility studies. Such publications are usually narrow-grateful.

Express information (EI) - This is a periodic publication of a magazine or sheet form, which contains extended abstracts of the most relevant published foreign materials and unpublished domestic documents requiring operational lighting. Essays contain all the basic data of primary sources, accompanied by drawings and tables, as well as theoretical calculations, as a result of which the need to appeal to the original disappears.

Information sheets - Operational print publications that contain abstracts reflecting information on advanced production experience or scientific and technical achievements.

TO overview publications review overview on one problem, direction and collection of reviews. Reviews generalize the information contained in the primary documents, being the highest step of their analytical and synthetic processing. Such editions usually report on the state or development of any branch of science or practical activity, reflecting everything new, which is done in it for a certain time.

The purpose of the reviews is to ensure research and development at the present level, eliminate parallelism in the work of research organizations, help make the right choice of direction and development methods in a particular area.

The applicant who leads the search for literary sources cannot be bypassed by the publication of the book chamber, which produces bibliographic pointers; publication of the state library; State Library of Foreign Literature, publishing various bibliographic pointers and card files.

Along with information publications for the information search should be used automated information search systems, databases and data banks . Search data can be used directly, but most often they serve as a step (key) to the detection of primary sources of information, which are scientific works (monographs, collections) and other publications necessary for the scientific work.

There was not so much time with, and the international consortium of investigative journalism - ICIJ, on the basis of these documents, prepared a new grandiose "gift" for corrupt politicians. The leakage of secret documents showed how the presidents of large and small powers, their relatives and approximate were involved in concealment of income in offshore zones.

The largest leakage of documents of the Panaman company opened the corruption of world leaders
In the documents you can find surnames of 72 applicable and former leaders of the states, including managers accused of looting their countries. In this list, the names of President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, King Saudi Arabia, President of the Russian Federation Putin and his close friends, Bashar Assad and the leader of the Nation of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev.


The director of Icij Gerard Ryle (GERARD RYLE) stated that "the leak will become the strongest blow to offshores from all ever made." Apparently, someone is truly a powerful and aware, causing a blow to offshore business announced a war of corruption, concealing income and money laundering on a global scale.

Why such noise due to Panaman documents
Let me remind a respected reader that this blog is not about politics, but about information and its search for expanses. In this case, these things, of course, intertwined. But, this article is designed only to highlight an extraordinary event from the information side. So far there is noise and boil foam around Panamaleaks, we will try to analyze this event and its consequences.

It should be said that the withdrawal of funds to the offshore, as a way to care from taxation in their own country, is strictly not a crime. Yes - ugly, yes - not patriotic, but not crime. In those countries where it is permitted. Everything is like this, but if it comes to businessmen or actors, as in the case of the Lionel Massi football player or actor Cascader Jackie Chan.
(updated)

If information is found on an important business entity, you can enable automatic monitoring of changes in registers that relate to this company or entrepreneur. Updated information will come to your e-mail. Service developers do not hide project development plans. Analytical information is planned: articles in the media, the reputation of business entities based on reviews of business partners, financial analysis, the likelihood of bankruptcy, etc.

Of course, too little time has passed, to make some conclusions for the search engine. Perhaps there will be more problems. I foresee, for example, contradictions associated with the concept of commercial secrets. In general, we will see how the project will develop and wish good luck to beginnish!

Links on the topic:
YouControl.com.ua in VKontakte vk.com/public91977868.
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Well, as usual, the video, comments are absolutely not needed.

According to the source issued by them in the light of the information is only a kind of test portion. The true amount of data that are at the disposal of journalists is much more. Thus, the words of representatives of the journalistic consortium that the Pacific World of Offshore is waiting for the real "earthquake" is quite believable.

More recently, French developers submitted to the Internet audience a new QWant search system (QWant.com). The French themselves call their search engine revolutionary. According to the co-founder, Qwant is at the same time a holistic and unbiased system. It offers information without making any preferences in search results.

The development of QWant has walked for two years. As developers are recognized, the main goal of the new search engine is to overtake and overtake the largest Google search engine. So, quad.com was launched on February 13, 2013. At the moment, this system is being tested, and it is available in 35 countries in 15 languages.

Among the features of the new search is the distribution of the results found by category. So, you can find information on social networks - this is a Social column or, for example, scroll through the data from the news tape (Live). The Web column displays the most popular articles on your request, and Count Shopping shows commercial information about the product requested.

At the very middle of the page there is a Knowledge Graph column - you can get a brief description of your request - what it is, where it is used, etc. - as a description in the explanatory dictionary. In addition, QWant offers image output and video on your request. It also has a great difference from Google, Yandex and other search engines, where to view the images by search query you need to go to a special tab.

Qwant can be called one of the most convenient search engine interface. It offers a large number of settings for more convenient for you to display data. The columns of the issuance categories can be changed by location. For example, if you are primarily interested in the news line, it can be moved to the left, so that it is first rushed into the eyes, and the list with commercial information can be moved as right as possible.

We will conduct a small testing of the search engine. Suppose we are interested in the work of Monica Belucci. Open the qwant.com start page, which, by the way, is very much reminded by Google. We enter into the "Monica Belucci" line and see the following: At the very top, we offer video and photos of this famous actress, while you can flip media results right at the top with the arrow, without moving to a tab with photos.


In the Web column, we see references to several of the most relevant sites, on which there is information about Belucci - Wikipedia, film engines, etc. In the graph Live - news about actress (latest interviews, photo shoot, etc.), in the Social column You can view reviews of people about Monica Belucci from social networks, well, in Shopping we see a list of sites where you can buy movies with Monica.

As you can see, the system is aimed at providing answers to any user request, without imposing the user at the same time, and offering them in several categories to choose from. QWant's creators themselves confirm that the main emphasis was applied to improve the search for information on popular social networks.

Of course, cloud technologies are paid, because you use the servers of third parties. But such a service has a large number of advantages, in particular:

The client must only pay for the amount of memory in the repository, which it really uses, and not for renting a server;
- the client does not need to acquire, maintain and maintain its own equipment for storing data, due to which production costs are greatly reduced;
- All technical points regarding the preservation of the integrity of the posted information and data reservation are carried out by a provider that does not require the client's participation.

What attractive cloud data warehouses are attractive
You probably used file sharing, which still has a huge amount. There it was possible to upload your own file that becomes available for any user who can find your file by tag or name. Unlike them, cloud technology provides complete confidentiality. That is, only the owner of the information can enjoy the posted data, and it comes to the system with its login and password.

Private users loved such technologies for no longer need to clog the computer with tons of old information - on any computer you can always find several gigabytes of old music that can ever come in handy, the collection of films revised several times, documents that are already were printed and used.

But, nevertheless, all this information must be stored somewhere. Cloud services offer to cleanse directly on the computer, movement all unnecessary data in the "cloud". To do this, you only need to be ready to pay some fee and have a high-speed Internet connection.

Another feature of cloud storage is that it is possible to obtain stored data at any time and from any device. That is, if you sent "to the cloud" movie from a computer, pick it up back to my computer you can from a laptop, tablet, smartphone ... The main thing is that you have a password and login.

What is the cloud storage to choose?
There is a huge number of cloud services, and they are constantly evolving, offering not only storage locations, but also related services. Below I will give the most popular of them.

1. Windows Live Skydrive - offers the largest server space. Registered users can store for free in the cloud to 25 GB of own information. Office documents sent to cloud storage can be edited and open directly in the browser. Synchronization can be made immediately from several computer devices.

2. Dropbox is a very well-known service among ordinary users, but offers only 2 GB places for each of your client. If you use a paid account, you can expand your capabilities up to 20 GB.

Graph Search (hereinafter referred to as GS) is the name of the Facebook (FB) update (FB) recently announced by Zuckerberg, even more "socializing" the first social network of the planet. The beta release of the new service is running so far only in the English-speaking Facebook segment. Russian-speaking users of the social network search "know-how" will be available later, but in the "List of Waiting" you can make your account now.

Technically GS is a filter system using the search algorithm Bing inside the social network and allows you to look for people, interesting places, music (in the subsequent update), photos relevant by your Facebook interests. For the user "Socials" Graph Search will look at the search panel at the top of any FB page.

When introduced into the search bar of the GS request, the results of the issuance is collected on a separate page that has the request name (for example: "My friends in Rio"). It is planned to search for "Likes", comments, media content, photos of photographs. The date of the next update of the intellectual service is still unknown.

Graph Search from Facebook - How does it work?
Start Development gave approval: For the user, the recommendation of the friend of the significant estimates of thousands of unknown people. So, using Graph Search you can find, for example:

Photographs of fellow students until 1995;
Squash from your city;
-Photos of friends made in Indonesia;
-theful metropolitan sushi bars of your friends;
-Donflares of Prague or Paris, visited by your friends.

Reason for concern or false alarm?
The first news about Graph Search called FB users and some concerns. Yes, the intellectual service in terms of search opportunities is very attractive, but many are afraid of using social search by marketing companies, special services, criminal groups, state structures, unscrupulous owners of Internet services to collect information. Are concerns justified?

On the one hand, Graph Search confidentiality settings does not change, therefore, "to give" the private data can only users of the FB for which they are open. On the other hand, transcontinental corporations, government intranets and even banks suffer from "information leaks". Is Facebook reliable in safety plan? Time will tell.

You will need

• Library card
• Internet access
• Ability to work with library catalogs
• Ability to work with Internet search services

Instruction

Find out what you are dealing with - with a fact or evaluation, with which we are facing when receiving new information is the facts. The fact is called information already tested for reliability. That information that was not checked or cannot be checked, the fact is not. Facts can be numbers, dates, names, events. All that can be touched, measure, list, confirm. Facts are provided by various sources - research institutes, sociological agencies, statistical agencies, etc. The main thing is that distinguishes the fact of evaluation - objectivity. The assessment always expresses someone's subjective position, an emotional attitude, calling for some actions. The fact does not give any assessment, does not call anything.

Check sources of information, with which we are facing are sources of information. Not all the facts we can check on your own, so our knowledge is largely based on trust in sources. How to check the source of information? It is known that the criterion of truth is the practice, in other words, is true only, with what we can solve a specific task. Information must be effective. This efficiency reflects the number of people who successfully applied these information. The more people trust the source, refer to it, the more expensive information provided.

Compare sources of information for happiness, the popularity and authority of the source are not yet a guarantee of reliability. One of the signs of reliable information is its consistency. Any fact must be confirmed by the results of independent research, i.e. He must repeat. Independent researchers must come to the same conclusions. To random, single information should be treated with great care. The greater the same information received from different sources, the information is more expensive.

Check the reputation of the source information is that the source is always responsible for the facts provided. This responsibility is not only moral and moral, but also real. For the provision of dubious data from organizations, they can lose their livelihoods. Loss of readers, penalty or even imprisonment - the consequences for liars can be the most serious. Solid organizations protect the reputation and will never risk, publishing unreliable information. Read the history of the organization, find out the names of her leaders, read readers' reviews and expert opinions.

Learn about the author of the source of the information information, ultimately is transmitted by people. If information causes you doubts, check who is the author. Read other works of the author, learn his biography, whether he has a scientific degree, which position does the experience possesses in this field and, of course, to whom. If it is impossible to know about the author, it is not recommended to trust dubious information.

note

Information it is impossible to check for accuracy is meaningless.

Helpful advice

Before looking for information clearly, specify the problem you want to resolve. This will reduce the likelihood that you will be disinforced.

Reading, pay attention to the logicality of the material presentation and the number of grammatical errors. A large number of errors and logical inconsistency already suggest that this information does not deserve confidence.

Sources:

• Authority of information on the Internet
• The concept of the reliability of the historical source

Tip 2: Reliable sources of information: how to search for them and check

Thanks to the evolution of the media, as well as the coming to the life of Internet people and his subsequent development, it is safe to say that the problem of information hunger for a private man as a whole is solved, now he is always at hand necessary and current information on almost any issues. However, there is a new problem here: there is a lot of information and it is constantly updated (including obviously incompetent, or deliberately disinforming society by people), that the average man is not only difficult to choose the most necessary, but also to understand the accuracy of the information received.

It makes sense to consider the search for reliable information mainly on the Internet, as practically any meaningful information (radio programs, articles of newspapers, telecepts, information, etc.) quickly falls on the network.

Therefore, information in many places of the Internet is minor and chaotic scattered, the rationale for any statements may be incorrect, and the facts are presented with distortions. In many cases, information is also a product manipulation of consciousness and information wars.

Nevertheless, find reliable information at certain skills is easy. Below are the most frequent cases in which you need to establish the truth of the information provided, and specific methods of working with data.

Reliability of news articles

The news painted in bright emotional tones, but not referenced to reliable sources, not confirmed by photographs or filming, is clearly propaganda. It should also be remembered here that having video reporting news has more chances of reliability than the news only with photographic materials (photos are much easier to fake than to carry out a video editor).

Doubtful photos should be checked by searching by pictures (in Yandex or Google systems). It often happens that when illuminating media events use older photos similar (but not those who write events about).

News analyst (especially politicized events) Without references to reliable sources, you need to be perceived as unreliable.

Reliable sources are:

A specific person who has due to its position or powers of information transmitted by the media;
- documentation;
- the results of sociological or scientific studies, published on the site of their artist;
- printed publication having output;
- Detailed video recordings.

Use of social networks

In the midst of military or political conflicts (for example, as this happens at present, Ukraine after) should not rely on the accuracy of the media, even if official. As a rule, the media at this time defend the policies of their countries and can either embellish the events in their favor, or in general it is consciously disinforcing the population.

To find out what is the real political, military, economic situation in the field, can be interpreted by people living in the region of interest through social networks. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the interviewed people are not jerky supporters of a political camp or a clearly interested structure; Otherwise, not avoid conscious or spontaneous distortion of information.

Reliability of scientific information

In Russia, various organizations are currently very common, which use the word "academy" in their name, thereby applying to their scientific relations, as well as the scientific information provided by the Company's society.

However, in Russia today there is only one State Academy - Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). It is its scientific materials that should be taken seriously. There are no more "academies" in Russia, including the private, but the well-known Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (Raen), are not a source of reliable scientific information.

Also, the source of obviously true information can be considered state research associations and institutions. Data on conducted scientific research can be obtained from the press service of these organizations or on official sites.

Reliability of educational information

The education system (especially with the distribution of private educational institutions) today is also not insured against the provision of unreliable information. To avoid it, the potential user must check whether the FGE textbooks are used to meet whether the federal list of textbooks that are recommended and allowed for use in the educational process whether the educational institution has state accreditation.

In Russia, only educational materials of public educational institutions deserve complete trust.

• Objectives of using information
• How to search for information?
• How to store information?

If the twentieth century was a century of industry, then in the XXI century the main resource is undoubtedly the information. Most prestigious I. high-paying professions Conjugate data streams, and the formation of skills to work with information is extremely important for the development and improvement of their skills. Anyone who is interested in achieving success in the profession should be able to collect, analyze, explore and store information. And of course, each manager is confronted daily with the need to work with large amounts of information that is condensed with a continuous avalanche. How not to drown in this stream, how to learn how to distribute information on the necessary, useful and unnecessary, store data so as to quickly navigate them? This is what the article will be devoted.

We are constantly in the information field, but only a part of the incoming information matters for us as a personality and our professional activities. Too large amounts of information are the cause of the surface of perception, which leads to the "consistency" of thinking characteristic of the new generation. "Clearness" (from the word "clip") - a phenomenon in which a person absorbs only short surface excerpts of information, which is why its memory is filled with a large number of different, but useless information. In order not to get into this trap, you need to learn how to work with the information correctly, sifting unnecessary and preserving useful.

To cope with the incoming data, you need to explore the most effective techniques for working with information - they will help in the distribution and systematization of information.

How to analyze the information received

First of all, it is necessary to understand what the data you consider information, and which are only information noise. To do this, it is enough to answer questions: Does this information benefit? For what purpose will you apply it? If you cannot give answers to these questions, it means that the information received is not the necessary information. It must be associated with actions - if certain data does not correspond to any action, it means that information is useless.

There are such evaluation criteria for information as reliability (truthfulness) and reliability - they are determined by studying the original source and comparing it with other primary sources. It is necessary to take into account the novelty and the relevance of information - more information and facts or are already outdated.

Determine the topics suitable for you, and then it will be much easier to cut off the useful data from useless. Thanks to the selected topics, you can easily perceive, sort and summarize the information obtained. It is advisable to deal with related topics so that their subsections are not duplicated and did not make confusion into your system. In this case, you need to clearly determine which topic you define a specific subsection.

Analysis of the information received is very important - if the data has passed all the above filters, it means that they can be used to business.

Objectives of using information

Based on the purpose of applying information in the work of organizations, it can be divided into tactical, strategic and operational.

Strategic informationit is necessary for long-term planning, solving global tasks and finding ways to develop an organization. It may be at first glance is not related to the activities of the company, but at the same time determining its fate. For example, it can be political events or environmental changes in your region. Strategic data concerns world economic trends, modern methods of production (raw materials, technologies), acting in your market sector (competitors, clientele, partners).

How to look like a strategic data base:

• development in different countries of the industrial sector (or other business) in which your company works;
• external factors (ecology, raw materials, cost of goods and services in the market);
• studying the applications of your product.

Tactical information.If the company's strategic goals determine its direction (where?), Then tactical - the path of follow (how?). Tactical information helps in planning concerning overcoming competition, expanding the scale of production, launch new products to the market, introducing new technologies.

The base of the tactical data may have such a structure:

• products (study of similar goods of competitors, introduction of new products and derived from the turnover of irrelevant goods, compliance with new products by the legislation of the country);
• an increase in production volumes (whether the growth of the popularity of your goods on the market is predicted, what are the estimated costs and income, the behavior of competitors);
• access to the overseas market (economic, political and socio-cultural situation);
• studying factors affecting the development of the company (competitors, licensing and patenting, types of popular products, territory of competing).

Operative information Includes databases useful for solving urgent questions: the search for new suppliers or sales points, suddenly arising threats to the existence of the company (bankruptcy of the subcontractor, loss of large customers). Such databases consist of information that can be quickly applied in difficult situations. It is important that the data be as accurate as possible, because during overcoming the crisis, the fate of the enterprise may depend on this.

How to search for information?

Today there is so much information that she most often finds us than we are. And yet it is importantly important to define the correct principles of the search for information.

In this case, work with sources of information is at the forefront, that is, their detection, verification for the truthfulness and the usefulness of the information provided. Among the sources of information are allocated:

• Media sources: Internet and media (newspapers, television);
• Narrow special sources (methodological manuals and scientific works of specialists in a specific area of \u200b\u200bknowledge);
• Live sources (specialists, colleagues, partners capable of providing the necessary information).

It is preferable to have several reliable permanent sources to which you can contact on various issues, and for those that are used for the first time, develop a quick and accurate test method for accuracy, relevance and value of the information provided.

How to store information?

You must decide how you will store information so that it is on identical media, and not scattered on different disks, flash drives, computers and paper documents.

By the way, about paper. Today, few people keep data in the form of printed documents - electronic options occupy a much less space, it is easier to search for, you can edit and quickly copy, forward by mail and reset to media. But there are many professions where the preservation of paper documents is a prerequisite, and we will talk about it slightly lower. But first of all, let us touch the ways of storing electronic information.

As you know, the technique will regularly defeat, so besides the originals on your working or home PC, you need to have copies, and preferably two. You can copy documents to the second computer or laptop, from a worker to a home or vice versa. If we are talking about text documents, then all your perennial works will easily fit on the flash drive - you can make two instances. Disks are already starting to lose their positions, besides, they have a significant drawback - after long-term storage or repeated use, they become not suitable for launch, can not read the drive. Of course, you can make copies on the disks, but they should not be the only one.

Personal data storage services are very comfortable. The largest postal sites provide a free cloud - Yandex.Disk, Google. Disc, [email protected]. There are also paid services where your information will be more protected. Plus, you have access to your data from anywhere in the world where there is Internet. But this method is not absolutely reliable - it may be possible to fail in the service, hacker attack, and then your files will be inaccessible.

Therefore, as already mentioned, store information at once in several copies. Once because of his carelessness, I had the opportunity to be in the most nearest situation. Very important files were kept on two computers. And suddenly the Winchester broke (without the possibility of further recovery), and the other operating system flew to another. When we received the second computer from the installed OS, it was found that the Mount The Adjuster formatted Disk D. The information stored on two media was irretrievably lost.

Know that in this case, caution and stocks cannot be excessive: one original and two copies are a gold data storage rule.

Most state and legal institutions and today keep their records in the form of paper documents - despite the convenience of electronic copies, this option is much more reliable. Because the following recommendations will concern and electronic, and paper information carriers.

Three zones

The most convenient way to work with information is to place documents in such a way that they can be found quickly and easily. You need to create three working areas, each of which will correspond to the frequency of circulation to information.

The first zone is the data to which you appeal daily, they should be at hand. In the case of both types of media, they are located on the desktop.

If we talk about the desktop of the computer, it is not recommended to store the files on it. The fact is that this section is directly in the Windows operating system and is located on the system disk of C. If the computer fails, data from the system disk may be completely or partially lost. For the same reason, it is better not to store information in "my documents" - they are also placed in the OS. In case of problems, it is easier to save files from other local drives (D, E), so keep the information of the first zone on these disks, to bring labels to the desktop.

The second zone is the information you use periodically, but not daily. In the office, it can be peripheral zones and desktop boxes, in an electronic version - storing documents on non-system local disks without removing shortcuts to the desktop.

Third zone - archive. It contains the documents you worked with earlier and which may need to be needed in the future: to confirm the authorship, to use information contained in them and other purposes. In the computer version, this will most likely be a folder "Archive", located at the root of the local disk, and in paper - racks, cabinets, separate cabinet for storing folders with documents.

For electronic media, the rule is important: Save files in common extensions that can read all the analogues and versions of programs.

Try to save information by identical ways. For example, if you decide to keep one copy on a cloud service, and the second on the flash drive, then follow your solution, and do not scatter copies by different media. If part of the copies are on the disks, part on the second PC, part on flash drives and another part in the cloud, then you just get confused. Vacific storage types should be no more than two.

The same goes for paper documents - there are many ways to capture data on paper, but you must choose only the most acceptable for you: documents printed on the printer, photocopies, email statements, etc.

Do not forget that the work on processing information includes and the fourth, not called zone is a trash can (even real, even virtual). If the information is outdated, if you are sure that it is not useful if it is not related to work - it's ruthlessly remove it from your living space, otherwise you will simply simply be able to deal with the slaughterings of the accumulated data.

Classification

If you have to navigate in large amounts of information (more often it concerns archives), then break it on the sections. It may be topics ("Landscapes", "Animals", "People") - so stored their photographers archives. You can create a classification by temporary segments: for example, a folder with a year, and in it - folders for months. If a chronology is important in your work, then you can easily remember, to which period this information includes this information and find it by date - so stored information journalists. If there are many names or names in your work, you can sort them through alphabetical folders - for example, by last names of customers.

There are many professions where it is convenient to use all three methods of classification: for example, the archive is stored in chronological order, the working materials are divided by themes, and the Alphabet Catalog is located in the Clients folder.

Such a system can be organized for sure and in the case of paper documents - create thematic folders with inscriptions on the roots, mark them with different colors or numbers.

It happens that the received information does not fit into your concept of data location. What to do? The option is the first - to create a new topic, the second - to create the "Other" section, where the information that did not approach other topics, and the third is to leave the information "searched". After some time, you will be able to understand how to attribute it to or throw it at all.

To know how to work with information effectively, you need to learn how to proceed it correctly. After you conducted the primary analysis, there were and classified information, you need to determine the most convenient ways of their assimilation.

What form does the information come to us? This is printed literature (books, magazines, newspapers), videos, audio recordings and electronic documents. By the way, most of the printed documents exist in electronic format, and you can choose how it is more convenient for you to work with information. People of the older generation are more familiar to flipping tangible pages, youth easier to acquire a tablet with a reading program.

As for news, they can also be obtained from paper and electronic sources - from newspapers or from information sites. Usually, preference is given to news portals, because the news there appear very quickly and the amount of incoming information is not limited to strips. The disadvantage - the newsselks of Internet portals usually first post news, and then check them. And sometimes they do not check at all - so you need to be able to navigate in the flow of information debris. In newspapers information is more verified and due to the limited volume the most important news has been collected.

A very convenient method of working with information - audio files. Having a voice recorder, you can press the data to convert them into a text format. It is very convenient in cases where you need to fix the information very quickly and there is no time to write or print. By the way, some of the information can be stored in audio files, if there is no need to provide them with someone in printed form.

Information for studying or familiarization can be obtained by listening to audio recordings - many books and trainings are translated into audio format. This is significantly saved by time: audiobooks can be listened in the way, they are not scary insufficient lighting, while you have free hands and you can do some simple work, such as homemade.

An important source of receipt and transmission of information is Internet Mail. Try to check your boxes every morning, immediately sorting letters. Unnecessary Send to "Spam" (making this mark, you will no longer receive letters from this addressee), and the rest distribute to the degree of importance. Something you need to answer immediately, and some letters need to be seal before refinement or more information.

The ability to work with information involves daily manipulations aimed at sorting and processing incoming data. Do not allow you to lie down with letters and not processed documents. Periodically disassemble the "Other" folder where the information is stored with which you do not know what to do. If they do not need for a long time - throw away.

Go up with the times. There are many devices and programs to optimize work with information. Do not regret money and time, purchase them and learn them to use - this will definitely pay off.

Having learned how to work with information correctly, you will be able to free up a considerable amount of time that was previously spent on wandering in the forest of disparate information and facts. And the time is a very valuable working material that can be used for self-development, improve the qualifications or expansion of your business.

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Proper work with various data sources or information, their search and analysis are a key to achieving success in various spheres of vital activity. Sometimes to obtain the necessary data, it is necessary to study and analyze a significant amount of information, most of which in a certain case may be useless. In such situations, it is important to properly allocate the necessary material, sifting everything too much.

Many professions in our time are associated with data processing, so success can be achieved only if it is properly working with them. It is important not only to find the necessary resources, but be able to store and, most importantly, analyze the material. You can perform all these actions quickly and efficiently only when complying with some rules.

How to work with sources of information?

The study of any resources should be held according to a specific action algorithm. It is this that allows you to effectively allocate only the information necessary for itself, while without missing anything important. Stages of working with information must be consistent, this will allow not to memorize the surface excerpts of the material that will not be submitted in the future any benefit, but to allocate the necessary essence, which leads to success in performing various tasks.

The search for information is the beginning of the main work, which is the most important in which the data analysis and storage of only the required material is. Because of the large volumes, the same problem often arises: passages are remembered that are not related to each other, and important points remain not studied. Proper work with information allows you to avoid this and guarantees success in performing a specific task.

Search for information and its analysis

Sources for finding certain information may be various resources.

Top specialized sources, as a rule, provide brief and useful information. This includes various books, thematic articles and websites, blogs, also other resources that store material on a certain topic.

Media sources are considered various media. Using this resource you always need to share data on utility. Television, radio and other sources always provide a large amount of material that has many too much.

Live sources are considered direct dialogues with people, as well as the allocation of information from any public speeches. You can process such resources only when you are confidence in the competence of the source.

After choosing, how exactly the search for information will be made, it is important to establish its accuracy. If in several sources there are similar evidence, the possibility of their authenticity increases. It is also important to determine the relevance of the material found and its utility in a certain case. To determine how useful information is useful, you need to answer a few questions:

- What is the purpose of applying this material?

- Are resources helpful in a certain case?

- Is there a connection with any useful actions?

If the answers to all these questions are negative, then there is no benefit from the dedicated fragment. With positive responses, you can judge the degree of utility of the data. Success in each business depends on the ability to distinguish the necessary information from useless, remembering only necessary. A fairly simple analysis should be done constantly not to store unnecessary resources.

Most, namely, up to 90% of the total amount of information that we receive is considered information noise. So you can call useless data that do not bear any utility and value. Only with the ability to drain it, performing the analysis, you can be confident in the information received and achieve success in any professional activity.

You can search for data in various sources, but it is not always a guarantee that they will turn out to be relevant and reliable. That is why the analysis of information always provides for their inspection for several resources. Success in the search for any material can be achieved only if it is properly processed, especially when learning a large volume.

Storage and use of material

Working with information always provides for its proper storage. This allows you to conveniently process it, performing analysis, and use at the required moment. Information storage Nowadays can be divided into two types:

- materials in paper form;

- Electronic media.

It is necessary to determine how important certain information is that the most sought-after stored is always at hand. The first option is extremely rare, usually only important paper and documents are applied to it. Most often storing information is performed in electronic form and must be systematized. The correct data distribution allows you to quickly find the necessary you. It is also an important component of success when working with various resources.

Correctly and consistently need not only to look for data and analyze, but also to store them. Material for daily and frequent use should always be in instant access so as not to spend time and constantly search for it. Material for regular but infrequent use must be distributed so that access to it was fast enough, but it did not interfere with the computer desktop. Archival information is usually stored in long-range folders, but must be distributed so that they do not have to look for too long.